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Hiotographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


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33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MS 80 

(716)  872-4503 


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<^ 


O^ 


-fir. 


A 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microraproductions 


Institut  Canadian  da  microraproductions  historiquas 


1980 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  tachniquas  at  bibliographiquas 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


L'institut  a  microfilmii  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6tA  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibiiographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  methods  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquAs  ci-dessous. 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


□   Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


D 


D 
D 


Couverture  endommagie 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^  et/ou  pellicul6e 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couleur 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


D 
D 
D 
D 


Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagies 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restauries  et/ou  pellicul6es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  dicolor^es,  tachet^es  ou  piquies 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ddtach^es 


n^T/Showthrough/ 
L— J    Transparence 


I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


D 
D 


n 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serrde  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intirieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouties 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  itait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  fiimies. 


□    Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Quality  indgale  de  i'impression 

□    Includes  supplementary  mntP'^'ai/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  si 


D 
D 


nentaire 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6X6  fiimies  •)  nouveau  de  fa^on  A 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


b 

ri 
r( 
n 


D 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppldmentaires: 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmi  au  taux  de  rMuction  indiquA  ci-dossous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

»X 

30X 

■J 

12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thank* 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library  of  the  Public 
Archives  of  Canada 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  Impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  ^»>  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"). 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


!.'exemplaire  film*  fut  reproduit  grAce  A  la 
g6n#roslt4  de: 

La  bibliothdque  des  Archives 
publiques  du  Canada 

Las  images  suivantes  ont  «t«  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
dc  la  nettet«  de  I'exemplaire  film*,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  lmprim«e  sont  fllmte  en  commen^ant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration.  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
origiriaux  sont  film«s  en  commenpant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  derniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaltra  sur  la 
dernlAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  — ^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE  ",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc..  peuvent  dtre 
film*s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffirents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich«.  il  est  film«  d  partir 
de  I'engie  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nicessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mithode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

^ 


THE   WORKS 


or 


HUBERT  HOWE  BANCROFT. 


T 


THE    WOllKS 


Of 


niJIJERT  HOWE  BANCROFT 


VOLUME  XII. 


iiisTojjY  OF  :mexico. 

^■oL.  IV.     lSOl-lS-24. 


SAN  FRANCISCO  : 
A.  L.  BAXCnOFT  &  COM  PAX  Y,  rUBLISIIKRS. 

188u. 


Entered  acconlinR  l..  Art  ,.f  Cuigross  in  iIk-  Yeiir  IsHo,  l,y 
HUBKHT  H.   liAXntOIT, 

III  IlivOIIic,.  ,.f  tl„.  I.ilpiaiiaii  i.f  CiMiKri'sH,  111  Washington. 


All   llillhts    liiHirnd. 


coxrE:^Ts  OF  Tnis  voLmiE. 


CHAPTER  I. 

EtTROPE   IN   THE   KAHLY    PAUT  OF  TIH:    NIVKTEENTII  CEXTrnV. 

The  Little  Man  from  Corsica-IIo  Makes  All  the  WcrM  Tionil)!c— (Joii- 
cml  View  of  Politics  imd  Society-AttitiKli!  of  I'higlan.l,  I'liissia.  and 
AuHtriii-A  fUaiico  at  Spain'H  iristory-lluicrs  for  Tlirc^o  Couturie8— 
liftrogressionsnnd  IJcactions- IViino  Ministers—lVa.i;  aii.l  War— 
Knglaiid  and  Franco  will  not  Kt  SjianianKs  ho  Frtiu  r...sition  of  the 
United  States— Chronic  IJraggadocio— There  are  Soldiers  und  Heroes 
in  Mexico  us  Well 


PAGB 


CHAPTER  II. 

ADMIX ISTHATIOX  OF   VICEUOY  ITCUUIGARAY. 

1 803- 1808. 

Causes  of  tiic  Revolution  of  Indopcndcnco— Ar-ival  of  the  Viceroy— TTis 
Antecedents  and  Comportment— The  Vicirogal  Family— Soididness 
of  Itunigaray— His  Visit  to  the  Mines— rulilic  Improveuiunts-  In- 
troduction  of  Vaccination— Se.iucstration  cf  rr<ii.erly-K[rect  oa 
the  Land  Owners— Hundioldt's  Visit-Litcrnational  ( 'oiiiplication.-*— 
Demands  for  Treasure- Difnciiltios  with  the  United  States-^War 
witii  Kngland— Military  rrepanitioiis— European  Allairs- Abdica- 
tion of  Carlos  IV.— Iturrigaray's  Lidiirerence-llirects  iu  Mexico  of 
Events  in  Spain— Power  of  the  In<iuisition— Attitude  of  the  Press- 
Sparks  of  Revolution pi 


CHAPTER   III. 

ITUKUIGAUAV'S   DEPO.SAL. 

1 808. 

The  Ayuntamionto  Claims  Sovereignty  of  the  People- A  National  Con- 
gress Proposed-Opposition  of  the  Audicncia-*  dad  Tidin-sfnun  the 
i'eninsula— Four  Mcmoral)le  Juntas— Rival  Spanish  Juiit,.s-Angry 
Dehatcs-Conspiracy  to  Depose  the  \"iceruy-Vermo  Takes  the 
Lead-Iturrigaray's  Apathy-A  Midnight  Coup  d'Etat-The  Vice- 


\i 


C0NTi;\T<. 


rii.v  ill  |)iir.iiii  I-  (i.uiliiiy  .\|i|w>iiitti|  lii«  Siu'ccssor  -I'alc  nf  Itmii- 
j;iirity"-<  Nuini'Ttfis     lie  i.i  Moiit  to  S|Viiii— llin  U'wh  .Sw«'«;tiiii-ut» — 

llnlli  lliirill  >>r  'l'n-aM<i|i  Ariinitlal  IIi  ^itciicill  Hr.iVy  I'"inc's--- 
CliJili'.'.' of  Opiiiiniis  The  Si  i.tcliLL'  AliliulK'il  lHUI  i;,'ar)iy  M  llitcli- 
titni«  Aiiiilyzc<l— llililiograiiliy Ii) 

CH.VI'TKi:   IV. 

vi<i;i:iivs  (;\i:iiiAV  .\m>  i.i/.\\.\. 
|s<is-ls|(l. 

(Jiirilmy'x  r'li.iractiT  -A  Il;iil;_'i' of  I/iyalty  Hi'oru'iuuzatii'ii  "f  lln'  Army 
-  -  IVilia|iarli.«t  liitiii^iici  -I.aiii|><><iii-4  aliil  ScililimiM  ^lll■^t^<  -liU'cct  of 
l{(\ir*iH  ill  Spain  K-ta1)li.H|iiiii'iit  of  ii  .liiiitu  ( 'iPiiHiiltiva — I'lvtL'li- 
HiKiis  t'l  till'  'I'liiMiii-  nf  Mixioo  — Ar('lilii-«Ii(>p  Li/aiiii  A|i|iuiiiUMl  Vice- 
roy lic  iiiitlaniL's  til  S|iaiii  -Liwiiia'n  ( 'liaractcr  -Tlii'  .Inula  ilc  .Sc;,'ii- 
riclail  -Iti'Viiliitioii  tit  N'allu'liiliil  -S|)aiii*li  Aiiirritaii  iN'iirrsciitatinii 
ill  til.'  Ciirti's — Lixniin  Hniiovccl  tioiu  ()llii;u — Weak  AiltniiiiMtration 
of  till'  Ai'.iliiiii  ia  —  rniii  li  laiiiisaiii'<-  .Nnivalol  N'ii'i'iny  N'liic.'as  - 
Hi-*  Aiiti'H'ili'iit.''.  (lianiifcr,  .'tinl  I'l'rHunal  .Vii|«'araiii( — 'I'itlcsi  ami 
Iloiuirs  fi'iiiii  Spain 07 

CllAPTKK    V. 

tii'E.MNi;  ov  TiiK  WAii  oi    imi);i'i;mh;nci:. 
IMii. 
Pi\(lii|iiii('iit  of  (^tiioiV'tnro — Afliurs   iti  (Ir.aiiajiiato     Tlu'   Town  of    llo- 


Ion 


ItsC 


.Mi'^'iU'l  lliilalu'o  y  Costilla— Scii'it  Mcitiiius  of  Kcv- 


:)liitioniMts  -  l'.;iiaiio  Alk'ii'li'  -  Plottiii;.;  at  San  Mi^'inl     (iinrral  PI.. 


if  r 


Hi 


1  '.i' vL'ra  1  iliy — Arrests— Tlio  ( 'orrf;:!! li ir   1  m • 


jiriMiiH'il     Ili.s   .\Li|iiittal  -Ili.i    lUdjjrai'liy     I'".l  (Irilo  dt'    Iiohircs — 
IliiUil'jo  Mari'lifs  to  .San  MiLMicl  — A  'I'umnltiioii.s  Arrav — Tin;  Satrcil 


] 


iaiiiii  I' 


.^ni-ci'ss  of  tliL-  IiLsiirL't'iitii  at  San  Miiiiul  -  Pillau'lii'' — Hi- 


(lal'^o    rroilainud    ('.'iiitaiiigi'ncral— IIo    Kiiturs    t't'laya     He    Ap- 
jioints  a  Ni'W  A)  uiitatnicnto <)»} 


CIIAriEU  VI. 


•llli:   .»I.IIo\I)li;  \    or  <if  ANA.II- ATM   TAKl.S'    IIY    STollM. 

LocmI  History  of  ( Jan.ijiiato-  .Maini  in  tlie  C'ily — Di'fi.nsiv<'  Miasnics  of 
Intt  iiili'iitL'  lliaiio  — Till'  Allii'iiilii;.i  ili;  tiranaiiitas- An  Intcrrstini^ 
MaiHiscii|it — lliauo  lli'tin^  to  tlio  AUiomliya — lliilalgo  Siinunons 
IJiafio  to  Sun'cmler — Tlio  Attack — A  Miinlcrous  Contest  -Jiiauo's 
l».at!i— His    liioL-'rapiiy— Confi!s:oii    in    tliL-    Allinn(li;.'a— Tin;  Jialli- 


Cilll'  s     Wl 


liv  tliL'    Inciiru'tiils— Tliiv   (riin    Ijit 


ram-c — 1)1  iv.aoa 


I's 


Fall— His  15io;j;rapliy— NiiinlicT  of   t!u    killctl— Acts   of  IKri 


i'ilhi 


il   I  k-v.istalion KIO 


rONTIlNTS. 
CilAPTKi:  VII. 

IititM.co's   MAi:ni    inWALii   nil;  ('.\IMT.\L. 

IMlt. 

r 

Militiiry   l'i'i|':ii!itiiiii  <.f  V(|i<l;;m  -Aflinn  nf  tin'  ('liiiicli  iiii.l   IiHUii-i- 

tioii  — lliiliiluirx  JU'ply      III' AI«iIi->lii.-«  Slavery— lli«  AiliniiiiMtiativc 

MraHlllis  ilt  I  iliailli  jliutn  A  Iiifl.iitcil  V  Ayuiitillllii  Iltn  lliil<ll;,'0 
K.italili.-'lii's  It  Mint  Mal'i'lirs  ai.'aiii»t  \'iillai|iil,il  -  Ailililiunal  llri'ii- 
foriM'iiniif  •<       lli<lalf,'i)'>i  'I'lr.'isui'y  -  Till'    Iii«iir;.'(iitn    Mnvc   t.iwanl 

Mi'xii'ci  'I'liljillK  l)is|Mitr!i(il  til  <)|i|i<.nc  tlicil'  Aitvallcc-  'rii;ji!lii"H 
I 'liaractcr  lliuliiili'.s  llini'ia|iliy—  'riiijillu's  MnVfim  iits-  'liir  rialti" 
of  LiM  ( 'iiii'cs  'riic  lIoyuliHts  I'Viroii  tin  ir  Way  JJut  - 'i'ln  ir  Iitfcut 
l!t"_'arilril  as  a  'rrimiipli-- Alarm  in  tlic  (.'ajiital  -Anntin'r  Sairctl 
IJaniicr—  lliilal^o  I'l'i-jili'M il 


l.-iS 


CIIAl'TKll   VIII. 

ritiKaiKss  111    rill.  i:i:voLi'Tio.v. 

<  alli'ja'H  rreparatiiiiis--Ilis  IMop-npliy — Kngngcnienf;  nt  Qucn'taro — (V- 

llija  .loiii,-*  I'mccs  w  iili  I'Miin-  Tliaviz  IJipiil.-'iil  at  <,>ii('n  tain-  CaUo- 
ja'.".  Miiviiiii'iits  'I'lic-  l)i>pi'r.sii>ii  <>(  tlic  liisiir':i  ntxnt  Ariilio  -  »  allcja 
Jti'tiinii  to  (j>U('i'('tan>-  -( 'liaiaitcf  nf  Turii's-  1  ii  fi  n-ixr  Miasuics  of 
Aliarca  in  .lati'-i'ti  Insiiruiiit  ( ipiiatinii.-i  in  .lali.-cd  Mii^':i;^(iin'iit  at 
]ji  r.aii-:i  Till'  lliiyaliit.slufiatiil.it  Z.uualcii  -  ( liiailalajara  Snirin- 
(U'I's  ti 'rmiis  Ml  ica.lii  (i:iiii.s  l'o--( -.-i.iii  i.f  S;in  ]>las  -Kevohllioil 
in  Zaiiiti'cas  I'liylit  (il  the  lliiri';u'aii.-i  -  An  I'lifui'tiinatr  hiti'nilLntu 
•  lii.irto  I'hft'i'.s  /.'acati  c.i.i  'Ilii'  Cnuniii.^.'-iiin  nf  iKirtnr  Cn.s  .V 
]>ariii;j;  Si'liunio — San  I.iii--  I'litn.^i  W'nii  liv  an  Insiiigriit  Friar— .\. 
Troailuroiis  ^■isitul'—  >an  J.iii.i  ,'^at  Ui  «1 I'.l'J 


ClIAPTKIJ    IX. 

TIIK  TatYAl.i.-i  ^   i;ii  Wli  l;l.  n!  an.v.JIATO. 

iNlO. 

Aili'inli'  ni'tiirns  to  ( liiana  jiiatn— I'lciarjitimis  f.ir  IH  fi'iicc  — Tin;  I'ir.st 
Attai'k— ruUi.'ja'n  I'laii  I  Ir 'raKc-;  AII<  inli'.s  lialtirics  (,'alli'ja,  tin' 
Avcni4L'r--lli.-(  I'locl.iiiialion-  An  Mm  iiitii'ii  Siciii'  in  tin'  .AiliuiiiliLtJi 
-  A  (J.-noral  I'aiilou  J-Attiiili  il  'i'ln!  <  luviiiiiin  nt  ]Iiii'.;aiii/(il — 
C'alk'ja  .Maivlns  for  <!iia(lalaj;iia-  llidai'.'o  at  \"allailnli.l  Ami  .il 
till'  (  orio  (Kl  Moloaji'ti — Iliilal^'o's  Ilict  iilinn  at  ( ;iia(ial;fjai;i — 
]vst;;lilisln'.s  a  ( Invi'iiiini'iit — KayoiT-s  15io,L'iajiliy  -  !,<toiia".s  Mi.ssinn 
anil  IKmiIi  Till' •]'i-pt'itailorAiiRiitaiio' ami  i'l  inlin;^-pri.'s8— I'ri  p- 
arutiuin  f^ir  W  ar -I'i 


Mil 


CONTKNTS. 


rilAPTKIl  X. 

HPHKM>  OK  THE   lU.VOI.ITHiN     AM)    IIATTI.K  OT  CAMiKItOM. 
ISIO-IHII. 


PAOI 


Htrtnnsillo'H  OprrntinnR  in  Siimlon — Siicccsdrii  nt  TloHnrio— Tli.M  I)i  fi\'it  at 
San  I;.'niu'ii>-  Sprcail  of  tlu'  Ucvoliition  in  Xucvo  Santaniltr  Con- 
Iiiiilii  liiiil  Nih'Vo  I.fon  Iti-vult — Vill«;:van'H  |)<>ini;H  — liio^'rajiliy  of 
Cniz-  I'laii  of  Callcja- TuMinlt  in  Vallailnliil  — Crnz  llntriM  \'allailo- 
liil  III'  l!c(ir;Lraiii/<'s  tlio  <i(»vcrnni' lit— l'.n;,'(ij;<'nii'nt  at  rnpctii-n— 
Allrnili' tldiin  IliilalL,'))  at  (itin<)alajnra~A  Council  of  War  lliilal^n 
Takes  iipii  ToMition  at  till'  I'.riilLji' of  Calilrron -I'lim  of  liattlr-lii'Ul 
— Callrjii's  Iiispo.sitions— FIiiii'h  Impel nosity—'l'lu.'  Krvniiitiunists 
Nearly  Triunipliant — Their  Final  l>efeut — Death  of  Flon — llitiCimr- 
actur 'jn? 


CHAPTER  XI. 

ninALuo'H  c.MTriiE  anu  dkatu. 
1811. 

Cruz  Joins  Pallfja  at  Guadalajara-  ITiimility  of  tho  Autlioncia,  rimnli, 
ami  I'liiversity — ( 'alleja  I'lstalilishi  sa  .limta  ile  Se;.ruiiilail  — Cruz  l!c- 
gnhis  San  lUus— Death  of  Mercailo — Hiilul'^o  Coinpelleil  to  Surren- 
der liis  Coiiiniand  — The  Insurgent  Leaders  Itetiro  te  Saltillo  -They 
Dei-ido  to  (!i)  to  the  I'nited  Stales — Operations  in  San  I, wis  I'litosi — 
Death  of  llerrera — Couiiter-rcMilution  in  Texas — Ca]ilure  and  F>:e- 
cutioii  of  iLTiiaeio  Aldania — Klizondo's  Treacherous  IMot — Capture  of 
llidal,i;o  and  llevolutionary  Cliiefs  — Iri;  te's  Death — The  Captivea 
are  Sent  to  Chihualiua— Their  Trial  -  A'  sulo's  Deposition  —  I'lxeou- 
tions — Eeck'siaaticul  .Jiirisilictioii-lliilaluo's  LxecQtion — His  Char- 
acter   'Jr^o 


CHAPTER  XII. 

WOliELOS    AND    llAYUM. 

1811. 

State  of  the  revolution  after  Hidalgo's  Capture — r.iorrraphy  of  ^forelos 
— His  (Jharaeter — His  Meeting  witli  Hidalgo  and  Coinuiission — 
Morelos  in  Miehoacan-- The  Itoyalist  I'aiis  Defeated — .Morelo» 
Marches  to  Cliilpaneingo— The  Family  of  the  IJiavos— Capture  of 
Tixtla — Defeat  of  the  loyalist  Fuentes— A  Conspiracy  Suppressed 
— Itayon  llctieats  from  Saltillo  — Ho  Defeats  Oclioa— A  'i'errihlo 
March— 'J'he  riatforni  of  the  Insurgent  Leader— Itayon  Fvaiaiates 
Zacatecas — Trujillo's  Doings  in  Vallatlolid— Uetreat  of  the  Insur- 
Heuts -90 


COXTKNTM. 


IX 


CHAi'TKii  XI rr. 

ESTAIlMSIIMLNr  OV  Till'.  JL'MA   UK  /itA(Tai:o. 


PAna 


Cftllrjd'H  NVw  SvHtotn  of  Mili*:.iy  Orgtiiii/ntion— SupprcKsioii  «{  tlir  In- 
Mirnctimi  in  N'ucvo  Siuii,,;  '■•r— l'!uiti<'ati(>ii  <>f  San  J^nis  I'citusi  — 
licfiiittil  liiMiir^'ctits  ill  (iiianiij.  '.<>  I'urli'T's  OiHTatiuns  in  Nufva 
(iulii'i;*— ToiTf's  Activity  and  Si  »t'iity — His  I'c'fcat  at  /.it:u'uan), 
iiiiii  iKatli — Unymi  Foi-tiliis  Zita'ji.aio — Km  pit  ran  lii'f  urns  ti)S|)ain  — 
( ''iiisjiiracy  to  St  i/c  tlie  \'iit  roy — I'lnchiiimtioii  u{  Cullija-  Kviiits 
in  Michuacun — Couditiou  of  (juaiiajuato — Spread  of  the  Kcvulutiuu.  317 


CHAPTEU  XIV. 

8Ii;0E    OK    tTArTLA, 
ISII-ISIJ. 

I)(H't(pr  Cos  Joins  Rayon— Tlic  npvolntionary  IVcss — Prridoxity  "f  Vi 'iC' 
gas — ll's'ii  Canipilld's  I'ailnie  ns  a  MciliatKr — Scoonil  Can'] ;  '  rn 
of  Miiri  Ids- Cailfjii  Takes  /itiU-uan)-  1  »rstruoti()ii  of  tin  I'jty^ 
''tcvfrsfs  of  I'orlicr — Arrival  of  Spanish  Tioopa — Trinnipluil  I'intry 
of  Callrjii  into  Mexico— .Fcalimsy  of  Vcm-uas — ('ail<  ja  Muit'k  < 
against  (.'uautla — Description  of  tho  City— Llano  at  l/.n.  ,ir — Callcja 
lU'piiIscil — CnautU  lavcstcil— SuH'ciings  of  tho  IJusicgcl — Moroloa 
KvacuatfS  the  City— Callcja  llcturiis  to  tho  Capital 343 


CHAPTER  XV. 

WAn  Me,VSl-UK.S    AM)   JIOVKMENTS. 

181U. 

rinruicial  Distress  nnil  Ar1>itrarv  Measures— Insurjxcnts  Sack  Iliinmrintla 
ami  Cai)tnrc  Train.s — Tlio  Sn|ircnia  .lunta'.s  Movcnionts  iiml  Acts — 
Doctor  Cos'  I'l'ins  of  Peace  and  War — Vioere^nl  Course- Inile- 
penileiit  Tix'ss— IJail  (iiierriilas— llosains  and  his  Tronlile.s — Cam- 
l)ai;ins  in  I'uelila,  Michnacaii,  and  llajio  dc  (inanajuuto — Operutiona 
of  (iurcia  Conilo,  Negrete,  and  luitiiidc  against  Albino  Garciu— Cap- 
ture ami  Kml  of  This  Lciider— Torres'  Kxeciitirm — 111  Success  of 
Liceaga  and  Cos  iu  Uuunajuato— lluids  in  tiixn  Luis  Poto^i 37G 

CHAPTER  XVI. 

PIlflGIlESS   OF    THE   WAR, 
1S1'_>. 

Capture  of  Tehuacan — Massacre  of  Prisoners— C>i"ntcs  of  Maltrata  and 
Zongolica  Join  the  llevolution — Urizalia  Captured  and  Itctakeu  — 
]!e\-olutionary  Plans  at  \'ci'a  Cruz  and  IVrote— Cominuiniction  Ue- 
opened  liy  lioyalists — Insurgent  Operations — Capture  of  i'acliuca 
with  Iinincuse  Looty — Cruel  Shooting  of  Prisoners— Towns  llccap- 


CONTKXTS. 


rA3S 


tured  !p'.-  J^)VMlists  -Ari'isl  of  Lci>n;irilo  IJr.-iv"  ;iiiil  (^PMi|i;iiii()iis— 
'J'Ik  ir  i;\('i-iitii)ii  — Xiililf  I)iM'(l  lit  Nii'ula-t  I'.i-.mo — Vciii',l.'iis  Oilers 
I'linlim  to  r'liiUnt  111  111  Is,  anil  si  llivaiil  fm'  Murtlufs'  Cajitiii'L'— 
VciiCLriis  Jiiiil  <'ailiiaiit  I'jiiiiity — l.'a\"ii's  riisiiiccs.>-fiil  AttmU  on 
Toluca — Duluat  at  'JViiaii;,'!^ — Di-siicisimi  of  tlic  Siiiiiuiiii'  .luiita 397 

ClIArTElI   XVIT. 

JIAVON  i'i;]>u  i.NT;    >iiii:i;i.o.s  in  thk  sofTil. 
isi-j. 

I'rcsidcnt  llaymi  at  'I'laljni  jaliiia— His  llilatioim  Midi  (he  ^'illne^^Ilcs — 
I'oyali.^l  Sui-i't'ssis  on  tiic  Noitli  of  Mixiro  -All'aii.H  in  Mirlioacaii — 
Father  Saltn  ami  iiis  I",\eeiition — \'ene.;as' San'.'ninaiy  1  )eer( e — Iii- 
sui'LTent  l'iie>t-'  I  iipriveil  of  their  Innminity  -  K|.iseii|ial  hiiiiU'eicncc 
— Excitement  in  Mixieo — Seeonil  Anniversary  of  Imlepen.ii  iiee( '>  U:- 
brateil  — llanmn  liayon's  I'rolitahle  Movements  -Attaek  airainst  l\- 
liiii|iiil]ian  a  I  ailure — Kayon's  Arran;^'eineiits  witli  Hoyalist  'I'raiier.s 
—  rrol)oseil  ^se^otiations  for  I'earu — Assault  of  \  iinhmtjan — Sie_Lro 
of  Jliiahiiajian  —  Tmjano'.s  P.ril'iant  ]>efenee — ]\l(irolo,s  Conies  to  the 
Rescue  ami  ^\  ins  a  \'ictory— (iates  of  Oajaca  Oiiciieil  to  llini 'I'Jt), 

CHArT]:rt  xviii. 

AMicuic.w  .\rr.\ii;.s  ix  siwiy. 
ISll-lsl'.'. 

Govcrninent  of  Spain— Tho  Cortes  nml  National  Sovcreiunty — Clmrnctcr 
of  the  .Menihers— The  l>i]nitacioii  Amei  icana  ami  its  I'olicy—  Its  l)o- 
inaniLs  anil  (  hiiracter  of  Concessions— I)e]inty  IVrez  fioni  I'lnlila — 
Dejnity  Cisiieros  Asks  for  Mexican  Autoni^my  ami  Eventual  Imlu- 
pendi'Uee — Arizjie — ^lier — Forccii  Loan — L'ejiicsentation  of  tiie  <  'ou- 
sulailo  of  ]\Ie\i<o — IJritish  Oilers  of  Mediation— National  ( 'onstitu- 
tion  as  Ailo])te(l— ^Its  I'ulilieation  in  Mexico — The  Press — lileetionof 
AjMintamientos  -  Animosity  of  the  Natives  towai' I  tiie  Spaniards — 
Cuustitution  i'raclically  .Suspended -Ill 

CHAPTEll  XIX. 

SrCCK.SS     OF     MuKKI.nS. 

lsi-_'-isi:t. 

Miirelos'  Third  Cainjiai^'n-  ( 'liilapa  11  eta  ken  -  I!eoecu]iatioii  of  the  Coun- 
try to  Acapnleo— Matamoros  atA\'oik  in  l/iuar — Nicolas  I'.ravo's 
Vii'tories — X'ieerc.'al  'J'l  ilndations — Pulilicatioii  of  l>(cr>es  of  tliu 
Spanish  Cortes  l»cath  of  'J"rn  jano  Morelos'  \isit  to  O/.umlia-  Ho 
Attacks  ii  Itoyalist  ( 'oiivoy— 'J'akes  Orizalia-  ])cfi'at  on  tiie  Heijlits 
of  Acnlciniro— Ca|itui'es(  )a  jaea  —  Enormous  I'moty-  Estalilislin.ent  of 
Go\erhment — ^  ictor  and  MiL:ueI  liravo's  ( 'ampai.'n  to  .himilte|jee — 
Morelus'  I'laiis — \'enegus  .Superseded- lie\  nw  of  his  JUde 408 


1 


CONTEXTS. 


CHAPTi:il    XX. 

ViCEKflV   rAM.IMA    AM,    ijis    IT.WS. 
ISl.'i. 


xi 


PAOI 


Calk.ja  s  (  ,.ract..r.M.,l  Appoaranco-IlMW  the  A,,poi„tn,..nt  wnsTtoocivod' 
-(nn,lil,n„  .,f  Ain,i,s_Frt.sl,  Taxos  a.ul  L(.aMs-|;,  ,„,,,w_I„snr. 
g<nt  JhToine-Co„s(it..ti.m  of  181-J  Knforcu.l-I,„,,uMti.,u  Dism- 
lK.ars-Im.>ea^M,f('n,no-Protcstsa.Hl('o„„U.r.a,,i,,.:.ls--l.:x,..„tuf 
Insum.t.oM-^Call,^,as(.m,j.Mig„Plan-lr,yalistl'usitinn..-V.nlu^ 
coH  l..sc.,-K;,y.,„-s  T,.nrof  Ins,,.,:ti„n^Q>,a,n.l  l..tue.n  tl.o  Lead- 
ers— Itui bide  s  V  ictory  at  Salvaliuna ^o- 

CHAPTI^Ii  XXI. 

<.n:>;ATIONS  AUA.Nsr  uavov,  viu.ackan,  anu  usuuso. 

isi;i. 

Si..gn  of  Ccrro  d.-l  Gallo-Ti,o  l«„i.so„c,l  AVolI_I„s„r.e„t  Fo.vo.  an.I 
their  Jaot.cs--Mov..,n.Mtsin  ( i.ianajnato-^Swav  of  1|„.  VUhvvnu^^ 
-ih.-u-  .Siid.kn  Fall-lluastcra  CaM,nai,.^n-();„n,o  and  i,i.  Trni- 
t<..y-ro.T..uo-s  Military  I'ro.n.uad.-^Osorno  Ir;.,.r..sMl,l,.  -  Adn,i„. 

I.trat.oaoU_ruziMX..w(;alK.ia--F,ontic.r()iK.,.ation.s-('i,..,,,.lal.ake 
m.d  ,t.  Lavor«_Divi«ioM  .,f  F,„vi,,i,,  Jatcrnas-Lara-.  Fxploi,,  iu 
ioxus— A  1'  hckcr  iii  tliu  Orient 


513 


CHAPTER  XXII. 

CoNiuiKss  or  ririLiViNciMio. 
lsi;j. 


Mor    o.    March  to  Aonr.doo-jre  ]Vsi,.ges  a.  d  Captun.  It-RovaHst 

..■ac.t>,..-.rK.xt b-CueniUas   and    tl.eir    I)oin,s_|!,.avos    ,),„.,.- 

t.ons   -11,,  ]..i.„,,e  at   Alvarudo-Sie^e  of  roso.nat,,,.,.  ^-,  ),.L|,a 

Nn.pnsed--Secon,ll;oyali.stJ)efeatatSanA,,,s,,n,I,M..,l ,\i,, 

<  -ns..,iu,.n.rs--l)i.sr„rd   in   tlie  Siipronia  .lunla-Con..ess  of   Chil- 
l-n.-.ngo--l:ayon-H  Artion-Mo.vlos  the  (lene.-alissin..  an,I  Sie 
.Kda  Naeion-Deelaraliou  of  National  Ind.i.eKd,.ne.,.-C„n.slitntio, 

oCbUltS 


m — 


:)4.-) 


CHAPTER  XXIII. 

KAIL   OF    >Io|;KI.o,S. 
IM.-!   ISll. 


^lol'elos  ^larches  ,i 


Vim  M.u-che«  against  Valladolid-ralleja's  (^nntor.n,ovonu.nt-Fo- 
pnseatt  e<  .te  of  Zapote-^  J.-Uliant  rha,^o  l.y  ItuHade-^Lofeat 
•N.l    Leavh    of    Matan.o,.os_Tho   (^ongres.s   Asserts    It.self-Ar.nijo 

vemn.s     eepau  I-n.inee_,;ah.ana  Fdls_>Ialea,hninistntion  L 
Uajaea-Alva.,.za  Inuniphant  JJut.y-The  ]■  uchanted  Mountain- 


xu 


CONTEXTS. 


TAOE 


Spoouliitions  with  Convoys — Qnarnl  nnd  Misconiluut  of  Rayon  and 
liosains — Ilxpcditioii  against  Zai'atlaii  and  Flight  of  liayoii — Man- 
huutin''  ill  tlie  Jeiitral  ProviiiCLS 500 


CHAPTER  XXIV. 

CONSTITI  TIONAL   CHANGES. 
1S14. 

Changed  Aspect  of  tlic  Revolution — Depression  on  Both  Sides — Pro- 
posed llc'striction  of  Passports  and  I'^xport  of  Treasure — Causes  of 
the  Exodus  of  the  Spaniards — Fresh  Taxes — Restoration  of  Fer- 
nando VII. — Constitution  of  181'J  is  Annulled  and  Autocr.acy  Reiis- 
tahlished — Feeling  in  New  Spain — Insurgent  Constitution — Its  I'ro- 
visions  and  Analysis — How  it  was  Received — Election  cf  Olllccra 
under  the  New  Constitution — Liceaga  President — Cimiineuioriitivo 
!Medal— I'onstitutiou  Ordered  Read  by  the  Curaa — Relations  with 
the  United  States 502 


CHAPTER  XXV. 

DEATH   OF   MOUELDS. 
ISl.i. 

The  Revolutionists  on  Ci'iporo  Hill — Positions  of  the  Instn-gent  Forces — 
l)eteniiination  of  Calleja — Siege  of  Ci'iporo — Re])ulse  of  ItuiMde — 
Attempted  Surprise  of  Jilotepec — Ramon  Rayon  is  Shorn  (jf  his 
Triumph — Claverino's  Movement  Southward — Iturhide  Chases  the 
Congress — Insubordination  of  Doctor  Cos — He  is  Arrested  and  Cnu- 
demned  to  IX'ath,  but  is  Discharged— Death  of  Doctor  Cos — His 
Character — The  Revolutionary  Government  Migrates — It  is  Over- 
taken at  Teznialaca — Capture  of  Mortlos — His  Trial — Degradatio\i 
and  Penance — The  Last  Auto-de-fO — Execution  of  the  (Ireat  Leader 
—  Relleetions  on  his  Character — Two  Mexican  Writers  on  This 
Period G08 


CHAPTER  XXVI. 

LAST  CAMPAUIN.S   CNDKB  CALLEJA. 
1815-1810. 

EfTcct  of  Morelos'  Fall — Respective  Strength  of  Insurgents  and  Royalists 
— Intrigues  and  Overthrow  of  Rosains — He  Joins  the  ICnemy — Teran 
Rises  in  I'ame  and  Influence— Arrival  of  the  Congress  at  Teluuican — 
It  is  Forcibly  Dissolved — Tiie  Ooazacfialco  l']xpeditio'-  —First  Naval 
Victory  for  the  Mexican  Flag — The  Mounted  Raiders  of  Apam 
Plains— Osorno's  Last  Campaign — Tlio  Convoy  Service  in  Vera  Cruz 
— Miyares'  Measures  for  its  Pi-otection — Ojierations  inider  A'ictoria 
and  his  Associates— lira vo and  Gueri'cro  on  the  South  Coast 0-li 


I 


PAGE 


5Gn 


5t)-> 


008 


CONTEXTS.  xiii 

CHAPTEll  XXVII. 

VICEROY   APODACA   ANI.    Ills   VlCOUurs   MEASrRES. 

lsl()-lsi7. 

Causna  Wliiuli  Sustaineil  tlio  Itevoliitioii— llcviow  of  Callcja's  Tulc— '^'^'"' 
CIiaractiT  of  tlio  Xow  A'iouroy  Ajiodaca— .Mua.snics  to  (lain  Adlio- 
siun— Conil.iiic.l  Moveniciit  a-aiimt  Tthuacaii— It.s  Sio-oaml  Siinvii- 
,]oi-— IVplorahIo  Woakiicss  of  Tfraii— Vora  Cruz  i.i  Nuopt  l.y  iho 
] loyalists— Tlicir  Successes  in  Mizteca— Tiie  Comicil  of  Jaiijilla— 
Strife  ill  .Miciioaean— Tariiislicil  Ucpiitatioii  of  Kamou  ILiyon— The 
Five  ^'car-i'  Siege  of  Mcscala  is  i:n<le(l— Trcacliery  of  Var-as  — 
Moxeiiieiits  in  tlio  Xorth-Thc  Declining  Insurrection  Centres  in 
Guanajuato — Apodaca's  Success (J45 

CHAPTER  XXYIII. 

jiina'.s  i:xi'i:dition. 
KS17. 
A  Famous  X'avarrcsc  Oucrrilla— rieparing  for  the  Enterprise— The  Land- 
ing at  Soto  la  Marina-Alarm  of  the  lloyalists- 'J'ho  Victory  at 
Teotillos— reiietrating  the  Interior— Traits  of  Miiia— Overtiirow  of 
Ordcjfiez  and  (■astafion— Liberation  of  Prisoners— Jealousy  of  'iVji-res— 
Character  of  Mexican  (lueriillas  -I'all  of  Soto  la  Mariiia— Sie-e  of 
Fort  Sonil.rero— Puivages  of  Thirst  aii.l  Swonl -The  ISuhvaih  of 
Indepcii.lvncr— Mina's  I-iel.l  Operations-lJepulsc  at  (iuanajuato— 
Captuie  and  i:\ecution  of  Miiia-Lell.  ctions  on  his  rmlertaking  — 
Siege  and  Fall  of  Los  Uenicdios— Bibliography '^. .  (jjg 

CHAPTEll   XXIX. 

I'LAN    OK   IOCALA, 

1S17-LSJ1. 

Capture  of  Insurgnnt  Chiefs-F.irt  of  .Tuujilla-Dispcrsion  of  the  Junta— 
rardon  Accepted  by  Xunierous  Lt'aders— A  Flickering  Li:rht— 
All'airs  in  Siiaiii- Tlie  Spanish  Constitution  rroclauned  iir  Mexico— 
F:ieetioii  of  Doputies-Tlioiights  of  IiKlependenee-Iturbido  lie- 
a^ppeurs-Diversity  of  Political  ()pinions-Pl,,ts  to  Ov.rtl, n,w  the 
Constitution- Iturbide  in  Cniiiinaml-Well-disguisi'd  Doi-ns  — 
Overtures  to  Guerrero— lu.h.pcndenco  Proclaimed-Tho  I'hui  of 
Iguala— Measures  of  the  Viceroy 


GS8 


CHAPTEU 

xnu jirii  OF  Tin;  kkvolition". 
l.vJl. 

Discouraging  rros.ppcta-IiHh.pendem-o  Proclaimed  at  Guanajuato— 
Valla.lolid  Capitulatos-Tho  IVovinrins  Intrrnas  Pevo'uti.in.zed— 
llurbidcat  Vucretaro-Apodac.rs  Disposal -llis  Conduct  I)i,c.isscd 


xiv  CONTEXTS. 

rAi;F. 
— llis    Successor — liiiivo   .I(jiiiH    I  Ik;    llcvohitiiinist':     ()[ifiati'iiis    in 

Puflila  and  Vera  Cruz — S;mt.i  Anna    iN'iiul.scil  ;it  \'n;i  (in/-  \"ic- 

titri.i's  Uo:i])]i<-ar;iin.i'     Itniliiilc  Ijitcis  ruilil.i — Arrival  nl  ()'|)(iniiin 

—  His  AnteiTiluiit.s  -I'll  aty<il  (  miiiilia     Ncivdla  lli>itat<s  tu  iucng- 

nize  Ci-Jonojii — Itiiiliiilu  luit' rslln'  ('ajiital  -liml  ui  ilii-  Ucvulutiuii.  712 

CHAPTER  XXXI. 

TIIK  SOVEliEIGX    I'i:<>VlsliiNAL  J(  NTA. 
ISJl-lSL-J. 

Iii<tall;;iioii  of  tisp  .luiita— Appoiiitinent  of  a  rjccjrncj- — Its  Caliiiict — 
O'l'oiiDJu's  liciith — Itiirliiilc'a  lii-wards — Anuy  I'minutinns  — Siir- 
rt'inlcr  <i{  lV'n>t<-,  Acapulco,  ami  N'cia  (.'ruz— Munlrr  nf  ('iiliintl 
C'l'iu'lia — Fliglit  of  KiiiNipeaiis — Tliu  I'li'ss  — Tolitiial  lactions  — 
Miasiire.i  lor  Coiivokiii;^  Congress — ItiU'l)iile's  Tntci  fcriiiii--Coii- 
spinicy — Its  Failure — ( 'onditioii  of  tUc  Countrj' — Tlic  Ui\  cnnr  — 'I'lic 
Miiiiiiir  Inilustry — .\  Forceil  I^oan  aii'l  Ai-liinary  Mcasnii  s  -Kcor- 
gaiii/uitioii  of  llio  Ani;y — Cniun  of  Central  Ann  ricu  wit  li  tlu'  llui- 
jiiic — Measures  f(ir  its  l.'ijinsentaLion — iulKctiuns  on  tlir  Ailiuinis- 
truliiiu  of  the  .Junta ~'M 

CH.VPTER   XXXII. 

TiiK  Kiii-r  (ON<:i,i.v;  AM)  iii;si'  i;Mi'i;i;ori. 
1, s  •-••_'. 

The  Installation — TakinLT  the  Oath  umUr  I'nssire— The  I'irst  MisuiKlcr- 
staniling— Political  Parties — Measures  f(.r  Kiliit'  nf  thcTnasury  — 
l)is.i_'ieeinents  on  the  Army  (^'uestion  A  ('(Uinter-rivolnt  ion — (ien- 
cral  n.iviia's  Action  -Iturtiide  and  CoiiLfressat  Oinii  War  Proirress 
of  ]!( publicaiiisni  -  Itnrliiile  I'rcn  [aimed  Mm|ieriir  Ipy  a  l'i'(iular 
Enieuti — A  Stuiniy  ( 'oniriisaional  Session  -  A>:nstiu  1.  llec.iuni/c  d^ 
Jmv  in  the  Pru\  incis  — Tlie  luiperial  I'aniily  and  ilnuselKjUl  I)illi- 
culties  of  the  Treasury — Tiie  ( 'ouncil  nf  State — Tiie  Coronalioii. . . .   7"'7 

CHAPTER  XXXIir. 

DETIinONEMI^NT   ANIi    UKATU   Ol'   1  LI  Illilnn. 

Iiianj^ir.-ition  of  the  Order  of  Ouadalnjie— Padio  Mier — Short  lived  Ilar- 
niiiny — Arrest  of  lUputiis-  Itnrhide  Attemjits  to  ];eor;,'anize  Con- 
gress— His  Preposterous  (.'lainis — Ho  ])issolve.s  tho  Asscmhlj- — A 
Jviiita  Instituyento  Ivstahlished — Apimipriation  of  S|ianiarils'  Money 
— All'airs  at  Vera  Cruz — Santa  .Anna  in  L)isgrace — Ituiliide  \'i.sits 
Jala|ia — Santa  Anna  JIuvolts — Ivepulilicanisni  I'roclaimcd  -  i'rn_;reHs 
of  tlic  Insurrection  — Reverses- InllMenet!  of  the  Masonic  Order — 
Chailge  of  Taetics^Plan  of  Ca^a  Mata— Iturliiile's  Coneili  itory  Ac- 
tion— Con-rresa  Re  installed -Tiie  Mmijcior  Alnlicatt's— Ilis  hipart- 
ure  from  Mexico — His  Keturn  and  1'  a'Ji 771' 


ITLSTOIiY  OF  ^lEXICO. 


CHAPTEll  I. 

KrnnPI.:iXTlIKH.\];(.V|.Al;TnFTlll.:xlN,:Tn,xTir.KXTniY. 

Tin:  Lrm.,:  M.v  n:„M  rnu^us- lU:  M,u.r<   A,,  thk  W,„m  „  Tu,M,,r 

--(.iMKM.  \,Ku   „K  !■„,,,„•.    ,^,.  S,„,Krv_Vnrn,„.:  u,  Kv,:,  ,.„' 

'  I  ,''"""u     ""p"""'"^    -'i:-'— -I'l.MKM.S... 

iA,:,.s    ,..:    rK,:K-I-„.,rn„x    „r   ,,,:;    INm:,.  Statks     Chk.n,:.  ];,m.. 

«.U„Kio-l,„,K,,    .xn,;   S„u,„.,:s    .N„    |I,;„„;s    ,x    M,VH„   .,s    \V,.,M,. 

At  IIk-  oprni..-  nf  til.'  nii.rttvi.tl.  <vntnrv  Kunmo 
^\■•|>  111  .-i  slat,o  .,t  umi.sual  <-<.iimioli.)ii.  'J^'Ihto  jj-i,l 
-;""•;  I'-.u  Corsica  1,.  J>a,is  a  |„.u-lc-^..,|,  olixv- 
••li';*'kc(l]i(,tl,.  iiianuI,ol,a,ls..tt!u.niK.rs\;rtl..M.aHl. 
:i>"  'iH-HMviMMiiui  Kvlln-  .ars.  Tl.ry  nv,,-.  ,.x,,,,,,|. 
iii-ly  In.jliU-ii.d.  and  kii.'w  not  v.lial  in  ,1,,  l-\„.ll,is 
I'|T.,,na-..  l.a.l  s..t  at  w-.ik  s^vral  liun.hva  tliousan.Is 

;''    l'"";^-;'':i;''-ts    killil.-rar!,   ..tllrr;    tn  what  MI,r|)M.,. 

't    |H.:'zl...!   tl......  tosay.  i:Ml..ssituasl„sh.uvl,..u-to 

•iiak.'  sand  dcnkcvs  of  il,,,,,  alk-oi,Jv  d.mkovs 

'HH'  to,,. s.ns,|,|elK.a,st.st..,.ut  and  ina, .;.!,.  and  n.urdor 
;:"k  -tli'T-  m  such  a  wl.uloulc  nmnnwat  tlio  insti.-a- 

tlon    o(    jiiiv  o!io.  '"' 

-l."iiis  W'l.  was  n-iiillotinod   in  i7<i;>_     j}j 


!>;  i)r('(io- 


77!» 


^vssor  aU.raJileord..|K,urlu,yNvi!l.  his  I'.mmadonis 

:nid    DuUuTvs,  an,l  und.-r  tin.,  intoikvtual  lil.oHinisni 

>;l   \"1airuan(l  JJ.,nss,.au,  had  <lird  Iraviir- a  dri.t  ..f 

'."■r  thousand  niil!i..,;s  ,,C  hvivs.      Aft.r  that  uas  th.> 

'■'  ''^v,l'  J;'l  ^'^-^-^'l   ''V  tk^-  .storiiiing  of  the  JJa.stilc 


EUllOPK  AT  TflE  OPEXIXG  OF  THK  CENTURY. 


iiildst,  uiol)s  ,'111(1  bloody  revolution.  Paj)t'r  money  \v;is 
niudo.  lleixulitai'y  titles  were  discontinued.  ClHin-li 
jiroperty  av;is  seizetl.  Cliri.stianity  was  al)olishe(l — 
thoiii^li  reestablished  bel'oro  1801 — and  reason  was 
eiitlii'oiied.  'J'lie  constitution  was  cliani^'ed,  and  a 
species  ol"  bastard  re[)ublicanisni  propagate(b  As  the 
head  of"  Louis  Capet  I'olled  u[)on  the  scatTold,  iiisidti"! 
I'nyaltA'  rose  throu<>hout  Europe.  ]]ut  Frautx'  was 
still  nuul,  and  it  was  n(^t  until  Itobespierre  was  bnjught 
beneath  the  guillotine  that  the  reign  of  terror  was 
ended.  And  thus  was  o[)ened  the  way  for  Xapoloon 
Uonaparte. 

Taking  the  ])opular  side  in  the  revolution,  and  witli 
the  aid  of  his  matchless  military  genius,  Xa})(»leon  was 
general  of  the  army  at  the  age  of  twenty-iivo.  In 
17i)()  ho  drove  back  the  Austrians  and  conquered 
Italy.  Venice  lell  the  following  year,  and  the  cisal- 
]  ine  republic  was  formed  out  of  the  ^[ilaneso  and 
]\Iantuan  states.  I-]gypt  was  attemj»ted  in  1798,  but 
Nelson  was  in  the  ^Mediterranean  and  i)i'evented  the 
loss  of  India  to  (Jreat  Jhitain.  The  following  y<'ar 
the  First  Consul's  pr(H)osals  of  peace  to  England  were 
decidedl}'  rejected  by  George  III.  Austria's  turn 
came  again  in  1800,  and  in  1801  the  noithern  king- 
doms were  uriited  in  a  league  against  England.  In 
ISO'J  France  regained  her  islands  in  the  West  Indies 
lost  by  Louis  XV.  to  the  English.  The  Codi'  Xn- 
polcon  was  formed.  X'^otv/ithstanding  the  peace  of 
Amiens,  in  ]  803,  Great  Eiitain  was  pricked  into  fresli 
outbreaks.  ]Made  em[)eror  of  France  and  king  of 
Italy  in  1804,  X'a|)oloon,  who  was  so  sadly  disturbing 
the  time-honored  balances  of  power,  now  found  united 
against  him,  England,  Kussia,  Austria,  and  Sweden. 
The  name  of  1805  was  played  off  Trafalgar  and  at 
.Vust(,i!itz,  and  at  its  close  all  Euntpc  lay  at  the  feet 
of  the  little  man  from  Corsica.  Prussia  claimed  his 
attention  in  180(3,  llussia  in  1807,  Si)ain  in  1808,  and 
Austiia  in  1809-10.     Ilc'-e  marks  the  highest  point 


attained.     In  1812  came  the   Ilussian   c 


unj 


)aiLrn ;  m 


FRANCE  AND  ENflLAXD. 


1S1.3  llio  French  armies  were  driven  Irom  S[)aiii;  and 
ill  1S14  Xa[)()le<Mi  was  at  I'^lba.  Another  Hasli  cf 
iiloiy;  then  in  1815  Waterloo  and   St  Helena,  and  in 


ic'll 


ieatn 


tl» 


^leanwhile  England,  having  lost  the  fairest  portion 
of  her  American  provinces,  and  being  deejily  in  debt 
from  her  many  ]{li.ro[)ean  com[)lications  and  much 
iigliting,  was  i-ednced  t(»  an  nnluippy  condition.  The 
Ij'ileis  had  great  burdens  to  bear,  wbich  were  ])laced 
ui)on  them  mercilessly  by  all  the  rest,  manufacturers, 


land 


owners,  anc 


I  ru! 


ers. 


]{ 


•tl 


'^vervtlung  was  excessively 


taxed,  while  wages  were  I'educed,  sometimes  one  half. 
The  slave-trade  obtained.  Forty  thousand  negnn's 
were  annually  taken  on  board  l»v  FiiLjlisli  sliiits  I'or 
tlieir  West  India  colonies,  half  of  them  pei'ishing  l)y 


th 


le  nassau'e. 


1 


.n  a  word,  manners  were  coarse  anc 


I 


a-'es  cruel.  Prussia  was  badly  broken  by  the  war, 
losing  large  parts  of  her  domains.  There  was  some 
(lisaU'ection  among  the  Clerman  peo[>le,  but  it  was 
checked  without  dilliculty  bv  the  stron-*'  arm  of  roy- 
alty.      Francis  anti  Fi-ince  !Metternich  ruled   Austria 

than  ii'on  despotism,  in'eventin<r  fr^'edom  of  thou''"ht 


\\' 


'V 


pr 


or  speech,  and  holding  over  the  press  strict  censor- 
bhii>. 


With  the  centuries  Spain  has  continued  to  decline, 
until  it  is  many  times  thou-'ht  that  the  bottom  has 
been  ri'ached,  but  only  after  a  little  rise  to  find  a 
lower  dc[)th.  Yet,  during  a  j)ortion  of  the  three  im- 
becile reigns  of  the  seventeenth  centiu'v — Feli[)t,'  1 11., 
1508-l(J-il;  Felipe  IV.,  1 02 1-ICC;!:  and  (Virh.s  II., 
1GG5-1700— we  iind  continued  for  a  tinuj  the  brilliant 
age  of  literature  and  art,  dating  fr^;m  the  I'uh^  of 
their  [)redeeessor.  There  are  l.uis  de  Leon,  (,'astilian 
Cervantes,  ].(ope  de  Vega,  and  C^)ucvedo;  Calderon  do 
la  Barca,  and  other  writers;  and  Kibira,  Velazipiez, 
and  ^[urillo,  painters,  ^leanwhile  the  army  becomes 
greatly  denujralized;  the  country  is  left  almost  de- 
iliK-eless;  the  naval  strength  is  reduced  to  ncjthing; 


4  KL'inji';:  AT  THi;  opexixu  of  th:-:  ckxti'iiv. 

tlio  incrcliiiiit  inariiic  is  next  to  iiotliiiit;,  ilic  art  of 
slii])-l)uil(liiin-  l)i'iii^'  lost,  Italy,  P'raiicc,  and  MiiL^laiid 
<l<)iiii4'  Sjiain's  canTiun';  while  piratrs  and  lililmstiTs 
iava,L,^e  colonial  waters,  and  industries  and  trade  I'all 
into  the  hands  of  i'oreigners. 

The  ei<^liteenth  eentuiy  oj)ens  with  a  thii'tecn  years' 
v.ar  i'or  the  succi'ssion,  \\hen  the  house  of  IJourlioii 
crowds  out  the  h(»use  of  liapshur^'.  Of  the  Jjouihon 
])rinces  before  Jose|)li  Bonaparte,  are  Feli|)e  A'.,  1700- 
17  1(5;  I'ciiiando  AT.,  1740-1750;  Carlos  III.,  1750- 
1788;  Carlos  IV.,  1788-180S;  and  Fernando  VIl., 
tlie  same  year.  Following;  Bona]iarte,  1808-18  !  4,  is 
Fernando' \'J1.  till  18;:;J,  Isabel  II.  till  18(58,  a  brief 
|)(.>rio(l  of  rcpuliliranisni,  18G8-0,  Aniadi-o  of  the  house 
of  Sa\(>y,  1  871-.'5,  then  more  republican  dictatoiships, 
and  linallv  the  house  of  Jjourbon  aijain  restored  in 
till,  person  of  Alfonso  XII. 

Out  ol'  the  necussar}'  discipline  incident  to  the  war 
of  the  suci-ession  grows  souic  improvement.  A'^ri- 
culture  and  industry  are  revived.  Ijc^islation  is  in 
some  (leLXree  purilied.  llie  winn's  of  the  liolv  see  are 
clijiped,  and  tlie  church  strij)ped  of  pai't  of  its  prop- 
erty and  iritlueii'-e.  Fernando  \'I.,  beino-smail  in  bodv, 
weak  in  mind,  I'uUof  i'ear  and  hypochondria,  and  witlnd 
of  a  hind  and  benevolent  disposition,  the  country  re- 
cuperates Somewhat  under  his  rtile.  lictrenchmeuts 
are  made.  The  iiKjuisition  is  emptied.  Some  dei'ences 
are  restored,  industry  and  connnerce  are  cultivated, 
and  other  refoi-ms  instituted. 

Carlos  III.  is  an  abler  man  and  makes  more  mis- 
chief. Church  and  in«]uisition  are  still  further  checked 
and  the  Jesuits  are  expelled.  Among  the  ret'ornieis 
of  the  ])ei-iod  are  Count  Aranda,  an  Aragon  graiide 
of  French  [(roclivities  and  I'riend  of  A^oltaire;  Count 
Campomanes,  a  man  of  culture  and  literary  activity,  a 
})atriot  and  friend  of  ])rogress;  and  Count  Florida- 
blanca,  who  in  1777  succeeds  Canniomanes  as  prime 
minister.  The  last  nan'.ed  is  less  bigoted  than  his 
age.  though  opposed  to  French  radicahsm;  while  re- 


; 


DKCADKNCR  OK  SPAIN". 


siraiiiliin'  tlic  iiilliicMci-  (if  tlu-  rluin-Ii,  lie  jtrotccN  it. 
lie  is  ;i  iiiiiu   «»l"  talents  aiid  cultuiT,  Ic^s  statesman 


lliaii  iiiaiiaii'ei',  an< 


11. 


lieviii'T  ill  autocracv  and  unrin 


tioiiini^'  «)lJe^licn<■c^  ]>iit  whatever  tin;  prineijiles  Ik  LI 
in  tlieory,  jmt  into  piaetioe  tliroULi'li  the  a'4"ene\'  n\' 
ignorant,  indolent,  and  con-uitt  otlieials,  they  Tail  iai' 
slmrt  of  tlieir  i>ur])osG.  There  is  hostility  with  \']\\j; 
land  in  l771)-8.'{.  In  17(Sl-2  Spain  }tuts  down  ai 
iiisnD'eetion  of  the  inea,  Tupae  Aniarn,  in  Peiii,  and 
the  thonsand  years'  war  with  the  Mahometans  i.s  ter- 


nnnated 


tjie  1 


n'ace'  OT  . 


fAl 


'•iei-s  m  1  7 SO. 


\\'ith  the  aeeession  of  ( 'arlos  IV.  ends  th 


o  cixx 


h  of 


reform.  Dismal  indeed  are  the  next  thirty  years,  dm-- 
iw'j;  whieli  ooeiir  the  errand  linniiliatioii  at  the  ha;il 
of  Honaparte,  and  the  loss  of  nearly  all   the  ti'ans- 


itl; 


Hide  colonies. 


Th 


u!  Kmu'  rs  a  liandsoine,  iti'iioranl 


L;-ood-nature(l  imhecile;   and  his  wil'e,  Maria  Luisa,  an 
anil/itious  and  ])assionate  proili;_;'ate,  is  the  true  rul.  r 


Ol 


Spain,  l^^loridahlanca  and  Aranda  ai'c  alternatcdy 
removed  and  recalled,  finally  to  make  way  foi-  ^[anu(  1 
(iodoy,  a  yoiin^'  ofilr-or,  .nid  the  (pieen's  favorite,  im- 
pudent, inconn>etent,  amhitious,  and  thoroiiL,ddy  im- 
moral, s^^eophant  or  conspiratoi- accord in<j;'  to  the  tide, 
hut  always  yillain.  If  [politics,  war,  or  intrigue  beeomo 
tiresome,  he  si-c-ks  relief  in  dissi[)ation. 

Under  these  haneful  iiilluenct^s  vSpain  sinhs  lower 
than  ever.  While  the  rulers  are  revcllin;.;'  in  luxury 
and  licentiousness,  the  poor  throughout  the  land  are 
crviii'>'  lor  bread.  Finances  ai'e  wrecked,  the  army 
is  rendered  weak  and  worthless,  and  education  aiid 
industry  arc  again  prostrated.     ( Jalieiaand  other  pri 


••i)V 


inces  I'evolt,  and  ])resently  the  French  are  upon  thein, 
and  Spain  is  little  hetler  than  vassal. 


TI 


le 


po 


:ico  of  I3asel,  17').')-(') — as  is  calleil  the  friv- 


olous farce  which  pretended  to  i'wc  tlnj  (.'ountry  of  t! 


rencii,   w 


hik 


ity  1.1 


in   reality  [.lacmg  ino   peninsula   s 


th 


<t,][ 


more  in  their  [.ower,  besides  in  its  results  completing 
the  ruin  <.f  the  navy,  and  preparing  tins  way  lor  the 
U'vjueral  revolt  of  the  C(jluiiies — ujivcs  Godoy  the  name 


6  Eur.oiM-:  AT  Tii;:  oi'KXIm;  of  thh  rr.xTUiiY. 

('f  I'riiK'c  of  Peace,  with  rii-Ii  (Kjiuaiiis  and  otlur  sub- 
.stuiitial  j^Ifis. 

S|taiii  still  lins  many  sliips  and  rcufinu^nis,  l»;it  no 
Muitd'js  or  yold'nis.  ( )ir  rnrtn;^al,  in  171)7,  the  Sj»an- 
inrds  arc  ik-ibated  ]>y  the  Iui;j;lisli,  who  sweep  (!i(« 
^Ic-diterrane.-iii  and  Oai'ihltean  seas,  ami  sow  discord 
ani<»ii,!jj  the  colonies.  ])ui'in:L;;  the  ])ast  three  years 
there  has  heeii  "J. 44a, 000, 000  reals  income,  and  ;',7  I  1,- 
UO(),()(J0  oiit^^-o.  There  is  in  circulation  I,l)b0,000,0(j.) 
jjaper  money  curivnt  in  17l)'J  at  forty  jtor  cent  dis- 
couid.  lieH'^ion  is  eveiy where  })rosont  as  the  liand- 
ni.iid  of  \ici'.  A  jieaci;  i^  sillied  in  1801  between 
France  and  Sjiain,  with  (Jodoy  as  the  cnatnre  of 
isapoleon.  Jn  thick  succession  otlier  wars  are  fol- 
lowed hy  other  iLinominious  tivaties.  Jn  1808  the 
French  are  in  S|)ain;  Carlos  abdicates;  Godoy  ih.'cs 
liefure  the  fury  of  the  |toj»u]aco;  and  Fernando  \'1I., 
idle,  incoinjietent,  and  faithli'ss,  a  coward  and  a  hyi»o- 
crite,  base,  trie];y,  and  a  debauchee — thest;  aie  some 
of  the  many  c[)iLhets  Justory  a|i[tlies  to  this  monarcli 
— is  named  successor. 

After  a  royal  pupjiet-jtlay,  with  Murat  as  maua'^er- 
general,  durin^n'  which  Carlos  is  for  a  moment  ret-aih'd, 
while  Fernando  abdicates,  the  ]]nL;lish,  thirty  thou- 
sand strong;,  are  in  the  j)eninsula.  At  Aranjuez  the 
supremo  junta  sits  undei'  tlie  presidency  of  Floridu- 
]>lanca.  Then  comes  Na[)oleon  to  S[)ain;  and  ibr  a 
time  Jose})h  Bona[)arte  hokls  the  reins  of  goverinnent. 
In  1810 — Caracas,  in  Venezuela,  breaking  into  revolt, 
and  Uuenos  Aires  .shortly  after — the  cortes  assem- 
ble at  Cadiz.  A  constitution  is  drawn  up  in  18r2, 
which,  under  the  impulse  of  the  universal  progress  of 
liberty,  abolishes  seignorial  I'ights,  tortuiv,  the  incjiii- 
i-ition,  and  most  (jf  the  convents.  It  is  almost  repub- 
lican in  its  tenor,  too  liberal  Ibr  the  jtlace  and  the 
time,  and  so  does  not  hold;  and  Spain  still  labors 
under  the  crushiuLi:  weiu^ht  of  absolute  monarehv. 

Fernando,  reinstated  in  1813,  swears  to  the  consti- 
tution (jf  1812,  intending  never  to  keep  it.     There 


T 

1 


4 
I 


I 


AMi:i:lCA  DIVOKCKD. 


11'  vol*  was  a  ])(Hir1)on    ulio  was  no 


i  a  (1( 


4.      I 


(Mir 


Cj-nclis  mark  Iiis  n-i^ii:  tlic  traiisiriit  ta.stis  of  jMiwrr 
lu'loi'f  and  after  iJoiiajiarte;  tin  ii  lo  tlio  Aiidaliisiaii 
i\viiluti(»ii  of  18-0,  <liii"iii:L,^  wliirli  period  i\\v  dtsuits 
arc  rrcallcd,  the  party  of  iho  lilx'ral  coiistltiitinii  pr.»- 
scrilu'd,  ecrtaiii  iiotaMc  S|»aiiiards  eoiidi'iiiiii'd  lo  tli" 
galleys,  and  tlie  powir  of  tlie  frt't'inasoiis  j>iit  fnilh  in 
opposition  to  crown  and  clerjLjy;  the  tiiird  IVom  l.sjo  — 
when  the  Spaniards  rebel,  and  ]'\rnando  is  forced  hy 
jKipnlar  elanior  to  {'onvt»ke  the  cortes,  call  f'r.>in  the 
^alleys  to  the  pi'incipal  })ortfolios  llerreros,  l*ti(>z  ile 
Castro,  and  the  two  Ar^iiielles — to  the  fall  of  (Vuli/. 
and  the  constitutional  •Government  in  1  S-J;!,  ;i  coiimi-css 


of  I'^nropean  powers 


at  V 


erona  Jiavniij^  reestaMi.^li 


the  authorit V  of  the  kin'4',  the  national   militia  hein'. 


iMeanwliile  orLiamzed 


th 


»l'e 


ss  ( 


lei'lai-ed  I'ree,  and  tin 


eCCd- 


inpii-sitiou  aholished;  and  lastly,  the  tleoade  pi 
iu'^  the  kinj^'s  death,  durinjj  which  despotism  is  r>'- 
vived,  and  money  matters  demoralize!,  ccpense^ 
amounting'  to  700,000,000  I'eals  per  annum  to  he  met 
1)V  a.  revenue  of  400,000,000. 

]>ut  by  this  time  Ameiica  and  Eurojie  are  ]>i'(>fly 
Veil  separated  politically,  never  a<j;ain,  thank  Clod,  to 
].v  united.     What  with  conventionalitv,  bi<''otrv,  d 


e.s- 


j'Otism,  and  ^^eneral  decay  in  many  (juarters,  the  New 
World  can  do  l)etter  alone,  and  after  its  own  way. 
l'[>on  the  death  of  Fernando  VII.  in  1815.'],  his 
dauLihter  Isabel  II.  beinjjf  but  three  years  of  a^\>, 
the  child's  m(.>ther,  Cristina,  is  named  rej^^eiit;  but  t!ie 
late  king's  brother,  Don  Carlos,  op[)oses  with  de  ;m- 
Itting  var.  With  ]i)ritish  aid.  howevei-,  the  (p,i  -('11 
tiiumphs  in  1840.  Still  S])ain  is  torn  b}'  detestald  j 
stril'e.  jNtillions  of  miserable  wretches  nuist  stai\o 
and  bleed  over  the  issue  to  determine  which  shall 
rule  of  two  of  the  vilest  specimens  of  the  dominating 
class  ignorance,  superstition,  deceit,  and  incestuous, 
idi<jt-brcedin<;  uiarriaLTcs  can  produce.  Xow  and  then 
the  peo[)le  make  a  noble  stand  f<jr  their  deliverance, 
vvlien  as  often  France  or  Euijland  would  come  with 


Kl'IlOI'i:  AT  Tin-:  OPKMNC  of  TIIK  CKXTl'ItY. 


Jinnies  iiild  drive  tlielll  into  l»!ise  oluMlIi'lire.  '^I'liuru 
is  revnliitioii  in  IS')!,  jil'ter  wlileli  ;i  iiMtinn.-il   jiintii  is 

estuMisIie  I.  Is;il)cl  is  (|e|i<»se(|  in  iSCiS.iind  AinJldeu, 
fOcond    son    t>t    A'ictol'     Ijniliniel    nf    It.dy,    is    cleeled 

Un^r.  Alter  \;iinlv  slrl\in'4  to  rcconeile  roiitendln' 
lactions,  in  1^7::  conu's  the  Curlist  war,  and  the  I'ol- 
lo\vin;4  year  .Vniadeo  abdieates,  when  a  re|tnl»lie  is 
jir<»clainied.  'Die  (aihnt!  of  its  t'oi'ees  a;^ainst  th'; 
Cailisls,  howevi  r,  hiinL;'s  ronnd  ni<»narehy  a-^ain  in 
the  piTson  ot"  All'ons*!,  IsalxTs  son,  in  li^7,"), 

AltoiLjjel her  this  ^^•l■nando  |iresi;nts  one  ofth"  most 
coritoniittilile  eharactiM-s  of  hlstoi-y.  "1'he  eons]iirator 
of  the  escuiial,"  he  has  heen  called,  "the  rehel  of 
Aranjiiez;  the  rohher  of  his  father's  ('ri)\vn;  the  woi-m 
bcjuirniinn"  at  tlie  feet  of  Ids  enemy  at  JJayonne;  tin; 
(•a[)tivLM)f  X'aleneay,  Ijcijuini^  hits  of  colored  rihl»(»n  from 
Naj)oU;on  while  his  people  were  poMi'in'^^  out  their 
blooil  and  ^'old  to  ^'ive  him  haek  his  crown;  the  jaileT 
ef  the  illustrious  statesman  to  whom  lie  owed  the 
lestoration  of  that  crown;  the  peijured  villain  who 
spontaneously  enga;^ed  to  be  true  to  the  constitution 
of  1812,  and  then  eons[)ired  to  oveithrow  it  the  day 
aftei'  he  had  sworn;  the  ])ronioter  of  anarchy  during' 
(he  three  years  of  constitutional  n'overiuncMit;  the  in- 
v  )ker  of  the  JI0I3'  AHiancij  and  the  intt  rveiition  of 
France;  tlie  author  of  imnunerahle  [)roscriptions;  the 


coarse  \o 


lui.t 


uai'v 


I'V'rdi 


maud  ieaves  n<»  meiiiory 


but 


that  of  a  man  worthy  of  our  proR>uudest  scorn. 


Thus  we  have  -een  how  at  the  Ix'g'inniu'j^  of  the 
present  century  ;  Europe  was  at  war.  TIm  most 
intelligent,  civili/  1,  aixl  christian  nations  oi"  I  he 
earth  were  liolly  i  ^^a'^^etl  in  such  senseless  (piarrels 
as  would  make  a  sax  ^e  smile;  and  for  lack  of  any  otiier 
method  of  settleni'  it,  like  sava^'es  tliey  were  fai'iii;^ 
on  each  other  to  kiH,  burn,  or  otlu;rwise  daniai^'e  and 
destroy  as  best  they  were  abl(3.  France  in  particular 
v.as  pouring  out  her  ])est  blood  and  ti'easure  at  1  he 
caprice  of  a  despot  whose  paramount  aspiiaLiv»n  wai 


Tin:  r.LK ssiN'os  or  war. 


to  j»liiiiu<'  ln'J"  ill  tli'tp  alKiscnu'iit.  JO\t  n  tin-  i»(>|)(! 
liiiiisclt'aliDnt  thai  time  had  lu-iMi  iijv»?i  the  war-path, 
si!ii<nii,'i^out  lii-<aiaiiirs  with  lii't'aiid  sword  w  hiff  wofdx 
!ail«d,  and  all  gruatly  to  his  discomlituro  and  liiiiMili- 
ati'*n. 

'i'o  till'  |)i-ii»('i|)h;  of  evil  ill  hniiiaii  afTiii's  niani.iiid 
owes  111  lie]  1.  To  wai",  a  ini'('at('vil,ah('astlv  arhit  raiin'iif, 
hut  llu'  only  ultiiiiatti  appeal  y<t  loiind  hy  man  witii 
all    his  wi>d<»ni,  Aiiii'iica   owes    much.      'I'o  llic   sillv 


-Inl 


i: 


H'oiicaii  iiowcis  Anii'i'ii'a  owes  more  than 


to  jinv  hutchciin<'  done  liv  hci'  own  hand.- 


It 


was  (UK 


sc  1  , 


to  tliis  pi-t 'occupation,  and  to  tin;  weakness  thciifr  aris- 
in;^',  i'ath<r  than  to  any  extraordinary  display  >^\'  wis- 
dom, ]iatriotism,  (tr  |)ower  on  the  [)art  of'tlu^  eoloiiist.-i, 
ilM'^li^h  or  S[iaiiish,  that  their  inde[)i'iideii('(;  was 
iifhii'Vcd. 

There  are  foolisli  wars,  and  there  are  nee(\ssary 
wars:  joolish  sonietinies  on  both  sides,  always  I'oolisli 
on  one  side.  lEundi-eds  of  wars  there  have  hceii,  and 
will  he,  which  leave  the  eonil)ataiits,  after  teariiiL^  cac!i 
other  like  vt>lves  i'or  a  time,  exactly  as  at  the  ont 
liesortinii'  to  war  lor  freedom  or  tin;  inte''"ritv  of  the 
nation  is  not  the  same  as  war  for  the  ai'ran;^cmeiit  of 
diiKreiiccs  which  after  any  amount  of  liL;htiiiL;'  can  only 
Ik,!  settled  ii[)on  Some  hasis  of  cipiity  which  has  to  he 
determined  upon  other  principles  than  thos<^  of  arms. 
It  is  hetter  to  iig'ht  than  to  lie  a  slave.  It  is  not  well 
to  iii^ht  simply  for  power  or  ai^j^randizement,  since 
the  issui!  is  based  on  injusti(;(>,  and  is  sure  to  he  tran- 
sient. It  is  not  woi'th  while  to  fi'dit  i)Urelv  for  the 
mastery,  as  it  is  foreordained  that  n(j  man  shall  he 
master  on  thi.s  planet. 


The  United  »States  had  finished  the  war  which  ijave 
them  their  i'reedom;  and  were  now  busy  trvinn'  to 
iMise  money,  frame  a  eonstitution,  and  or!jfani/.e  a  j^'ov- 
ei'iimeiit,  while  turniiiLT  an  honest  penny  by  I'nrnisliin'jf 
^^upphes  to  the  combatants  v/ho  were  still  destroy  in 


It 

o 


10 


ErKoI'l'!  AT  Till']  OPKNING  OF  THE  CENTUliY. 


tlioiusclves  in  Europe.  When  EiiL^laiid  iuid  Fiance 
OiU'li  pionoiinoed  the  ports  of  the  othci"  flostnl  against 
conniu'cce,  and  the  I'ornier  persisti'd  in  ehiiniing  a  liglit 
to  search  American  vessels  lor  desei'ters,  Uic  I'^niUvl 
States  I'oihid  the  shipment  of  Anieriean  prochuts  to 
Euroj»e,  and  declared  war  against  JOngland.  After 
indulging  in  some  foolish  tighting,  uncalled  for  and 
resulting  in  no  adequate  henelit,  though  attemled  with 
much  misery  and  Idss  of  life,  commissioners  met  at 
(ihent  and  adjusted  their  dilferences,  which  might 
just  as  well  have  been  done  before  the  war  as  after. 

It  has  l)ven  the  fashion,  in  various  (piarters,  be- 
cause the  noithern  confederation  of  states  has  ])ros- 
pered  more  and  reached  a  liigher  ])lane  of  distinc- 
tion and  powt'r  t'lan  the  united  provinces  of  ]\[e.\.i('o, 
unduly  to  extoll  tin.;  ibundei's  of  the  former,  and 
ritlicule  tlu;  pretiiisions  topatrii)tism,  iutcill-ence,  and 
skill  on  the  part  of  those  who  fought  f  )r  the  dehv- 
eivmce  of  the  lattx-r.  It  is  pleasing  to  tell  stori(!S  to 
ciiiklren,  and  talk  among  ourselves  of  the  superior 
courage  and  self-denying  heroism  of  those  who  Ibught 
on  our  side  in  the  dark  days  of  American  revt)lution, 
above  those  who  fought  against  us;  but  it-  is  a  form 
of  egotism  in  which  I  cannot  indulge,  unless  the 
assertions  conform  to  the  facts  of  history,  whicli  in 
this  instance  they  do  not.  Fortunately  for  the  repu- 
tation of  our  early  heroes,  their  associates  and  subor- 
dinates, our  histoiy  is  written  by  men  of  our  own 
nation,  ]n'iniari1y  to  feed  our  vanity;  to  accomj)lish 
which  purj)ose  that  which  is  damaging  to  our  side- 
in  so  I'ar  as  is  politic  and  practicable— is  toned  down 
or  ouiitted,  while  that  which  is  damaging  on  the  other 
side  is  eni})hasized  and  exaggerated,  and  vice  versa. 
If  we  would  know  the  truth,  we  should  sometimes 
look  fairly  into  the  character  and  deeds  of  some  who 
were  not  citizens  or  soldiers  of  the  United  States. 

Those  Avho  fought  for  our  independence;  those  who 
sufiered  unrewarded  and  died  unknown,  as  well  as 
those  wlioes  names  ai'c  I'eniembered  and  honoreil,  and 


MODERATION  IX  SKLF-l'RAISE. 


11 


v.iio  live  t(i-«l;iv  ill  our  lu'urts,  (Icsci-vo  all  [)rais(\  T>ut 
that  as  a  class  tlu-y  were  superior  to  their  op[)()nc^iits; 
iliat  tliey  wei't'  so  ^•reatly  superior  to  those  who  louj^lifc 
I'lr  the  same  o1)jet't  iu  ^[e'\i^o,  as  we  have  heeu  taUL;'ht 
|i>  Itclieve,  is  not  true,  Lecky,  with  luaiiy  other-s, 
holds  that  the}'  have  been  "very  unduly  extolled,"  and 
that  "the  <j;-eneral  as[)eet  of  the  Aniei'iean  peoph^  dur- 
iii.;'  Ihc  etuitest  was  I'ar  from  heroic  or  sublime;" 
Vv'iiie  Washing-toil  himself  writes  in  177B  that  "idle- 


ne 


dissipation,  .iri 


I  e\t 


ravaLfance  seem 


tol 


lave 


h.id 


fust  hold  of  most  of  tluMu;  that  s[)eeulation,  })eeula- 
tioii,  and  an  insatiable  thirst  for  riches  seem  to  have 
>j;nt  the  better  of  eveiy  other  consideration,  and  al- 
most every  (»rd(M'  of  men." 

Let  us  then  learn  to  omit  some  portion  of  our  self- 
(hilation  in  s[)cakinL''  of  oursi.'lves,  some  portion  of  our 


pread-eau'l 


e  an* 


1   I' 


lurt 


li-O 


-July 


buncombe  aiu 


d  b 


om- 


bast  in  s[)eakiiiL;'  n['  our  country,  to  practise  a  little  less 
hy])oerisy  and  humbui^  in  our  politics,  to  say  nothin:^ 
of  bribery  and  otlun-  corruption  which  is  quite  rank 
enough  iri  our  republic  to-day. 

iMU'ope  was  bad  enough,  as  we  have  seen,  without 
;miv  accentuation:  monarchies  were  bad  enou^'h,  the 
chief  rccoiumeiulation  of  the  rulers  beinj^  that  they 
!;i;i(le  no  pretensions  to  honesty  or  }»iety,  or  rather 
mad;'  tlieir  piety  to  suit  their  honesty.  And  now 
with   tliis  showiii!'-  of  tlie  inlluence  fr()m  wliich  the 


pcol 


lie  of 


•Ives,  I 


w 


lie  Xew  ^Vorld  determined  to  free  theui- 
11  [iroeeed  to  sliow  how  it  was  done. 


n 


CHAPTER  II. 

ADMIXISTRATIOX  OF  VICEROY  ITUKRIGARAY. 

1S03-1S0S. 

C.vrsF.s  OF  TiiK  IIkvolition  of  IvnF.rKNDi.NCF. — Ai!i;i\AL  OF  THF,  Vkeiiov — 
Ills  Antkckdf.nts  and  Co.mpokt.mfnt — Tin;  Vn  kukcal  Family— So u- 
l»ri)M:ss  OF  iTriiiiicAUAY — IIis  Visit  tc>  iifK  Minks -I'lisiic  Imi'|;i>\  l- 
MENTS—I.\riioiirtTi()\  OF  Vaccination' — SKcjrKsi'KAriuN'  uv  PrioFKirrv  — 
Efff.ct  ox  tiif,  I^\ni>  ()\vnki;s  — IlrMiiiii.D'r's  \'isit— Inikhnaiihn  \l 
Complications — Dkmands  for  'ruKAsriiE  —  Dn  ticcltiks  with  tiik 
Umtfd  Statfs — War  with  Enoland— Mii.iiary  Prki-akations — 
EiROPKAx  Affairs — Abdication  of  Carlos  IV.— iTrRuioAiiAv's  1n- 
differkncf — I'fff.cts  in  Mexico  hf  Events  in  Spain — I'ower  of  tjie 

IxynisITION — AXTIICDE  OF  THE  PrESS— SPARKS  OF  IIeVOLUTION. 


WiiEX  tho  subjects  of  Sjiaiu  in  America  awol<i'  to 
a  realization  of  their  jiosition,  they  fouiitl  present  no 
lack  of  reason  for  revolt.  Almost  cvvvy  form  of  o[)- 
jiression  that  ever  a  people  had  heeti  (;alletl  to  nnderuo 
at  the  hand  of  despotism  they  had  suffered.  The  wor>t 
that  had  come  to  Eiiglantl's  colonies  wo  find  amoii';- 
the  nnidest  of  Mexico's  wrongs — so  mild,  indeed,  that 
they  were  scarcely  felt  amidst  the  others  weightier. 

Hitherto,  they  had  expected,  as  a  matter  of  cours(% 
that  the  king  ol'  Spain  would  make  such  laws  for  his 
]»rovinces  as  suitecl  him.  }[ewas  to  his  people  al- 
mighty powei',  differing  in  degree  rather  than  in  es- 
sen(^e  from  the  power  of  the  almiglity,  and  they  liad 
learned  to  ol)ey  the  one  as  the  other.  And  if  at  tho 
first  there  had  been  no  more  than  the  English  colonics 
had  to  complain  ol" — such  as  the  interposition  of  au- 
thority between  th(^  jU'ojilo  and  laws  of  their  making, 

ig  re[)resontative  bodies,  rostricL- 


dissolving  or  forbiddii 

O 


112; 


I'OSlTIOX  OF  TIFK  CJiKOI.KS. 


13 


VlfEIMIV— 
.MILV  — Siili- 
I'  IMl'l;iiVL- 
'i:()n;i;i"i'  — 

•■.liNAl'lliN  \L 
WITIC    TlIK 

\JtATIONS — ■ 
VKAV'S    In- 

\'i:ii  (JF  TiiJi 

X)X. 

\o\<.i'    to 
.\soiit  no 

1  of   ()[)- 

iiuIcTju;'.) 

IC  WOl'.st 

ainoinjf 
c±  that 
^•liticr. 
courso, 
for  liis 
iplo  al- 
1  ill  es- 
loy  liatl 
'  at  tlio 
'oloiiit's 
I  of  au- 
iiakiii'^', 
osti'i'jL- 


in,n'  liilgratlon    find  population,  rr^nilatin^-  tlir  admin- 
i..tratii)ii  of  justice,  creatine' and  sustainini^'  uiMi.'crssnrv 
oHicurs,]vCv])innranion!j;-tlieni  standi n;^- a I'liiios,  iiii].i»-;i>iM- 
taxes,  inli'rl'urenee  in  eonunercc,  and  otlici-  lilvc  littir; 
thin<,^s — there  nii^-ht  Jiave  heen  to  this  day  n<>  separa- 
tion from  tile  mother  countiy,  except,  inde^.d,  i(    ]i;,,l 
been   tkc  fdlin^--in-i»ieces  from  natural   decav.      I  sav 
sucli  was  thi;  I'eeliiiL;'  before  revolution  was  tliouulit  of: 
after  the  people  bcL^'au  to  consid.M-,  then    certain   of 
t]\v<i'  minor  wroni^^'s  seemed  exceedingly  exasperatinu'. 
])Ut   beldnd  all  these,  if  not   indeed  one   witli   tliein, 
were  more  serious  evils,      .l.ookino- well  into  (lie  causes 
of  S[)anish  American  revolt,   we   lind   theiv  th<'   fidl 
cataloe'ue  of  wrone-s  and  injustice  common  to  political 
suliordinatioiis  of  this  nature,  and  in  addition  some  of 
tile'  blackest  crimes  within   tin,'  power  of  tvi'ami\'   to 
encomj.ass.     What  wei'e  sueli  nia(tei-s  as  ("hities   pei' 
cent,  IVee  comiuL;-  and  e-,,iiiM-,  sumpituaiy  iVL-idations, 
or  e\en  local  laws  and  legislation   beside  inlelleetual 
slave-y,  the  eidbrcement  of  suj)erstit ion,  the  suboivli- 
ii.ili  ,n  of  soul,  t lie  degradation  of  both  the  mental  and 
s[)irituai  In  man  I 

In  ivgai'd  to  material   impositions,  jirobablv  ouo  of 
the  most  outrageous  jis  Vvcll  as   most  absurd'   within 
the  range  of  .i']uroi»ean  colonization  was  that  which  de- 
naturalized the  sou  oj'  the  Spaniard  boi'ii  in  Amei'ica. 
A\  hat  I'idiculous  nonsense  for  I'easonabh^  beings  toael 
npoii,  not  to  say  l)clieve  In,  that  the  blood   of  him  of 
])nre  Sjianisli  parentage  who  jji-st  saw  tlie  ligld  under 
the  .'lear  skies  of  the  New  World  shoidd   therehv  be 
li<)liti(a!ly  and  socially  debased!      Sueli  was  th(>  royal 
edict,  and  to  the  end   ihat   all    in    ]\lexico   mlMht   iho 
niore  and   l'ore\-er  be   bound  I)ody  and  soul  to  Spain. 
Thus  ^^hile  preti'iidlng  to  parental  cai\',  tho  Spanish 
nionarchs  would  reduce   the  colonists  to  the  position 
ol    serfs. 

In    Xow   Spain  the  first   Creoles'    were    identified 

'Tlu' iliotiolKirv  il.  liiiitiou  of  cnMilc  is  a  n.'iti'c  r.f  Spiuii^ii  .\incfi,';i,  l,(i-ii 


14 


ADMIXISTRATIOX  OF  VICEROV  iminKiAIlAV. 


with  till'  l^nrojK'aii  S{)ani;ir(Is,  and  for  soviral  snc- 
(>,M.;|iii^-  L;-('iieratit»iis  the  ties  of  ])areiitaij;'e  prevailed 
(>\fi-  the  distinctions  of  uationahty.  It  lias  lieiii 
claimed  that  even  when  thes(,'  honds  of  consanjjfuinity 
v/ei'o  loosened  hy  the  ever  increasini^  nunihers  of  tht; 
creol(»  iiDjMilation  and  the  diveri^'ence  of  interest-^, 
union  between  the  two  classes  was  still  maintained 
a^  a  security  au;"ainst  insurrection  of  the  native  races. 
Indc'd,  Ihunholdt  assigns  this  as  a  reason  for  the 
|.assiv(-'  tolerance  which  the  Spanisli  Americans  e\- 
hihitcd  dui'int;'  a  long  ])eriod  of  o[)])ression. 

])Ut  this  was  not  all  the  reason;  it  was  not  in  fact 
the  chief  or  trui!  reason.  It  had  hecoino  so  ingrained 
in  their  nature,  the  doctrine  of  loyalty,  obedience  to 
rulers,  the  divinity  of  kings,  that  to  repudiate  in  any 
wist'  this  ide'a  w  s  to  delV  the  power  of  the  ahni<''htv, 
and  bring  (leserv(Hi  death  and  the  pains  of  hell.  Jt 
was  sin  aiiainst  God  to  disobey  tlie  king;  and  this 
rather  than  fear  of  uprisiuLi's  held  ^[exico  so  lon<''  i:i 
servllitv.  While  such  a  state  of  thing's  lasted,  the 
Spaniards  in  Spain  ccndd  (U'}tri\-e  the  Spaniards  in 
-Viaerica — or  rather  their  desci'udants — of  their  legit,- 
iniate  iiolitii'al  status,  and  aggrieve  their  riLihts  with 
impunity:  but  none  the  less  in  due  time  did  J'^uropean 
}'.rl<le  and  disdain  provoke  irritation  and  bitter  jeal- 
ousy. A  nuitual  antipathy  was  thus  gi'adually  de- 
veloped— an  anti[uithy  which  was  fostered  by  the  ac- 
tion of  the  home  government;  for  though  by  tlu'ory 
an«l  law  the  pri\  ileges  of  all  subjects  of  the  crown 
were  equal,  in  practice  it  was  far  otherwise. 

Three  jiromineut  causes  of  disrupture  were  ever 
actively  at  work  engendering  hati'ed  and  thirst  for 
inde[>endence.  They  were,  in  the  inverse  oi'der  of  I'f- 
fi  ct,  social  jealousies,  exclusion  iVom  prefeiMueiits,  and 
the  odious  s\-stem   of  couuuercial   monopoly  enjoyed 

from  ;i  rosiilcnt '''ihaMtant  linrii  in  Eiiroiic,  as  well  a«  from  the  oH'spiiii,'  "f 
uiixfil  liliii'l,  as  (if  mulatto,  lioni  of  a  negro  motlier,  or  of  mestizo,  lioru  of 
an  li'.ilian  inotlier.  'J'o  this  detinitiou  as  regards  creole  I  adhere;  hut  in  ri- 
gard  in  the  wurd  'mestizo,'  f  apply  it  geucrally  to  any  intunnixturc  of  native 
Aiaerieaa  and  Euiu]^ieau  blood. 


T 


SI'.\MATJ)S  AI-ONK  SIIAI^L  IirLK. 


13 


0   ev>,'r 

(if  ci- 


1)V  ilu:  S[);iuiar(1s.  Witli  ron^ard  to  ^lu.'  lir^t,  \i  is  nii- 
lu'ccssai'V  to  cnlar^'o  upon  what  has  ,;oei»  said  in  tho 
previous  vohimo;'"  hut  tho  <'|uostion  of  ])ohtical,  mili- 
tary,and  t'ccli'siastical  [)rt'ft,'ruu,'uts  I'lMjuirrs  ctnisidcra,- 
lioii,  inasniucli  as  tho  ext'lusiou  of  oroolcs  iVoni  thcui 
is  as  stiH'iiuously  denied  l)y  the  advocates  of  the  Sjian- 
isli  faction  as  it  is  einphaticallv  ass(;rted  hv  those  of 
the  Creole  class.  Althoun'h  tho  Spanish  Ainoi'ican 
Avas  eli^'ihli!  to  all  olKces,  from  the  lo\V('st  to  the  \ici'- 
re^^d  (h,L;'nitv,  the  hi^'her  wc.-re  almost  exclusively  liHcd 
hymen  iVoni  Sjiain;"'  and  in  sj)ite  of  the  assescrations 
to  the  contrary,*  it  cannot  bo  denie*!  that  promotion 
to  ini]>ortant  jxjsilions  was  pr-actically  closed  to  Amer- 
ican S[)aiiiarils.  Xo  stronger  evidence  can  he  found 
than  in  the  opposition  to  American  I'cpresentation  in 
the  S[)anish  government,  and  the  public  i'xpi'cssions 
of  scorn  and  odium  heaped  u[)on  the  race  in  the  Cadi/, 
periodicals  of  that  time. 

The  S[)anish  rulers  were  determined  tiiat  Xew  Sjiain 
shoulil  be  ruled  exclusivt'ly  by  S[)aniards,  howsoewr 
the  published  policy  of  the  nati(_)n  might  be  all'ecled 
thereljy;  and  their  o[)i)ortunities  of  obtaining  })olitical 

'Hist.  Mi'x\,   vol.  iii.  71--t,  this  series.     i^i:c  aho  f'uiici  /(uln,  '}\l.  Aimr., 

14li-.M. 

'Wiilton,  tlic.iutlior  dl'  Prrsftit  St'ifi' af/fif  S/xtiiish  ('(ihiuh.i,  Ldiiiluii,  is]'), 
M-'i'i'ctiiry  to  the  cxpi'.iil  idii  wliicli  eMjitiiicil  tlic  city  <if  S.'intn  liomiimo  froia 
till.'  L'rtiuh,  iinil  icsiileiit  ISritisli  am  iit  iliere,  in  his  Kxjiii.<c  im  Ihr  J>'i.-'^<'u<ioii^ 
<il' Sjiinii.sh  Ai)n'iui-(i,  Iviinlun,  ls|  t,  stiitrs,  ini  ]ia,i,'e  47,  'that  lui  t-.'.aiMiiiiiiu'  .".u- 
theiitie  rccdi'ils,  it  rcsiills:  that  froia  the  in'riml  nt'  tiic  liist  setth'iiient  \\\\  to 
tlic  yi'ar  IhiO,  out  of  !(!()  vieemys  ami  TiSS  caplaiii-j^ciu  rals,  govciiiois,  aii.l 
]nesi(li.'iits  w  111)  Iiave  f.'i>vrnicil  in  Sjiaiiisli  .Viueiiea.  in  all  7-"it.  only  IS  have 
iireu  eienles,  auil  these  few  ineiely  in  ci>n.H'i|iienee  of  their  haviiii,'  lieen  i  ilu- 
cateil  in  Sjiaiii.'  Only  three  viceroys  of  Mexico  down  to  lsl."J  wci'e  rreui  -. 
Aliuiinii,  Ml  J.,  i.  !■_'. 

^Torrente.  y/(.<'.  Her.  Uiapauit-AiiK  r.,  i.  7--4,  (jiiotes  oh-icivatinns  made 
by  '  un  Ani'.'iicano  del  siu',' x^Iio  .stmitly  maintains  the  ^'ener.isity  'do  i;;'.;i 
naeiun  mie  liahaii  iimericaiios  Ins  V'iveinatns,  Capitanias  j.'eni'iales,  I'ri'sideii- 
cias,  Magistratiiias,  Arznhispadus  i  0|iis]iaili)s;'  and  gives  a  list  of  laimiiean 
and  Anieriean  otllcials  for  the  year  ISI  I,  in  uliidi  he  shows  that  It.'i.S  wei-c  of 
the  latter  elass  and  only  7li  of  tho  formi'r.  Ho  moveover  eiiuineiate.s  tho 
Ji^liiical,  military,  and  ecclesiastical  iinsiiions  held  hy  thn  creolrs  dining  thu 
same  year.  J5ut  I  must  remark  that  tho  aii|iointments  oonferrod  uimn  erooles 
at  the  eoaiinenceineiit  of  the  nineteenth  eeiitniy  atlord  no  ei-iterion  of  thi^  \>vo- 
l")ition  which  prevailed  during  the  two  j)i-ecedlng  lenturios.  Spain  iclt  l:er- 
self  eoin]iel!ed  to  open  the  iloors  of  promotion  in  the  hope  of  allaying  tlio 
{.'alhering  storm.  Cancelada,  Til.  Ainrr.,'lit'f  7.'',  argues  that  tiie  cre(.)k'3\\cro 
inure  favored  tiiuii  tho  S|)iiniurds  in  tiie  matter  ui  appointmeutd. 


10 


AliMIXIsTRATIOX  OF  VICEROY  ITURUIO.MlAr. 


pi\'irr;ii('iits  IhIiio-  so  liiucli  ^Tetter  lliaii  lliosc  of  the 
crt'o'cs,  tlicy  succuodfd  in  sccairiiiL;'  I'oi'  tlici.siu.'Ko.s  ;t!l 
i\\v  lii^Iicr  tilHccs.  It  is  true  that  tliu  Americans  occii- 
]>ie(l  most  of  tlif  subaltern  tirades,  hut  this  only  tcndrd 
ti)  hrini;'  Ihcni  into  moro  ji-alous  competition  with  the 
]"]uroi)eai)s  hy  inspiiiiiL;'  them  to  .seel;  the  mon.^  impor- 
tant. Although  in  the  ecclesiastical  ])re(erments  they 
were  moi'e  ia\(,>i'ed  than  in  political  and  military  mat- 
ters, (hu-ing  tlie  last  cL'utury  of  the  colonial  pt-riod 
thev  were  •■•raduallv  excluded  from  the  high  di'-'uities 
of  the  church;  and  in  1808  all  the  bishoprics  in  Xcw 
Spain,  with  one  exception,  and  in(.»st  of  the  rich  bene- 
ijces.  Were  held  by  tho  Euro[)ean  clergy.  In  the  clois- 
ters also  of  the  regular  orders  tlu'i'e  was  the  same  want 
of  fairness  which  even  the  alternative  system  I'./.led 
to  coirect.  Thus  it  was  that  asgenerati(m  after  gen- 
eratioi  passed  away,  not  only  in  social  connnunications 
but  in  jiublic  careei's  and  professions,  envy  and  jeal- 
ousy became  more  marked,  and  finally  developed  into 
a  deadly  hatred  between  the  two  classes. 

liut  after  all,  and  toward  the  end,  though  not  tho 
most  iui(|uitous,  it  was  the  conunercial  mono[)olies 
whirii  caused  the  most  wide-spread  discontent.  The 
entire  control  of  trade  l)y  Spanish  merchants,  and 
the  exorbitant  jirices  charged  by  them  for  every  com- 
inodity,  tlie  grinding  restrictions  upon  such  indus- 
tries as  interfered  with  the  commerce  of  the  mother 
count  ly,  and  the  limited  amount  of  productions  re- 
ceived by  her,  were  more  sweeping  in  ellect,  sin'--'  all 
classes  suffered,  and  the  [)oor  people  the  more  severely. 
.V  bond  of  union  to  a  greater  or  less  extent  M'as  thus 
initiated  between  the  Creoles,  mestizos,  and  native 
Indians,  all  of  wliom  at  an  viwly  date  exhibited  incli- 
nations to  acquire  indepeink'nce.  The  Enghshmnn, 
Idiomas  ( lage,  who  was  in  ^fexico  in  IG'ia,  correctly 
estiin.ati'd  the  ju'evailing  sentinuMit,  and  in  his  obser- 
vations about  the  disturl)ances  during  theadministra' 
lion  (.f  (Jclves  thus  prophetically  ex[)resses  h'mself: 
"Tlie  chief  actors  were  found  to  be  the  Crlolians  or 


I 


TAXATION,  COM.MKllCK,  A\i>  IXDUSTRIES. 


17 


of  the 
!vc\s  all 
iS  occll- 
t ended 
iththe 
iiii})i)r- 
U  lliey 
y  iiiat- 
])erii>d 
i'-'iiities 
111  New 
!i  Ix'iie- 
i(j  clois- 

10  want 

11  !'...k\l 
.er  i^en- 
Icatious 
Lid  jeal- 
)ud  into 

not  tlio 
i()[)o!ie.s 
The 
niu 


lt^ 


I 


y  coni- 
indus- 
ther 
I'c- 


ino 


NIC*.' 

K'cre 


as 


all 

Iv- 

thus 
native 
d  iiicli- 
linmn, 
[nvctly 
()l)ser- 
inist ra- 
il': 


n.iise 


ans  or 


Xativcs  of  the  Country,  who  do  liati;  the  Spanisli 
(Jovernnient,  and  all  such  as  ('on)o  iVoni  ^■>pa!;l;  and 
i-oasou  they  have  for  it,  lor  hy  them  tluy  are  mueli 
o] (pressed,  as  I  havt;  heim'e  ohsei'ved,  anil  ai'e  and  will 
lie  always  watchiiin'  any  o])j»ortunity  to  I'ree  them- 
selves I'roni  the  S[)anish  yoak."" 

])Ut  apart  Irom  those  main  onuses  of  diseimtent, 
other  ay^ravations,  j)ermanent  or  jioriodieal,  excited 
it  sj)irit  of  antai^'onisni.  Jvxcessive  taxation  galled 
and  irritated;  the  venality  of  ollicials  and  tlie  cor- 
ru] itness  of  the  judicial  courts  causiul  indii.niation; 
Avhile  the  expulsion  in  17<i7  of  the  Jesuits,  who  had 
ingratiated  themselves  in  the  hearts  of  the  lowei-  or- 
ders, insulted  the  peojile  in  tlu.'ir  dearest  alle'ctions. 
From  that  time  cons[)iracy  arose  and  hei.'anu!  wide- 
s])i'ead;  and  the  attemi)t  at  Apatzing'an,  i)rem,itui'e!y 
imdertakon,  and  ahortive  thoui^h  it  pi'oved,  openi'<l 
the  eyes  of  the  S[)anish  rulers  to  the  lact  that  idr'as 
ef  independence  were  ahroad  iii  New  Spain.  ^J'he 
measures  adopted  to  su[)press  sutdi  wickedness  only 
adiled  fuel  to  the  fire.  Disdaining"  the  further  suj)- 
])iirt  of  the  r.hurch,  the  govorimient  determined  to 
relv  on  militarv'  Ibrce,  and  onjaniziuLC  the  armv  o!i  a 
much  larger  scale,  humiliated  in  a  variety  of  ways 
t!ie  clergy,  who  thus  alienated  became  a  powerful 
element  ill  working  out  the  independence. 

While  the  industries  of  the  country  were  orampted, 
the  masses  were  unaware  of  the  extiaordinary  resources 
of  Xew  Spain;  but  when  certain  restrictions  were 
removed  by  the  home  governnieid,  and  tin,'  vrar  with 
]hmland  at  the  close  of  tlie  ein'hteenth  oeiiturv  almo-^t 
annihilated  trade  with  the  peninsula,  great  impulse 
v.as  given  to  the  development  of  inteiiial  resoui'c'os 
and  commerce  Avith  foreign  nations.  AV'hile  belief  in 
the  iK.'cessity  of  depondenoe  on  Sj^ain  was  thus  being 
weakened,  lIumboKlt  o})ened  their  vyvs  to  their  re- 

^  X'lr  S:irrr'/,  14,".     ITc,  morcnvcr,  st.itcs  t!i;it  tlic  Tmliniis  ;iivl  iiiiilatto.H 
MiriK.iliid  not  tliL' si'Vcre  Jiinl  ri^jcnius   ju>tii'i'   .'ind  jailu'iiiiiit  I'f  tlm  \"i''fi'oy, 
no,  iior  any  ( lovciiiiiiL'ut:  lliiit  was  appoiutcil  uvuf  tliL'ia  iiuiu  Spaii.'  Id.,  11:2. 
Uisr.  Hex.,  Vol.  IV.    2 


IS 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  VICKIIOY  ITUiailGARAY. 


.sdurccs,  iiiid  set  tliL'iii  fiii-tlicr  thinking'  of  divorco- 
int  ii(.  A^aiii,  the  Creoles  were  more  iiitellijj^ent, 
l)otter  iiilornied,  and  fill- more  numerous  thtiu  the  blue- 
blooded  Spaniards;  in  view  of  which  wo  can  only 
wondei"  that  tlie  peo|)lo  of  ^[exico  I'eniained  in  such 
huuiilialln;,^  subjection  so  lon^-.  The  Spaniards  in 
America  and  their  (;hildren  were  even  better  educated 
than  the  S[)aniards  In  S[)ain,  and  the  higher  their 
station  and  the  more  inllated  their  piide,  the  more 
their  minds  were  iilli-d  with  i)rejudice  and  iL;'noranco. 
The  establishment  of  the  university  at  Mexi'-oailbrded 
facilities  to  the  ci'ooli'S  su[)erior  to  any  enjoyed  by 
their  fathers,  who  for  the  most  [)art,  exclusive  of  those 
hoMiu;^  hiLjh  ])ositions,  were  of  inferior  birth  and 
l)r('edini^",  and  without  title  to  the  superiority  (.-laimed. 
Students  and  graduates  in  Mexico  by  no  means  con- 
tined  themselves  to  the  narrow  curriculum  prescribed 
by  the  university,  and  the  prohibited  works  of  French 
])hilosoj)hers,  of  political  and  moral  writers,  and  espe- 
cially of  liousseau,  found  their  way  of  late  int(^  the 
i-ountry.  Proletarian  })rinci[)les,  and  the  detestation 
(if  oppression  which  they  breathed,  were  absorbed 
with  avidity,  and  stimulated  the  longing  iV)r  IVee- 
dom.  The  very  danger  incurred  by  the  study  of 
these  bot)ks,  and  the  secrecy  with  which  of  necessity 
they  were  perused,  only  served  to  intensify  insurrec- 
tionaiy  ideas  and  provoke  conspiracy."  The  liberal 
princi[)les  thus  a('(|uired  b}''  the  educated  class  were 
gradually  infused  into  the  ignorant. 

Xevertheless,  it  seems  a  little  strange  to  us,  to  whom 
the  doctrine  of  rinht  of  revolution  has  bcome  so  clear, 
and  so  cherished  as  the  hiu'liestpreros>'ative  of  libertv, 
that  it  should  hav(>  made  its  way  so  slowly  among  an 
educated  and  intelligent  peoi)lc!.     But  the   cause   is 


"  It  w;is  tlic  special  provincn  of  tliu  iiU|Uisitioii  to  frnanl  against  the  iin- 
portatiiui  of  liooks.  As  lato  us  1807,  a  Mt-xicau  iiamcil  Josi'-  Koxas  was  tic- 
nimiK'i.(l  liy  liisowu  nuitln-'r  for  having  a  voliiniuof  Koiissoaii  u.  lii.s  )>■)  session, 
ami  was  ouulincil  for  si'Viiral  years  iu  tin-  dungeons  of  the  iiol y  (jllice.  He 
linally  niaJo  lii.s  escape,  Lnt  died  iu  Isll  at  New  Orleans.  Vi'ard'<  Mec,  i, 
110. 


^ 


liKUCIOUS  AND  POLITICAL  Lll'.ilKTV 


19 


(llvoreo- 

ho  bliu'- 
iiii  only 
ill  sucli 
liards  in 
•tlucatffl 

it'i-  tlii'ir 
ho   more 
noninee. 
alt'ordod 
oyed  hy 
of  those 
rth    and 
(.'lainied. 
'ans  c'on- 
I'oscribod 
t'  French 
md  cs[)e- 
into  the 
testation 
iljsoi'hod 
.)r    iVee- 
tudy  of 

It'CL'SSlty 

nsurruc- 
c  liberal 
Liss  ^vero 

;o  whom 
S( »  clear, 
r  libertv, 
inong  an 
cause   is 


list  the  im- 
ixii-t  was  ile- 
s  po  scrisioii, 
ollico.  lie 
i-ifs  J/c-c-.,  i. 


exj)lained  when  we  reiin'mbt.'r  the  })o\vei  i'ul  huld  I'e- 
li.H'ion  yi't  had  upon  these  jtenple.  Tlie  first  stc[) 
toward  iVeedom  is  to  emancipate  the  mind  fVum  sunie 
of  its  superstitions.  Tiiere  can  be  no  poHtical  liberty 
\vilhnut  some  de<4rue  of  I'elinious  liberty.  It  was 
priniaiily  for  i-eligious  libei'ty  that  the  puiitans  had 
conie  fruui  J']nL;land  to  America;  and  the  fii'st  step 
tluis  taken  toward  political  liberty,  they  were  [)repared 
to  throw  oifthe  y«»ke  for  slighter  cause  than  were  the 
])eo[ile  cf  ]\Ie\ico,  who  were  satisfied  with  their  relig- 
ion, and  had  no  desire  to  change  it.  Thus  while  th<ir 
religion,  still  the  strongest  sentiment  possessing  tliem, 
constrained  them  to  l<>yalty,  they  were  ready  to  en- 
dure much  by  way  of  duty,  and  to  escape  tlamnatioii 
■ — so  much  that  it  was  rather  S[>ain's  weakness  than 
^Mexico's  strength  that  secured  independence,  as  we 
shall  in  (hie  time  sec. 

]>ut  gra(hially  reason,  long  dormant  if  not  dethroned, 
began  to  show  signs  of  vitahty,  first  in  other  quarters, 
aiid  finally  in  ]Mexico.  It  was  a  period  of  political 
tui'niiigs  and  ovei'turnings  in  Euro[)e  and  America, 
and  it  were  a  pity  if  ]Mexico,  ground  into  the  vi'ry 
dust  by  the  iron  heel  of  {les[)otism,  should  not  find 
some  I'clief. 

The  downfall  of  monarchy  in  Franco,  and  the  iii- 
dejtendence  of  the  British  colonies  in  North  America, 
had  established  precedents  of  the  successful  U[)rising  of 
|)eoj)les  against  the  o[)pression  of  rulers.  ]\lore  (^s[)e- 
cially  was  the  ac(|uisition  of  freedom  by  the  Unite'd 
States  regarded  as  a  solution  <)f  the  dilHculty  in  re- 
gard to  the  right  of  I'cvolution,  as  Sj)ain  in  I7s:!  had 
somewliat  im|irudently  recognized  the  indepcmdence 
of  the  Fni»-lisli  colonies,  therel>\'  tacitiv  excusinu'  re- 
volt  m  her  own.' 

'Till.'  rc'iiiki'  is  alreaily  aware  that  the  cmule  do  Araiula  at  this  time  pro- 
piiSfil  to  CaildS  IfL  the  iiicUiiuuikine  of  the  Spanish  cohmies  in  Amer- 
ii'a.  See  ll'ixl.  Met-.,  iii.  .SHS-iK).  J»r  Luis  t^>nixaiiii,  a  I'roiiiiiieiit  leailer  of 
tlie  levciUitiou  in  Quito,  made  prisoner  wlieii  Toriliio  Munlcs  entered  that 
eity.  dei'nied  it  advisiihle  to  retraet  Iiis  views  ou  the  ri;L;lit  of  a  colony  to  ;ts- 
sert  its  iniiejieniK'nee.  l[e  liased  Ids  letonstructed  argiiuient  on  tlie  prineii'lo 
tiiut  «  hat  is  iiteful  and  eunveiiient  is  not  iieeessarily  lawful  and  just.     Iiis  ex- 


20 


Ai)Mi\isii:.\TH)\  cF  Vi(i;i:i)V  iri'iiiacAiiAV 


\\  Iiilr  the  J)l'»»cIi\itk'S  oi'  the  pcojdc  \vt;re  lli;is  Ix-- 
coiuiii:^'  (laiiy  \\un\-  dan.;  roiis,  thcit'itn'^cr  was  still  I'lii'- 
tiici'  aiDii.i'd  liy  oiu.'  »•!'  tliusc  acts  ol'  tyrainiv  wliii-ji 
S|  aiii  pL'i'iodifally  coimiiiltcd  in  ordrr  tn  rai>;<'  nu>ncv  in 
tilt' culMnits  tit  ni('(t  li;)::i'' cxprMiscs.  J  rclur  to  tin' sc- 
(pii'stration  ol"  tlu!  lunds  ul*  tliu  huncvolrnt  institu- 
tions, a  nieasiu'o  wliirli  .scrittusly  nll't'cted  tlu;  Wfllaro  of 
alni"st  cvri'v  land  o\\  nrr  in  tlu'  counti'V.  As  tho 
]iait iculars  of  this  pi-occcfiin;^'  will  be  ^ixcn  ladT,  it  is 
only  nt'cosaiT  to  state  Ihmv  that  nunihiTs  of  laniilit;s 
Were  ruined  or  inipoverislicd  by  its  opci'ation.  I'hu.? 
S])iiin  k(j)t  on  usin^,^  tho  j^oad.  It  is,  however,  a  (jues- 
tion  liow  loni;-  the  creolcs  would  ha\c  suH'cred  had 
not  |i(jlitiral  alfairs  in  Sjiain,  as  \\-e  have  seen,  all" »i(lcd 
an  excejtiioiial  (»|>[iorlunity  for  thi-owinn"  oil'  tin;  yoke. 
l'\>r  neaiiy  two  ct'ntuiies  the  watchi'uhie'ss  of  the  jj;'()V- 
ernnieiit  had  prevented  serit)us  outbreak;  (j\'en  duriii;,;' 
the  wai'  of  suceession  tin'  tranquillity  of  Xe\v  S[)ain 
N\as  undisturbed.  The  majesty  of  the  kin-^'  was  so 
deeply  i!n[)ressed  Ujion  the  UKisses  that  it  is  jtrobable, 
hatl  it  not  been  for  the'  oeeupation  of  S[»ain  by  Na- 
poleon, a  few  salutary  rcfornis  would  liave  se(ane«l 
the  loyalty  of  Mexico.  But  when  two  Spanish  mon- 
ai'chs  in  succession,  Carlos  1\".  and  .Fernan<lo  A'l  I., 
were  coinjtelled  to  lay  aside  their  crowns,  the  one  in 
obedience  to  tlie  will  ofanujband  the  otln'r  at  the 
dictation  of  a  foivii^'u  parvenu,  the  glei'y  of  the  Span- 
ish throne  had  de[)arted,  and  the  awe  with  which  tlu^ 
greatest  eai'thlv  iiotentatc  had  btien  veue'rated  bv  hi,s 
transatlantic  subjects  was  .seriously  lessened. 

Nevertheless,  when  in  1808  the  Spaniards  rose 
ai^ainst  the  French  invaders,  the  demonstrations  t)f 
feeling  throughout  New  SjKiin  showed  patriotism  on 
the  part  oi'  the  Creoles,  though   perha[)S  as   much  by 


ccciliii^rly  (IffcL'tivo  lou'io  wont  no  fr.rthcr,  liowevcr,  tliau  to  sliow  that  an  oji- 
prissi'il  coliiiiy  luis  no  more  ri.-jlit  to  fi'uc  itsult'  from  the  uiotlior  oouutiy  tluiii 
litis  a  slave  to  aoijuire  fruedoin  without  the  consent  of  his  owner!  'Aini(|ue  a 
lui  e.-5elavo  le  sea  litii  ,uozar  ilc  su  liheitail,  el  no  se  la  puede  tuniar  por  si  niisino 
eoiilra  la  voliintad  ilu  su  aiuo.'  lUrnaiakz  1/  Divaiw',  Cvl.  Doc.  LuL/k,  v. 
GJ  4. 


•9, 


MiSllULi;  1\  Xi'.W  SPAIN". 


21 


tliMs  he- 
still  lilV- 
ly  Nvliii-h 
UdiifV  ill 
(» till'  se- 
iiisiitii- 

I'l'li'iU'O  ut 

As  tlu- 
itiT,  it  is 
i'  iiiiuiliiis 
..  Thus 
r,  a  (|U(-'s- 

'VVi\     ll!l<l 

,  allhidevl 
tlu;  yokt;. 
'till'  l;'i)V- 
,'11  <lui-iii;4' 
•\\-   S[Krm 
1^-  \vas  si> 
[|»i'()l)al)le, 
hy  Xa- 
sociuva 
ish  iiioii- 
o  A' 11., 
i;  one  ill 
■r  at  tho 
lo  Spaii- 
•lii'-h  tlio 
'I I  Iiy  hi.s 

U'ds  rose 
ations  of 
lotisiii  on 
much  by 


i 


roason  of  hiitrid  l'>r  llic  I'r.iK-h  as  of  any  lln.;v'rin;^ 
ailociion  for  the  Spaniards;  and  this,  not  wit  listand- 
jnLJ^  t!iat  tile  Aniorii-an  dcjiutiL's  to  thi'  Spani^Ii 
cortcs,  in  their  address  on  the  1st  of  Aun'ust,  \>\  !, 
I'eures.'iiti'd  that  the  Spaniards  of  Anieri<'a  were  so 
cjoselv  fonneet^'d  with  the  |(eninsnl;i  hy  the  ties  of 
interest  and  )<.'lationship,  tliat  leadiii'^  men  anions* 
tlu'in  pi'oelaiined  the  doctrine  that  the  colonies  oun'ht 
to  follow  the  fate  oi'  Spain,  ewn  if  she  suncumhcil  to 
tlie  p.>wer  of  Xa]toleon/  Some  j;'o  so  far  as  to  at- 
tiihiiti;  oiiti'inlit  till'  outhreak  of  the  ivvolutioii  to 
tile  fear  of  siil)jection  to  the  French."  ]j(>  this  as  it 
niav.  tile  I'epeated  defeats  of  the  Spanish  arms  dnrin;^' 
tlie  followinijf  year,  the  incompetency  of  the  junta 
eeiitial  in  the  peninsula,  and  still  nuav  its  popular 
origin,  destroyed  any  favorahle  impression  ^vhi(•h 
mi^'ht  have  been  created  in  the  discontented  ranks, 
and  aliorded  an  example  to  them  of  dcloo'atcs,  elected 
In'  t!ie  [)eople,  inxestin^'  themscK'es  with  the  su[)rt,'me 
^•o\'i'i'nment.  Thus  revohitionaiy  impressions  became 
yi't  more  stron^'ly  conlirnied;  lor  the  creolcs  could  not 
i-ei-o^nize  the  right  <il'  a  moh-ajipointed  government 
c'aimin''  obedience  from  the  sii'  lieets  oi'  a  mightv  nioii- 
archy. 

And  during  this  ])eriod.  so  critical  to  tho  existence 
of  S[)aiirs  future  hold  upon  tln' colonies,  there  was  no 
\ic<'roy  in  ^lexico  capable  of  apprs.'ciating  the  true 
condilion  of  allairs;  none  who  had  tho  ability  either 
to  ;u(M't  revolutiiiii  or  best  serve  S[)aiii  in  a'-cej)ting 
the'  situation.  The  incom'p.'tency  and  vacillation  of 
till'  ne'.t  tiireo  viceroys  hastenol  the  culmination  of 
evv'iits,  and  during  tlie  years  IsO',)  and  1810,  the  con- 
si)irac_y  to  throw  olFthoyol^o  of  Spainspi-ead  fast  and 
far  throughout  tlv^  land.      It  was  on  the  LVlIi  of  Se[)- 


tliat  an  riji- 

uonuu-y  I'a.m 

'Aiiiii|iic  d 

■  por  si  iiiisiiu) 

)c.   lad:i>.,  V, 


''Such  ;i  cuni'.sc  wonlil  (•crlaiiily  ivliovu  tlium  fr^mi  tho  ])ci-siM-iition  of  S|i;iiii, 
tli'iu^li  iicitlicr  covert  inmy  iiur  liiluTiiiiMf:m  \vi;io  iiitciiilcl.  ".Mik-Iiim  c|r  Ins 
lui^ains  yi'l'cs  y  otros  tairopi'iis  pnili'iiaii  d  las  claias,  ([uo  la  Aiuciica  di'lii.'i 
i<' ,iiir  la  siu'rto  do  la  IViiiii-siila,  y  uliodoior  :i  I'Ktiiaparte,  si  ollii  lu  oljodocia.' 
y>(,  iii(i\  .iiiiir.  Jt< />ri si-iit.,  1'  do  Ai.'(Kt()  do  Isll,  li. 

«/'/.,  S;  Ouerm,  Ili4.  Ihi:  X.  /;>/,.,  i.  l;JS. 


cj  Al>.Mi.\i>ri;.\Ti()N  i)F  VKKiiov  iii-i;;''  ;.\i;.\v. 

1  •mill  r  of  fill'  vi  ;ir  last  iiaiiicil  thai  tlic  sliili-  lK'.;aii, 
aiid  wliirli  was  niaiKcil  l>y  !"c|iii>als  as  \  indictivc  an  I 
(•!.M-liloii(|c(l  as  tilt' annals  nl"  any  rliristian  nation  can 
i-c«  'ii'.I,  as  we  shall  sec.'"  \Vitli  t!icsr  jji'i'liniinai'v  n- 
mai'lss  un  tin'  iiolitical  attituiK'S  i.l'  tlii'  two  classes, 
and  (in  the  origin  ol'  their  dixci^'eiiee,  |  ii<i\v  in'ocei-d 
til  nai'iale  the  historical  uvcnts  which  preceded  the 
final  ruptuie. 


"^riie  firtv-sixlh  viceroy  of  ^Texico,  Jose  d.'  It'.wri- 
ma ray,  arrived  with  his  Taniily  at  ( Juadahqie,  and  took 
charge  ol"  the  nowi'nnient  on  the  4th  ol"  January, 
18():i.  He  held  the  I'ank  of  lieutenant-j^eiieral  in  the 
royal  army,  as  had  nearly  all  those  v.  ho  tilled  this 
oIVk-c  durin<'  the  rule  of  the  house  of  IJourhou  m 
Spain.  A  \eteran  soldier  and  sexa^eiiai'ian,  he  still 
retained  a  youthful  energy  and  vi2()r." 

Iturri^aray  was  a  native  of  (Vidiz,  desci-ndinu,'  from 
a  ^lateel  l)ut  not  illustrious  family.  With  an  honor- 
nl)!e  I'ecoi'd  in  the  Spanish  militia,  he  had  served  wiih 
soii:e  distinction  as  a  colonel  of  cai'ahineers  In  the  cam- 
jiainn  of  ]|oussillon,  at  the  he^iimin-j;'  of  the  French 
lev  'iution  in  17'J2.  IJis  re[)utation,  howe\er,  as  a 
miliiary  commander  was  not  of  the  hest;"^  and  his 
I'li'xation  to  the  vicerei^'al  otHco  was  (lu(>  to  the  fa\'or 
of  (Jodov,  the  Prince  of  l*eace,  who  still  maintained 
inlluence  over  the  v.'eak  and  incompetent  king.'^ 
lii^  I'ecoptiun  at  (auKlahipe  and  in  the  ca[iital  v\as, 

'"'J'lic  same  caiisos  wciv  at  winU  hi  ii!l  the  Spaiiisli  cdlonics  in  AiiR'rii'a; 
nnd  it.  is,<iL'iii!ioant  toniito  the  iiiiaiii'.Ui  >'  of  tliu  tciiiuLr  tnti.'rtaiiii.'il  t-Vei  ywlitiv 
liy  tlu'  uit'ok'S,  as  woll  as  the  ^•\  inh!'iii:;sin  of  tlioirstaft  fortho  i,'i)al  of  frcc- 
ihiiii.  Ill  this  samo  yiaf  lixu  ivvoluiimis  ln-oko  out  in  Soutli  Anniica:  that 
of  C  aiacas  on  Aynil  I!),  1810;  tliat  of  lUuiios  Aires  on  tlie  'J.'pth  of  May  fol- 
lowin;;;  tliat  of  Xew  (Iranaila  on  ihe  ."lit  of  .July;  tliatof  Jjoirotu  on  tiie  "-'Otii 
of  the  s:.nie  month;  tliatof  Caitaueiia  on  the  iMli  of  Anuust;  anil  that  of 
C'hih'  on  llie  ISlh  of  Seiiteinher.    Jt^/fiitar.  Aimr.  /.Vyj.,  KSl  f,  •_'-.'{. 

"  .\s  a  Mexican  writer  says,  'Con  el  arnljataniieato  y  fueu'o  ile  un  fianees 
•■ito'ioiiihailo.'  Midiilny,  I'm!/.,  MS.,  .'\~. 

'■'  'Haiiilire  tie  un;i  ineiliana  repataeini  niilitar  en  su  |)atria.'  El IndicnilnVy 
iii.  21.').  (,'(>ni|iare  also  J)'isi,i,.-<ii-i(nii"<  Vdihi",  i.  I'JO;  liiistinidiitti ,  Cimd.  JJisl., 
i.  10-11;  /.'.'/■-(/,  .l».v.  J/..1'.,  :Ui-:<;  i;,r.:f,i  .\/,.v.,  xi.  '-'•Ji';!. 

'■' "Xo  fiieioii  cstos  nil  ritos  los  (|Ue  lo  elevaiv.ii  al  \ireiuiito,  sino  el  favor 
del'.  .Manuel  (Jodoy.'  Ahnnuii,  J/i^/.  JJ<J.,  i.  -Iii.  'Fuvoreeiilo  iki  prineipu 
lie  lit  Pa.;.'  LI  Iiidicudvr,  iii.  '213. 


I 


V. 

r  lic.;,lll. 
■t  IS  I'  ail   I 

it  iou  <'aii 
iiiai'V  ic- 
»   classes, 

■    |)lM(TCll 


!o  Itr.ni- 
aml  t()->k 
.lanuarv, 
lal  ill  IIk! 
HIlsI    this 

>llll)i)U    lil 

II,  he  still 

lin^'  iVom 

ail  lioiior- 

I'vod  with 

the  cam- 

Fr^.'ncli 

cr,  as   a 

aiul    liis 

le  liivor 

intaiuod 

kiuL;'.'^ 

ital  was, 


rUK  VICllKKCAL  TAMILV 


ill  AnuTica; 
I  vcrywlait; 

-Mai  i)t'  fri'C- 
mlira:  tliat 
..f  May  I'nl- 
.'11  tlii'-JOth 
111(1   that  of 

le  nil  fraiK'r.-i 

'■.'/  liuVifdil'ir, 
ClKlil.   Ilhl., 

SHU)  (1  favor 
ilcl  j^iriiicipo 


? 


iiiili!v''   thaf   •>!'    ^^al•(il!i!!a,  iiio-^t    llat'i'riiii;'  and    <''>s 
ijuiiius.      'I'lic  l"fstl\  I(i('s,   hc^iiii   ill   the  joriiicr  jilac 


d  ill  the  latt 


th  ih 


weru  coiitiiiufd  in  tlie  latter  witn  iiic  eustoniary  jiru- 
cessions  and  hiilldii^hts.  This  uiiehefhcd  |iii\il.  ^r  df 
thr  jKumlace.  ill  siieli  ai^Teeahle  eoiitrast  with  the  uii- 
WcI.iillH'  prohihitidllS  <>t'  the  Inniier  \ieeory,  eoiiihiiird 
•,\ith  the  I'-raeioiis  depnitiiieiit  of  Itiin'i' 'afa V  and  the 
atl'alili'  deiiieaniir  of  his  stately  sjiouse,  ^j^aiiied  him  at 
oiici'  the  I'avoi'  of  the  people.  JCreloiiL;-,  li<iWe\cr,  it 
was  discovered  that  liis  condescensidn  was  hut  a  eloak 
to  1'  -s  woi'thy  traits  of  character."  nraiicii'"ite's  eor- 
rujttiiin  was  hai-efaced;  dissimulation  under  a  iasei- 
natin;^"  exterior  was  the  prominent  feature  in  Iturri- 
ga ray's  ehai-acter." 

The  family  oi  the  \ieeroy  eonsisted  of  his  wife, 
Dofia  liies  de  Jaurei^ui  y  Ariste^'ui,  wlio  alt'iou-^h 
no  linger  vouiil;'  j)ossesse(l  many  attractions,  a  l;1'oW!i- 
np  .■^oii,  sex'eral  younu'ev  ehildreii,  and  a  iiunK'rous 
train  of  relatives,  all  bent  on  aip.assinn'  foi'luiies. 
This  was  also  the  domiiiatinLJ  passion  ol'  lturriL;'aray, 
whose  lirst  act  on  takiiiLT  chai'Li'e  of  the  i>'ovcrni:ieiit 
was  to  (!('fraud  the  crown.  l'\>llowin_LC  the  exanijtle  of 
]>rancil'orte,  he  had  obtained  a.  royal  decree  before  his 
departure  from  the  peninsula,  permitting'  him  to  in- 
troduce free  of  duty  into  New  Spain  unlinished  fam- 
ily apparel.-"'  Under  this  pretence  he  landed  a  cai'n'o 
of  merchandise  at  A'era  Cruz,  which  he  sold  in  that 
}»ort,  netting"  an  enormous  ])rolit.'''  ]\roreover,  he  at 
oiicr  be-ran  a  svsteni  of  sale  of  otKco.s  andemi)lovments 
oil  his  (.\vu  account,  and  by  an  al)ominable  venality 
estal dished   for  his   bouelit  an  iinjjost  on  quiclvsilver, 

"'l"lii>  cliai'iiftcr  of  Itiirrigiiray  was  '(-strcm.nlaiiiciito  jifipnl.ir.'  Zwa'', 
l!ii\  Ml  r.,  ;i().  The  i)o]iula('(-'  was  'coiiijilaci.la  con  el  tiato  iifalilo  y  pojmlar 
di'  la  X'irt'iiiii,  sofiora  ilc  ro:.'iilar  ligitra,  y  ilo  im  coiuiiDrtaiiiU'iito  a'.roso  y 
^'alaii."  (  f,-ii,  Ti'i  ■■<  Slijl'M,  iii.  'JOO. 

' '  'Su  caracUTcsti'iiiiadaiiifutc  popular (li.sininlal)ii.siH  st'ir.liilas  gaiiaucias.' 
Z<ii;>!„,  j;,r.  M,x.,  80;  Ahimun,  Ill^t.  JA/.,  i.   17. 

"■.Vrronlinj,' to /.'.(// On/o/.  Sept.  !•_',  KSOJ. 

'•  Till' sale  !i!:;<)uiiti(i  to  I  III,  I'J.")  jicscvs,  .is  attested  liy  //(/.,  Had  Aiiirrdi, 
Nov.  <),  INOS,  ill  Ai-'h.  (i(  ii'l  M(X.  'J'liis  framl  Mas  tlic  tii'st  of  many  stii(jus 
I  iiarges  proven  against  liini  in  his  rebiilencia,  of  which  an  account  w  ill  Ijo 
given  later. 


21 


AD.N'INISTKATrOX  OF  VICEROY  ITUKn:«iAl:AY. 


hv  wli'di  lie  nnjii-tly  sccni'cd  to  liiinsult'  laVj^'o  sums 
iVoiii  (he  s;»]c's  (.['  lli;it  iiu'lal."^ 

Other  I'raiids  wci'c  pfipL'tnited  in  contracts  for 
])a]H'r  usc;l  ill  tlio  ^'ovornnicnt  cigar  ii'aiinractoi'ics, 
llic  c'liiiractors  cliarniiig'  lictitioiis  piices  and  ])a_vi!l^•  ;i 
Ixiinis  1o  Dona  Ines/''  Tlio  administration  oi'  Itnrri- 
<^'ai-ay  was  modelled  afler  tliat  of  his  pi'otector,  Godoy, 
and  it  was  believed  that  the  kinii's  fUvorito  h^hared  in 
the  prolits. 

Snmptuons  entertainments,  presided  over  l»y  Dona 
Ines,  wero  LJ^iven  at  the  [)alace,  with  tlu.'  twotold  ob- 
ject (if  pleasui'o  an.d  ]ti'(>fit.  Thither  assembled  <;'ravo 
oid(ti'es,  ]iy})ocritical  in(iuisitoi's,  venerable  ])relates, 
and  members  of  tlu;  most  distinn'iiished  I'amilies,  who, 
to  win  the  i^'oed  iavei-  of  their  vicereL;'al  hosti>ss,  vied 
with  die  another  in  their  eHV)rt.s  to  please,  and  in  tho 
costliness  ofllu'ir  u'ifts.'^" 

]\Iar([iiina  lun'er  gained  tlie  affection  (if  tho  ])eo])le, 
because  of  his  restrictions  on  ail  kinds  of  excesses. 
Itui'i'i^^aray  would  try  the  (»pp((-.it(?  coni'se,  and  make 
tlie  capital  the  centre  of  lileasun^  and  dissipation. 
Tt)  the  discredit  caused  by  tlie  venality  of  t!i_i  father 
vi'i'e  added  tlie  protli^acy  and  vuli^'ar  passion  for  play 
of  his  son   Jose,  who   was  a  constant   \isitor  to  the 


'■^  III,'  rci'f'i villi  gmoriilly  a  <^i>\'\  ouiiro  jkt  (jiiiiitiil  nf  ([uitl;silvt'r  (Iclivc'ccl. 
nojiri'xeiif.  Mhi.  diKti).,  hi  < '(I iiri('fi(/'i,  ('nnihn'/.it  lliirr.,  !ti  .">.  Al.imfiu  st.iU'a 
tliJit  the  tl'iillio.  ill  otliccs  w.is  tiiiiniiu'i'il  tlirim;,'li  mu'  of  tlic  \  ii'i'-qiici'irn  iiiiii'ls, 
iui  ilik'ily  jursDU,  ii.uiuil  .l(>Mi|uiii;i,  Ai';iii"uvii,  wifo  (if  (i.ilnicl  I'iiliK'ios. 
Il'i^l.  MiJ.,  i.  47.  Sunn-  few  iiiiiu  rs.  willi  w  iioiii  a  secret  (■(iiii|>;ii't'  was  made, 
\M'ir  !.':if,i,l\'  ni\(irc(l,  whili'  ilic  nKij.nity  .suHi'icil  fm-  wiiiit. i.f  iLUTeiiiy,  vcsiilt- 
iiiL,'  ill  iniiiuiis(>  ]iriilitH  to  i\w  \  ircroy.  'J'licsu  fr;iiiil.s  iirr  i;i\('ii  in  (Ic^t.-iil  wiUi 
atti'staf  ion,  ill  l!f;irt'Ki  ntai'Um,  /li/i.  Miii.  i!iiiiii.,iM.  .'!!,  I^'*S.  ( 'oMiparoiilso 
('idifiiti'la,  I'oiiiliiiln,  //iirri;iiir('i/.  !IJ  ~t\  Aluiiinn,  His'.  .1/./'.,  i.  !i|i|i.  -II!--!. 

'"  'Sc  jii-tilica,  I'l  roho  i|iic  iii/o  al  ici  aruamlolc  iiii  ]n'so  iii:is  cii  caila  retina, 
ooii  las  ciu  iitas  niisiiiaH  ilo  l<is  (|iii'  lo  \(Miilici'oii,  (|iio  I'xisli'ii  fii  smlosi  <lo 
inliiUiH  ia.'  ('■! lii-i Idilii,  Ciiiitliirln,  II.  This  autlior  also  eliar;_'i's  Itni'riuaray 
M  itii  ;^'ii|i|iiii;^'  siirn  |itition.s!y  in.aiiy  millions  of  ti'casni-c  out  of  the  i-onnti y,  in 
I'lnnli.sli  anil  miitial  sliijis.  'I'liis  was  tlir  ]io|iular  liclirf,  Imt  no  jn'oofs  wito 
liroiijilit  foi'waril.  /-/..  ll-l'J.  Im-omi  tin'  two  contraits  of  ISUii  and  ISOT  tho 
vii  Tiny's  «  ifi'  rcct'ivol  (J.CiIi.'}  mnni's  of  ;jolil.  AIiiiikhi,  lli.^l.  M<J.,  i.  47.  Cou- 
bult  al<o  III  niiiii<l(~  ji  ]h!riilii.<,  (\il.  Ihir.  Jndi/i.,  i.  (il.'{-l, 

-"' '  Ha.'Ia  ill  sci'iiilcr  la  oiitc  ha.stii  s^oliio  (1  li'atro,  o  fid  ia  il  tcatro  ;i  la 
coi'ti'  ]ioi'  lai  afii'ion  (]Uo  t<iiia  ii  i-'ta  clasc  do  divii.«ioiii's.  l.a  ci  ndiuta  di'  la 
(Ic  .Madrid  liajo  Maria  Lni'-a.  rra  vl  cjoiiiiilu  i^uc  ho  so^;uia.'  Zitula,  lav. 
Mix.,  ;iiI;   /,'  lni(k'Ai.lur,  iii.  ■_'!()   17. 


Y. 


<;i-AXAJUATO  :\IINKS. 


i\j;o  sums 


racts  fi  )r 
factories, 
payiiiL;'  a 
)['  Itiiri'i- 
r,  (ilni'.oy, 
hollared  ill 

by  Don  a 
■ol'old  ob- 
Icd  grave 
])i'clatcs, 
lies,  wlio, 
toss,  vied 
lid  ill  the 

10  ])0()])le, 
excessi.'s. 
nid  iii;d-:o 
ssipation. 
Ii'j  father 
ibr  ]i]ay 
)r  to  the 


r  (1(Hv(.'"('(l. 

.ITHMIl  staU'3 
U'l'ii's  ii!;ii'(s, 
ill  l';i';u'ii).-i. 
■t  WiiH  Iiiailc, 
i'liiy,  fcsult- 
ilcniil  V.  iili 
'"•Mparcjilso 

ii|ip.  i;; -1. 

caila  I'c'siiin, 

en  ;inti)s  do 

Itnn-i;_aray 

•  (•iinniiy,  in 

)il(  lot's  WITO 

111.1  ISilT  tho 
i.  17.     (ipii- 

1  lea  tin  ;i  l;i 
iiciucla  ill'  l:l 
''.I I, da,   lav. 


■\ 


cofl<-]»i1."'  Siici!  eoiKbict  on  Ibe  part  oT  th(>  viceroy 
and  his  i'.iniily.  tliiiii.;li  rasciiiatiii^'  at  lirst,  could  not 
fail  to  pr'nliice  th(3  same  ellect  ;is  the  over-scrilpnldus 
])roce<'(niin'  of  his  predecessor;  the  halo  of  loyalty 
viilch  had  jirolected  viecM'egal  aiithorify  for  ci  iiturifs 
was  diiiniieib  aiul  tho  rospi;ct  furtuerly  olfi-red  t  >  C-a.-a- 
fnerte,  llevilla    Cigcdo,  and    otliers   was    now   wilh- 


•J2 


held. 

All  tho  sanii^  ^.he  viceroy  managed  to  accumulate^  a 
large  i<)-\uiie,  (.'oiisisting  of  coin,  jewels,  and  ]>iaic,-'' 
w!i!cli  was  ;i  great  comfort,  and  this  notwithstandipg 
his  extraxag.Miee  and  the  en«)rmous  ox])enses  of  \\\a 
coui't,  which  i'ar  exceeded  his  salary  of  sixt}^  thou- 
sand pesos.'' 

'^riie  desire  t;)  ^■isit  the  rich  mines  of  Giianajanto 
was  obxionsly  natural;  ho  wished  to  see  whence  came 
tho  wealth  lu;  co\eted.^'  Without  pree^dont  in  this 
i-espect,  and  without  royal  permission,  Ituriigaray  set 
out  on  i!iis  journey  by  ^\•ay  of  (^Juerelaro,  (/elaya, 
Salamanca,  and  Ira[>uato.  Tlio  inhabitants  of  tin!so 
I'egioiis,  who  liad  never  beheld  a  \  Iceroy,  wei'e  ove/- 
awt'd  by  the  magniricence  of  bis  a[»[)eara!ice,  and 
thousands  assembk'd  to  jiay  their  re--j)e(-ts.  J  lis 
arrival  at  the  city  of  (bianajuato  was  celehrated  by  a 
triumphal  j)rocession  and  i'estixities.  .Vniong  the 
jtreseiifs  giacioiisly  accc^pted  by  him  was  iKxr  of  a 
thousand  ounces  of  gold,  n^on  t'le  oecnsion  ol'  hi.-; 
iiispt'ction  of  Mie  liayas  and  N'aleaciana  mines. 
]\Lining  operutois  sjoii  discovered  how   to   gain  tlie 

-''La  iiu'liiinoi(>n  do  nqucl  nl  jtioirn  di;  gall'-s,  cmuurrioniio  a  la,  pla/a 
pi'ililira  (.'U  (|UL' ,'(;  liclinn.'  Ahimnn,  liisi.  Mij.,  i.  4s. 

'•'-  Tiiei  avaricu  of  liiit;  viocrgal  family  was  one  of  tlic  I'hiv'f  .  luscs  uf  llirir 
do\\niali.  /)i.iii(i.'<iri''iii''t  J'firitiK,  i.  ]2);  Jl'!.\ltiiii'iiili\  Miillilu--^,  .\1S.,  ")7;  hi., 
Cli'tl.  //;.^^,  i.    Kill;  Aliimdii,    ll.st.   M,j.,   i.    li)-'.);  M,,r<i,    /A  r.    Ml,-.,    iii. 

'Jiio  :;:>i). 

^'And  •!■  .i()  pcsi's  invcsti'cl  in  \\w  fiind.s  of  tin'  niiniii:,'  iiislitntc,  t!io 
pafost  ilacc  of  iii\cstiiu'iit  at  tiio  liini.'.  I'linlicr  on,  after  tin'  removal  of  thu 
\  ieeroy,  iiii  ;\i'c'(iuiit  of  tlie  triasiircM  found  in  the  palan;  w  ill  ho  ^'iv   n. 

-' Aeeonliiig  to  the  .-nhscjuent  deelaration  under  oath  (jf  his  inayordo'im, 
Antonio  I'aid.    Ahuiiiin,  Jll-il.  Mi/.,  i.  -IS. 

'•"I!n  lii  hiiLii  ^erie  do  los  \  ire.yis  ijuo  tnvo  Xneva  l''spaaa,  ''■^'te  fiii'  il 
\niieo  <|iie  eonotio  una  iiarto  del  iutciioi'  del  leino.'  S'lriic,  Mi  ■:.  vn  Si'J^o 
A/A'.,  i.  11). 


20 


Ai)MIXIST::ATI()X  OF  VICEROY  ITUKRIOAUAY, 


f"i\-'ir  of  (Ills  ''-i-ciit  nian.-^  In  rotnni  f  .  lioiuaufo  ro- 
coivcil,  Id'vrig-aray  uiagiiificeiitly  granted  tlu'  town 
of  Ciilaya  tlio  })i'ivilcg(j  to  cclubrato  occasional  hnll- 
ilglits  t(j  defray  the  expenses  of  a  bridge  over  the 
]^aja.^' 

In  the  matter  of  material  improvements,  wo  find 
little  dui'ing  this  administration  not  stai'ted  nnder 
i'ormer  vicerovs.  There  was  the  completion  of  two 
roads  to  Vera  Cruz;  one  of  them,  passing  through 
()ri/;il>a  nnd  Cordova,  hegun  by  Branciforte,  was  in 
charge  of  the  consulado.  Credit,  however,  must  be 
given  Iturrigaray  for  his  exertions  to  secure  tlie  cap- 
ital against  inundation.  To  inspire  zeal,  he  deigned 
occasionallv  to  labor  on  the  works  with  his  own  liands, 
and  bv  his  cai'e  tliecitvwas  saved  I'rom  inundatirin  in 
1  80n.  Yet  this  praiseworthy  caprice  eventually  gained 
for  him  the  enmitv  of  the  fiscal  do  lo  civil,  Za'j'arznricta, 
as  well  as  of  Au'uirro  and  the  other  oidores.  Funds 
being  rcijuired  to  carry  on  the  works,  Itui-rigaray  in- 
creased the  impost  on  cattle,  and  tt)  this  Zngarzui'ieta 
raised  objections,  to  which  the  viceroy  would  not  listen  ; 
because,  he  said,  Zagarzui'it'ta  wns  connected  with  the 
family  of  the  greatest  cattle-deah^r  in  the  country,  and 
tliei'cfore  was  not  disintei'ested.^ 

ICxistin'''  literarv  and  benevolont  institutions  were 
favored  to  some  extent,  not,  however,  in  a  manner 
snfliciently  efll'ctive  to  rc.^flect  unusual  credit  on  the 
vicerov.     ^Mining,  internal  conunerce,  and  an'riculturo 

""'A  poco  tioiiipo  so  iiilvirlio  quo  no  lo  era  (lcs:ii,'r.a(lal)lo  ro'iUir  (loiios  y 
regiilus,  y  .siiL'fjsiviiiiioiilo  ciuiti.hiilL'.-t  do  diiicro  y  iilliajas  por  las  provi-jioiics 
(jno  so  llaiiiabaii  do  Lrracia.'  Canaiiulu,  Condif/n,  I/iirriii  ira;/,  10.  Suo  uIsd 
J'i'il'i,  Arciijn  Ciric,  l',)-'J().  It  is  f,'i-atifyiiig  to  iin  to  loaiu  from  IJustaiiiauto, 
ill  ('(iro,  Ti'Ci  Si;ilfi'<,  iii.  'JOl,  tliat  'tin;  piv'scnts  tlioii  vocoivoil  liy  the  vioi.ruy 
icliovod  partly  tlio  L^ftat  iii'oo.ssitic-!  in  v  hii'li  lie  istood.' 

-' III  coiiiiiclioii  with  lmll-li_L;iits,  lln^slaiiiaiito  takos  occasion  to  slnr  Mar- 
iiuina,  poii.L'iaiulating  tho  puoplo  that  the  govoniiiicut  had  pass'd  into  t!io 
iiaads  of  a  man  'aoci'^-ililo,  jovial  y  divcrtiilo,'  from  tho  '  tOtrico  y  adusto  do 
nn  iiomlin^  anciano,  (pic  nicrocia  c.star  cii  nna  portcria  do  capuchinos.'  ('aro, 
7V(.s  Siii/>,.<,  iii.  '201. 

■'** '  I'oiipii' Kii  liijacstii  casndacon  il  ]irimo;;('nito  <lcl  Marriucsdo  S.  Mijiiol 
do  Amiiiyo,  i[nv  c.t  cl  primer  yauadcro  y  do  loa  priucipalca  ahastocodorca  do 
Mc.xiVo.'  /./.,  -2  Ho. 


I 


I 


IE9 


VACCIXATIOX. 


27 


c  town 
i;il  l.ull- 


wo  find 
I    uiulor 

of   t\V.) 

,  was  ill 
iiust  be 
tlio  cap- 
duigncd 
ti  hands, 
lation  ill 
y  guiueil 
rziiricta, 
Funds 
:arav  in- 
ii'zni'icta 
)t  listen ; 
,vitli  tlic 
A'y,  and 


IS  wore 
nannei" 
on  tlie 


ulturo 


'10 


!•  (loiifs  y 

i(jvi.-.;ii)iio! 

Seo  also 

'.isdiiiiaute, 

till'  vic'.'roy 

slur  Mar- 
d  into  tlio 

iiflusto  do 
iioH.'  ('(iro, 

rS.  Mi:;iiol 
i;cudoi'(.':i  ilo 


ronliiincd  to  ]>i'os|ier,  owing  ti>  the  cniciont  measures 
ol'  his  predeoessors.  An  ini[)ortant  event  (hu'ing  this 
period,  wliich  inarlced  a  new  era  in  medical  science, 
l)nt  in  wliicli  itui'rig'aray  merely  eoin[)lied  wiih  the 
roval  orders,  was  the  introduction  (»t'  vaccinalion  into 
New  S[)aiii.-"  In  the  course  of  this  liistoiT  the  tor- 
I'iljlo  ravages  of  small-pox  at  diflerent  periods  have 
heeii  dwelt  upon.  Jenner's  discovery,  al'ter  having 
met  with  long  opposition  on  the  j)art  of  th(3  nu'dical 
faculty,  tlnally  overcame  the  prejudices  of  tlu^  age. 
In  ISOl  its  value  was  recognized  by  the  governnu'iit 
of  Spain,  and  its  introduction  in  America  intrusted 
[o  Alejandro  Arboleya,  [)rofessor  of  mediciiu;,  wlio 
came  over  with  Iturrigaray.  His  method  of  preserv- 
ing vaccine  matter,  however,  was  defective,  and  its 
a[)pliration  was  not  successful  till  two  years  later, 
when  the  home  government  sent  out  a  s[)ccial  com- 
mission (*f  medical  men  under  Francisco  Javier  do 
]]almis.""  Thev  arrived  at  ^'era  Cruz  in  July  1804. 
Some  months  jjroviousl^  Iturrigaray  had  im[iorted 
^■^ccine  matter  'Vom  llabana,  but  ibund  the  jinjudice 
a ''ainst  it  so  stron'jf  that  only  ten  soldiers  could  1)0 
induced  to  use  it.  After  the  arrival  of  ]Jalmis.  how- 
ivov,  Vac  remedy  was  soon  intrcnluced  througiiout 
the  ci'niti.'\,  when  of  course  the  horrors  of  smallpox 


were  •4re;.,;v  dimhiisliod.''^ 


28 


AI'MIXI   TI;ATI0\  of  VirEROY  ITUi'MIICAiLW. 


])in-iii^-  this  period  great  increase  of  material  wealth 
is  ii(itiee;il)le.  Alter  tlic  last  |)eac(!  with  KiiL;i;iii<l, 
Si)uiii-h  (•oiiiiuei-ee  revived;  in  IHOf)  one  hundred  and 
lilty  thousand  (juintals  of  quicksilver  wert'  transported 
ih'VA  \(\i\  Cm/,  to  ]\lexi(:;o  tor  tlu;  mines,  and  (huin;;' 
the  >ame  year  more  than  twentv-si/ven  millions  of 
pesos  v.ere  ruined  at  the  mint,  l^ut  this  epoch  of 
o[>ulence'  was  soon  to  he  terminated  hv  fatal  disasters, 
marked  hy  hioodslied  and  I'uin.  ^V  seiies  of  ealami- 
ties,  caused  hy  1"  ", >ie-n  convulsions  and  misrule  at 
Lome,  Avas  approae,:  ^[lain. 

The  S[)anish  j^'ove)  .  'lit,  involveo  under  (Jodoy's 
I'ule  in  })olitical  diiliculties,  corruption,  and  extra\:i- 
o'ance,  and  harassed  hy  the  cxorhitant  demands  of 
Xa])ole<'.n,  brought  i'resli  discontent  to  the  colonies  hy 
the  adojition  of  a  new  method  iodraw  from  them  the 
nect'ssary  funds  to  save  the  mother  country  from  ruin. 
Spain'.s  plight  was  despei'ate,  and  desperat(.'  must  l.e 
the  it'inedy,  if,  indeed,  tliere  was  any.  And  woe  in 
cons(Mji;enc('  must  fall  on  ^Mexico! 

It  v.as  decreed  hy  I'oyal  ord'^r  of  l^eceniher  "J  '>, 
1804,  to  secpiestrate  all  the  ical  estate  hi  lougi:;';- 
to  henevolent  institutions,''-'  chielly  under  control  of 
the  clergy,  including  the  sums,  hy  far  the  greater 
})art  of  their  wealth,  invested  by  them  as  loans  on  city 
and  rural  property,  the  mortgage's  on  which  had  lajise.l. 
"^rhe  amounts  ct.)llected  were  to  be  a])[)roj)riated  hy  (In; 
crown  I'or  the  amortization  (>i'  gox'ernment  bonds,  the 
obligation  being  recognized  by  the  jiaynient  of  inter- 
est.''"* Though  in  Spain  simihii-  measures  had  l)een 
adopted,^'  the  attendant  cii'cuinstances  were  dlilerenL 
from  those  in  ^Mexico,  In  the  Old  World  most  of  the 
cIiMicli  jiropeity  consisted  of  real  estate,  which  bein;;' 
solil,  tli<_   clergy  riceived  a  ]>erpetual  income  from  the 


'-Olir.as  J  ill',  or  funiliicioiics  ])i;iilns;is. 

"-"'I'lii'  t-iiuis  \toro  t>>  111'  !i;iiilii(l  to  tin'  '<';ij,'i  di 


ic  cniisoliilacion  de  vii'.ra 
rc!\l<'.-','  \\it!i  iiKcrcst  to  t!i"  ii'sjjcL'tivc  licncvolt  nt  iustitiUions  ;it  .">  per  olI, 
l.ay.'Mt' from  tin- royjil  nviMinorf.    < '( dn/iiria,  .MS.,  i.  17!1  !I7. 

"' According;  to  Ifitil  <'<diila,  Oct,  l."i.  ISII."),  tlii"  luiiouiit  of  rccU'siiislio.il 
jivojirrty  rcriiiittcil  liy  tlio  ixipo  to  lio  .sold  iindor  hull  of  June  1  iLli  of  tlio 
.saiiK;  y.-.ir  wa.-i  biKJi  as  to  yield  in  iutci'cst  §13-0,000. 


y. 

I']llLiI,lll(l, 

nsjx.rhd 
I  (luriii;^- 

lliolis    (if 
[■pocll    of 

lisastcrs, 

srule    at 

Godoy's 
cxtrav.i- 
laiids  (;[' 
oiiic's  li\- 
luiii  till! 
>iii  niin. 
imist,  he 
woe   iii 


llHT    2(], 


FORCED  L0AX3. 


29 


lilrol   oi' 
L;Trai('i' 

^  oil  C-ii  V 

!la])s,.,'|. 
I  l.y  tlio 
lids,  tlio 
)!'  iiitcr- 
id  l)ec;i 
lilllMciiL 
-t(4'tlio 

ll  1 )( ■!!!'>• 
■|>1U    tllU 

1  tlo  Vi;'c-3 
;>  per  ci  1.1, 

L'lcsilistkal 
■Kli  if  ihu 


P'nv,,i'iiiricnt  (■(jiial   to  tlio  interest  on  tlic  eai)i(al  ivn- 
r-sciited,  ^\lilK;  the  purcliusei's  M'ore  obliovd  to  cou- 
ti-.lmte  to  tliu  royal  treasury  by  the  ])aviinTiit  of  taxes 
ilii-oughoLit  ^ew  Si)aiu  the  aceuuiulation  and   iu- 
vestmeiits  oi'  tlie  funds  of  these  institutions  liad  l)e- 
coine  enormous.      There   was  scarcely  a  lanil  owner 
-reat  or  small,  whose  estate  was  not  Jiypotheeated  td 
one  or  another  of  the  benevolent  institutions'"'     The 
]«':m  once  effected,  restitution  of  the  capital  was  j)ot 
demanded  as  long- as  the  interest  was  punctuallv  paid  • 
lior  (hd  the  debtors  ..  -er  j.ivpare  ior  such  an\.vent,' 
ultliough  most  ef  the  morti>ai.es  had  lapsed-'^     The 
sudden  demand  for  the  payment  of  these  sums  carried 
consternation   throuo-jiout  the  country,  and  brou-dit 
inm  on  many  proprietors.      For  all    to   raise  money 
j  on  shoi-t   n-tice   was   impossible;   so  the   sale   of  t lie 

J.ioperty  had  to  be  forced— not  alone  what  bel,^n..-..(l 
<.iivctly  to  the  church,  but  that  ..f  the  faruier,  the 
mei'chant,  the  mmer,  and  the  nieclianic.  Thereby  all 
UHJustries  suffered,  while  in  the  end  theci'own  wa"s  n.) 
gamer,  smce  the  ruin  of  property  holders  cut  down 
t'le  rc\enue. 

_  The  execution  of  the  decree  Avas  intrustcnl  to  a 
Jin>ta  preside.l  over  by  the  yiceroy,  and  composed  of 
t.ie  pnncipal  eivd  an<l  ecclesiastic  authorities,  and  of 
special  commissioners  appointe.l  by  the  crown  ■■*■  ]n 
-rderto  stimulate  the  zeal  (,f  these'' functionaries,  and 
t"  make  the  sequesti-atioii  more  pi'oduclive,  they 
vere  all(,we<l  a  percentage  of  the  sales.^'^  Such  an 
incentive  with  sucli  men  as  Iturrigaray  left  little  h<.p,; 

;;■;  Tl.e  vnluc  of  the  real  estate  an,l  tltc  funds  so  invest.,!  of  the  ol„as  ni-,, 

Ltho;:;":;,'^;,o:oilM,wr  ^  ^  ^^'''''" "'  ^'"^""  ^-•^■««»'^"^'.  -^i  -  the  .i.it 

f  Jl '!'"'''''  I-"""'  •"■'■'''■  ^"''  *'"'  ^^■'''»  "^ '"■'"'  .V^-"'«.  "-^^'-eat  the  rvpi.-ntionsnf. 

^'|! ;;/:;:' j";::  "I'r "' ''"  "'''"■  "^  ^'^^  ^-"^■'^^^'"^  i---'  S^o";"!. 

/'■I^Tri^^'^U    ""^''•.';}'''';'^y >•'!>'  MS.,  i.  ITIMIT;  also  /f>„nhohl/.  AWm 
'".,11.4,0-/;  Aldiiuni,    h--  .  Mil  .  I      ;;')•    \',,/    ,/,.    v    /■••,       ;..    v         w 


"^ 


30 


Ar):\IIXISTIlATIOX  OF  VICEROY  ITUnPJGARAY. 


for  tlio  pooijlu;  .'iiul  oicjat  was  the  clamor  ainoiiL;-  all 
classes,  especially  the  cleriicy,  ^^'^^^  were  Car  froiii  satis- 
lied  witli  this  enforced  iiivestniciit.™ 

]'\)niial  pr<jtests  Avero  made  by  many,*'' and  the  per- 
nicious effect  of  the  measure  was  duly  set  I'orth;  hut 
no  notice  was  taken  of  this  action  by  the  authorities, 
"^fo  make  matters  worse,  IturriLjaray  I'eceived  ordei  ; 
from  vS[)ain  that  while  steps  were  beint;'  taken  to  ac- 
complish the  sequestration,  all  funds  belon^'intjc  to  cor- 
])orations  and  comnumitie*!,  dei)osits  of  Indian  tributes, 
the  tieasures  lodged  in  sacred  shrines,  and  even 
money^^  d'  signed  to  ransom  prisoners  should  be  aj)- 
propiiatc  "Peace  lias  been  preserved  at  tlie  cost 
of  millions!"  was  the  cry;  "so  pay  I  pay!"  ]3ut  tlic 
day  was  fast  ajinroaching  when  Spain's  [)eace  would  bo 
of  small  moment  to  Mexico.  Xever  had  royal  license 
to  lleeco  the  colonists  been  more  barefaced  ;  never  had 
the  robbery  of  a  people  by  their  rulers  been  more 
merciless  or  infamous.  And  after  all,  only  about  ten 
uiillions  of  pesos  were  secured,  when  in  1809  the 
order  w^as  rescinded."'^  Of  this  sum  twenty-four  mill- 
ion francs  were  delivered  to  Napoleon  in  May  l.S0(), 
by  Eugenio  Iz(piierdo,  Godoy's  special  agent  at  Paris,''- 
after  a  large  amount  had  gone  as  commissions  to  royal 
officials  in  Mexico.*^ 


'"La  n'sistaiK'c  fiit  si  forte  do  la  part  ilcs  proprit'taircs,  que  ilopuiH  lo 
mois  (le  Mai  ISO.")  jusqu'tiii  iiiois  ilc  Juiii  ISOO,  la  caisso  iraiiKtrtissunRiit  no 
percevoit  que  la  suiuiuc  iiiodi(pie  do  1, "200,000  piastres.'  llambuldt,  Esmi  I'uL, 
ii.  477. 

^"Ono  liy  tlie  merchants  <iik1  laborers  of  Michoacan,  initler  the  direction 
of  Ahad  y  (^)u(.ip(),  afterward  bishoj)  elect;  and  another  hy  tiio  i\iiniiiLj  hi'ar<l, 
Leaded  by  Aliguel  J)onunL,'ii('z,  eorregidor  (jf  Qiieretaro,  for  w  hi  eh  presumi)- 
tioii  he  ^vas  removed  from  ollice  by  the  viceroy,  liudamuntc,  'uxi'aro,  Tna 
S/ijlos,  iii.  'J'J'J-,'}. 

■" 'Toda  esta  trajiala,' s.ays  a  marginal  note  on  the  cedula  in  Cohil'trin, 
!MS.,  i.  17'J-!'7,  'del  malvado  (lodo^y,  Solcr,  y  .siis  seipiaceH  >je  siispendio  p'' 
E'  Ord"...de  '20  ilo  Mn"  do  l.SO!),  pero  ya  no  remediii  los  estiagos  in(;il- 
culables  y  desnstrosos  que  a([uello.-4  malvados  y  sus  secniace.s  hicierun.  eon 
esta  iiifaiue  trapala,  sin  el  mas  miniiiio  proveeho  del  erario.'  See  also  lliud- 
huUU,  Kssd'i  Pul.,  ii.  470-7. 

*'  Toniio,  Ill-it.  Iter,  Knj).,  iowi  i.  lib.  ii.  liJ. 

^'Tho  sum  jiroduced  by  tl\e  sequestrations,  accoi'ding  to  ^V^/k'^c/^/,  Ttl. 
Mrx.,  ~\\  was  t'IO,ri(l'.l,.").")7.  Alaman,  ll'ist.  MiJ.,  i.  140,  and  lUistaniante.  in 
Cfiro,  7V(.s'  iSiiilo-f,  iii.  'J.'iO,  fiive  ii>i(),(;,-,(;,(>00.  '  ,S'oc.  Mi.r.  Cimj.  Uold'm.  :i. 
'io-G,  gives  productos  §10,507,1)07,  and  reditos  §.T>:!4,y04  pesos.     Of  the  com- 


MORK  MdXKY  REQUmED. 


31 


Tlio  meiviles.s  ri^'or  witli  wliicli  tin;  viooroN'  oxccuiL'.l 
cvei'V  o[)]»res,si\u  drcroo,  and  tin;  iri'itatin^'  fact  that 
lie  and  a  lio.st  of  oflicials  prolitod  by  tlic  ruin  of  otliuis, 
o-aint'd  liiiii  the  (xhuni  of  the  suflbroi's.  -Viiy  (hseus- 
HiouH  of  a  .sciciitilic  or  j)ractical  nature  on  the  part  of 
lior  suhjects  was  at  tliis  juncture  bad  for  Sixain.  Per- 
mission had  been  L;')'anted  Humboldt  l)y  the  c(jurt  to 
visit  tlie  New  World,  with  the  privilej^e  of  a(^ccss  to 
oHicial  archives.  The  result  of  his  sojourn  in  ]\[exico 
was  his  famous  treatise  on  New  Sjjain/'  containinL>" 
abstracts  of  his  political  and  economical  ol)scrvatiniis. 
Some  new  ideas  cre[)t  in  U[)ou  the  peo[)le  concerning' 
possibilities.  With  freedom,  what  might  th(.'y  not 
achic!vel  Such  was  the  prevailing  feeling  which,  min- 
i>led  with  tlie  odium  against  the  home  i>'overnment, 
increased  by  late  acts  of  oppression,  prepared  Creoles 
and  natives  alike  for  revolution.''^ 

When  Carlos  IV.  ratified  the  humiliating  treaty  of 
17i)(),  which  made  him  a  subject  rather  than  an  ally 
of  France,  ho  considered  neither  the  money  he  wouhl 
have  to  pay,  nijr  what  would  be  the  attitude  of  Eng- 
land. To  annoy  Napoleon,  Great  Britain  olfered  the 
means  of  prok)nging  the  war  which  brohe  out  in  1803, 
while  Sj)ain,  asserting  her  obligations  to  pay  Franco 
former  subsidies,  maintained  that  she  would  be  sul)- 
jcct  to  far  greater  expense  in  case  of  I'urtlier  hostili- 
ties. This  led  to  rupture  with  England;  for  thougli 
that  power  at  first  manifested  no  desire  to  declare 
open  war  with  Spain,  in   1805  neutrality  was  broken 


missions  known  to  have  been  paiil  to  oflicials,  who  at  the  same  time  drew 
laigo  salaries,  the  (lipiitndo  inincipal  Anaiyoiz  reeeived  !i>l'J4,(M)();  Iturii- 
garay,  §7-,0lH);  tlie  aichlii.shop  Lizana,  wlio,  according  to  r.ii.slaniaiite,  \v:,s 
nut  a  favui'ito  with  the  Mexicans  since  his  arrival  in  iH'eeiiilicr  lS(t:!,  S-_"J.O(),); 
ministers  of  tiie  treasury,  §.")0,00();  tlie  secretary,  S-K),(K)();  and  so  on  to  tlio 
amount  of  ii;ilf  a  million.  Cancclada  hurls  invectives  against  all  connected 
Willi  Hiis  wiiiilesale  robbery. 

^'  L':<:ii  J'liCilijiir  siir  li'  li'oyniinie  '/<'  hi  NotireUc  Ei<pn(iiif,  Paris,  Isl  I.  I'.ir 
Inograpliical  notice,  sue  Jli.-if.  M<r.,  iii.  "ib'l,  this  series. 

■■•'I'lste  proyceto  fuc^,  sin  duda,  la  ]irinicra,  Jornada  de  los  .h^^astres  do  hi 
Anil  ric;i— hi.  insiirreccion  fue  la  seguuda.'  Marginal  note  uu  rnyal  ccdu'a,  iu 
t\du(arto,  JNIS.,  i.  17t)-'J7. 


."■•2  ADMIXISTUATIOX  OF  VICEROY  ITUrJlIGAllAY. 

\>y  till!  s(;iziu'o  hy  Xrlson  of  four  treasiiro-laJL'ii  sliipg 
boiiiid  IVoiu  Aim.'i'ic;i  to  CVuliz."^ 

And  now  comiuorco  jii^aiu  wanes,  Ix'in;^  carried  on 
in  neutral  vessels  only,  while  free  intercoui'se  with 
Spain  i.s  greatl}'  int<jrru[)ted.  Moreovei-,  besides  l)e- 
iiiLif  ])reHsed  l)y  Napoleon  for  pr(.)nipt  conij)lianee  with 
the  treaty  of  170G,  Spain  is  beset  with  calamities. 
Iwunine  and  j)estiIenco  are  decimating  her  population; 
eartlupiakes  destroy  several  towns  in  Andalusia;  debts 
are  enormous,  and  the  excluMjuer  empty;  and  lastly, 
l^nu'land  has  lateU^  seized  her  treasure-ships,  und  will 
})robal)ly  capture  others.  j\Ioro  and  more  uri^ent, 
therefore,  are  the  a[)peals  to  the  viceroy  for  Mexican 
silver  and  i^'old. 

Iturrii^-aray  scorns  in  every  respect  equal  to  the 
omeru'encv.  The  colonists  arc  made  to  bleed.  From 
roi'porations,  from  the  clergy,  and  iVom  [)rivate  indi- 
viduals, thirteen  millions  of  dollars  are  secured  at 
this  juncture,  and  shipj)ed  in  lour  frigates,  some  five 
million  more  be'iuLi"  i-etained  for  later  transportation. 
To  mahe  up  this  amount,  he  has  not  oidy  seized  any 
deposits,  however  sacred,  h.e  could  lay  his  hands  on, 
and  forced  money  from  the  poor,  but  he  has  ri'sortt'd 
to  a  swindling  system  of  lotteries."  It  is  true  that  in 
the  matter  of  forced  loans  promises  to  pay  are  made, 
and  a  small  amiual  interest  promised.*"* 

The  French  just  now  are  as  much  feared  in  Xew 
Spain  as  the  English.  French  ships  anchored  at 
A  era  Cruz  are  jealously  watched  by  the  viceroy,  who 
refuses  to  furnish  supplies  to  French  ti'oops  stationed 
at  Santo  DoniinLjo. 

Difficulties,  moreover,  threaten   with  the   United 


^^  The  vessels  were  sei^cl  in  reprisnl  for  tlic  assistance  allcgcil  Iiy  Kii'j^lnnd 
to  li;iv(.'  lifi'ii  I'diilereil  by  Spain  to  Franco  (lui\n;4  the  war;  niurc  suli.sidii.'s 
liaviiiL,'  l.ioi'ii  paiil  tlio  liittur  tliau  those  stipulated  lor  in  tliu  treaty  of  l~'M, 
LusidiiKiuic,  ill  <'(iro,  Tri<  Si  jln^,  ill.  •_'():». 

^'Seo  (,'ir:.  (/<■  .l/r.>'.,  from  iNOl  to  ISIO,  passim. 

***Thc  vieeioy  was  aduioiiislieil,  hoW(>vei',  to  eonic  to  sonio  iiud<  rstandiii'^ 
v.ith  tlie  arehliislinp  and  liiahi>i).  so  as  imt  to  impede  the  process  Iiy  prejii- 
di'.-ial  disputes  with  the  eler^'v.  'I'his  aecouuta  for  the  i;j2J,0U0  couimissious 
to  hizaua.     See  Cauctluda,  'I'd.  JIc.c,  'Ji>. 


■^ 


leu  ships 

ri-'iLul  on 
rso  with 
sides  hc- 
nvAi  with 
ila  initios. 
j)iilati()ii; 
;ia;  debts 
lid  lastly, 

and  will 
!  lU'L^^ent, 

jNIcxicaii 

d  to  tho 
I.  rrt)ni 
vato  indi- 
;ciu"ud  at 
some  fivo 
)ortation. 
ei/cd  any 
hands  on, 

l'(.'SOl'ti'(l 

0  tliat  in 
lire  made, 

ni  New 
loi'cd  at 
:'oy,  who 
itatiuned 

United 

liy  England 

(ivo  subsidii.'S 
laty  of  17'JO. 


iiil(.rst;iuilin,'^ 
rs^  liy  piyjii- 
coiumissioiis 


THREATENING  DANG  1  IRS. 


no 


Statics.  In  ISOl  l"'hilip  Xnlaii  makes  an  incni'sion 
into  ^Texican  t^'rritory  as  far  as  Xnevo  Saniamler, 
under  the  ])retext  of  pui'cliasini^  jioi'ses,  and  d'eets 
some  sniaU  torts.  ILi  is,  however,  attacki;d  on  the  '21st 
of  ]^dareh  hy  ii  force  sent  ai:fainst  him  hy  the  viceroy, 
and  slain,  his  followers  beiii-j^  dispersed  or  made  pris- 
oners. A  few  years  later  JJnrr  attom[)ts  the  invasion 
of  Ti'xas.  J^uriuL;'  this  ])eriod  tlie  iirst  elond  ai'ises 
between  the  United  Statijs  and  ]\Ie'\ieo  on  t!ie  (pics- 
tion  (if  hmits.  jNIonroe's  efforts  at  Madrid  to  ari'aii^'e 
an  amieable  settlement  are  fruitless,  and  the  Amer- 
ican L;'ovi'rnuiont  orders  troo[>s  to  her  scuithern  fron- 
ticr.-"" 

IIavin<jj  thus  tlio  United  States  to  watch,  tho  lonijf 
coast  lines  to  guard  a-^ain^t  tlu;  J'^nglish,  and  thee'Ver- 
presunt  pirates  to  beat  olf,  Iturrigaray  is  like  a  hyena 
at  bay.  It  is  no  easy  matter  amidst  tho  dissatisfaction 
attendin-jf  the  roval  robberies  to  enlist  tho  colonists  to 
li'''ht.  Of  what  avail  is  this  nourimjj-out  of  theli-  treas- 
ure!  if  the  old  mother  caiUK^t  protect  tuom  I'roni  her 
enemies? 

It  is  in  I  805  when  tho  news  of  this  rupture  of  Spain 
with  England  reaches  3Io\ico,  and  spreads  consterna- 
tion among  the  people.      Ijesides  orders  to  prepare  for 

*^  Alnmnn,  IIi.4.  ^fij.,  i.  l-f.l-fl.  In  1S0">  Jamoa  Monroe,  U.  S.  ministnr  .it 
London,  and  Mr  I'inclcney,  niiiii-stcrat  .Midrid,  failed  toa^'roe  wiili  tin;  I'rinuo 
of  I'eaoe  as  to  tlu;  limits  of  Louisiana,  Texa-=,  .and  Flofida;  the  relations  lie- 
tween  tiio  two  countries  assniiicil  <i  delicate  nature,  .and  ?ilonroo  asked  for  his 
liasspnit  and  n-turned  to  Lunilon.  Consult -l //('■/■.  Sln/r  Puji.y  xii.  1-I!'J7;  ii. 
.■i',)!)-(il),"),  7!'S-8()l.  On  tho  feeling  at  this  time  in  New  Spain  Jigainst  tlio 
L'nited  States,  I  (juotofroni  the  iraseilile  nustaniantc,  who,  in  eonncelionwith 
t'le  vieeroy's  nulitary  preparations,  tiius  gives  vent  to  his  ire;  'Instil  naeion, 
^i  puede  il.'irsehi  tal  nondu'e  ;i  nil  enjand)re  I'siic^i^inio  deaveiitureros.  emiu'ra- 
d'ls  lie  la  Einvipa  por  l:i  niisci'ia  d  pur  sus  eriniein's,  pre.-euta  l.'i  anoiiialia  l  laa 
(  Mrana  V  ridieula  en  la  histnria.'  '.She  proelainieil,' the  anthor  eon'unries, 
'the  fntdoui  of  nations;  doveloprd  the  theories  (pf  Rousseau's  s-oeial  eonti'aet, 
wliieii  was  foll.iweil  liy  France  and  oust  toi-rents  of  hloo.l,'  winding  nyt  with  a 
pious  CKhortatiun  auainst  American  sla\ediolders.  Seo  Cftra,  VV'.s-  S.ijlus,  iii. 
■JiT-l"^.  I'liveivi,  f!'ih(  nutiitrx^  i,  .■)iI.')-(),  limits  himself  to  stamping  the  claims  of 
the  U.  S.  jigain-^t  New  Spain  as  'el  colmo  de  la  iujusticia.  y  (!<•  exhorliitantes 
pretensiones,  hijas  delaanihicion. .  .inlcua.  .  .alisurda.'  Of  what  theSpanish 
I'opulation  in  Mexico  eonsi-tcd  at  the  time,  ,a  eoutenipor.ary  of  Rusiamaute 
givi:;4iis  an  idea  in  FJ  Iiiilii-dilor,  iii.  'Jlli-IT:  '  Unos  iKniihros  semi-salvagea, 
<onio  his  esiKiudlcs  aveeimhidos  en  el  pais,  loic  naciilo-;  Ins  mas  en  :-u  p/ttria, 
ci  una  onn^lieion  nniy  obseura,  api'uus  habiaii  podido  medio  civilizarso  ou 
Xurva  l''.spnria  ' 

UisT.  Mes.,  Vol.  IV.    3 


VA 


ADMixisTiiATiox  OF  virKRov  ]TL'!:i:i! ;.\i:.\ V. 


(loCcIH-c.  1 1ll' \  icclMV  is  fold  lo  f'lniiisli  ]  I;il);ili;i,  I'u'l'ti^ 
liico,  jiiid  other  cxposi.'d  jioints  widi  the  iicn'ssaiy 
supplies,  ]\v  is  inoivovrr  autliorizL'd  to  iucivasii  tlio 
prriiiaiK'iit  loi'('(,'s  I)y  ctdistiiii^j  natives  for  service*  on 
the  IVoiiiicr,  lh(;  veteran  troops  not  beini,''  sudicieiit 
1'or  that  purpose.  Two  Spanisli  i-eginiunts  stationed 
in  Cuha  aic  also  ordered  to  ^[exico. 

JJut  \]\c  viceroy  is  more  clevt.'r  tlian  In's  master. 
Xotwillislaiidin'-'  the  maiiv  dilliculties  in  the  or'>'ani- 
zation  of  troo})s,  he  soon  lias  nearly  18,000  men  at 
his  coiMinand."''  ]^'cruitin'jf  oHices  are  estalilishcd 
throughout  the  country;  deserters  are  pardoned;  the 
old  militia,  scattered  or  disbanded,  are  reunited  and 
inci'cased  in  nmnher.  Tluj  defences  of  San  Juan  de 
I'li'ia,  where  Lieutenant-colonel  Juan  jNFaria  Soto  is 
in  connnand,  are  im]>roved.  To  discii)line  the  troo[)s 
a  (,'amj)  is  estuMished  at  Jalai)a.  Connnand  of  tlio 
army  is  L;i\en  to  Garcia  ])avila,  o-overnor  of  Vera 
Cruz,  eiiicient  and  experienced.  Indeed,  ho  is  the 
only  officer  of  rank  in  New  Spain  competent  to  fill 
tlu'  place.  Tlioie  are  two  other  generals,  Pedro  llui/. 
Davalos  and  Pedro  Garihay,  but  both  octogenarians 
and  subject  to  cojisequent  iniirmities. 

The  troops  are  exercised  and  drilled  under  tlie  eye 
of  the  viceroy.  There  arc  reviews  and  manccuvres 
which  awaken  a  military  spu'it  m  the  Mexicans,  who 
have  never  before  witnessed  spectacles  of  the  kind.^^ 

In  180G  intelliii-ence  of  two  events  is  received 
wdiich  sjtreads  alarm  throughout  the  country— the 
destruction    of  the    combined    Spanish   and    Prench 

■''"  r>iistiiiiwntc  snys  1  ''.000  well  disciplined  troops.  Mrdiilas  pnrn  la  Pact/. , 
JIS.,  oS.  Qiieipo,  in  Pap.  !'«/•.,  KM,  no.  i.,  states  that  there;  were  stationril 
in  the  canton  of  .Jalapa,  servinjj;  under  the  viceroy's  orders,  11,000  men,  auil 
that  tlierc  were;  (i.ti;ll)  more,  elsewhere  ready  to  march  when  called  upon. 
Alauian  ^dve^s  the  uuniijer  as  '  cosa  de  catorce  mil  hombrca'  in  the  year  ISOij. 
J /In/.  .Mij.,  i.  140. 

•''' .l/r.c.  Mon.  (iiierra,  10.  On  October  14,  ISO"),  the  spectacle  of  troo]is 
bein.L,' lauded  anil  onyairing  in  sliani-iight  with  the  enemy  was  witnessed  by 
the  inliabitants  of  VeraCruz,  the  vieeroy  displaying  great  enthusiasm.  t:dving 
part  in  the  exhibition.  'Xo  pudo  cl  ingenio  nulitar  do  Sii  Esciil  ohidar  su 
alition,  y  uioutando  A  caballo  niaudo  por  csquadroues  varies  movimientos  do 
excrcieio  a  los  laneeros. '  Diarlo  de  Mcx.,  i.  1)2. 


'I  HI' I 


V. 

I,  I'lU'I'to 

loci'ssary 

l•L•a^^l'  the 
■r\i<'f  oil 
siiliiciuiit 
stationed 

^  luasicr. 
(!  ()rL;'ani- 
)  men  at 
,tal)lislRMl 
med;  tho 
litcd  and 
1  Jium  do 
[a  Soto  1;S 
lie  ti'ooj)S 
[id  of  the 

of  Vera 
lie  is  the 
Mifc  to  lill 
ledro  llui:5 

ouai'ians 

the  eye 
anccuvrcs 
;ans,  wlio 

kind.^i 

received 
itry — tliu 

French 


Trn  la  Pad/., 
crc  statioiit'l 
100  men,  iinl 
c.iUod  uimii. 
1)0  year  lS()<i. 

,cle  of  trooiis 
witiiosseil  liy 
siasin.  tiikiii;^ 
iX  olvidiir  su 
)viinieutos  do 


rniNCK  OF  TKACR. 


3.'. 


I 


fleets  at  Ti'afal'^-ar  hy  Lord  Xelsou  on  llie  lMsI  of 
October,  I  so."),'"'- and  the  attack  on  Buenos  Ain-s  hy 
the  Kn'di>li.  It  is  thou^'lit  that  an  attenqjt  will 
])r<.'sently  he  made  on  New  8[)ain.  Itiirri^'aray's 
friends  h.';;in  to  jail  oU*.  Several  oflieei's  of  hinli 
rank  and  merit  withdraw  iVom  the  encanii>meiit  at 
Jalapa,  amoiii^'  others  (Joiint  Alcaraz,  of  tin;  Spanish 
dragoons,  ]\lanuel  Garcfa  Alonso,  ^[anu(d  (lareia 
Queritana,  and  Tiejar/a,  all  commanders  of  hi'j;h  stanch 
iu"'.  lie  who  becom(^s  the  most  determined  enemy, 
however,  is  the  ex-corrcgidor  of  Queretaro,  ^liguel 
DoniiiiLjuez.^' 

^Meanwhile  the  star  of  Godoy,  the  scourge  of  Spain, 
is  still  in  tho  ascendant.  He  puts  on  the  titles 
of  royalty,  and  holds  communion  with  Xapoleon,  if 
indeed  he  does  not  consj)ii'e  to  sell  Spain.  At  one 
time,  all  the  strongholds  of  the  pt-ninsula  heing  oceu- 
]iieil  hy  French,  Godoy  advises  the  king  to  take  his 
I'amily  to  ^lexico.  The  court  is  at  Aranjuez,  and  the 
intended  flight  l)ecoming  known,  th(_'  ))0])ulaee  rise;  and 
cry  veng('ance  ou  Godoy.  The  tumult  is  only  allayivl 
ly  the  aljdication  of  Carlos  in  favor  of  the  prini.'o  of 
Asturias,  who  assumes  the  crown  as  Fernando  A'l  F. 
on  llie  IDth  of  March,  1808.  Godoy  escapes  popular 
fury  hy  secreting  himself,^*  but  his  house  and  those  of 
his  satellites  are  stri[)ped,  and  everything  in  them  is 

''-A  subscription  for  tho  relief  of  tlic  widows  and  orphans  of  those  who 
fell  ill  the  eivLra'^'onicnt  was  raised  in  Mexico.  Tho  amount  contributed  up 
t  >  Srpt.  ;!0,  1SU7,  was  ."31,230  pesos.  Ouz.  J/cc,  xiii.  xiv.  xv.,  passim,  and  x\  i. 
Ml. 

■'^  Doniinguez  was  afterward  reinstalled  iu  his  ofliec  hy  order  of  tho  kiu:,', 
dated  Seiiteuil.icr  1 1,  1S07.  Jiii.-^f'tin'tnlc,  in  < 'uro,  7'/ m  .S"//Mv,  iii.  '22^.  Whc.i 
Iturri;;aray's  resideucia  was  taken  ho  was  onudeuined  to  indemnify  Doiniu- 
j-'ue;;  iiv  loss  of  salary,  ami  ]iay  him  dauosy  perjuicios.  This  was  not  doiin 
till  1S21,  when  on  Iturritraray's  death  his  lieiva,  after  cdutestiu;.^  tho  case  in 
thi'  courts,  were  compelled  to  pay  l'J,Oi)i)  pesos  to  Doniin'^'Uez.  Alauiwi,  J/i^'. 
J/../.,  i.  -JCVT. 

■'' '  File  confundidoporladehil  voz<lo  uuanciano  Ministro.  Vulnqnicl trui/- 
if'ir;  il  /iiiilili)  /i'kIi'  ,sv(  c(ili('~a:  dijo  Cahallero  a  Carlos  I\'.  scrialando  a  (lnd  i\ ; 
y  i-t''  coliarde  eonio  si  oyera  el  cstanipiilo  do  un  trueuo,  ealla,  teme,  liuye,  y 
t' liihlando  so  oeulta  del  Ciek)  y  do  la  ticrra.  Asi  perinaueco  dos  dias  atoi- 
iii'  ir.ad.i  le  la  sed,  del  hanihrc,  por  las  imprecacionos  do  los  homhres.  y  Ins 
rcMuadimientos  dc  su  conscicncia.'  Ihrnamkz  ij  Ddvaloi^,  Col,  Dor.,  v.  841. 


80 


ADMIXISTRATIOX  OF  VICKnOY  ITURRIOARAV. 


(Iclivei'od  to  llic)  autlioriiic's.  Tlio  Ijillcii  I'rinct*  of 
Peiico  is  MlU'rward  jilaecd  luidor  arrest  by  l^'cniaiido 
and  liis  ill-L;'olt<-ii  jtrojtt'rty  roiitiscah'd. 

Tlio  dowiilall  ol'  (^udoy  was  liailcd  in  Xcw  Spain 
with  uuivorsal  saiisCaclioii.  S[)aiiiards  and  croolL's 
were  equally  denionsti'ativo  in  tlu'ir  loyalty  1o  llio 
kin^^  conlidt'nt  that  any  change  in  the  L^n)V('rnin('nt 
\vhi(,'h  exckided  the  iiilhK.Mice  of  Godoy  must  he  for 
the  hettor.  On  the  arrival  of  the  news  of  the  ahdi- 
cation  of  Cilrlos  and  the  di-erees  of  ]<\.'rnando,'"'  Tiurri- 
jLj^aray  was  altendin^if  the  cock-fl^'hts  at  San  A^'ustin 
de  las  (,*uc!vas,  now  Tlal|)an,  where  the  festivities  of 
pentecost  were  beiiv^  celrhrated.  He  eonnnandcd 
the  decrecis  to  he  read,  and  thi-n  went  on  with  the 
iH'ames,  Dona  Ines  was  distrusted  over  the  abdica- 
tion, and  the  I'e'^idor  Azcdrate  disjilayed  his  ('onteni})t 
by  llinL,dng  asid(j  the  journal  containiu'Ljf  the  news.''' 

The  i'estivities  at  Tlalpan  continued  for  three  <lays. 
and  not  until  they  v>ere  concluded  did  the  vicero; 
;^"ive  orders  f)i'  a  j)ul)]ic  demonstration  in  honor  ol 
lY-rnando  Yll.  This  manilest  indilference,  which 
did  not  fail  to  create  much  bad  feelin^L^^,  was  in  truth 
ovv'in;^'  to  the  fall  of  ({odoy,  his  protector,  and  sonuj 
boLi'an  to  suspect  treasonable  desiLi^ns. 

On  the  2;jd  of  Juuo  the  dejtarture  of  the  royal 
family  to  IJayomu^  and  the  abdication  of  rernando 
were  known  in  ^Iexico.°^  Then  my  lord  lturriy;a- 
I'ay  wore  a  [)leasant  countiMiance,  and  he   was  over- 

'^'I'lic  nlxlinntioii  (if  C'lilos  IV.  anil  accos.sion  of  IVriiaiulo  VIT.  ■•••-'ro  puh- 
lislied  (jii  tlic  Dih  nf  .(nuc,  ISOS,  liy  an  extra  i  siki  of  the  O'lz.  i/c  Mri-.,  q.  v. 

■^''Cancchxla,  •,vho  was  prcsi'iit  iliu'ini;  tlio  occnn'oiioos  nt  San  Au'iistiii  di; 
las  Ciievaa,  says,  in  Ifiii'ri'j"rtt;/,  dimdwiit,  It:  'La  vircina,  oiila  la,  abilica- 
lion  y  snoito  (Icl  cx-priufiiio  dc  la  I'az,  dixo:  Xos  lian  jnicsto  la  ccniza  (  n  la 
fiviite;  y  cl  regi'lrir  Azc:U-at()  al  llogar  con  la  Icctiira,  a  io.s  decri'tos  del  Siil'ir 
IJun  I'diianilo  \'1I.  tin')  la  ijfazota  con  dcsprccio  c,,  adeinan  iXv  ijiuTorla  iiisar.' 
Ne^Tcto  niainlaiiis  that  tlicro  is  no  proof  of  tiiesi!  asstn'tion><,  altliouL;!!  liotli 
lUi.stainanto  and  Alainan  acccjit  IliiMn  as  true.  Tlicy  emanated,  lie  says, 
from  (he  fjtatenicnts  of  (^-ineelatla,  a  liittcr  oiiemy  of  the  vieei'oy.  and  should 
not  \y.^  reeoivcd  as  historical.   Mtr.  Slij/o  A/A'.,  i.  7S. 

'''The  iiitelli  ,aMico  was  hroiiLrht  liy  tiio  ship  Conn,  which  .^nchored  in  the 
harborof  Vera  Ornz  on  tile 'Jlst'of.Innc.  O'lz.  lii'  ^f,:r..  lS(iS,4_n;  Cuu'-rlfulti, 
Coiidiir'ii,  l.")-l().  XcLjrctc  commit*:  an  error  in  stating  that  this  Mas  tluMiccasion 
when  Itiirrigaray  I'cceived  tlionewsrif  I'V'rnando's  accession  to  the  throne  whilo 
diverting  hiinscif  iu  the  coclipit.   Mi  j:  Si'j/o  X/X..  i.  Ct). 


Fi.'iiiiuuli) 

U)\\'  Spain 

ty  i'>  *1'L* 
)vcniiii('nt 
1st  l)o  for 
'  the  ulxli- 
{),•'•'  Ttni'i'i- 
n  AL;'UstIn 
;t*iviti<'s  <»i' 
nmnaiulcd 
wiili  tlio 
he  iilMlica- 
s  coMtompt 
lio  news/'' 
:hroe  days. 
1)0  vicero; 
1  lioiior  ol 
IPO,  wliidi 
as  ill  truth 
,  and  sonu.' 

tho  royal 
Fernando 
lturri;^'a- 
was  owr- 

'11.   "■■TC  pull- 

ih'  .)['■::,  n.  V. 

<:\u  A'^'iistiu  ilo 
liila  lii,  i\l)ili(':>- 
;\  criiiza  (11  la 

rrtoH  del  .SfnMi- 
jucrcrl.i  i)isiir.' 
■ilthotiLili  li'itli 

ly.  iiii'l  i>lioulil 

iiflioTfil  in  the 
H;  <  '(iiin  lil(/a, 
,;i»thcin.'ca.-'ion 
lio  throne  wliile 


i:ui:oi'i;.\\  I'olitk.'s. 


37 


heard  to  say  that  tlx-  IdnL;'  woidtl  never  relui-n  to  I  lie 
tin-one/"' 

Th'/^e  tidin'4's  of  the  dethronenii'iit  of  the  I'eyal 
faniilv,  ami  the  a-^-^tiinption  d'  tlie  crown  hy  .lo^eph 
|5.>nai  aiie,  ani\ed  in  the  midst  of  pri'parat  inns  i'or 
tlie  solemn  lestixities  to  he  held  en  the  ot'ca^ion  ot 
swearing;"  alleuiam-e'  to  tliu  yoini^'  lUMnnreh.  'I'lie  iiii- 
pressii'n  whieh  these  events  created  in  ]Me\ici)  was  at 
iii'st  ])ainrnl.  ( "reuk's  as  well  as  Spaniards  liated  the 
Freni-h.  Xa[)oleiin  was  their  arcii-eiieniy.  They 
ywoi-e  they  weultl  never  he  ruled  hy  him,  or  any  of 
his  creatures.  (,)n  th(.'  I  1th  ol'  -Inly,  the  vieen)y  jv- 
cei\ed  cnpies  el'  the;  Madi'id  eliiclal  L;azetti's  c(»n!irmin;_;' 
the  ni'Ws,  and  on  tin;  rdilewin^"  day  h(.'  cenvoliid  ii 
(•■unicil  el"  the  ical  acuerdii,  at  which  it  v,as  reseKi-d 
iH  iiliei'  to  ehey  the  decrees  ol'  Murat,  thi  ii  conimand- 
iii"'  at  Madrid,  nor  thos(!  of  any  <'i)\ernment  other 
than  that  (»!'  the  Icdtiniate  sovereii-'n.' '  The  otlicial 
]ioitlons  of  the  ^ladrid  gazettes  were,  nioi'eo\er,  or- 
dered to  be  puhlished.''^ 

ihit  the  iirst  surjiriso  over,  vovy  diireront  and  \r- 
hi'Uient  feelings  bi-gan  to  spi'ingiip  among  tlie  jn'opje. 
Th'ir  ideas  were  confounded  at  thi>  pos^ihility  ol'  l)eing' 
without  a  king.  Those  who  had  hilherttt  re',;arded  a. 
iiionaich  as  an  infallihle  ])ers()nage  reineiuhei'ed  the 
fate  of  Jji-uisXX'I.,  and  beheld  with  consttU'iiatioii  t'lo 
Midden  removal  of  their  own  kim^s,  father  and  son. 
That  a  nu^bof  his  own  subjects  should  eil'ectthe  down- 

•''■ '  [,o.s  diilorca  orcycroii  ver  (  u  csta  wv.  en  tl  si'iabl.uilij  del  vircy  jiiii!ailt» 
la  ak'.L;ria,  y  (|iicsi'  coiuplacia  on  ilceir  c|uci'l  Jlcy  no  voivcriaal  trdiio.'  f ',7c.», 
7V(  <  jV-;/  ')-■,  iii.  •2'2~.  'I'liis  conduct  and  tlio  occurrence  at  'i'l:d]iau  were  huh- 
.st  niicnily  bron^lit  forward  iu  the  accus.ition.s  of  trcasiou  against  tlie  viceroy. 
C'oic|'arc  ('aiirdivhi,  Coinhula  I/iirt:,  l."i-l(). 

""The  revivor  I  )iilor  Alanine  added  tlie  won!.--.:  '(Juo  S.  I],  y  d  real  Acuci'do 
cshdiiin  ]H'iictiados  do  iin<p.s  niismos  noldc.s  y  h.ulc.s  scnliniicntiKi.'  'J  lic.s.'  iiur- 
riLTiM.iy  tore  oil',  ohjcctniL,'  to  their  pulilication.  l'an<'il(('l(i,  ('oniliirla  Ihin:, 
lS-1!);  ]'i  kJikI  Sdhii/fi,  1!).  This  action  of  the  vicci'oy  was  con«i  hrcd  l.y  his 
e:.cniics  as  a,  mark  of  dis'ioyalty.  'I'he  Wriliul  Suliitlani  C'anccladii  is  severely 
c'itii  i^ed  and  !he  statenienis  it  contains  (h'nied  liy  l,izarz;i  in  liis  />(.■.•/■»/•.-■«  i  rin- 
ifii-itinlo  I/iirri;i'irtn/.  For  hii  reply  <jn  the  ahovi.' ([Ui  ^;'i^ln,  sco  p.  1(!.  Much 
.--ynii  athv  for  Fi'mando  v.aa  shown  hy  the  ciu/.uis  of  .Mexico.  Vitirrn,  1,'cr, 
A",  /.v.-i.  ;!-ls. 

'"'They  appeared  ou  the  10th  of  July  in  the  Utr.,  dc  J^.t'.,  ISOS,  xv.  -Itij- 

.  .  I 


I 


!1  Pii 


38 


.\:)MI\I^TrwVTIOX  OF  VICEROY  ITUr.PJCIAr.AV. 


llill  of  Carlos  1\^  was  iiotlikuly  to  maintain  tliat  faith 
ill  the  lii^h  majesty  of  the  Sjjaiiisli  sovei'ei;j;iis  whi  -h 
forages  it  had  been  impious  to  hold  in  doubt,  llo 
,s|)ect  for  mouarehy  was  weakened,  and  the  more  re- 
ileetive  and  enliiifliteiied  rei.'oi^niized  with  satisi'aetiou 
that  these  convulsions  would  augment  tlie  possibilities 
of  independence  for  New  S[)aiii.  The  holy  in(iuisiti(jii 
still  maintained  its  power,  and  indeed  we  lind  it  at 
this  ])eriod  more  zealous  than  ever  in  attem[)ting  to 
stille  the  iiro^ress  of  the  n'''e.  Libertinism  au'l  im- 
l)iety,  as  it  was  called,"^  were  so  great,  that  th-  I'e  vrere 
over  a  thousand  cases  pending  beloi'o  that  tribunal. ''"' 
One  of  the  victims  of 'in  auto  d.._'  f«j  i\i  this  time  was 
the  presbyter  Juan  Antonio  (Jiavarrit;ta,  curate  of 
Axuchitlan.  ]u  his  possessicMi  was  found  a  work  wi'it- 
ten  bv  himself,  entitled  Mou  <iinl  Jicasf.  ( )n  tin.'  Iron- 
tispiece  was  a,  I'epresentation  of  a  tyi'ant  king.  Tlu! 
author  had  come  well  recoMiniehd<-d  iVom  Sp^iin  to  the 
chief  in(|uisi tor,  Jiernardodel*ra(K)y  ()bejero,andgi'eat 
Avas  the  scandal.  The  auto  was  celebrated  Vv'ith  more 
than  oi'dinary  solenuiity  in  the  pi'esence  of  the  secidai' 
and  eeeh'siastical  authorities,  the  nol>ility,  and  jirincipal 
pe 'sons  of  tlie  city.  Olavarrieta  was  senteneed  and 
.^hipped  to  Spain,  but  managed  to  escape  duiing  the 
voyag'e.  Soon  after  this  the  s;vnie  ceremonit's  \vv\  e  r(.>- 
j)eated  on  the  person  of  Jose  llojas,  j)rofessoi'  of  niaih- 
eniatics  in  the  colle:'t^  at  Guanaiuato.  A  man  of  ex- 
li'aordinary  tak'uts  and  great  k'ariiing,^''  he  possessed 
butlittle  knowledge  of  the  v.'oi'ld  (ariying  on  a  Cv'rre- 
spondeuce  on  i)hilo;Mtphical  ami  tl'.c«. logical  toi)ics  v»ith 
ji  woman  at  (juanajua.to,  he  was  denounced  by  her  and 
imprisoned.  .Vl'ter  sentence  l.)y  ihe  holy  ollice,  llojas 
escaped  to  New  Orleans.  Theie  he  published  in- 
ilammatory  proclamations  against  the   S[)anish  gov- 

''^ //iirri'ifimi/,  in  Cnr/n  iifiihfif/''rii ;  Cam,  Trc-:  Sli/lo.-j,  iii.  '20s. 
"-   r>usuiin:iiitu  ruin.irks  tliiit  ;i  ;;i'fat  immlicr  of  tlii'  c  c;isi.'s  mii-.t  luuv  liocn 
of  a  iHjlitical  iiiiUiro,  "puoH  csLo  tnbuiiiil  i'i;i,  I'i  biazo  (Icrccho  dil  iloNputisiiio,' 

''■  V  (le  HUM  iiu'iiirii'ia  t:iii  fcli/,,  <(|iii  i)]if('Uili''i  litcrahiiciitc  las  piiuci[iaIo3 
u','tiiiiL'iiiiic  i  (If  su  i-ausa,  cuu  i^ulu  liabci'los  niilu  Icvr.'  Id.,  'JOT- S. 


[lAV. 


VOLITION  OF  TIIK  PRINS. 


1  that  faith 
iLi'n.s  whi-h 


39 


lie- 


jubt, 

c  more  ro- 

satislactioii 

)o.ssII)ilitics 

iii([iiisiti<)ii 

liiid  it  at 
-'iii[)tiiiL»"  to 
11  and  iiii- 
thcrc  wcro 

ti'ihunal.''-' 
s  time  was 

cMirato    of 
woric  writ- 
ii  th(.'  iVoii- 
:ino'.     T\\c 
lain  to  t!io 
>,aii(l  ;.>;i'cat 
with  nnivc 
]k!  .secular 
(I  {)i'iiicij)al 
eiK'cd  and 
luiiii'^'  th(j 
's  wc.ivi  i'(.'- 
i'  o!'  iiiaih- 
laii  of  ux- 
} )( jsst's.sed 
ui  a  c-ori'i'- 
>pic8  with 
>y  her  and 
ico,  Hojas 
lishod    iu- 
ni^h  o'ov- 

O 

IS. 

list  Iiavo  lieen 

I  dcspotisiiui.' 


eriitiioit,  wliicli  bciii^-  '•laudcstiucly  introduced  into 
Mexico  caused  no  little  ainu)yance  to  the  political 
authorities  and  the  inquisition.  This  institution  con- 
sisted at  the  time  oi'  thii-ty-one  ofiicers,  exclusive  of  a 
muititude  <>i'  secret  a,n-ents  and  .s[)ies,  and  their  labors 
v,ere  so  arduous  and  inipoi-tant  that  tlie  iiujuisitors  pe 
titi(»ne(l  for  an  inci-ease  of  salary  on  that  ,L;r(uuid. 
Sucli  was  the  poweiful  array  of  zealots,  ever^on  the 
alert  to  persecute  those  whose  religious  and  political 
^  lews  dared  to  pass  the  bounds  prescribed  by  church 
and  state. 

'I'he  (leplorablc  condition  of  the  press  v/as  anotlier 
jiroof  of  the  incessant  endeavors  on  the  part  of  tlu! 
autliorities  to  keej)  th(.>  i)eoplein  intellectual  bondage. 
Jt  wa^  i!ot  well  lor  subjects  of  Spain  to  know  Uh) 
lauch  of  what  was  ,i;-oi!ig  ,„,  in  the  world.      Four  daily 
]!apersa])p(;ared  in  Vera  Cruz  between  ISO-land  isof; 
three  of  tlieni  were  soon  discontinued,  and  the  other 
was  prohibited  from  publishing  any  political  news  from 
I'U'eign  countries,  that  being  a  pi'ivilege  granted  onlv 
t  .  the  (nr.rf,f  dr  Mda'co^'   hi  1HU5  the  Mexican  wiitcV 
(  arlos  Maria  nustaniante,  and  th..-  alcalde  del  eri'm,  n 
Jacobo   do  Mlla  Uri-utia,  establi.shed  the  Wario  Je 
Mexico  with  but  little    better  sue. 'ess.      iJeing   sup- 
juessed  at  one  time,  this  jK'riodical  was  alloweifto  ap- 
jK'ar  again  only  on  condition  that  it  should  be  .subject 
1<»  the  personal  revision  of  tlie  viceroy. 

•■' •  l-:<cci.to  ru  w.sns  muy  ostnior.linario..  pnra  n.,  pprj,„liear  a  la  a^cUi 

A,uu,t.  Ih<,vt  V.  .!.t       Uk,"  cduor  „f  tl.is  gazette  -.va.  Juan  Jv-ik-..  ('•  mco 
•In,  aulh.n-  ot  several  plriippl.s  a^^ain.t  num;:a,av.  an,l  ul,„;u  liu.t  n^'lMto 

^aio,  I  i-cs  .SkjIim,  111,  L'lj.  ' 


IS  piiiici[ialc3 


CHAPTER  III. 

ITUIUIIGAIIAY'S   DEPOSAL. 

1S08. 

TlIE    AvrNTAMIENTO    Cl.AIM.S    SoVKKl'.KJNTV    OF    THi:    I'lUirLE— A   X.VTIONAI, 

C'liMiKKss   J'K(ir(iyi;ij— OriMsiTioN"   oi'  tiik  Aiijikncia — (ii.vD  Tii>ini:s 

FlliiM  XllE  PKNINfSrLA  —  FdlR  MHMOUAliLi;  .llNI  S — KlVAL  Sl'ANlSIl 
.JlNTAS— AxdltY     DlJ'.ATES — CoNSl'IKACY     TO     ])|.1H)SE     THI'.     \'l<EliOV  — 

Ykiimii  Taici'.s  Tin;  F^kad— iTriiiiiCrAUAY'.s  Apathy — A  .MinNiciir  C'oui* 

H'ElAT — TlIK   ViCKUOY    l.V    DlTUANCi:— (JA  UlllAY  Ari'UINTKl)  HIS    SlCUKS- 

soK— Fatl-;  or  ]  ri'iaiicAn.vv'.s  Siti-ohtkus — lli;  is  Si'.nt  to  Si'ain— 
Ills  i;iii[  ,S\vi.r.TMi:Ais — Indicimi.nt  foii  Tui;ason — Aciii  ittai.— 1!k- 
.siDi.NciA— |[i:avy  I'lM-.s— Chanof.  uf  (Ji'iNioN.s — Tin:  Sknii.nck  A.v- 
M'LLi;u — Itukuigauay's  Intentions  Analyzed — BiiiuouuAniY. 

Thus  stand  matters  in  Mexico  in  1808.  Tlie  times 
are  out  of  Joint.  Tra(liti(»n  is  failing'.  Old  maxims 
no  longer  liold  g'ood.  The  minds  of  men  are  dinnned 
l)y  the  dust  arising'  I'romtlie  clash  and  clatter  of  events. 
l)orn  in  i^noi'ance;  cradled  amidst  the  occult  forces  of 
nature;  looking;  along  the  centuries  for  that  ])o\V('r  and 
]>rotee(.ion  from  the  creature  i'ound  oidy  in  the  creator 
— it  has  taken  all  these  thousands  of  years  for  man  to 
hud  out  his  mistake,  to  iind  out  that  all  men  come  into 
tlic  World  on  terms  ol'  i'([uality,  that  no  man  or  class 
of  men  ;ire  horn  almiglit}',  either  hy  \  irtue  of  blood, 
inhci'itance,  occupation,  (tr  wealth,  and  that  all  have 
ecjual  lights. 

At  length  the  time  has  come.  All  the  world  is 
astii',  and  ^[exici>  must  be  moving.  Three  centuries 
back  there  had  been  a  grand  awakening,  one  of  those 
spasms  of  progi'css  in  wldeh  intellect  is  wont  to  disin- 
thrall  itself;  now  there  is  at  hand  auothei'.      Half  the 

( 10; 


I 


^* 


ATTITUDI']  OF  AFFAIRS. 


41 


(li'.mncd 
'c'vrlits. 

|)\V('r  ami 


hiiiL 


(M'oatnr 

iiiau  l'> 

into 

oi'  class 

)!'  Mood, 

till  have 


l^\■(  i\ 


■1.1  is 
Milurics 

lol"  tllO^0 


lO    ( 


lisiii- 
lair  the 


i  Xationai, 

AD    'rililNCS 

1 

\l;     Sl'AMSU 

N'lCKROV  — 

Nicur  Ci)Ui' 

ms  Si'cuHS- 

Ti)   Spain — 

[  IT  A  L  — 11k- 

NTI.NCK   AN'- 

U'UV. 

•1 

he  liiucs 

maxims 

woi'ld  are  in  arms.  Tlie  few  are  ii;_;'htiiig  to  ho  mas- 
ter; tlie  many  arc  struggling  to  he  free.  The  result 
is  jirevleteriiiinecL 

In  ]\Iexico  opinion  is  hocoming  somewhat  clarilied; 
ideas  are  coalescing  and  action  concentrating,  particu- 
larly in  the  capitah  And  yet  all  is  dim  antl  indistinct 
enough.  The  leaven  of  liherty  is  working;  hut  he- 
ware  the  i'angs  of  superstition,  heware  the  sword  of 
S[)ain,  beware  the  tluiigeons  of  the  inquisition  and 
tortures  bevond  the  u'rave!  And  where  sliall  be  found 
a  leader^     Here  is  op[)ortunity ;  where  is  the  man? 

lV'rha[)s  tlu'ough  Iturrigaray's  brain  run  ambitious 
dreams.  As  likely  there  as  anywhere,  lie  is  none 
too  good  to  [)lay  the  part  of  traitor  to  his  king;  though 
if  successl'ul  re\'olution  makes  of  him  a  thing  for  popu- 
lar weii'ship,  he  is  indeed  in  a  dilennna,  i'or  nature  has 
not  endowed  him  with  one  spark  of  nobility  or  jiatri- 
otism.  3Iost  justly  ujton  the  liead  of  tliis  vile  repre- 
sentative of  a  vile  monarchy  has  fallen  the  curse  of  the 
colonists.  He  and  his  associates,  like  their  master, 
have  made  themselves  rich  over  the  ruin  of  tlu?  mo--.t 
industrious  and  worthy  of  Spain's  subjects.  Y<  I  Ih) 
may  .)e  de.jmed  useful.  A  bad  man  is  sometimes 
])etter  for  the  furthei'ancc  even  (,f  a  gtHxi  cause  than 
a  good  man.  IJut  Iturrigaray  is  a  coward  and  a 
liypoo'ite — a  man  not  the  best  either  for  traiior  or 
]>atrlot.  He  has  no  thought  of  s^'ll'-sacrilice;  on  the 
contrary,  shoul  i  he  [xn-eliance  make  ^[cxico  I'rce,  ho 
nuist  be  well  paid  for  it.  ]\lexico  may  bo  i'reeil  i'rom 
France,  from  Spain  jierchance;  l)ut  not  fro:n  him,  not 
from  S[)aiu's  olHcials.  If  he  can  sa\'e  ^[oxii'o  to 
Spain,  of  course  Fernando,  or  wloeNcr  may  bo  at 
]\ladrid  to  di'aw  and  s])end  the  ro\cnues,  will  reiiiom- 
bcr  it.  So  day  a-.er  day  this  dog  waits  to  see  vvhi'Ii 
Avay  the  Trench  cat  will  jump. 

When  the  intcdligence  reaches  ^NTexii'o  that  the 
Spanisji  crown  has  sli[)i)ed  from  tin;  iinger.s  of  S[tan- 
i^h  kings,  it  seems  to  the  people  as  if  the  earth  was 
lou.iened    from   its    orbit.      Groups  of  anxious    men, 


42 


riu::i;n;AUAY's  defosai-. 


j^Tcutly  c()iu-(.'i-iicd  about  tlicir  iat(,',  j^atlitT  in  tlio 
stix-ets  and  discuss  tin-  siiuatitni.  i'liblK-  inc'ctiiiu'.s — 
a  r.ii-t'  iiccuri'tiico  in  llial  (jiiai'l<M' — b(\nlii  rrc([;i('iitly 
t  >  hi-  held,  at  which  imich  is  saisl  and  n'lthiil^■  tloiic. 
I'iac-ards  an;  ixysti'd  bv  thu  suvcial  hu-lions  ol'  citv 
_L;'.>V(.'nini('nt,  cautio'.isly  liintini^'  Ihfir  own  \l(.'ws,  or 
Jl'oHii^'  i"wr  thf  \ii'W.s  ot"  othiTs.  Thoi'c  is  niauilust 
i\cvy  I'liaso  olTuclin^'  IVoin  loyalty,  wholly  oi'  jiai'lially, 
1  »  indi'ix.-ndt'Uco,  wholly  or  partially.  I'asijaiiiadcs 
aro  sriit  to  liiL^ii  olUcials,  and  sonnj  oxen  propose  a 
c-i<»wii  Ibr  iuirrigaray/ 


i 

m 


On  Iho  I'Jtli  of  July,  at  tho  sun'u^estlon  of  Ihc  rc^i- 
d  ;r  A/.c;iratc,  the  nirinici[ial  authorities  prrsont.*!  to 
i lie  \i.-oroy  a  memorial, '"  clainiii)'^'  that  as  the-  throne 
of  S:)ain  was  not  occupied  l)y  the  lawful  sovereign), 
the  i;-overnment  devolved  upon  the  people,  and  (hat 
the  cily  (»f  Mexico,  as  the  metropolis  and  representa- 
tive of  all  Xew  (Spain,  would  sustain  the  liL^hts  ol'lhe 
deposed  house.  The  address  coucladed  with  tlie 
re(|Uest  that  the  viceroy  would  assume  pro\  i>ionally 
the  u"overument  of  the  kinii'dom,  and  that  he  would 
suiTcnder  it  neither  to  any  I'oreigu  [)owt>r,  nor  to 
Spain  hei'self  while  under  foi'eii^u  rule;  and  that  ho 
Avould  not  ivceixe  any  other  viceroy  or  accei)t  a  new 
n[)pointment  from  the  usui'ping'  power."^ 

'  ("111  the  !)th  of  August  tlio  consitlailo  cif  Mexico  mlilrcsspd  a  petition  to 
Itii!'ri-ai';iy  leinR'stm-^'  liiiil  to  iulii|it  iiieiisuivs  fur  tiic  .siippirssioii  of  tiu.'.~e 
fci'ililini;^  (lciiioiisti-,-aioiis.    Jf(  r;i'i:i(li  -.  1/  Jhirnln.-if  '>./.   />)'•.,  i.  Till. 

-  •]jii  jo  (U;  luazua  y  cii   coclica.'  JluManiuidc,  ■Sii/ilcnwiilo,  in  Citrn,    Trm 
Shj'n.-;  ill.  -JJS. 

^  •  I'iilii'iiilosc  al  I-'xiiio.  Scnor  Vin-oy  quo  iiiteriii  lIcL^a  el  inoinciito  ulis  do 
(j".(!  sal.'a  do  J-'raiioia  S.  .M.  y  Altcsas,  u  tl  Itoyiio  t'lije  |ioi's(jiia  tic  la  Jtial 
l::!iiilia  jiara  <|ne  lo  niaiidu  y  jinvicnio  ooiiio  ."U  Key  y  Scnor  nauiral,  jicniiaiicrsca 
i\:  Vincy  (iolnTiiador  y  ( 'a)iitiui  ( ioiici-al  dc  osta  Xncva  Iv-ijiaTia,  ciiUiidit  ii- 
d.iso  C'U  la  calidad  do  prov  icioiial,  kIii  podcrlo  cntrcgar  i'l  i'ulciicia  alu'iina 
C'\tl'aiiL'cra,  ni  a  la  iiiisma  lvs|iaAaaiiii  ([Uaiido  |iaracllo  so  Ic  iircsciitm  orilciicl 
(I  dil  Sciior  Carlos  iriarto  n  did  I'riiicip''  iIc  Asturias  l)ajo  la  dcuoniiiiacioii  di> 
rcniMiiilo  Scpti'iio  antes  do  salii-  do  Ivspiina,.  .  .(jiie  no  ciitrc^iiuo  taiiipoio  d 
\'ii'rcynato  y(ioviciiio  del  Jtcyiio  A  iiin;,'un  Vificy  cpio  liayaii  ii"iiiliiado  el 
mismo  iSofior  Ciilos  (piarto  i)  I'liiicipo  do  Astmias:.  .  .(^hie  iiiiii  (puuido  S.  h], 
liiisnio  .uc.i  contiimado  oil  el  Viireynato  ]ior  Ileal  ordeu  d(;  S.  M.  <'i  do  I'liii- 
cipo  do  Asturias.  .  .110  la  otieilesca  ni  cnni|ila,  f<ino  i|Uo  coiitiiine  eiicai'_'adi> 
Jproviiiolialiiieiito  ell  el  iiiaiido  del  Ucyno.'  l/i  rna  nli  ~  >/  Il^irulo-,  (',:/,  J)ni\ 
i.  177  t».     .S.'oli  Were  the  cxpressioiia  euiitaiiiod  in  tlio  adthess  of  tlio  uyuiita- 


EV(3LUTI0X  OF  OPIXIOX. 


43 


or  in  tlio 
ic'ctiiigs — 
iVcqiu-ntly 
liiiiij;'  (lom*. 
lis  of  city 

views,    dl' 

■^   inaiiircst 

!•  jjariially, 

[is;|U!na(k';5 

pi'oposcj  a 

if  i\\r.  vc<xi- 
t'sont'vl  to 
llio   thi'oiio 
K(»\ci\'i;_,ni, 
r,  auil  that 
i-i'|)rrs('iita- 
o'llt.S  ot'  llui 
witli    tlio 
■()\  isioually 
ic  WDuld 
vv,   nor   to 
1(1  tl;at  ho 
•e[)t  a  now 

il  a,  iii'titi(in  to 
I  :  siou  (if  tlicsc 

I  ill  Ciini,    Trin 

iiciiti)  tili^  'l>i 
la,  .11-   ia  Ural 
Ir.il.  ]ii'riiiaiii  >i';i< 
laua,  ciiU'iulifil- 
iliiiieui  alu'una 
sfiiUaoi-ilciifS 
1,> 


,'iiiiniiiiai.'inii  ( 

:ue  taini'oi'O  el 

111  ii"iiilii;ulo  i-'l 

I  ijiuuido  S.  K. 

M.  Olio  I'riu- 


ImiR'  fiiciu' 


u'ado 

A  tlio  uyimtii- 


Ituri'lL^aray  rccoivcd  the  address  sj^racloiisly,  affirm- 
iii!4'  tliat  Jio  woidd  slied  thu  last  (h-op  of  Ids  blood  in 
llir  protoctioii  of  tho  (•ouutry,  and  that  ho  was  ready 
to  take  tho  oath  of  lovallv.*  A  crowd  had  u-atlKjrcd, 
\\>r  I'M  was  d()i)(!  oiu'idv,  and  when  tho  vicei-ov  (lis- 
]!ji,-s((l  the  re;j;'idori.'s  the  [x'ople  shouted,  and  anioii'^f 
thiiii  larijcss  was  liberally  iluii'''  by  supporters  t)f  tho 
pidjrct.  The  audiencia  (hd  not  like  i(,  and  thi'ir  wratli 
\\a\ed  hot  when,  durin;^'  tho  day,  Iturri^'aray  laid  tlio 
adilress  before  tho  r^'al  acuordo  and  asked  their  vote 
ii[)on  the  matter.''  Tho  ayuntaniiento  was  prosuuip- 
tiious;  i'urthei',  the  njonibers  wore  mostly  Creoles.  So 
the  audiencia  njeeted  the  proposition,  as  contrary  to 
law  and  the  public  weal,"  thereby  brin^'ing  chaL,niii 
U[»on  Itiu'rigai'ay,  who  of  course  I'egai'ded  with  lluor 
a  change  \vhich  would  have  secured  him  in  power, 
vhatever  turn  all'airs  n.ight  take.' 

As  nearly  as  wo  can  inter[)ret  ideas  so  vague  as 
Wire  these  in  tho  minds  of  those  who  held  them, 
the  several  shades  of  opinion,  of  inclination,  hope, 
I'autasy,    NNcre    somewhat    as    iblU)ws :     Tho    viceroy 

aii'.-nto  to  tlio  vicoroy,  the  wlailo  of  wliiili  iiitprcstin!^  (lociuiiciit  is  siippliiHl 
I'V  1  >;ivalc),<,  wlio  (.'Npios.si  :j  lii-i  thanks  to  Juiu  ilurta  Aiidradi'  fur  liis  kiiidiiosd 
iii  liinii^^liin^  liiiii  m  itli  a  copy  of  it. 

'  ■Ti'iiiiiiK)  piu'i  csta  osciiia,  en  lu  fpio  todo  estnba  coiivenido,  do  antoiiuino 
cntri'  ol  \iroy  y  Azoarati,'.'  Alnrnan,  Hii''.  Mij.,  i.  IT^. 

•'('o[iy  of  noto  to  1 110  real  aoucrdo  will  bo  i'oand  in  Hirtnunhz  j  Ddndo!^, 
(■I.  J)or.,  i.  4SG. 

''  In  tho  rojily  of  tlie  roal  a.iuoido,  tllo^H•  words  nro  used:  'Aqnol  nondiia- 
li.ien'o)  pi'iA  isioiial  V  juraniont.i,  doliilitarian  niasljjcn  ipio  allrinarian  arjiu  lius 
f~agiad<is  iiialtoruou  s  vinouliis  y  conslituii'lan  nn  f,'.il)icrno  prccario  exiiucsta 
a  vai'iaoiouos,  y  tal  vox.  ;l  caprioiios  .'diora  o  en  lo  voiiidoro,  y  por  tanlo  iscria 
adi'iiias  do  ilopil,  ini[iolitioii  csto  paso.'  Tho  \iror(ij'  is  advi.;od  to  assaro  tho 
i'.yiintainionto  'ijno  ouaiido  oimvoii^'a  y  nos  hallomns  on  oiivunstaucia s  (|Uc  Ij 
(xijan,  no  .so  dosi'iitondora  V.  J],  iii  osto  iloal  Aoaordo  do  oonvo(,tar  I'l  al  <.'U(  r[)0 
cutoni  <■)  ii  siis  roprosontantos. '    J/<  i-i.dinl' ■:  ii  l)i'ind  .«,  ('■•!.  JJor.,  i.    r,7. 

'  On  llio  oooasii)ii  (if  tho  aynntaniionio  havin;;  sent  tv.'o  coiiiiiii.'^:  ioncr.s  to 
tlio  \  iooroy  a  fow  tlays  aftoi'wurd.  ono,  Uio  niannu'  i  do  Ulnaiia,  as  allii'iaoil  by 
the  aloaldo  l''aLj;oaiia,  vopurtod  to  tho  oorporatiuii  that  lie  had  prutostcd  to  tho 
vioomy  Sjuo  ol  uyuntaniionto  no  dosoan^aiia  hasta  ODlooarlo  .sobro  ol  trono.' 
AlniiiH)!,  iiiM.  M(j.,  i.  IT.'t.  A  [short  tiino  l;itor,  in  the  tlisposal  of  oivil  and 
iiiilitary  posilion.s  It urriu'a ray's  iissiiinption  of  jir  'i-o'^atives  novor  boforo  cxcr- 
ii>od  by  any  viocroy  oaiisod  growlin;,'.  'Talis  disiio.sioionos  so  citaban  como 
<  jfiiiplaroa  ilcl  podor  soborano  ipio  liiipi'/'abi,  ii  ( jcrcor  cl  viroy  y  oimio  osca- 
I'niH  ]iaia  td  troiio  a  (]Uo  intriilaba  subii'.'  hi., 'l'X\-\.  Jo  l-  Luis  Alooii'.do, 
il  Hilvorsniith,  was  chai'^od  ■with  niakiii.i,'  a  rmwii  Inr  ltnrri;,'aray's  oui'miation. 
y '., 'Jllo.  (Iiuria  disbolicvcs  ia  Itiuri^'aiay's  as[ii rations  to  a  throne.  1114, 
lie.  X.  L^p.,  i.  70. 


44 


ITURRIOARAY'S  DEPOSAL, 


tliouujlit  tliat  almost  any  change  would  bo  bt'ni'fiflal 
to  liiiii  so  long  as  ho  I'cniainocl  at  the  head  of  allairs. 
U'  th(;  ])eoiile  desired  hini  to  hold  the  country  lV»r 
8[)ain — well;  Spain  would  hardly  object  to  that.  If 
France  was  to  laile,  then  he  could  bo  i'or  France— [)ar- 
tii'ubirly  if  Godoy  was  on  good  terms  with  Xapoleon. 
And  ev(,'n  if  New  Spain  broke  intt^  full  rebellion,  de- 
clarc'd  absolute  indepentlence,  and  he  could  be  their 
king  or  j)resident — why,  that  would  bo  well  t(;o;  and 
if  afterward  France  or  Spain  should  prove  too  much 
for  Mexico,  then  ho  had  only  done  his  best  for 
France  or  S[)ain. 

The  audiencja,  the  church,  the  inquisition,  all  sus- 
pected the  viceroy,  and  regarded  with  contein[)t  the 
ayuntamiento.  If  there  was  to  be  a  change,  each  of 
these  powers  desired  to  be  at  the  head;  they  were 
each  determined  at  the  least  not  to  losu  what  influ- 
ence they  had,  and  to  gain  as  much  more  as  possible. 
In  regard  to  the  people,  the  military,  ollicers  of  the 
govcnnnent,  ecclesiastics,  and  the  rest,  there  was 
lu'ld  every  phase  of  ideas.  The  sympathies  of  some 
Vv'ere  with  Fernando;  many  prided  themselves  in 
their  loyalty  to  Spain;  all  hated  France;  the  b(jlder 
dreamed  of  actual  independence.  The  Creoles  and 
the  vicero}'-  acted  together  in  fa\'or  of  a  national  con- 
gress, but  ibr  \\itlely  different  ends:  the  former  being 
for  the  liberty  of  the  nation,  the  latter  for  personal 
aggrandizement.  One  looked  to  the  representative 
body  as  the  iirst  movement  toward  securing  that 
quality  of  self-government  so  lately  secured  hy  the 
United  States;  the  other  regarded  it  oidy  as  an  agent 
to  do  him  service — pei'haps  to  ])lace'  upon  his  head  a 
crown,  either  in  his  own  name  or  in  the  name  of  Spain. 

Out  of  these  several  phases  of  opinion  arose  several 
factions.  Vnd  the  two  great  tinal  divisions,  of  course, 
were  the  royalists,  who  would  have  America  always 
ruled  by  Europe,  and  the  inde[)endents,  who  would 
have  America  always  free.  In  the  main,  the  Span- 
iards in  America  belonged  to  the  former  faction,  and 


1 

1 


%  ■ 


i^ 


^ 


I 

.3 


ITATRED  OF  THE  FREXCfl, 


45 


buiH'ficial 

:)t'  iilUiirs. 
iintrv  I'oi" 
that.  If 
iicu — [)ar- 
S^apt)lcH)ii, 
.'lliou,  (Itj- 
bo  tliL'ii' 
too;  and 

too  lULlcIl 

bust    ibr 

1,  all  sii.s- 
join[)t  tho 
3,  each  of 
hoy  wore 
hat  iiiflu- 
possiblc. 
3r,s  of  tho 
huro  was 
-;  of  sonic 
selves    in 

0  l)oklor 
•olcs  and 

)iKil  eon- 

wv  bchi!^ 

personal 

sentativc 

h\<j^    that 

(I   by  tho 

an  a^!j;'ont 

is  head  a 

1."  Spain. 

e  several 

)['  course, 

1  always 
lo  would 
le  S})an- 
tion,  and 


:'M 


tlic  ere' lies  to  tlie  latter.  Yet,  when  it  came  to  ini- 
])(>i'tant  I'cclesiastical,  polltif^d,  or  commercial  bodies, 
mIioso  ]»ecuniary  or  other  interests  weTe  ])araniount 
lo  <liosc  of  birth  and  blood,  lliis  (bstinction  did  not 
jmld  "-ood.  Thus  it  was  tliat  at  eacli  sic;)  in  niai-ch- 
iuL;-  events,  new  issues  divided  anew  people  and  opin- 
ion; and  so  matters  pron^ressed  until  principles  iind 
positions  could  be  more  delined. 

The  feelinij  between  the  audicncia  and  tlio  avunta- 
niicMito  increasini*-,  Iturri'j^aray  threatened  to  lesio-n; 
but  lie  was  easily  dissuaded  by  his  Ij-iends.  Peaci! 
was  not  r(.'stored,  however,  and  fmally  tlie  alcalde  do 
corte.  Villa  Urrutia,  sugL^ested  tliat  the  iid'ante  J)on 
Pedro  l)e  invited  to  assume  tho  govei-nment  a ^  recent. 
Tliis  proposal  did  not,  however,  meet  with  apjjroval, 
whereupon  he  projiosed  to  call  a  representative  junta 
of  the  l;ingdom,  the  supreme  authority  reinainin;^ 
with  the  viceroy  when  necessary.  "^Idie  andieiicia  ]"e- 
jected  tliis  proposition  also.  IJut  Uri'utia's  s<-hemo 
was  submitted  to  the  authorities  of  several  places,  and 
was  not  unfavorably  received.  Even  the  ayunta- 
niiento  of  Vera  Cruz,  whose  niembei's  and  ])olicy  were 
almost  wholly  European,  saw  no  objection  to  it;  whil(> 
tlu'  authorities  of  Jalaj)a  and  Queretaro  exjiresscd 
their  willingness  to  send  deputies  at  once  to  tlie  pro- 
])ose(l  coULj'i'ess. 

Aleanwliilea  vessel  had  ai'rived  at  A^era  Cruz,  v/ith 
inf  )rmation  that  Spain  liad  risen  against  Xapolecn.i. 
Th(^  news  reached  the  capital  on  the  night  of  the  DSth 
of  .hilv,  and  at  dayliijht  u'uns  wrre  iii'ed.  l)i'll>  weiv^ 
ruuu',  and  all  was  jov.  The  enthusiasm  was  univorsal, 
ibr  Xapoleon  was  much  hated,  as  1  have  said.'^     Alle- 

^To  illustrate  tlic  dctcst.ition  in  M'hicli  X;tpol(;nn  wps  liolcl,  if  \\\\\  lie  sntn- 
cicnt  ti)  fjuotu  from  Ihn  (Icilicatidii  in  a  pulilisliiMl  (xliurliition  I'l'  lliu  vufa  nf 
l'iiii'|)CTi)  in  Miclioai.':!!!  to  liis  ilnck  <^\\  tlu!  l.'illi  (.f  AiiLju-t  of  this  siiinc  year. 
'A  Napdt'iin  l]iiii;ii)iirti'C'.\<''i,'i'!icion  ilclos  puclilds  csp;iriiilt-!,'jinil  iiflcr  iiit'oi'ni- 
iii;,' lilt'  'iiifiuiic  I'or/o '  t!i;it  tlii.i  small  and  ri'irn'  '  iiaii^li  lunl  inMi'laininl  for 
1m  rnaiiilii\'l  [.,  iKH'om'lndcs:  'l)(:'hi.stc  pucs,  (',!.■.■< is cc,  cii  nidiistrnii  i!  >  iiniliifiou, 
ilu  tils  ilclirios,  poriiuc  la  Anu'rica  ospiifiDhi o-ta  l>i('ii  jionctriiiiailo  (u  (.•iir.irtcr 
iiiipio,  fci'Dz  y  >:an;riun;irio:  y  ic  abonorr  cumo  ;1  fiiiia  ilrsnta'la  dt  1  alii.-Mio, 
qr.e  solo  cs[.ira  a  dcatriur  la  religion  vcrdailcia,  la  inoial  Sana,  y  la  foliLidad  tcni- 


4G 


ITUJJIIIGARAY'S  DKI'OSAL. 


j>;iaii('o  t.)  I'cinniulo  All.  was  jiroclainifd,  ainl  voltiii- 
tci-r  cofps  w.'i'c  I'cady  t<»  aid  liiui  in  cscajtiii,!;"  iVoiii  the 
iiK'slics  ill  which  h(j  was  ('iitan'']('(l,"  while'  (iodov  and 
Napoleon  wrvv  burnt  in  olKjji'y.^" 

'J'hus  it  would  sceui  that  the  first  cry  for  indopon- 
denco  is  sniothercd  by  hatred  of  an  invader  and  loyal 
svniiJathv  ibr  a  I'allen  monarch.  ]>utwe  may  see  now 
how  a  bad  man  may  help  a  o'o.xl  cause.  Ituniufuray 
luites  l"\'rnando,  tli()U,L!;h  he  [iretends  to  serve  him.  If 
he  does  not  secretly  i'avor  the  J^'i'ench,  he  is  easily 
rt-'conciled  to  their  success  so  lon;jf  as  his  patron  (lo- 
doy  is  permitted  to  woi'ship  btsfbre  Xajioleon.  Xev- 
ertheless,  the  viceroy  puts  on  a  smilinL>"  face,  and  is 
^vheel(!d  in  a  chariot  of  state  throuu'h  the  citv.accom- 
])anied  by  over  two  thousand  horsemen,  who  publicly 
oiler  their  servi(X's  in  defence  of  the  Spanish  sovei'- 
ei-jfu.  The  viceroy  is  i»;i-acious,  and  i)raises  their 
]iorsemanshi[)  and  their  steeds;  neverlheli'ss,  he  does 
not  fail  to  I'eiterate  soon  alter  that  Spain  could  not 
j-esist  the  ai'ms  oi'  France.  Such  speech  and  conduct 
on  the  i)art  of  the  chief  ruler  is  the  surest  road  to 
I'evohition,  and  the  viceroy  is  well  aware  of  it.'^^ 

The  (juestion  now  arose  wdiether  to  reco^'nizc  the 
junta  o-overning  at  Seville  in  the  name  of  I'ernando. 
The  viceroy  con\'oked  a  general  council,  comj)osed  of 
the  audienc-ia,  the  ayuntamiento,  the  diU'ercnt  tribu- 
nals, the  archbishop,  and  the  most  prominent  mend)ers 
of  the  conmiunity.     On  the  9th  of  August  the  junta 

poral  do  Ids  piicLlos.  Tu  mas  mortal  cnemigo.  Filopatro  Angclopolitano.' 
Jhnrlo  ill'  Mcr.,  xii.  "21!). 

8  /-/.,  ix.  Ki.VS,  :U:!-4;  Orhnra,  Lihro  Cur.,  MS.,  2-3;  Pcip.  Var..  xxxvi., 
no.  Ixviii.,  ii.  L'l-'J.  Tlic  simlioo  procurailin' piopofcil  that  .Sl-_',00t),000  be  ini- 
pliiyi'il  ill  eli'cctiiig  the  csca])C  of  Fcinaiuli)  from  Franco;  six  million  to  Iio 
l):iiil  to  the  comma  in  lor  of  ttio  fortrc.-<s  in  ■whiL'li  he  was  oonliiicil  if  ho  wouhl 
odndiut  iiim  to  \'itiiiui  ami  tlicnci.'  to  J'liglanil;  ami  six  million  to  that  nation 
for  his  sail'  convcvanec  to  Vera  Criiz.  Ucrnaiidf-.  y  Ddrafun,  i  'nl.  J)oc.,  \.  4n'J- 
00.  HI  real  tiierpo  ue  mineiia,  or  niiniiiL;  eorporation,  oU'ered  to  provide  at 
its  own  expense  100  pieces  of  iield  artillery  and  Cfpiip  and  maintain  eiyht 
companies  to  work  them.    /</.,  i.  505-0. 

'"  '  Ku  1"  de  Agosto  del  afio  do  1808  qiicmaron  on  cstatuas  al  traiilor  do 
Godoi,  V  al  intruso  Eniperador  dc  los  franccscs  Bonaparte.'  Orizaba,  Liliro 
Viir.,  .^is.,  1. 

"  Jlii-'iiaiiKiiiti',  Siiplemento  Hist,  Mex.,  in  Cavo,  Ties  Sighs,  iii.  230;  Ala- 
mail,  Hint.  Mcx.,  i.  181. 


LOYALTY  TO  SPAIN. 


-17 


•  I  Voltlll- 

Vtim  t!io 
)tl()y  and 

iiulepon- 
Liid  loval 

i^rc  now 
init^arav 

him.  I'f 
is  easily 
tron  ( }<>- 
..  Ncv- 
*o,  and  is 
S',  acooni- 
i  publicly 
-;h  soVLT- 
ics  their 
,  ho  does 
:-()uld  not 
\  conduct 

road  to 

.  11 

j,nizo  the 

ernando. 

)()sed  ot 

t  tribu- 

neniber.s 

e  junta 

clopolitanf).' 


u)\.  xxxvi., 
1,000  be  (111- 
llidii  ti)  I'C 
f  ho  would 
tliiit  iiatiiiU 

)  jifuvidi^  lit 
iiitaiii  ciylit 

\  traiilor  ilo 
'zaha.,  LUiro 

230;  Ala- 


SO 


Tlie  <hs('Ussioiis  \vere  warm,  th(3  vicei'o\'  JM'in^' 
mewhat  ill-temi)ered.  ^\;l•da(l,  the  syndic  of  the 
avmitainii-nto,  proposed  the  establishment  of  a  jirovi- 
sional  i;()\ermnent,  still  maintaining,'  the  j>revious  the- 
ory that  in  the  absence  of  a  len'itimate  monarch  the 
sovereii^'nty  reverted  to  the  peo[)le.  These  views  were 
strenuously  o])|)osed  b\'  the  audiencia,  whii-h  n'pre- 
sented  the  Spanish  laction,  and  ivi^^'arded  Verdad's  I'X- 


iri'ssions  as  seihtiou: 


All 


CLHiHU'e 


a'^rei'd   upon,  and    lie  was  [>roclanne(i  i:m^' 


to  V 
d  1; 


ernando  was 


ol 


Si 


)ani 


an< 


taken  to  ob 


....  I  the  Indies;  an  oath  was  taken  to  oDe 
proceeding  from  tlie  empei'or  of  th(3  J'^ivnch  or  his  i'e[)- 
resentatives;  and  the  viceroy  was  recogni/.t'd  as  the 
king's  lieuten.ant  in  Xew  Spain,  the  audiencia  and 
other  roval  tribunals  retaining  their  authoritv.  These 
decisii^ns  were  drawn  U[)  m  the  ibrm  of  an  act,  which 
was  signed  by  those  present." 

A.  (h.'turbance  occurred  at  Vera  Cruz,  occasioned 
by  the  arrival  of  a  French  vessel  l)earing  despatches 
iVoDi  Joseph  Bonaparte.  'J'he  ship  was  lired  \\\)n\\ 
i'rom  Ulu:i,  and  was  not  allowed  to  enter  port  until 
sin;  had  ] :)Wered  her  colors  and  hoisted  a  white  Hag. 
^\'hen  the  documents  were  read  they  were  found  to 
contidn  orders  of  Joseph,  conlirming  in  their  several 
j.ositions  the  ^lexican  authorities  in  that  port,  and 
extending  to  them  various  favors.     The   despatches 

'- /?('!".  Virdaihrn  Oriifn,  no,  ii,  ."(—7. 

"  Sue  co)iy  of  tlio  act  i;i  //'  nminl  z  i/  Ddvalo>i,  Col.  Doc.  Iiidt'p.,  i.  r)l,'?-l(). 
There  are  ei'.;hty-t\V()  signatures,  eoiiipri.siiig  tlio.si'  of  the  viceroy,  arciihi-lioj), 
oiilores,  ami  priiieipal  authorities.  It  was  ileelareil  null  hy  tlie  amlienciii  of 
( oiiiilala j:ira,  /(/.,  i.  .");!4;  while  lliauo,  th"  iutciiilciite  of  ( liKiiia.jiiato,  coiisiil- 
civil  that  certain  expressions  inij,'lit  lie  improperly  interpreted,  '  pneileii  luo- 
tivar  alu'uua  siniestra  inteli;^encia  (pie  eonvi'ue  evitar,'  /(/,.  i.  ;"iJ!),  On  llu; 
lith  of  AwLjiist  Itnrrigaray  jiroclaimcd  the  result.  The  doeiiinent  w  is  .^  •- 
vcrely  ciitii'ised  by  I'lay  Meleiior  de  Talainantes,  of  ^^•hoso  political  tenden- 
cies nieuti(ni  will  lie  made  later,  Talainantes  charu'es  the  viceroy  with  having 
his  own  interest  more  at  heart  than  those  of  the  kiii;,'doiii,  '  (^Uie  dehe  es]ie- 
r.irse  de  vos,'  he  aslis,  '([tie  liaheis  velado  hasta  ahora  suhre  vnestras  pid))ii).s 
interests  y  no  sobro  los  del  rciiio  y  en  su  organizacion;  rpio  no  lial)C'  tenido 
otra  Icj'  (]Ue  vuestros  eapiichos,  (pio  solo  haljeis  consultado  ;l  vucstr.iM  .I'vei 
sinnes  y  paseos  niirando  con  indifereneia  la  adiniiiistracion  pi'iljlica.'  fd.,  i, 
."di'p-y,  where  see  copy  of  the  proclamation  with  Talainantes'  anuotalions.  On 
the  l.'Jth  of  .\u,L;ust  alleiiiauce  to  IVuiando  was  ex|iressed  by  a  ei  iebration  in 
his  Imnoi',  solemnized  by  religious  ecreiiionies,  and  en!i\eiied  by  proeessioiia 
and  illuminations.   Id.,  i,  olS-l'J;  Gaz.  dc  Mrj.,  ISJS,  xv,  oGS-70. 


48 


IXriMtlGARAY'S  DHPOSAL. 


hi!: 


wcro  Ijiirncd  in  ilio  ])l;i/a.  A  rinnoi-  jiaving  sproafl 
lliaf  two  coiimiissioiu'is  hy  t!iis  vessel  wcvo,  sccrt.-tcd 
ill  tlio  lioiisu  of  Ciiiaci)  Cclxillns,  tin;  coiuiuulaiito  of 
tlio  port,  a  inol)  bi'okc)  into  ami  plundered  it.  The 
liost  was  taki'ii  to  ilie  liouse  to  allay  the  tumult,  hut 
the;  ei'owd  was  only  dispersed  hy  a  lieavy  I'all  of  I'ain.^' 
]tui'>'i,L;'ai'ay  heard  of  it  on  the  l.'3th  of  Aui^aist,  the 
(lav  on  whieli  IIkj  oath  of  alh^niance  to  Fernando  was 
taken,  and  it  oUL;'ht  to  have  been  a  waruinn'.'' 

( )n  the  .'lOlli  two  <'onnnissioner,s  from  the  junta  of 
Sevllji.'  anived  at  ^lexico  domandinu^  reeo'j^nition  of 
its  sovereiL,futy  over  Xi.'W  Spain.'"  They  were  Juau 
(lahriel  Jahat,  a  naval  commander,  and  hitter  enemy 
of  Iturri'^'aray,''  and  Colonel  Tomas  de  Jaure^nii,  a 
brother  of  the  \ieei'oy's  wife.  They  were  instructed 
to  ai'i'est  the  viceroy  in  case  he  i-efused  conn)liance. 
A  iunta  v\as  convened  on  the  iollowiu''  day,  at  which 
Iturri^'aray  expressed  his  dissatisfaction  at  the  tone 
and  want  of  courtesy  of  the  despatch.^'*  The  debate 
which  en.-ucd  was  warm  and  len<>'thv,  and  tended  in 
no  way  to   procure    harmony.     Oidor  Aguirre  prt)- 


^' '  Lo  que  rcalinontp  rcsfvic'i  ii  Ids  nmonfiiindos,  y  los  ilisolvi('),  fui'^  uii  fiior- 
tfsimo  ii'maeoro,  (|iic  liuho  on  aijiulla  Iidivi.'  I.annr.a,  l)isnir<oi  J//"/.,  no. 
xxxvi.  ft'.').'),  Jiiistanianto  stitcs  lliiit  Uil'  tiinmlt  w;i3  (ifcasinni'il  l)y  the  indis- 
creet autiou  of  C'cliallos,  \\]v>  proliil)itc(l  umlur  jiaiii  of  di'atli  any  one  from 
vifiitin':;  l!io  Fi'oii.h  sliip.  'J'lii^  'javc  otreucc  to  the  isailor.s  in  Vera  ("rii/,  and 
led  to  tlio  saeUin,^'  of  Celmllos'  lionse:  'ia  eluisnia  niarinera .  .  .airojij  sus 
inuelile.s  a  la  e:il!<',  (lucnn)  su  (juitrin,  y  roln'i  sns  pianos  de  la  roniisioii  hidro- 
unitiea-  (]ii(!  Iialiia  levantado,  y  jiintaniente  una  poreiou  de  iu.struuieiitu.s  de 
marina.'  Cftrn,  'J'ra  Shjlu-f,  iii.  •J,'iJ-,'t. 

'■' '  VA  niodo  fiicil  eon  rpic  se  inicii'i  la  asonada,  y  que  manifestaba  el  prrado 
de  exaltaeion  en  qne  so  liailaban  los  aiiiino^?,  indieij  al  \  ire  y  lo  jiredispttesto 
(]uc  esta'ia  el  puel)lo  ii  lanzarse  ;i  la  revolueion.'  Xr;iri  fi\  J/i.c.  Si// 1  A' /A'.,  i., 
S!).  'J'his  author  slate;^  t'lat  it  was  belirved  in  Vera  ( 'rn;',  that  .Jo-e  .Mi;.;iiel 
do  Azanza,  formerly  vieenjy,  and  at  thi^^  time  minister  of  war  of  Joseph 
IVniair.rtt',  lia<l  arrivetl  on  the  Freneli  vessel. 

'''Three  days  before,  Jturri;^aray  had  deemed  it  advisable  to  issue  .a  proc- 
lamation exhortini;  the  people  to  maintain  allegianee  to  I'ernando  and  unite 
I'X  resisting  Xapoleon.     Jj'nirio,  Mix.,  ix.  •Jo'.l-t^. 

''  'Porjue  cstc  le  Iiabia  lieeho  salir  mal  de  su  {,'rad()  <1or  nnos  antes  para 
Ivspaila,  ponjrie  (pii;riii  pereiliir  lus  sueldus  .sin  trabajar.'  Cavo,  Trcs  Siijlo-', 
iii.  -J;):;. 

''"  \'ill.i  Urrutiii  thus  expresses  liimself :  'Celebrosc  la  junta,  kc  vieron  los 
papole.s  do  aquella' — the  junta  of  Sevilk' — 'redueidos  i'l  una  proelania,  y  .-i 
<lo3  ordenes  en  tono  .^oberano,  eonlirmnndo  la  una  ii  todos  in  .siis  respcetivca 
f-nipleos,  y  niandando  per  la  otra  qo  so  cmbiascn  los  caudales  qe  ubiesc' 


He 


Uz  y  IJdralos,  Col.  Dor.,  i.  C>'.i7j-(j. 


JUNTAS  CONVENKD. 


4!t 


1""  sprc.'ad 
J  secreted 
lulaiite  of 

it.  The 
limit,  l)ut 

of  I'iiiu.^' 
iijfust,  llio 

i.'iiido  was 
1'. 

)  junta  of 
'jfiiitioii  of 
vere  Jmui 
:er  enemy 
iiur(.'L?ui,  a 
instructed 
)nij)liance. 
,  at  wliicli 
tlic  tone 
'lie  clebato 
tended  in 
uirro  pro- 

fni''  1111  fucr- 
■o>  llr-'t.,  no. 
l)y  tlie  iiiiH:^- 
iiny  iiiu^  irniii 

■a  ('ill/,  ami 

oiuisiiiii  hiilr<i- 
,lruiiR'iito.-i  do 

-t.'ilia  ol  jrrnilo 
|]^('lli^p\U'sto 

<;ji  >xix.,i., 

■It>-o  Miijiiel 
v;ir  i)f  Josc[ih 

issno  a  proe- 
1)  aiul  unite 

IS  antes  para 

KC  vi'.Ton  los 
iroi'laiua,  y  d 
IS  rc's[H'i?tivc3 
us  (^0  ubiesc' 


posed  that  in  nil  matters  Ix/lon^InL;*  to  the  war  and 
ti'easurv  departments,  the  soverei'^'nty  of  the  Se\ilUi 
j.nita  should  bo  acknowleflged,  hut  not  in  those  of 
]i,itn>iiii;4e  and  Justice.  These  views  wen,;  opposed  hy 
th<'  Mai'iiuc.sde  KayasandVilla  lji'rutia,on  the  ground 
ihai  the  soverei^•nty  was  indivisil.)le.  Althoug'h  tlu; 
phuality  of  votes  was  in  favor  of  A<.i;'uirre's  motion, 
{\\i-  i'e>ult  was  inelfective,  owing  to  further  compli<'a- 
tioMs  caused  l)_y  the  arrival  that  same  niL;ht  of  i\v- 
spatchcs  from  deputies  of  the  junta  of  ()vie<lo,  which, 
like  that  of  Seville,  claimeil  royal  authority,  as  holders 
of  till'  crown  for  the  lawful  kin;^' of  Spain. ^^  ( )n  Se[>- 
t<':iil)er  tlie  1st  the  viceroy  summoned  another  coun- 
cil, at,  which  he  stated  that  S|)ain  was  in  a  state  of 
anarchy,  since  all  juntas  wished  to  he  sui)reme.  The 
cMiiiplicjition  caused  hy  the  claim  t)f  two  se|)arate 
Spaiiisji  juntas  to  the  su[)remo  pc^wt^r  hul  to  a  sus- 
]ieMsi(>n  of  action,  and  a  resolution  to  wait  for  further 
ih'ws  was  passed.  ]Jut  the  indiscreet  laiiguaL>'e  of  the 
viceroy  was  construed  into  a  hint  that  he  inteiidc'd  t'» 
depose  .Vguirre  and  IJataller  and  otlu-r  oidoi'es,-'  and 
it  wa>;  sus[)ected  that  ho  was  fully  aware  of  nig'htly 
mvutings  which  were  now  being  lield  l)y  the  faction 
sed  to  him,  and  at  which  were  discussed  plans 
thi'owing  liim. 
.\gain  and  lor  the  last  time  Ituri'igaray  convened  a 
junta  1)11  the  'Jtli  of  Soptemi)er.  The  main  point  dis- 
cussed was  the  conv.)cati<)n  of  a  general  congress  and 
the  I'stablishment  of  a  provisional go\(_'rnment.  (Ireat 
civiifii^ioii  mai'ked  xho  proceedings.  A'illa  Urrutia  was 
tlie    main   promoter   of    the   idea,   and   to   liim    were 

"/./.,  i.  y.m:    X,':jrrfr,  J^'.r.  Sl'jh  A7A".,   i.    102-101.     Called  l.y   \"illii 
l.'rniUa  'la   jiiiitado  Astiirias.'   I'li/i.    !'«/•.,  elvii.,  no.  Nxxiv.  7. 

'-' Cunrt-lddn,  I'eri  lud  .Snbida. ',i'i-~.  Tlic  liscal  IJoilwii,  in  a  long  address, 
made  use  of  expressions  lii^'ldy  llattei'in',;  to  Iturrigaray,  wiioin  lie  called  tlio 
viiM-ij;e;-ent  of  the  king.  'lUtii,  l)ieii,'  rejilied  tlie  vieeroy,  'piles  si  yo  lo  soy, 
e,id:i  111)1)  do  V.  SS.  guardo  sii  ])uesto,  y  no  extrafio  si  eon  algano.  t>  al;;iinos 
t'liiio  [ii'ovideiieias.'  Jinntaiiia.i/i',  iwCnro,  Ti'i'-^  ISiiil  i.-;  iii,  •_'.'!•">;  /•','.'.  Virdnilirn 
"ri'i.,  ii.  ."is.  (Jiiefra  ascribes  still  stronger  langnagt;  to  Ittirrlgaray.  'L'ada 
iMi')  guarde  sn  jiiiesto,  (|ii<!  yo  iiare  (pie  todas  lo  giiardeii,  y  si  so  viero  (|iie 
lia'jo  al-iiiia  deinostracion  eon  algnnos  SeAores,  no  sen'l  e.xtrailo  purquu 
lialird  fiiiidainento  para  ello.'  /,'<  r.  de  jS'.  L'l'.,  i.  'Jo. 
lil-sr.  Mi;i.,  Vol.  IV.    1 


(  .jipo 
ot 


00 


ITUIIRIGAIIAY'S  DIU'OSAL. 


o]>|»()se(l  the  tlirijc  liscak's,  Francisco  Xavicr  IJoi-'dou, 
Ambi'Dsii)  Za'^'ar/Liricta,  and  Francisco  lloMctlo,  all 
of  wlio.si!  opinions  and  voles  were  I'cad  Ik'I'oi'o  tliu 
junta.  Tho  eldest  in<inisitor  denounced  I  lie  j)i'o- 
posed  convention  as  seilitious.-^  Tho  older  .^[i4■nel 
Bataller  looked  to  N^illa  LIrrutia  to  re[)Iy  to  tho 
o!)jections,  u|)on  which  the  oidor  A'^uirre  proposed 
that  thosD  ravorinL;"  tlie  junta  should  conlino  them- 
selves to  the  discussion  ol"  livo  j)oints,  namely:  the 
aiilhoi'ity  to  convoke  it;  tho  necessity  of  so  doin;^'; 
the  benolit  to  ho  derived;  tho  persons  who  should 
com])oso  the  con^'ress;  and  whether  their  votes sIkkiM 
he  decisive.  T\\c  city  procuralor-L;eneral,  Ai^'ustin 
Itivero,  then  boldly  stated  that  althou'^'h  the  syndic 
could  only  I'epresent  the  i)lebeian  element,  he  him- 
self, from  the  nature  of  his  appointment,  could  Ik; 
the  i-eprosentative  ol'  tho  other  classes.  This  cause  I 
additional  commotion.  Tho  archbisho[)  at  once  e\- 
pn'ssed  his  utter  disapjn'oval  of  s'"di  a  claim,  while 
others  alst)  vociferously  di.-nounced  it.  And  he  said 
further:  "If  such  dissension  is  occasioned  by  the 
siiiij)le  su'^'j^estion,  to  what  extent  will  matters  go  if 
it  be  realized;"'  lie  then  declared  liimself  opposed 
to  a  convocation,  althout»"h  he  had  previously  been  iji- 
clined  to  favor  it.  While  discussion  was  at  its  lieight, 
a  voice  was  heard:  "If  the  municijiahties  are  not 
convoked  they  will  assemble  of  thc'r  own  accord." 
]]y  some  this  bold  speech  was  attributed  to  llivoro.-- 
]\reanwhile  the  viceroy  maintained  an  affable  (h;- 
meanoi'  toward  all.  lie  even  condescended  to  ex.- 
}»]ain  that  lie  had  ])cen  informed  that  some  of  his 
exi)ressioiis  at  the  last  junta  had  caused  (jifence,  had 
been  ret^arded  as  a  threat  against  certain  members; 
and  thereupon  he  declared  that  his  language  was  only 


"  '  Sosteiiili  t'.'  ho  snid,  'quo  tales  jniitiis  sou  jjor  sn  iiaturaloza  nfiUfio-tai, 
b  ii  lo  iiK'uo.-i  jnlii/nisai  y  tlcl  toilu  imitilo.s.'  Hijr.  Wrdadrro  Oriijcii,  no.  ii. 
3S. 

■■' '  IVh'o  eoiiU)  I'l  scilor  fiscal  do  lo  civil.  Za:,':irzuiii'ta,  rcdarmiyora  al  iu- 
staiitc  ai[iic!la  ])i-oiiosicioii  snliciosa. .  . y  .si;,Micia  cl  confuso  miUiuiillo,  (|uuUo 
si;i  ii[iuiaisc.'  Jli.;  Jliritaiuhz  i/  JJaralu.^,  Col.  JJoc,  i.  OuJ. 


LNUISCUKTKjN  of  TIIK  VlL'KIiwV. 


r  l>t)r')!)ii, 
ilth'do,  nil 

ly    to    tli-i 
I    |)r()|)i»st';l 
iiie  tlieiii- 
.iiK'ly:  tlu! 
so  (loiii'4'; 
ho  sluml  I 
)toss!ioul  I 
I,  A,n'ustiii 
tlu!  syiulic 
I,  ho  him- 
),  CA}l\\d    h.! 
his  cause  I 
t  oiure  I'X.- 
laiin,  wliilo 
id  ho  sai;l 
vd   l)y   tho 
ttoi's  go  it' 
'W  ()p|)()sr;l 
ly  hccii  in- 
its  licight, 
,'s  aro   iioLr 
11  accord." 
Hivei'o.-- 
ifahlo    d(!- 
od   to   ox- 
liiiu  of   his 
Ibiico,  liad 
lueinhcrs; 
b  was  only 

lloza  >«'il!''iOfirf<, 
\  Ori'jiii,  111),  ii. 

Ivmtyei'ji  III  iii- 
liiiiiiiUo,  (j^uodo 


(lir<'i-l  .1  n;.>'aiiist  the  authors  of  ccrlalii  |)n'^'|uin;i(!<'s 
111'  ;i  st'iliti<»us  char;i<-tri'. 

i  )ufiiig  tliis  scssIdh  ihc  runidrrd  intciiti'iii  nl'  ili  > 
vic(;r<>v  to  rcsin'ii  w.is  hi-ou^ht  t()r\\;;iil.  "^I'ho  rcgidoi' 
Aiiliiiiii)  MuiuK.'/  I  N'ict  <)'"•'  jirosr;  ;nid  Iia\iiig  >(.il>l 
l!i:iL  such  a  report  li.id  rcachc(l  Hu'  ;iyuntaMiiiiil'>, 
i\'.juc>(ril  Ttiu-rigaray,  il'  lie  liad  such  intiiitinn,  to 
)\  ■•Diisidcr  the  luiitLcr  and  rciuaiu  at  the  heail  ol' 
all'  Irs,  sincn  o'rievous  evils  would  he  certain  to  I'ollo,/ 
at  .--nrli  a  eriiical  time,  if  the  country  wei'e  lel't  witli- 
oat  a  cliief  so  capahle  of  delen(Ung  it.  The  xiciriiy 
Miid  lie  wislu.'il  U>  resign;  lie  was  getting  old  and  dilli- 
culties  were  thie'keniug — all  the  same  lie  hail  no  in- 
tenliou  of  lavino-   aside  swet.-t  autlutritv.     Tlien  Wv- 

«.■  »    7  I  • 

(lad  sjiolve  in  sii[)|)ort  of  t!u^  repruseiitations  of  J'rit!to, 
•ind  aftji'  a  llnv  woi'vls  from  lii\ei'o  and  Ulua[)a,  a  pro- 
f  (und  silenc(j  rei'''ned  while  thev  were  wait  in''"  to  hear 
IV  im  the  opposition.  Not  a  word  c:un(^  fi'oin  them, 
!i  'wever,  and  Itui'rio'arav  tinallv  ordered  the  husin^'s.; 
Ol'  the  junta  to  proceed."'  ^I'lio  dehate  continued,  hut 
with  no  other  result  than  to  increase  feelinL:'  between 
the  two  factions. 

Had  tiie  viceroy  at  tins  crisis  exliihited  a  prudent  I'e- 
str.rmt  the  storm  iiiiglit  liave  passed;  hut  ho  ])ersisted 
i  I  a  eidigreso  consult ivo,  and  had  indeed  ah'ead}'  on 
ihe  1st  of  the  month  issued  circulars  to  the  ayunta- 
i!iien(:os  of  the  princi[)al  cities,  instructing  them  to 
^e!id  deputies  to  th(!  capital.  J  [is  assuui])tion  of  pre- 
rogatives, inorof)ver,  his  failures  to  si^dc  the  approval 
of  t!ie  acuerdo,  and  his  order  lor  troops  ^o  move  frori 
dalapa  and  Nueva  Galicia  to  the  ca[)ital,  contirmi'd 

-^C.ill''il  l>y  ZamacoiH,  //'/.^■^  .l/r/.,  \\.  IS,  Aiitoiii  >  Mrndcz  r'aiio. 

-''I'lic  viL'criiy  \va.s  at  tliis  tiiiio  (!(i  years  nf  aLTc  'I'hf  siluiicc  of  tlio  otlicr 
iiRiuln'is  of  the  junta  was  hi'lil  as  iinlicatiii:,'  llii'ir  w  isli  that  lie  slumlil  loiu'.i. 
I  hat  ho  iiover  h^l  any  inti'iition  of  dninL,'  so  may  lie  drawii  frmii  the  tai;t  t^iac 
a  li'U'  day-!  later,  as-niuiiiiL;  a  jirelMi^ativc  lievel'  etailiied  liy  preeedilig  vieerny s, 
he  appiiuteil  ( iai\;a  l):'t\  ila  iiiari-^eal  do  caiiipo,  ;ind  .I.ir.c  Maii.i  La.so  to  !''^ 
supei  iuteudeiit  of  tlie  real  aduiiia,  hesides  ^Tantint,'  .1  sulisidy  of  4(l(l.(l(i;) 
J)  'soi  from  the  royal  trea-iiuy  to  the  ernisulado  of  Vi'ra  Cru/.  for  tlie  eoiitinii- 
.•itiou  of  the  road  to  that  port.  This  adiiiiiiistrativo  aet  was  done  indepeiid- 
enily  of  tliu  approval  of  tlie  junta  superior  as  reij^uiied  hy  law.  1,'tc.  ]\rda- 
(I  rij  Uri'jcii,  no.  ii.  o"J. 


r,2  ITURRIGARAY'S  DF:\^.sAL. 

opinion  tlint  his  intrnlioii  was  iilUinatcly  to  L;'ovorn 
Vvitliout  (lc]K'ii(lo!i('i'  on  the  crown.  T\\c  ])artv  op- 
]»oseil  (o  liim,  tlid'clon',  (let(>rniini'il  (o  hastcMi  llicir 
])lans.  '^I'lioi'o  was  ori^'anizcd  against  liini  wliat  the 
\i('('i'o_v  wonld  pi'oi)ah]y  call  a  conspiracy.^'  Thoso 
coniposin<_;'  it  wci'c  mostly  Eiiro|)can  Sj)aniar(ls,  and 
v.'ci'c  sn;por(('(l  l>y  the  coniniorcial  i-lass.  J)cru>vi!i;^ 
that  the  convocation  ol"  a  national  con^i'css,  dctci-- 
mincd  upon  hy  the  viceroy,  would  hrinij;'  to  a  cont'hi- 
sioii  Spanish  I'ule  in  ^Mexico,  they  resolved  to  siillc 
all  tendency  (o  what  they  nii;j;ht  call  disloyalty  to 
Spain,  hy  the  sei/ui'e  of  the  \iceroy  and  his  j)rinoi[)al 
supporters.  (Jalu'iel  de  N'ermo,  a  nat ive  of  Vizcaya, 
and  warmly  attaclu'd  to  the  j»ai'ty  of  the  oidores,  was 
selected  as  (heir  leadei'.  Xoi'  was  the  choice  ill  made. 
( 'oura'4'cous,  enei'^'etic,  possessed  of  ability  and  cau- 
tion, NCrmo  was  in  e\iiT  res[)ect  the  man  to  take 
the  lead.  Moi'eover,  he  had  at  his  connnand  wealth, 
.Tiid  liie  ali'eciion  of  lil)erate(l  slaves  and  other  d*.'- 
];endents  o.;  his  laf^e  (■states.''^''  Though  he  con- 
sid(n'ed  that  tin;  condition  of  allairs  recpiircnl  a  des- 
])(iate  reniiMly,  he  did  iKtt  immediately  accept  the 
in\i(a(ion  of  the  conspirators  to  j)ut  hiniseli'  at  tlieir 
head.  1  ia\  in;^',  how cNcr,  consulted  with  his  confi'ssoi-, 
he  at  last  I'Xprcssed  his  willingness  to  act  as  their 
leailei',  and  as  no  time  was  to  lie  lost^  he  acted  j)roni])t.- 
]y.-'      ^Vt  a  close  meeting-  it  was  determined  that  the 

"■'  Xoir.tr,  M,.,:  Shil.i  XIX.,  i.  IDS. 

'■'''(  l;!t)iii'l  .Io;ii[iiiii  do  Yiriiin  \v;is  honi  iti  tlic  iioi"hl>orliiiii(t  <t(  riilha^)  on 
(lio  lOtliof  S<.'iit<  lulicr,  I7">7.  Ho  inariioil  hi:)  (•■lusiu  Man'a  .lostfa  Viiino  in 
I\Ii'\i(.'o,  will)  li;i(l  iaii.'ri It'll  IVinii  lirr  fiillior  v:il!ialil;'sn;:ar-caiii^  Ijacicinlas  ii  t'lO 
valli'y  <it  Ciii^'i'ii'vaia.  ( )ii  llio  liirlh  (>f  lii.s  son  .Iciai'  Maria  in  17!''i  lio  lili'r- 
t\W'\  lii.s  m';4ro  anil  nnilaltn  :  lavca  U)  the  luuiilni'  of  more  than  l!);),  an  1  a;;ain 
in  ITi'T.  \\iuii  lio  imrohasid  the  estato  of  Jalni'jlon  'a,  ho  ctitVr.noIii  hmI  ■_'  tj 
laoro  w  hi)  In  I(in;-;vil  to  it.  Tho  froodnicn  ovor  artorward  cxhiliitoil  nndoviatin;^ 
iidoiily  and  ;;  Hoot  inn  f  ir  him  and  tho  oaiiso  of  tlio  hinjjof  .Sp'iin.  lIiaH'.uc;':'sa.s 
(in  a.^'rioultin  ist  wa.i  woll  known  in  Now  S|^•lin.  Spoakiio,'  i.i  ilofoTiou  of  liis.ao- 
ti  111  in  this  conspirai'v,  ho  (hiis  alludos  to  tliis  ooo;i[ialiiin :  'l[(!  sido  y  «oy 
puraim  nlo  nil  ai_;iioull(ii' iiidaiitrii  ■>,  oiiya  riiino;:;i,  tal  onal  os,  diinani  oxolii- 
iuvaaionto  do  loa  frntoa  do  mis  haoiond.-i;-!,  nvjo/adas  on  mi  ]):idi'r  oxlra  ifdi- 
iiai'i.uiioiiti',  odino  saho  tenia  la  \nova  I'lspafii.'  I'(i;i.  la;-.,  .\x:;vi.,  no.  Iwiii., 
ii.  ,")  I  !';  Cini'-i  /■iil'i.  \ii  Id.,  oonv..  no.  iii.,  xljv.-l.;  .[/■i.ikhi,  Jlit>'.  ,l/i /'.,  i. 'J.'S. 
Ill'  ilii  d  ill  .Moxioo  (111  till'  7th  of  Siploiiilior,  ISlli,  boiii;^'  iicai'lv  ."it)  yi'ai's  of 
ii;.v.    /  /..  i.  .")!);!. 

-' J  tui'riL,'aray\j  dofondor,  as.jort.  tliat  Yoriuo'ti  doci.sion  was  iiilhioncod  by 


yI':km(">  as  leader. 


53 


to  o-ovcrn 

jiartv  oji- 

istoii  llicir 

whiit  the 

'.'■^■'  Those 
lianls,  and 
l]erK>viii;jj 
'(^ss,  (Ictor- 
)  a  coiu'lu- 
■d  to  slillo 
sloyalty  to 
is  principal 
)(■  Vizcaya, 
liilorcs,  was 

L'O  ill   IIKUK'. 

y  and   cau- 

an  t^>  take 

uid  wealth, 

[   other    ue- 

rh    he    con- 

ired  II  des- 

aee<  [it  the 

•If  at  tluir 

s  confessor, 

t  as   tluii" 

(1  proaipt- 

1  thai  the 


if  i'.illia'i  (III 
SLf:l  Vi  ;  liio  ill 
u'ii'nilas  i  1  I'lC 
171) »,  he  lili-r- 
l!)',),  :in  1  ;i;;;iiil 
r,.iiclii  H'll  'lyj 
d  nii'l'jviiiliii;^ 
llidH',uc;'!',;;!i3 
fc'U'O  (if  liisMc- 
iii'  h;i.l.i  y  si'V 
(liili:iui  I  xclii- 
nlor  I'xli-a  ir.li- 
vi.,  iH'.  Iwiii., 

'.  M.j.,i.-rs. 

ly  ,"i(i  yi'ai'f*  of 
iiilliK'iici'.l  liy 


person  of  tlie  viceroy  should  he  sei::ed,  an<l  tlu>  li'overn- 
nieiit  of  the  conntry  liold  for  Spain.  Venno  told  his 
associates  that  if  he  took  the  kad  tln^  ailair  nnist  he 
coiidncted  without  (lisj»lay  of  any  rancorous  fuelinL;s, 
that  hloodslied  nuist  be  avoided,  and  the  proposed 
eou])  d'etat  acconn)lis]ied  in  a  single  nig'ht. 

Assenibliiii^  in  the  city  a  force  coni[)ostxl  of  faithfid 
lahoi'ers  on  his  estuie, ''*  he  nLX.t,  proceeded  to  ya.in  owi- 
the  oilieers  of  the  palace  guard.  This  force  was  com- 
posed of  a  coni[)any  drawn  from  the  inl'antry  regiment 
organized  and  jiaid  l)y  the  uicrchanls  of  the  ca[)ital,-' 
who  moreover  had  the  ap|)oin(ment  of  the  olH(,-ers. 
These,  being  .selected  lri.<i!»  the  counnercial  class,  were 
with  few  exceptions  devoted  to  the  European  i'.u;tion, 
and  it  would  not  be  dllKcult  to  win  over  the  oilieers  of  a 
single  conn>any.  The  troops  of  the  viceroy  were  al- 
ready drawing  near  to  the  city,  and  the  active  con<pira- 
toi's,  who  nnnd)ercd  three  hundrc'd,  apj)ointe(l  the 
night  of  the  14th  of  Septcnd)ei'.  The  \iceroy  had 
been  several  times  warned  of  the  plot,  and  h;id  it  U'  t 
been  lor  liis  egotism,  apathy,  and  obstinacy,  he  might 
liave  prevented  it.^'' 

ri'sfiitiiiciit  ii'^aiiist  the  viceroy  for  iiitorfcvin;,'  with  his  interests  an  ji  coiili'ae- 
tor  fnr  meat  lor  the  <:ity,  luul  heeause  the  vieeroy  was  iietivo  in  prompiiii.;  llio 
sei|iie:itraiiou  of  the  eslaa'S  of  the  beni  .'olcnt  iu:itiUitioua  to  wiiieli  hi.i  ov,  a 
[irojierty  was  niort^'a'^eil  in  t!ie  .sum  of  lOO.Oil*  jk-ios.  Vermo,  nioi\'o\(.'r,  h:i.l 
laUen  ail  ;ietiv(!  |)art  in  a  suit  hrou^'iit  hy  the  prodiieer^  of  ii'iaanlieuto  (o  [>i-n- 
t-.t  tlieiiiselves  a,i,':unst  a  heavy  ami  irregularly  imposed  tax  iijiou  (hat  liipioi-. 
r.y  t':o  extreme  anil  freo  oitiiiioiis  whieh  lie  expresiuil  on  tlie  .sulijeet,  he  i:i- 
(■iu'ri,>l  tlieaU'^erof  tlio  viceroy,  w  ho  onlereil  his  iiniirisonment,  Irom  whi.  Ii 
lie  was  only  .saved  hy  tile  iiilluenee  of  one  of  his  eoiiii;  rymeii,  wlio  was  a  i'l  ieii  i 
iif  l;iirri','aray.  Alainail  ilel'ends  Vernio  aijaiust  tile  cli;ir;:o  I'.iat  prrs(jnal  in  i- 
tivrs  iallue.iced  him  in  the  action  ho  tool;  a'.'iinsl  the  vieeroy.  /(/.,  i.  •S.'tJ- '.'A. 
,\r  ;rete  taUesaditi'erent  view.  M(  .c.  Siijlo  XIX.,  i.  1  IS  I'.l;  lU  i\  X.  I,'<ji.,  \  i  /■ 
il'dlirii  Ori'jiii,  no.  ii.  ri.'i-O. 

■^  ihistamante,  in  mahiii;^'  mention  of  tliis  f.iet,  apolo  ,'i/.es  to  \ermo"s  (ami! , 
1  ir  doin%'  so.  '  I'rotesto. .  .no  es  mi  itiiimo  I'lenlrr  tn  iiada  ^i  la  viitu>'i 
fanilal  de  aipiel  eiudadaiio,  justainente  apreeiada  hoy  rn  Mi^xieo.'  l',ini,  'J',\  .i 
iS'^;/  X,  iii.  'I'M. 

''laiied  el  rejriiniento  del  eoinereio.  Each  day  a  i(iiii[>any  nf  tliisre/i- 
meiit  formed  tlie  guanl  of  the  vieeiv^al  palace. 

■■'  '  ('oiidiiciase  en  todo  e'omo  iiii  honilire  naicoti/ado.'  ilii>itaiii(iiili',  (  ^«((^•  > 
llUi.,  i.,  carta  1",  .'i.  A  month  licfore  Ihistam.mte  had  intuine  I  lturii;ar,iy 
tli.'.t  aeonspiraey  was  on  foot  to  seize  his  person  and  dep  i.;e  him,  iiat  tlio 
vicer  <y  |iaid  no  litTd  to  him.  ,\  woman,  also,  presented  a  pr|ier  to  him  on:.' 
d  y  iis  he  was  leaving  the  palace  and  iinjilored  liini  to  read  it,  as  i!  revealed 
a  plot  to  inalie  him  captive.     Others  warned  him  to  no  piiip  isc.  Vaco,  Tin 


64 


ITURRIGARAY'S  DEPOSAL. 


Plans  for  tlio  14th  were  frustrated  Uy  the  fears  of 
Juan  Gallo,  captain  of  the  guard,  wlio,  wliile  synipa- 
tliizing  witli  the  movement,  refused  to  join  in  such 
ai'bitrary  measures,  tliougli  lie  promised  not  to  beti-ay 
them.  They  therefore  tried  Santiago  Garcia,  who 
Avould  bo  in  connnand  on  the  following  dav.  He  also 
at  first  refused  to  admit  them  into  the  [)alace,  but  was 
finally  won  over  by  the  arguments  of  his  lieutenant, 
Luis  Granados,  the  captain  t)f  the  artillery,  who  ac- 
ce])ted  a  bribe  of  eight  thousand  pesos.^' 

Thus  all  was  made  ready.  The  oidores''^  Avore  ad- 
vised of  the  meditated  attack,  and  the  cons[)irators, 
V,  ho  had  assumed  the  name  of  Volunteers  of  Fm-naii- 
do  VIT.,  and  were  afterward  distinguished  by  the 
aj)pellation  of  Chaijuetas,"'^  cautiously  assembled  in  the 
})()rtal  do  las  Flores  at  12  o'clock  on  the  night  of  the 
l;jth."'*  Yermo  ])laced  himself  at  tlie  head,  and  they 
]>rocecded  silently  to  the  palace  gates.  The  guard 
had  been  locked  up  in  their  quarters,  and  the  sonti- 
iiels  at  the  entrance  stood  mute  and  motionless.'^ 
(.'onnected  on  the  north  side  with  the  palace  stood 
the  court  prison,  and  the  sentinel  on  guard  there,  not 

Srjlo^,  iii.  23G-7.  Itnrri^^'ar.iy  states  in  his  defence  that  at  t!io  conimeiiee- 
ineiit  (if  the  cwisi)iracy  a  youtliuukuown  to  liiin  iiifoniieil  him  t!i;it  tlieoidores 
v.cro  foniiiii^;  a  (IciiL'ii  to  sei;:c  Jiim.  Ahinhiii,  llhf.  M'j.,  i.  1241^-."). 

^'This,  aooorJing  to  the  statement  of  Itu;  rigaray.  Alanian  iliseredita  the 
r.ssei'tion.  (Jranados  wa-i  afterward  banished  hy  liarihay  to  Aeapuleo,  where 
lie  died  shortly  after.  LL,  i.  1240.  Jjusliuaanto  aecvpLs  iturri^^aray'.s  state- 
ment. '  Captain  1).  Luis  (iranados  eiitalia  veudido  .1  la  faceion,  y  en  la  tard  j 
hahianiaudadoalniisnio  Talaeio  ocheiitiartilleros  jiaia  ^uo  litiiLsen  eartuehos 
y  tnvie.?en  la  artiUeria  il  jinnto.'  Sup.  C<i<:o,  Tre-i  Si'ilun  ■  iii.  'I'M. 

•'-  With  rcLjard  to  previous  and  linal  eonu;iuiiiea  Lions  with  the  oidores,  con- 
lialt  Yermo,  in  Amino  del  Puehlo,  ii.,  no   vii.,  'Jll-"_'4. 

^■'  Ivefeniug  to  the  jaekets  worn  as  part  of  their  uniform 

^'Tlic  portal  do  las  I'lorea  was  opposite  the  ])idiioe;  hut  the  coaspirntors 
were  screened  by  the  paria;'  which  intervened.  Bustamanto  states  that  many 
of  them  went  to  tlio  archbisliop  'a  reeiiiir  su  liendieion,  les  (l;seo  buen  suee:  o, 
y  exhorto  como  si  fuo-ieu  a  guerra  do  moros.'  .S'.v/*.  Cdvo,  'I'n-ft  S'lijlo-^,  iii.  'J;>7. 
•V'anian  denies  this.  Negrito  consiihr-;  l;;;;',  the  conspirators  actually  did  re- 
cjive  the  archbishop's  benediction,  Mcx.SiijIo  A/A'.,  i.  117. 

^'Tlio  mayor  de  ])la;'.a,  Corouel  Juan  do  Noriega,  was  afterward  '  hai'gcd 
witli  having  been  bril)i;ilj  and  liaving  -  .loperated  witli  the  eonspii'atois  by 
piving  orders  that  tlio  troops  sliouhl  not.  Lave  tlieir  ipiariers  on  t!iat  night. 
Noriega  defended  himself  by  (lepo'<ition'<  taken  from  a  nunil)er  of  tlie  princi- 
pal actors.  In  18i2l  his  family  caused  this  vindieatiuu  of  liis  character  to  be 
printed  and  ]iublislied,  .a  copy  of  whicli  is  t )  be  b)und  in  l'<ii>.  Td/'.,  civil., 
no.  xxxiii.     Consult  Yermo,  in  Aniijoilcl  I'uv'il-j,  ii.  -lo-l'J. 


CIIAIIACTER  OF  ITURniGARAY. 


55 


ho  foars  of 
lilo  svui'ia- 
ill  ill  such 
t  to  betray 
arcia,  who 
'.  He  also 
L;e,  Ijut  was 
lieutenant, 
y,  who  ac- 

^'^  were  ad- 
)ns[)iratt)rs, 
of  For  nail- 
ed by  the 
ibled  in  the 
o'ht  of  the 
,  and  they 
The  ^^-uard 
1  tlie  senti- 
lotionless.'''' 
alacc  stt)od 
there,  not 


10  commciioc- 
it  the  oidores 

(liicrodita  tlio 

•ajiulco,  wlieiv 

;;ir;iy'.s  statu- 

y  vi\  la  taid  J 

jsuii  cili'tuchod 

in. 

10  oulores,  con- 


ic conspirators 
tes  that  many 
'i  hueu  Slice-  (>, 
';//o.v,  iii.  '2'.>~. 

otiially  dill  ro- 

•wai'il  (  liaPiCil 
inspivator.s  liy 

)ii  that  iiiglit. 

)i  tiie  iH'iiici- 
liai actor  to  lie 
Var.,  civil., 


l.ciiii:  in  tlio  secret,  challenged  tliein  as  thoy  ap- 
1  roaihud.  Iteceivinii"  no  ro])ly,  he  fii\'d  on  them,  and 
was  ijreparing  to  reload  \v\n:\)  he  was  shot  down,™ 
Kocovering  I'rom  thio  inislia[),  they  entered  the  palace 
■without  further  opposition;  and  notwithstandiiio- the 
two  shots  which  had  been  lired  without,  they  I'ound 
]turrigaray  asleep  in  his  chamber.  Ai'oused,  tlie 
viceroy  found  himself  a  prisoner,  and  having  given  up 
the  keys  of  his  cabinets,  ho  was  conducted  with  his 
two  cl(lc>st  SDUS  in  a  cari'iage  to  the  inquisition,  and 
lodgi'd  in  the  house  of  the  iiKjuisitor  Prado,  His 
wife  and  two  chihlren  offender  age  were  at  Iho  same 
time  conveyed  to  tlu;  nunnerv  of  San  Hernanh*.^' 

t'  •-'■ 

Thus  fell  this  vacillating  viceroy,  w'hose  medioc- 
rity of  character,  coui'age,  and  ability  rtuidered  him 
signally  imlit  to  govern  during  this  most  critical  pe- 
riod. Intriixuini*'  but  feelile  in  desi<jfn,  ambitious 
]>iit  timid,  he  could  neither  skilfully  plan  nor  boldly 
execute,  while  his  tempoiizing  polic}'  encouraged  his 
enemies  mid  disap[)ointed  his  I'riends,  Had  heat  the 
first  ai [opted  with  decision  the  views  of  either  faction, 
and  su})[ti>rted  them  1)>'  positive  measures,  he  would 
(Joubtle.vs  have  retained  control  of  all'airs.  Altiiough 
tlie  ar])iti'ariness  of  his  final  acts,  antl  his  intention  to 
conci'iitiate  forces  in  the  capital,  soom  to  indicate  that 
;it  last  he  had  doterniinod  to  suj)port  the  croole  l)arty 
with  a  view  to  independence,  his  want  of  caution  in 
allowing  his  action  to  outstrip  his  jiower  to  maintain 
it  by  the  presence  <3f  troops  which  he  could  rely  iij)ou 
was  his  ruin,  and  he  was  seized  in  the  viceregal  palace 

'°  liustamantc  iiiakos  tlio  stranf,'o  assertion  that  tins  spntinol,  whose  namn 
waH  Mi;,'ucl  (lai'ri<lo,  after  liaviii^'  lircd,  attackcil  tliem  with  his  bayonet,  and 
that  they  lied  'e<inio  tiniidas  |)ah)nia.s;'  Imt  that  they  afterward  attaiked  iiim 
tinin  lirliind  as  hv  was  rctiiriiiiij,'.  and  woiindcil  and  di-^ariiied  him.  Jhit  linsta- 
niaiite  is  here  stroiiuly  ]iarti.-an,  and  not  to  lie  triis*ed. 

^'  A  lew  days  later  Itiirri^'aray  was  removed  to  i,lic  convent  of  tho  JJetlile- 
lieiiiiti'S.  Ills  fall,  without  th"  eirusion  of  hlond,  was  eonsidered  hy  many  aa 
iiiiraeiilous.  'Miiehos — aeaso  los  mas  de  eslos  hal)itantes--atril)uyeii  tan  I'eliiS 
siieeso  ;i  la  milavrrosisima  Madre  de  Dios  (iaailaliiimna,  euya  Noveiia  en  sii 
S.mtiiario,  aealia  ilo  veriticavse,  y  en  la  ([ue  las  almas  dovotas  derramarou 
iniK'has  higrimas  ]iidiendolo  cl  romedio  do  los  males  (jiic  uos  anicuazabau.' 
tha.  Mix:,  .\v.  OSti-'J. 


06 


ITURRIGARAY'S  DEPOSAL. 


w]u':i   ]iis  Vv'Lnnic'iit.s  were  almost  at   its   gates,  by  a 
baud  of  civilians  led  by  a  wealthy  farmer.^' 


«l 


No  sooner  had  the  suecessful  chaqnetas  lodged  their 
prisoner  within  the  walls  of  tlu;  in(iuisition,  than  they 
sunnnoned  the  archbishop,  oidores,  and  other  aiit'iMf- 
ities  to  conncil,  and  di^nanded  tho  dei)osal  of  the 
viceroy.  Bv  six  o'clock  in  the  niorniniif  of  th"  IGth 
their  decision  had  been  i^iven.  Iturriijaray  had  been 
deposed,  and  the  niariscal  de  canipo,  Pedro  (jariba\-, 
appointed  as  his  successor  ad  interin).  At  seven 
o'clock  a  proclamation  to  that  effect  was  posted  on  all 
tho  corners  of  the  capital  by  order  of  the  archbisliDp  as 
l)resident  (jf  the  council."*  Then  followed  arrests  ot 
the  ex-viceroy's  princii)al  partisans,  and  other  individ- 
uals suspected  of  revolutionary  tendencies.     Vei-dad, 


Mm 


I 

111 


il^il 


"For  a  concise  outline  of  Iturriqaray'a  administration,  antl  tlie  course  of 
action  wliicli  kd  to  liid  dowiifrill,  sec  J/rniainlrz  ij  Ddva'o",  Cut.  J)uc.  Inih/i., 
i.  (il.!-.")2.  Tlio  docnnient  liuic  used  was  puljlishcd  Nov.  !>,  1S(J,S,  anil  coui- 
niented  upon  by  the  oidor  Aguirre.  t'ancciada,  the  editor  of  the  (Ac  .u'cx'., 
XV.  (JS7,  thus  hohls  up  to  praise  tho  action  of  the  nitrclmnts  and  ihtii'  do- 
pondcnts:  'Lii  Xueva  Espaua  sabra  con  el  ticnipo  lo  nuicho  <pie  ih'hc  ;i  todj 
el  Coniercio  de  .Mexico  por  esta  accion,  la  cual  so  cxecuto  sin  cfn:sion  dc  san- 
grc:.  .  .A.si  se  .subc  portar  la  Juventad  (sic)  espiuiola  rennida  para  cxtoniiiirir 
los  nialvado.s  y  protcger  los  hondires  de  bicu.'  Caiicclada  published  Lhis  c\lra 
number  iif  his  ga/itte  without  having  submitted  it  to  the  revision  <il  the  oidor 
dcc;;no  as  r'-Mpiii'cil  bylaw.  Garil)ay  reprimanded  liim,  and  ordered  Idui  to 
c;dl  in  all  the  copies  issued.  Gnerra,  Hist.  Jicc.  N.  F.i<ii.,  i.  'JJJ  (i.  Co.isull; 
Yernio's  account  of  the  viceroy's  depii.sitiou  addressed  by  him  to  tin'  Spanish 
junta.   J/'  rnaiiiliz  1/  JJuva'o'f,  Col.  Doc,  i.  Goo-UO. 

^'•' A  copy  of  tiie  proclamation  is  found  in  6'(C  Mcr,,  xv.  (J7!)-S!).  It  in- 
forms the  inhabitants  of  .Mexioothat  'Kl  I'ueblose  haapodcradoih;  la  I'crsona 
del  Kxnio  Seuor  Virrey:  ha  pedido  imperiosauiente  su  svparaeion  por  ra^uuci 
de  utilidad  y  conveniencia  general:  han  convocado  en  la  noche  ju'cccd- nte  ;i 
csto  dia  ;\1  Iteal  Acuordo,  lllmo  Seuor  Arzobispo,  y  otras  autoridadcs:  se  ha 
cedido  ;'i  la  urgencia,  y  dando  por  separado  del  mando  ii  dicho  Virrcy,  ha  ro- 
caido  conforme  a  la  Ileal  Orden  dc  30  de  Octubre  de  lSO(i,  en  el  Mai  iscal  do 
(J  impo  Don  Pedro  Garibay,  interin  se  procedc  A  la  abertura  do  los  plicgoa  do 
Providencia.'  At  eleven  o'clock  (Jaribay,  according  to  this  govcrnineat  (jr- 
gan,  was  recognized  by  all  tho  government  autlioriiics.  Jtl.  The  oidorcs  ii» 
their  report  to  the  junta  de  Sevilla,  dated  the  2-ttli  of  Scpteiuber,  represented 
that  on  the  17th  preceding  the  j)eople  demanded  that  the  pliego  dc  provi- 
dencia sho\ild  not  be  opened,  but  tlr.it  Uaribay  should  cmlinue  at  the  he;i  I 
of  tlie  govcriunent.  In  accordance  with  this  wish,  tho  opening  of  tlic  plieg  i 
was  deferred.  In  Cavo,  'J'ren  i^iijlos,  iii.  23!)-4'J,  is  a  copy  of  this  rcitoit, 
Liziir/.a  gives  a  very  dillcront  reason.  Ho  states  that  it  was  presumed  th.ifc 
tho  successor  to  Iiurrigan'.y  appointed  in  the  pliego  was  the  Manptes  do  Some- 
ruelos,  the  govc  nor  (>f  Ilabana;  but  that,  the  audiencia  were  anxious  to  have 
at  their  head  Garibay,  an  octogenarian,  to  direct  in  such  a  crisis,  and  wiio 
would  olTer  no  opposition  to  their  views  and  measures.    Discurno,  0-7. 


i 


THE  NEW  GOVERNMENT. 


57 


Azeilrate,  and  Itafael  Ortega  were  iuiprisonod  in  the 
iU'cliicpisetipal  jail,  and  shortly  afterward  Franeiseo 
Cisnerus/'  the  abbot  of  Guatlalupe,  the  canon  tJose 
^fariano  BeriHtain,  Jose  Antonio  Ciisto,  and  Fray 
Melchor  Talainantes  of  the  order  of  la  ]\[ereed.*^ 

The  new  government  at  onee  proceeded  to  take  pro- 
cautions  to  secure  itself  in  its  position.  Despatches 
wcru  sent  to  all  the  [)rineipal  cities  with  news  of  t.lio 
occuirenci-'S  in  the  ca[)ital.  Instructions  were  given 
to  the  colonels  oi'  the  regiments  i'roni  Jalaj)a  and 
Nucva    Galicia    to    la  11    back.      Garcia   IJavila   was 


d  i 


1 


d  d( 


removeU  irom  Jiis  connnana  as  niariseai  do  campo," 
and  the  conde   tie    Alcaraz    api)ointed  in    his    place. 

"'(":illcil  l)y  A'aman,  Josr  Ciscnros.    Ifhf.  iVrj.,  i.  'J.')0. 

*'  Tahiiiiuutcs  \\:'siL  native  of  IVri'i,  aiul;istroiiL,'atlv()i.atcforin(lept'rnlcncc, 
as  is  imjvoil  hy  paiici-s  i.i  'us  own  liaiuUvriting  wliidi  woic  scixeil  at  the  tinio 
of  In.-j  capture,  anil  ainon^  wliitli  was  t'ouml  tlio  sliotch  of  a  ])lan  ot  iiidopin- 
ikuuc.  It  Ijuyins:  '  J'll  congreso  iiacioiial  Anicricano  tlcbo  tjcrccr  tuilo.s  lod 
(luicclioti  do  la  Hcjlicrania;'  ami  tlicn  the  duties  and  pfiwei-  of  tlio  con^^i'ess  aro 
l,.id  down  in  i;t  items,  wiiich  include  extensive  reforms  in  political,  civil,  and 
ecclesiastical  administrations,  the  regulation  of  commerce,  and  the  promotion 
of  agricultural,  mining,  and  manufacturing  industries,  '(|uicandoli^s  las  tra- 
lias. '  The  last  item  in  this  interesting  document  is  to  the  oU'ect  tliat  an  am- 
hassador  sIkmiM  lie  sent  to  the  U.  S.  'i'l  tratar  do  alianza  y  pedir  auxilios.' 
hi  another  paper  ho  uses  these  words:  'Aproximaudose  yaei  tiempo  di^  la  iu- 
de[icndencia  do  esto  rcino,  delio  pro<.'iirarse  (pic  el  eoiigreso  (pie  so  tonne  Uevo 
en  si  misino,  sin  (pie  pucda  percibirso  do  los  inadvertidos  la  seinilla  do  csia 
iad.  peiulcncia:  pero  do  una  indepiMideneia  si'ilida,  duralile,  y  (]ue  piieda  s  is- 
teiiersc  sm  dilicultad  y  sin  cfusion  do  saiigre.'  (juiio-hd/i,  I'oiiiliictii  /tiirri;ia- 
n<il,  1  \\)--2.  Alaman  coinpai'cd  the  aliove  (pioted  documents  with  the  origi- 
nals of 'I'alamantes,  which  i!xist  in  the  general  archives.  The  friar  was  also 
tlio  author  of  a  work  ciilitleil  /I'lprcM  nldr'wii  de  l'(s  <  'ulniiian,  wiiich  ho  dedi- 
cated to  tho  ayiintamieuto  of  Mexico  under  the  nom  do  plumo  of  Ii/a,  verda- 
dero  [latriota.  In  this,  tlie  most  important  of  his  productions,  ho  estahlislies 
twelve  eases  in  which  a  colony  can  with  justice  free  itself  from  the  moJicr 
oounlry.  J/ii<t,  M<j.,  i.  app.  .'Ki.  Talamant(s  was  conveyed  on  tho  Oth  of  .\p:il 
t'J  t.'ie  fortn.'ss  (jf  San  Juan  do  Uli'ia,  where  he  was  conliued  in  irons.  Ho  died 
.shortly  afterward  of  yellow  fevci-,  liii  jai'ers  not  having  the  eompassion  even 
to  remove  his  fjttors  during  his  sickness.  U'lr'-nt,  Iliit.  .fala/ni,  i.  '2'M.  Za- 
iiiacoLs  does  not  believe  such  unnecessary  inelenu^ncy  credible.  I/isl.  J/',/.,  vi. 
d.'!;  (Iiicrra  states  that  'le  auadicmn  otro  par  d.'  grillos.'  I'cr.  \.  /Js/i.,  i.  •j;!;!. 
Dastiuiiaute  asserts;  'No  so  le  (piitaron  los  grillos.  .  .hast.i  (d  niomeiito  do  <  n- 
tcrrarlo.'  Sup.  Cuvo,  V'/v.-t  Sii/'os,  in.  2,']S.  N'erdad  died  in  prison  on  the  .|tli 
of  October,  1!J  days  after  his  capture,  not  without  suspicions  of  having  been 
poisoned,  wiiilo  .Azcarato  \\as  sei/c  1  with  an  attack  of  (>iiilepsy,  indiic'il,  it 
Mas  also  believed,  by  poison,  lie  however  recovered,  lu.  -,  having  vindicated 
luMnelf,  wasafterward  .set  at  liberty  by  Viceroy  Venegas.  tlisneros,  JJeristaiu, 
and  (Jristo  were  lib  'rated  soon  after  their  incarceration.  //».,•  /.antiicoix,  IliH. 
Alij.,  vi.  (iJ-3;  /iV>'«,  Di^citrao  rn  la  Alamnhi,  11. 

"Davila,  having  obtained  his  appointment  from  Iturrigaray,  luad  oirorod 
to  resign  if  the  authoriiieg  ilocuioil  it  advisable  under  the  new  order  of 
things.  Oaz.  Jinx.,  xv.  TOO. 


ri8 


ITURIlir.ARAY'S  DKPOSAL. 


li  ' 


f 


! 


Tlio  (Iracjoon  rcj^iniont  of  Mexico  was  ordered  in  all 
haste  to  the  capital,  and  ineasiires  were  taken  to  pre- 
serve public  order  and  tranquillity.  Nor  were  these 
l)recautions  unnecessary.  Contusion  and  tumult  pre- 
vailed in  the  city.  Armed  bodies  of  cr(M)les  and 
natives  thronged  the  streets  with  threatening  demon- 
strations, while  fears  were  entertained  that  an  attempt 
at  rescue  would  be  made  by  a  division  of  the  Jalapa 
regiment,  whose  ca[)tain,  Joacpiin  Arias,  and  his 
brother  officers  declared  that  they  would  liberate 
Iturrigaray  or  perish  in  the  atten)pt.  They  were 
hnally,  howevx^r,  dissuaded  from  their  purpose.  For 
•  ''reatm*  secui'ity  Iturri'nu'ay  was  removed  to  the  fort- 
I'css  of  San  Juan  de  Uh'ia,'^  being  conducted  thither 
on  the  2Lst  by  a  guard  of  sixty  soldiers  of  the  volun- 
teers of  Fcrnan»lo  YU.  and  lifty  dragoons.  A  few 
days  later  he  was  joined  by  his  wile  antl  famil}',  and 
on  the  Gth  of  Deccuuber  cnd)arked  with  tlunn  on 
board  the  San  Jiisto  for  Cadiz.  On  his  arrisal  at 
that  port  he  was  confined  in  the  castle  of  San  Sebas- 
tian, whence  he  was  removed  to  that  of  Santa  Cata- 
lina.  There,  impeached  for  treason,  a'ld  accused  of 
extortion  and  maleadministration,  he  awaited  his  trial. 
i\Tean\vhile,  all  the  hoarded  wealth  in  his  palace  be- 
sides other  property  was  sc^juestrated,""  and  the  oidor 

^'' At  attcini-,t  at  rescue  -was  made,  of  which  Viccnto  Acufia  was  tlio  insti- 
gator, Acnua  was  sent  prisoner  to  Spain,  whore  lie  amis  accpiitted.  lletnrn- 
ing  to  ^Mexico  throe  years  later,  lie  was  arrested  at  I'eroto,  and  shot  under 
sentence  ui  the  council  of  war  stationed  there.  JiiiMamaute,  Sup.,  ^Vev  Siglox, 
iii.  -i-i;!  1. 

^' Ifis  accumulations  were  immense.  In  three  apartments  of  the  palace 
were  fi)nni1,  besides  a  great  (piantity  of  diamonds,  snull'-boxea,  ornamental 
bouquets,  breakfatit  services,  knives,  forks,  aiul  spoons,  all  of  solid  goid,  a 
gold  writini,'-dcsk,  gold  cigar-cases,  and  costly  ornaments,  ti'inkets,  and 
biic-a-brac!  almost  without  number.  Tlie  silver  ware  was  hardly  less  valuable; 
no  fewer  than  HO  dozen  sets  of  plates,  knives,  forks,  and  spoons  were  found, 
with  corrct^pondinif  dinner-services  and  table  ornaments.  Jiehind  his  cabinet 
a  box  was  discovered,  labeled  'J)nlce  de  (,)u(  ivtaro.'  The  sweetmeats  it  con- 
taini'd  \\cie  7,I>S.'S  yold  ounces.  In  another  chest  was  a  massive  circular  in^ot 
(if  ;:old  and  a  threat  vai'icty  of  i-arc  trinki'ts  of  the  sanii!  metal,  '(pie  no  sera 
niuy  couiuii  iialiarlas  cu  los  palacios  de  los  iiioiuircas.'  In  the  corners  (.if  these 
apartuieuts  were  fdiiiid  more  than  .">0,()C()  durns  in  ba,i,'s.  Moreover,  among 
the  s]i(iil  were  fiiur  inteicst-payini,'  bonds  of  10(),()()0  duros  each.  (Tlie  diiro 
was  the  same  coin  as  the  peso  fuertc.)  I'critmizniio,  i.  70-7.  The  editor  of 
tills  periiulical  states  that  the  document  from  wiiich  the  above  pariiculars 
arc  taken  is  a  copy  of  the  original  niauuscript.     Tlio  .same  is  to  be  ftund 


\ 


1 


f 
4 


TRIAL  OF  ITUIIRIGARAY. 


60 


■cd  in  all 
n  to  pro- 
ire  tlicso 
nult  pre- 
oles    and 
^  dcmon- 
i  attonipt 
10  Jalapa 
and   bis 
liberato 
loy  were 
>sc.     For 
tho  fort- 
d  tliitlier 
bo  volun- 
A  few 
niily,  and 
tlu^ni  on 
irrixal  at 
n\  Sobas- 
II t  a  Cata- 
'cnscd  of 
liis  trial. 
)alaco  be- 
Itlio  oidor 

as  the  insti- 
ll,    llctnni- 
|l  shot  uiuhji' 
I,  Tir-i  Sitjloii, 

|f  tho  palace 
oniamoutal 
Isiilid  gold,  a 
riiikots,  and 
less  valnalilo; 
Iwci'o  found, 
ll  his  cabinet 
Incats  it  con- 
lircuhir  ingot 
|(|no  no  suni 
iicra  of  these 
(over,  among 
(Tlie  dnro 
riio  editor  of 
partieidara 
io  he  fciind 


];atalltr  was  commissionod  to  draw  up  indictments. 
The  first  process  desp;d(;lied  to  S|)ain,  bcinj^  hastily 
])ropari'd,  was  not  couched  in  legal  terms/'  and  tlie 
jiroceedings  instituted  were  delayed  until  an  instru- 
ment in  Droper  form,  supported  by  the  necessary  docu- 
ments, was  obtairied  from  Xew  Spain,  and  it  was  not 
until  Angust  1800  that  the  trial  proceeded. '''^  The  ac- 
cusations were  then  divided  into  two  classes,  forming 
two  distinct  suits,  the  prosecution  for  treason  and  the 
residencia  of  tho  accused.  On  the  9tli  of  November 
following,  Iturrigaray  submitted  his  defence  to  the 
council  of  tho  Indies,  in  which  ho  claimed  acquittal  of 
the  charge  of  treason,  on  tho  ground  that  ho  had 
cleared  himself  of  the  accusations  before  the  Spanish 
junta  central.  With  regard  to  his  residencia,  ho  main- 
tained that  it  ought  not  to  be  talcen  while  he  was  in 
captivity,  with  his  salary  suspended,  b.is  property  sc- 
(|ucstcrud,  and  his  honor  aspersed.  He  then  petitioned 
that  he  might  be  permitted  to  reside  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Cadiz,  that  the  arrears  of  his  salary  should  be 
])aid,  or  tho  income  of  his  sequestrated  capital  be  al- 
lowed him,  and  that  the  <locunients  necessary  for  the 
proof  of  his  innocence  be  obtained. 

Before  any  decision  was  arrived  at,  Iturrigaray  ad- 
dressed a  similar  petition  to  the  regency  created  by 
Ihe  cortes  January  2i),  1810,  and  installed  on  the 
island  of  Leon,  re(juesting,  moreovei",  permissi<in  to 
ivsiilu  with  his  family  in  ilabana.  This  met  with  a 
more  sjiecdy  result,  and  his  trial  for  treason  was  sus- 
pended and  leave  was  granteel  him  to  reside  in  any 


!■ 


rovmco  o 


c< 


toi 


lam   w 


Inch  ho  miu'ht  select,  or  in  tlu 


r.hnost  verbatim  in  rVt»or'/«(/a,  Cowlnrfa  Thwrhiaruij,  ^•'•'''')\,  a.\\i\  in  Alamnn 
Ills'.  .Ml J.,  i.  app.  H-.'l,  eoi)ied  from  e'anceladii.  iJefure  the  wife  of  Iturri- 
,'.u;iy  l.'lt  Mexiro  s!ie  petitioned  that  the  jewelry  of  which  she  ha<l  been  de- 
]i;ived,  and  the  bonds  (jf  her  eliildren,  might  l)e  returned  to  hi'r,  and  als(j  that 
I. er  luisl laud's  plate  and  ornaments  bo  restored  to  him.  Tlie  audieni'i'.i  ae- 
c  L'l'ied  to  her  reijuest  as  regarded  the  juwelry  and  plate,  but  r.efu.sed  to  Kurren- 
(1  r  the  Ixjuils.    /</.,  i.  lilXI-I. 

■'•'redimeuto  del  liseal  del  con.sejo  do  Indias  en  la  causa  do  Iturrigaray,  iu 
lliriKimli-.  y  Ddvalos,  Col.  Doc,  i.  093-4. 

■^Id.,  i.\)'J3-G. 


60 


ITURRIGARAY'S  DEPOSAL. 


Balearic  Islands.*'  Two  days  later,  on  February  I2th, 
a  royal  order  was  issued  still  more  favorable  to  tlio 
unlnrtunate  man,  now  broken  in  health.  By  it  tlio 
sequestration  of  his  property  was  removed,  with  the 
exception  of  forty  thousand  pesos  to  be  left  on  de{)osit 
as  a  bond  for  his  residencia.  To  this  clemency  the  coun- 
cil of  the  Indies  was  stronu^ly  op[)()sed,  as  hc'nvj;  incon- 
sistoit  with  tiie  gravity  of  the  case,  and  the  iiscal,  sup- 
})orted  by  all  the  members  of  the  council,  requested  the 
rei^eiii-y  to  revoke  the  orders."  No  notice  was  taken 
of  this  address,  and  Iturrigaray  was  released,  when 
he  retired  to  Ali^eciras.  On  the  28tli  of  October, 
1810,  however,  the  second  rcj^ency  havin<^  boen  elected, 
oi'dcrs  were  issued  therefrom  that  ho  should  aL;ain  bo 
placed  under  arrest,  hispi'operty  sequestrated,  and  his 
case  ])roceeded  with  in  the  most  expeditious  manner. 
It  was,  however,  too  late  i'oi-  this  action  to  have  any 
eflect.  Iturrigaray's  property  had  already  been  re- 
turned to  him,  and  apprehensive  of  the  result  if  he 
should  again  be  arrested  and  |iut  on  trial,  he  crossed 
ovL-r  to  Africa,  leaving  it  to  his  wife  and  friends  to 
fight  the  case.  These  so  successfully  conducted  mat- 
ters that  alter  much  debating  he  was  allowed,  by  or- 
der of  the  cortes,  on  the  2Gth  of  November,  the 
benefit  of  the  general  ])ardon,  which  in  the  mean  time 
had  been  extended  to  the  revolutionists  in  New  Spain, 
and  (he  impeachment  for  treason  was  removed. 

In  the  matter  of  his  residencia.,  Iturrigarav  did  not 
so  fortunately  escape.  Hamon  Oses,  alcalde  de  corto 
in  the  Mexican  capital,  was  ajipointed  liis  judge,  and 
as  lu;  was  a  man  of  high  integrity,  and  had  not  been 
a  iii'iiiber  of  the  audiencia  when  Iturrigaray  was  de- 
posed, .Vlaman  is  doubtless  correct  in  concluding  that 
the  investigation  was  conducted  with  fairness.     Yet 

''  I'i'i'y  of  the  ilcciou  <if  till!  conscjo  ilo  rcgenciii,  dated  Februfiry  10,  ISIO, 
is  given  ill  /iVc.   \'i'r<l(iil<  ro  (Irhicii,  no.  ii.  47-8. 

'■'Tiic  Iiscal  ad viiiiouil  miniei'oiis  i-oasoiis  in  support  of  the  ohjeetion  raised, 
and  eiiiiuhidos:  'Vuostru  Iiscal  en  sii  i-espiu'st:i,  fjnc  apoya  enterainente  el 
conscjo,  dice  cuauto  so  liulhi  do  ic[)iigiiantc  en  dercclio  y  politica  ;l  (jue  se 
llcvo  ;i  orccto  lo  niaududu  en  las  Reales  ordeuea  do  diez  y  ilocc  del  corriente.' 
Id.,  4i)-00. 


1 


THE  FAMILY  ESTATE. 


61 


tlie  ];if"o  viceroy  was  mulcted  in  the  sum  of  643;"), 4 10, 
!:Ul!>,l-a  of  wliich  lio  was  coiulumiiod  to  ])ay  as 
tlic  value  of  tlie  invoice  of  Lj'ootls  which  he  illcL2,-ally 
introduced  into  New  Sjiaiu  on  his  arrival  there  in 
1803.  The  other  amount  was  for  money  fraudulently 
obtained  Irom  the  distribution  of  quicksilver,  and  sales 
of  otlices  and  contracts,  to  each  of  which  o2'ii4'inal  sums 
was  added  a  line  of  ecjual  amount.'''  "^Fo  secure  ]>ay- 
mcnt,  Itui'rig'aray's  interests  in  the  miniiii^  tribunal  of 
]\[cxic(),  amountiuL;-  to  .^400,000,  were  attached.'^"  J  le 
appealed  to  tlie  conncil  of  the  Indies,  but  the  st.'iitence 
\  as  coniirmed  by  it  in  February  1819,  and  later  by 
t'lc  sujireme  tribunal  of  justice."^  Its  execution,  how- 
cvd',  was  intei'i'U[)ted  by  the  declaration  of  inde- 
])endenre  in  1821,  and  Iturri<^aray  having'  died  a 
short  time  l)ef()re,  his  widow^"^  and  family  went  to 
j.U^xico  and  petitioned  that  the  sentence  miL^'ht  not 
be  cariied  out.  The  arinunents  now  emi)loved  'vorc 
exactly  opi)osite  to  those  advanced  by  Iturri^rarav, 
wlio  maintained  that  he  had  over  remained  lo^'al  to 
I'ViMumdo."^     The   family  claimed  that  the   deceased 


'■'Uc  I'oc'civpil  from  his  quicksilver  frauds  .?n(!,810.  In  ISOO  and  1807 
his  receipts  IVmu  illegal  contracts  for  the  iiiaiiul'auture  of  ei;,'aretto  pa]ier 
aiiioiiiiletl  to  !:^I(J15,1'J.S.  'J'lie  U'Ljal  price  of  this  paper  as  sold  from  tlie  f.ictoi-y 
was  Si'-'  a  ream,  nming  the  year  mentioned  it  was  raised  to  .t'l.'l,  one  dollar 
lieing  paid  by  the  inanutaiturers  to  the  viceroy  for  their  monopoly.  /(/.,  'J4-."); 
Aluiitfiii,  IliM.  M<j.,  i.  ajip.  'J.")-?.  Zumacois,  who  copied  extensively  fiom 
Ahiman,  lias  irixi'ii  in  app.  no.  7  of  his  Hid.  MfJ.,  vi.,  a  verl)atim  dnplieato  of 
tiio  hitter's  ap|iendi\,  Init  has  failed  to  detect  eei'taiii  errors  of  .Ahiman. 
l;ui-ri.L;aray's  wit'c  was  liis  jnineipal  a,L,'ent  in  tlie.se  nefarious  transactions,  and 
into  lier  liands  most  of  the  .sums  were  jiaid.  He  fei.'Lly  attempted  to  chlV'nd 
his  conduct  hy  tlie  support  of  precedents  sujiplied  hy  the  acti;in  (jf  his  pro- 
dccessors. 

''"  Dustamanto  states  that  the  total  amount  in  whicli  Iturrig.'iray  was  eim- 
dcnihed  was  ;iS4."2ll  \ies(js.  Cinulro,  J/i<t.,  i.  I);  Alamua,  /J id.  JIiJ.,  i.  'Joo; 
iiiqi.  <'(ivo,  'J'n.-i  Si'i!o»,  iii.  24"). 

"'  l''or  copy  of  sentence,  see  Afciwn,  Mi  j.,  i.  2.34. 

^'- Ihist.iniantc  wiiting  in  IS'JI  says:  'Con  la  muerte  do  dieho  Gefe,  su 
fauiilia.sc  ha  ai'al)ado  dearruinar,  y  ;'i  la  sazon  en  que  escriho,  yaco  su  ospor.a 
jiaralitica  en  m:a  cania  en  .)aen.'  Ciuvlnt,  lilt.,  ed.  iS'i;),  i.,  carta  i",  10. 
Iturrigarav  died  in  IS'Jl,  at  tlic  age  of  nearly  SD  years.  AV'/rc/f,  Mpx.  Shjlo 
XIX.,  i.  KU. 

'•' Alaman  met  and  conversed  with  Iturrigarny  in  Madrid  in  1S14.  The 
ex-viceroy  was  then  7-  years  old,  and  on  all  occasions  when  Mexican  events 
vere  the  tfipic,  he  assured  Alaman  that  he  had  never  entertained  tin;  thonglit 
of  eflecting  the  independenee  of  New  Spain.  Indeed,  it  v.'as  impossihle  to 
pruvc  the  charge  of  treason  against  Lini,  as  the  only  ground  for  supposing 


ITURRIGAUAY'S  LEPO.SAL. 


viceroy  Ijad  really  been  the  first  promoter  of  iiide- 
]K'ii(l('nce,  untl  had  I'allen  a  victim  to  the  cause  I  An  I 
I'uitlier,  tlu!  chiim  was  n  pected.  The  M(jxi<,'aii  coii- 
^I'ess  ill  18"24  st(>|)|»ed  j)r()ceedings,  and  I'cstoi'cd  to 
Iturrioaray's  heirs  the  $400,000  invested  in  the  min- 
iu'^  tiibunal.  Such  was  the  result  of  one  of  the 
most  im|)ortant  and  memorable  investi^^ations  madtj 
during-  the  whole  period  of  viceregal  administration.* 

'J'he  trial  of  Itun-igaray,  while  exposing  his  graspin;,^ 
avarice  and  nefarious  transactions,  throws  liLtle  lis-'ht 
upon  his  political  pretensions.  It  is  only  by  a  consid- 
eration of  the  discussions  carried  on  by  his  su])porteis 
and  oi)[)onents,  by  an  impartial  estimate  of  the  ell'ect 
of  his  administrative  acts;'"'"'  and  by  a  close  study  of 
his  character  that  we  may  reasonably  expect  any  li^ht 
on  his  secret  intenti(jns  or  expectations.  Not  only 
did  his  enemies  directly  accuse  him  of  tr(nxs(jnal)lo 
desiij^ns,  but  even  insinuated  that  he  was  not  unwillinLii: 
atone  time  to  reco<j;'nize  ]\lurat,  Napoleon's rt'pi'esonta- 
tive  iu  Madrid.'*^    iJut  this  is  far  fetched :  and  in  re'^ard 


I 


1? 
■;.'ii 
■■*■, 
'I 


tliat  lie  inotlitatcd  tho  iiidopeiidrncc  of  Xcw  Spain  was  his  intention  of  con- 
vokiii;,'  a  national  coh^tl'Ss.   Jli^t.  Jlrj.,  i.  "270. 

*'  .Vlanian  states  that  tliu  lieirs  suiTcptiiiouslj'  obtained  from  the  audiencia 
archives  tho  original  jirooe.-is  a.,'ainst  tlie  cx-viccroy.  I'l'oeocdings  were  insti- 
tuted against  (iniol,  \vl;o  abstraeted  them.  Alanian  received  liis  iiifurnuUion 
from  Senator  Olaguibel,  who  defended  (iniol  at  hi.s  trial,  and  authorized  Ala- 
man  to  nse  his  name  in  proof  of  tho  fact.   //ist.  J/(,/.,  i.  1207. 

'''•'' Xotinng  gained  lor  him  more  lio.stilc  feeling  tlian  tho  strictness  with 
whieli  lie  conducted  the  coas.ilidation  of  the  funds  of  tho  Obras  I'ias:  'In- 
ter.'si'do  en  eate  lualdito  negoeiado  cu  nn  tanto  por  ciento  cl  Ministeiia 
]]spaiiol,  y  asi  proeui()  liaccr  efcctivas  sua  provi.lencias  con  nn  rigor,  quo  lo 
jitrajo  el  odio  <hl  Ri'vno.'  Tiuis  writes  iiustamantc,  one  of  his  principal 
defenders.   Ciuulro,  Jlin/.,  cd.  \S2','>,  i.,  carta  1",  15. 

^"  At  tlic  junta  lield  on  tlie  Otii  of  August,  ISOS,  .nccording  to  Marti iiena, 
the  viceroy  used  these  words:  'Senorcs,  aun  estamos  en  tiempo  do  reconocer 
nl  duijue  de  Berg,  jiiuedioen  V.  SS.?'  and  when  all  exclaimed,  'So  Si'uor/ 
110  yciiorJ'  Iturrigaray,  observing  that  tho  oidor  d','cano  Ciriaco  (lonzalez 
Carvajal  was  conspicuously  emphatic,  asked  him.  '  Y  que  dirA  V.  S.  si  lo  vo 
fiutorizado  con  la  lirnia  del  Schor  Torlier?'  I'cv.  V'criladcro  Orhjm,  ii.  JiO. 
]>ustamante's  version  is  very  dili'crcnt.  He  states  tliat  when  tlio  (juesti'ia 
of  su.bmission  to  tlie  order*  of  !Murat  was  put,  tho  oidores  turned  pale,  'mas 
cl  virey  con  iininio  denodado  la  decidio,  diciendo,  que  no  lo  obedcceria 
niientras  niaudaso  nn  ejercito. '  lie  afterward  cast  tliis  timidity  in  their 
teetli :  ' !  iciendoles  a  los  nnsinos  oidores.  .  .Que.  .  .solo  despues  quo  lian  vi.ito 
niejorarsc  las  cosas  era  cuaudo  cstabau  valientes.'  Sup.  Cava,  Ttxa  Siijlos,  id. 
228. 


of  ind'j- 
.'I  An  I 
loan  coii- 
tored  t') 
the  min- 
j  of  tho 
us  inado 
tnition.'* 


g-i'aspinj^ 
ttlo  li Si-lit 
a  coiisid- 
ijiportcr.s 
tliu  crt'cct 
study  ot' 
any  li^^'lit 
Not  only 
nxsonablo 
unwilliuL'' 
prcsenta- 
in  regard 

itiou  of  con- 

;hc  au'liencia 

Ira  woro  iusti- 

iiif(jini;iti(jii 

lioiizuil  Ala- 

ictucss  with 
I'ias:  'lu- 
ll  Ministcrii) 

■igor,  <|Uo  lo 
[lis  j^pi'inuipal 

Miutiueua, 

|lo  recoiKicor 

'Xo  Si'Tior/ 

|co  (loiizalcz 

S.  si  lo  vo 

\iiji)i,  ii.  ;>o. 

he  (|ucati'in 

pale,  'ina3 

obcclcct'i'iii 

iiy  in  their 

lac  iiau  x'l.^co 

.■V  Sltjlos,  iii. 


1 


SIOXIFICANCE  OP  THE  TIMES. 


on 


ti»  tin;  infli.'pondcncc  of  Mexico,  wliati'ver  lio  Ihoiiglit 
of  it,  1  am  sure  lio  did  ii'»t  look  much  hcyond  [uvscnt 
issues.  IndepiMidence  as  a  [)iiuci|)le  was  with  him  a 
sm;dl  matter;  independence  as  a  means  of  prolit  de- 
pended greatly  uj)on  i-elations  between  France  and 
Spain.  Jlonce  liis  anxiety  to  pnjvido  against  the  con- 
tingency of  being  thrown  over  by  a  new  power  un 
the  convocation  of  a  national  congress;  ibr  lie  douI>t- 
less  believed  that  S[)ain  wcndd  be  unable  to  cope  suc- 
cessfully with  the  arms  of  Xa[)oleon.  Under  such 
circumstances,  if  New  Spain  declared  herself  inde- 
pendent, there  would  bo  no  special  disloyalty  on  his 
])art  to  the  mothei"  country. 

But  Iturrigaray  had  not  the  sagacity  to  recognize 
that  tho  Creole  faction  which  ho  favored  was  laying 
deeper  plans,  and  would  not  be  satisfied  with  only 
temporary  freedom.  He  was  not  aware  that  l)eneath 
his  feet  was  a  pt)litical  vortex,  a  fact  which  the  Span- 
ish element  appreciated  more  clearly.  His  want  of 
tact,  moreover,  and  his  intemperate  language,''  had 
given  great  offence,  and  ho  was  cordially  hated  by 
the  oidt)res  and  their  party.  During  tho  latter  days 
of  his  administration  every  expression  of  his  counte- 
nance was  watched  by  his  oj)])onents;  every  syllabi 


o 


that  fell  from  his  lips  was  caught  u[),  and,  if  possible, 
interpreted  as  significant  of  his  want  of  loyalty  to 
Spain.  That  tho  European  party  were  fully  per- 
suaded that  he  was  aiming  at  the  independence  of 
Mexico,  there  is  no  doubt,  giving  as  [)roof  his  dis- 
mantling the  seaward  battery  of  Ulua,  and  comey- 
ing  its  guns  into  the  interior,  the  changes  made  by 


''"At  the  session  held  on  the  fllhof  Au^rust,  wlicn  t'.io  arch1ii;hop,  percciv- 
hf^  tliat  the  clisei:ssi(jns  wcro  licconiin^  iiilorniinahlc,  juMposed  that,  tlicy 
s'luiiM  be  contined  to  cssi'iitial  matters,  Ituniuaray  nuL'ly  and  aii,i,'ri.y 
it'plie<l:  'Que  alii  cad;i  uno  tenia  lihertad  dc  hahlar  lo  (pio  (juisie.se,  y  ipie  .si 
Ic  pareeia  larga  la  junta,  dosdo  luego  so  ]iodi'ia  inarchar  a  su  casa.'  AIhukvi, 
Jliit.  JJ(J.,  i.  100.  On  tlio  sauio  occashju  Oidoi-  Auuirrc  rcsc  and  said; 
'Sefior  Exmo.  La  rcsolucion  do  defender  cstos  doniiuios  necesita  alguna  c\- 
plicaeion.'  Tlio  viceroy  imniodiatcly  answered:  'Xo  h.iy  ncccsidad  ile  ex- 
p'.iciiciun:  c'l  que  no  lo  entienda  quo  so  vaya,  ahierta  tieue  la  puerta.'  licv. 
I  '  idadero  Urijca,  ii.  30. 


64 


ITL'RPjr.ARAY'S  DKPOSAL. 


liii.i  ill  iiii]i(;iiv  cliicls,  and  Iii.s  iiitciulcd  establishinciit 
of  a  national  conj^russ.'" 

TIicsc'  ai-i^nmicnts  ucro  colligated  l»y  Ids  siippMrtrrs, 
who  noted  tlio  i'act  that  itiirii'arav  had  taken  tho 
oath  of  alle"iaii('(!  to  I'V'niando,  and  denied  anv  inleii- 
lion  to  estahHsh  an  iiide[)endent  eoveriuueiit.  The 
I'eiiioval  of  the  artillery  from  Sail  Juan  do  Uhui  was 
done,  they  asserted,  for  the  |>ur[)oso  i)f  avoichnu"  t  he 
inoitahty  which  jirevailed  anioiiL;'  tiie  troops  stationed 
at  W'la  Ci'ti/''  hy  placiiiLj  theiii  in  more  liealthy  local- 
ities. While  they  thus  repudiated  the  accusations  of 
trcasoiiahlo  desiLjns,  they  nevertheless  acknowdedg'ed 
inaiiv  ixravu  dcfucts  in  his  administration."^ 


'"How  stroiijily  opposed  the  European  party  was  to  such  a  coii,i,'rcs3  may 
lie  Hieii  from  ili-lmp  (^tiiiipo'd  views  ixpris-eil  on  tlie  "Jlllli  of  Septcinlier: 
'  L'lia  junta  iiMiiniial. .  .cs  una  \uidudera  icliulioii.'  Col.  JJoc,  'JU;  I'd]'.  ('((C, 
G-J,  no.  It),  -JvS  .-it. 

'''•"<,)ue  en  N'eracruz  pcrccenV.?!,  conio  sieinprc,  a  niillarts.'  Hrr.  ilc  N. 
J:'"/).,  ('( imiini  l'nrlh:iilai\  .'!.  J.erdo  do  Tejada,  A]>iiiit.  lli-^t.,  IKi'J,  inaUis  tlio 
islranj.'!!  ulateinent  lliat  ltiirri;,'aray  ent.'i'laincil  siii'li  an  infatiiatt'd  liclirf  in 
liis  military  skill  tliat  lie  dism.iiitled  tiie  '>al tery  lor  tiie  purpose  of  enliLiiig 
t!io  luiLriisii  to  make  an  atlaik  on  Vera  t'ruz,  lieiny  contident  of  vietoi'y. 
'pei'o  afurlunadamente  ]>ai'a  el  \  iri'y,  no  sueedio  asf,  y  a  esto  deliii)  el  (|iie  till 
reputac'ion  militar  no  (pudase  tan  ])erdida  eonio  la  do  f^ijberiiantu.'  Lacun/.a, 
])oc.  Ili^t.  MnsiO  M('x\,  ."liit,  make.s  tlio  samo  statement. 

''"  liiistaniante,  one  of  his  stanehest  dtfi  nder.s,  remarks:  'ConoTCo  los 
graves  defeetos  de  su  administracioii;  uno  de  ellns  cs  la  venta  cseanda!o<a  do 
ios  enipleos  (pie  lii/o.'  iS''//'.,  Cnro,  Tri.<  .S'/./Aix,  iii.  '1\'\.  Tlie  deiiosal  ut  Itiir- 
I'ijiaray  was  tlio  siilijeet  of  various  works  and  tlif  tlieinn  of  innuiiieralilf  dia- 
trilies  wliiili  l•aneorou^sly  discussed  tlio  ean^o  of  liis  fall,  and  its  lieaiin .;  on  the 
future  destiny  of  .Mexico.  'J'lieso  writin^^s  eniliraco  productions  of  eviry  di- 
mension, from  tlio  !-izo  of  a  volumu  to  small  jiamplilets  or  a  couple  of  leaves  in 
ii  periodical.  Tliey  were  issued  durin^L,'  a  ])eri(jd  wliicii  extended  from  the 
time  of  Jturri;L.'aray'a  trial  before  tlio  council  of  the  Indies  till  lun;;  after  tho 
declarati<j)i  of  inde|)cndci)co.  A  larj^c  ]ii'oi)i)rtion  of  the  pamphlets  and  sinallcr 
essays  are  anonymous.  'J'lieir  style,  which  is  usually  virulent,  shows  tho 
liitleriicsd  with  which  th(^  two  chief  factious  rei,M,rded  each  other.  ]!y  far  tho 
most  important  of  these  ])roiluctii;ns  arc  puhl  shed  by  ("ancelada,  Li;;ai'za, 
Miery  (Uierra,  and  Martiuena.  Juan  Lopez  C'u;;-"lada,  the  editor  of  tho 
(i''i~ita  lie  Mr.riro,  repre.-eiitcd  in  Spain  tho  interests  of  i!ie  commercial  coiii- 
inunity  of  Mexico  which  eiideavoi'cd  to  obtain  a  revocation  of  the  decision 
which  lilierated  llurrigaray,  released  him  from  the  accusation  of  treason,  and 
restored  his  ill-gotten  Wealth,  ('ancelada  proved  himself  an  inveterate  enemy 
of  the  fallen  viceroy,  and  pr(jbalily  was  inlluenced  by  personal  feeling.  In  tho 
(,''i::.  lie  Mi  .v.,  xv.  iJ'Ji',  of  tho  '_'d  of  August,  1S08,  tiic  editor  published  a  rumor 
that  Fi'inando  had  been  restored  to  the  throne.  'J'his  incensed  Iturrigiray, 
who  snnimoned  C.nicclada.  before  him  and  banished  him.  J5y  tho  intercession 
of  the  vii'e-(iue''n,  however,  tho  order  was  withdrawn,  ami  (Jancelao. tallowed 
to  remain  in  Mexico,  but  w;is  nuido  to  retract  his  assertion.  After  tho  de- 
posal  of  Itiirrigai'ay,  ("ancelada assailed  ^'illa  Ui'nitia  I13' petitioning  tho  audi- 
encia  to  ])ronounco  him  a,  traitor,  and  punish  him  as  such;  but  his  language 
Was  so  niali^'nant  that  ho  was  condcmucd  iu  a  Uuo  of  500  pesos  for  culuimiy, 


BIDLIOnrvAl'IIICAL. 


65 


01'  tii  iinpiisonini'tit  fur  two  iiioiitlis.  He  lattM-iuldri'sspil  tlio  nivlilhsliop,  tlica 
vici'iiiy.  111  siiL'li  tlisi'diirtodiis  iiml  luiliiriisiiictl  li'nii>(  tli.'it  lii'  was  iirris:i(l  aiil 
tiii  il  iHiorc  till'  j\iiitii  ik-  «('L;uiiilii  1  v  Imi'ii  urili'ii.  \uiiuiim<  p<  isuiim  lnnu^ht 
imaiust  liilii  c'liui;,'!'-!  of  iiisultsiiisl  j;iiL'V;ilii.'i'-t,  aiii'i  his  fiaiitiou.s  ami  tin  liiiK'iit 
ti'iiilfUC'ii'S  liL'iiij,'  well  kiiiiwu,  tlio  jnutii  I'lUKli'iniiril  liim  tn  liaiiisliiiiiut  to 
Siiaiii.  ilmrra,  ll<'<i.  Il<r.  X,  ]'.<]>.,  i.  \ix.-\xiv.  Tlioi'i' luM)('cnipii' I  liiuisclf 
ill  writiiii,'  oil  tiic  ))i)litical  nll'aii's  of  N'(  w  Spain,  displayiii,'  tiunciii  ii  \  iiioiis 
ciiiiiity  touanl  tln' ci-coio  and  itvolutioiiary  party.  In  Ksll  lie  puMi^iiicil  in 
(aiii/  Ln  Virihiil  ^(th'id'i  //  llii'iiri  /''  (iiinr'/'iilii,  in  wliicli  ln'  iiiainlains  that 
the  I'i'volution  whicii  hroko  out  in  .Mrxico  in  ISIO  orii;inatu(l  in  llui  ii:ara  y 
aiiii  liis  trcasonalilc  (k'si'^'ns,  Hn  assi'it-<  tiiat  a  revolution  iry  tcndcni'V  lial 
not  exist  at  the  tiineiwlien  llninlioilt  was  in  New  Spain,  as  aliirninl  r»y 'el 
llspafiol  esci'itor  en  Lonilres,'  and  said  that  llunihoidt's  travels  in  Mixiecj 
vere  too  limited  to  admit  of  his  nnderstalidin;^'  the  spirit  of  the  ]ieople.  'i'lio 
!'(/■'/'('/ .V'('i/'i/'t  1,'avo  >.'reat  oll'iiu'o  to  the  ayiiutarniento  of  .Mexieo,  and  tho 
legidores  pctitioniil  the  supremo  eonncil  of  tho  S|ianisli  rei^eiiey  to  order  hi.i 
arrest  on  the  eliar','oof  aliomiiiahlu  liheld  prineipally  directed  a^'ainst  that 
launiiijiality.  Jlirn'indiz  y  Jtihytloi,  ('ol.  J)oi\,  i.  7-').  In  Mexi«o  (.'anee- 
1  ida  for  soinn  years  followed  the  avoeation  of  a  pedler.  He  was  of  a  qiiar- 
r.'lsonie  and  raneorous  disjiosition,  and  is  desurihed  iiy  the  ayiuitaijiii'nio  of 
Mexi'o  as  'lionihre  liieii  eonouido  en  este  reyno  |)or  an  eavilosidad,  e->nipidez 
y  aiidaeia.'  Id.  Of  low  origin  and  uneducated,  it  is  a  matter  of  .surpri-ie  that 
he  olilainivl  the  position  as  editor  of  tho  (I'azi'fii  dc  .l/c.r/co,  the  oUiiial  organ 
of  the  government,  which  was  under  his  direction  for  sonic  years.  I'ernando, 
on  lii.s  return  to  Spain,  caused  him  to  he  placed  in  a  convent,  from  ulii''!i, 
liowev<'r,  h''  was  liberated  in  1S20.  He  died  a  few  years  afterward.  IJcsides 
the  I'l-rilail  Saii'uhi,  he  was  the  author  of  many  other  works,  aini)ng  whieli 
may  l)u  mentioned  I'liind  dc  In  Xiicr/i  K.t/iiiiiri  .-^i  sf  dirlnra  tl  mni'  rrio  lihrc 
(lilt  /ox  cxlraiiijcro^,  Cadiz,  ISll,  4to,  pp.  S4;  ('uiidnrtri,  del  Kxfi'livitisinio  Si  nor 
Jiiiii  Jomi  Jlurriijarfuj,  C.idiz,  ISl'J,  -Ito,  2  1.  ]i|).  13.');  ami  the  Tcl'ijri/o  Ami'- 
rkuiio,  a  periodical  whicli  ho  pnhlishcd  in  Spain,  and  which  was  opposed 
ia  the  Censor  ]>y  Alcocer  of  Tlaseala.  In  reply  to  the  Wrdnd  Sn'ildii, 
ii])[ic.ired  ill  the  same  yL-ar  the  JJ!sriir--o  que  Piihl/nt  Don  Imrnndo  df  L'r.ar.n 
VliiiitriiuiliK  .  .Iliirriijuritij.  It  handles  (Jancehula  with  great  severity,  and 
freipiently  gives  him  the  lie  direct.  Lizar/a,  who  was  Iturrigaray's  law- 
yer, was  not  the  author  of  the  JJi.^rnrfio,  hut  .Jose  Beyo  de  t'ismi-os,  tho 
hrother  of  the  ahhot  of  (Juadalupe,  who  was  imprisoned  on  the  downfall  of 
the  viceroy — and  at  that  time  .Mexican  deputy  to  the  curtes  at  ('.idiz. 
Alitiiifiii,  Jlii^f.  Mij.,  i.  2t)S.  The  work  displays  considerable  acumen  in  tho 
refutation  of  Cancelada,  and  .supplies  many  facts  favorable  to  Iturrigaray 
]iur|iosely  ignored  in  the  Vcrdad  Sahida.  Although  Ci.-iiieros  is  not  .sparing 
il  severe  aniinadversions  upon  tho  dissiM'tation,  describing  it  as  a  texture  of 
lies,  falsilicatious,  and  liction,  he  has  the  good  taste  to  refrain  from  the  gross 
\itupiratiou  so  noticeable  in  the  writings  of  that  time.  Cauccl.ula  in  reply 
p!ibli-;hed  his  Coiidiicla  dii  Kxmo.  Senor.  .  .I/iirrii/'trn)/,  Cadiz,  IM'J,  which 
ii  Valuable  as  biniig  composed  mainly  of  transcripts  of  ollicial  documents  bear- 
ing upon  iturrigaray's  fall  and  trial.  Among  these  ajipear  the  report  of  his 
iidinini.--tration  and  conduct  from  the  time  of  his  arrival  to  his  depo.sal,  drawn 
ii[)  l.y  the  real  acuerdo  of  Mexico,  November  !t,  1  SOS;  otlici.il  nccounis  of  the  f  nir 
liieiiiofable  juntas  convoked  by  him  on  the  Olh  and  lUst  of  August,  and  tho 
Island  Uth  of  September,  I.SOS;  the  royal  orders  issued  by  tiie  rcgciK'y  of 
tlie  ila  de  Leon;  and  other  ollicial  pajicrs  quoted  in  this  chapter.  With  re- 
gard to  the  report  of  the  real  acuerdo,  to  which  Cancelada  triumphantly  ap- 
]«'al.i  as  cnuelusive  evidence  of  Iturrigaray's  as[iirations  to  the  sovereignty  of 
New  Spain,  I  have  only  to  remark  that  the  members  of  that  court  were  bit- 
terly hostile  to  the  viceroy,  and  that  their  representations  cannot  be  acce])ted 
i;s  iuqiartial.  Jlhforla  do  la,  Rcvoluclon.  di'  Xnrv/i  E.<pann,  etc. ,  Etn-ihi'i.  la  ])ii 
Jos'-  it'iicrrct,  Londres,  1S1I3,  2  vols,  Svo.  This  work  w.T!  first  undertaken  by 
Jose  Scrvaiido  de  Mier  y  Guerra,  with  the  object  of  defending  Iturrigaray 
against  the  defamatory  attacks  of  Cauceluda,  but  the  author,  bciug  supplied 
Uisr.  Mes.,  Vol.  IV.    6 


CO 


ITURRIGARAY'S  DEPOSAL. 


vitli  a  CTont  qiiniitity  of  in!itrri;il  for  tlie  history  of  .siil)spf(Uonh  ovonts.  f':trri('fl 
it  forwanl  ami  iiicliiiK'd  the  lirst  years  of  tlie  revolutioii  in  Mexico.  The  I'li-.^t 
volume  i:;  ahiiost  entirely  <lovoteil  to  the  viiulieatioii  of  ltiirri.!^:iray ;  in  tiio 
sceoiiil  tiic  ]iroi;ress  of  the  levohitioii  is  narrated  down  to  the  year  iNi'J. 
(iuerra  ill  [lis  ])refai;e  su]>[)lie3  us  witii  a  hiograpliieal  sketch  of  Cancel  ida's 
life  (lo\*n  to  the  date  of  tlie  puhlication  of  t'le  Uiaturia,  an<l  exposiiM  his 
career  with  most  eoiiteniptuous  irony.  His  work  is  lar;.!ely  taken  \\\^  with 
oxtraets  from  ollieial  doeuincnts,  of  wliieii  he  possessed  a  great  nuiulicr. 
For  the  iiisei'tion  of  so  mucli  of  sucii  material  ho  excuses  liimself  n|iou  the 
plea  tiiat  liaviiii^  been  far  from  tlie  scene  of  events,  and  iiaviiig  TiniU;rtakcn 
to  refute  the  false  representations  of  one  who  professed  to  havo  ))een  iireseat 
at  them,  he  was  eom]ielled  to  support  his  argiuiients  liy  doenmeiitaiy  evi- 
dence. ( luei'r.'i,  aftt'r  the  fall  of  tlie  viceroy,  narrowly  es(:a[)ed  .arrest,  and 
lleeiug  from  Mexico  took  up  his  residence  in  London,  'riieiv  he  hecuiie  the 
liKjst  ahle  defi'iid'^r  (jf  IturriLraray,  wlio,  aeCMrdiiig  to  Aianian,  //'■•/.  J/',/., 
i.  'JliS-i),  sup[)orteil  iiiin  in  Jjoiulon  until  his  tendcneies  inclined  to  the  .'aq)- 
port  <if  tlie  revolution.  ]lis  work  displays  great  talent  and  .skill.  While 
tlie  style  i-!  (degaiit,  the  author  had  at  his  eoniinanil  a  sarcasm  that  "oumI 
l)ite.  Alainan  s^tcaks  higldy  of  this  work,  which,  party  spirit  aside,  viU, 
he  savs,  he  ever  .appreciated  for  tiie  amount  of  information  which  it  eniitaiiiJ, 
Vcn/iiilcri)  Orhjf'n  ,  .  .i/i'  (a,  Hiroliiriuii  ilc  A'ln  ni  Jy~/iin'iii,  etc..  Mi;xico,  l.i-JO,  fol. 
pp.  17.  (I'oUowed  hy)  Mnnilii'sto  il  Ti(l'i'<  Idx  Xdrioiir.-i  jmr  il  Sii/i<  rii)r  (I'li'ii- 
i-rno  <l('  Ki't'ri  KKjidi'i'i.  The  author  of  this  angry  treatise  was  Juan  Martin 
tl(^  duan  Martiiiena,  who  in  ISlli  took  u)i  the  gauntlet  in  defence  of  Iturriga- 
I'ay's  dejiosers.  Martineua  (|Uotes  extracts  from  Lizarza,  (Jisneros,  liiisla- 
mante,  and  other  supportci's  of  ltnrii:.'aray,  ami  eondeimis  these  wricrs  with 
velnunent  a^^perity.  '  llow  degrading  it  is,'  lie  exelajms,  'to  find  in  them  the 
same  language,  1 1  icjameiile.as,  object,  ar.d  even  vulgar  outcry — voces  materia  lea 
— as  ill  the  rebel  leaders  with  respect  to  Ituirigaray  and  the  faithful  pati'iots 
who  put  a  stop  to  his  criminal  proceedings,  the  luily  ditl'erenee  being  that 
the  foi'iier  ali'eet  jX'ace,  harmony,  and  lidelity,  which  the  latter  do  not,  being 
in  a  position  to  exjilain  frankly  their  true  sentiments!'  The  historian  has, 
however,  to  thank  Juaii  Martin  de  Juan  Marlificna  for  his  transcript  of  the 
Mdiiitiistf),  but  particul.irly  for  the  large  number  of  interesting  doeumeiita 
app<'ndi'il  thereto.  The  i)ul)licatiou  of  the  \'i-r</iiil''i'i)<)ri'ji'ii,  etc..  immediate- 
ly biMUght  out  .'1  iiuiiii)er  of  anonymous  rejilies,  from  among  which  I  \\  id  make 
mention  "I  (  \  I, surd  I'aith'iilurr  liiijKtrr'inl,  (hi  ( 'undi  riio  'J'ttidnilo:  Vtrdtuh  ro 
ori;i'ii,  etc.;  Ilri'ri.i  Ur'lli'.rloiifi  quo  piii'liii  tiuiulirnc  p'lr  r'ln  (li:  ii)i}iii(iiim-iiiii. 
</',  id.:  anil  ( 'miscji,!^  nl  Sr  Aii/ur,  /ylitar  1/  Aiia'/ulor  ilcl  ('iirnd  nio  <  n  F(}/lo 
Tiliilddn,  id.  \V'itli  regard  to  tlio  Mdniju'M'-  a))ove  mentioned,  it  wa.s  issued 
on  t!ie  Kith  of  .(aiiuary,  ISIO,  by  the  government  of  Xew  S|)ain,  in  refutation 
of  the  '  falsehoods,  calumnies,  and  errors  which  the  I'ebels  of  .Mexico  li;ive 
given  uttei'.inco  to  in  a  p.-iper  eui  itled  //'  S:'iirciii'i  Cnii'irc-^o  Mcxicuiio  d  toda.< 
las  J\acio/i(.i,  cscrito  eu  i'uruar.'iu  a  '28  do  junio  do  ISiJ,' 


\<  < 


■ents.  carrif'd 

•a.  Tiic.  I'.i-:st 
'iiniv;  ill  tlio 
;>  v'ci.r  IS.-', 
f  (\incclul:is 

I  cxpi)-"'  t  Ilia 
lUeii  up  witll 
rent  miiiiliiT. 
self  upiiu  tlio 
lu;  unili'itakni 
J  licfii  \n-is(.;it 
iiniriitaiy  c'vi- 
^^^\  .-ii-n  st,  and 
lie  1)rL-:iliio  (lie 
I,,    ll'sf.    M'.i., 

vd  to  lb'-!  iii'i)- 

skill.     NVIii'.e 

sill  that  ■  ou''.l 

lit  asiiU',    vill, 

ich  it  CnlltilillJ 

jxioii,  IS-JO,  fill. 

Sll/H  I'i'll'    ''"  ''■ 

,9  Jiiiiii  Martin 
K-o  of  Ituniuii- 

isiu'vos,  I'.nsui- 
•se  wric'V^'  witli 
iiid  ill  thi'iii  t'.:o 
voces  mat  'riaks 
faithful  i>atiiots 
■uce  he'in.u'  that 
■I.T  tlo  11"^.  ht'iu.; 
historian  ha<, 
iiM^iipt  of  tllC 

im  (loCUllK'Ut.S 

■..  imnu'iliatc- 

h  1  \vi  I  nial-.e 

,;    y,,-'l'((liro 

•    illipilillKlfi'ill- 

,li  /•//()  ( ('  FiiHo 

,  it  was  issued 

11,  ill  refutation 

f'  Mexico  have 

cxkuiio  a  toda.'i 


.,,1,1 


CHAPTER  IV. 

VICEROYS  G IRIBAY  AND  LIZANA. 

180S-1S10. 

CIaIHEAy's    ClIAnAf'TER — A    I'.AIKIE    OK     LoVAI.TY— Ri:ni!OANIZATIO.V  OF  THE 

Ai:mv— JioNArAiri'i.sr  Intiiiouks — Lami'oons  and  .Skuiiiois  Siikkts — 
]']rn:cr  of  IJkvkkskh  in  Si'ain- Ivsialmshmknt  oi"  a  .Itnta  Cossul- 
TiVA— 1'i;i;ti;nsions  to  the  Thuonk  ok  Mkxico — Ai;('i[i;isi[oi'  Ijzwv 
ArroiNTi  J)  \'|(i;koy— ];i;:mittanci;s  to  Spain-  -Li/.vNa's  ( 'iiakai  teu— 
The  Junta  he  Sr.fii  iuhau — iiEvoij-TioN  at  Vallahoi.ih— Si-anisii 
AmkUU'AN  RkI'RESENTATIoN  in  the  (J<iUTE.S  — Li/\na  Rimdveh  iro\i 
Oil  ICE — Weak    Aoministi;  \i  ion  oe    thi;    ArHn.NciA — Fi:i;n(  ii    IvMis- 

SAIllES — AkIHVAI,  oE  VlCElKH'  \'ENE(;AS — Ills  An  lECKDENTS,  ClIAKAC- 
TEIl,    AND    I'EKhONAL   Al'l'EAUANCE— TlTLE.S    ANU    IIuNoUS    EKo.M    Sl'AIN, 

WiiEX  tlio  cliaqnotas  conceived  the  desiL!,'!!  of  sei/iii!;' 
and  d('[H)sini^  the  vieerov,  tliey  inia^'iiied  that  they 
v.dnld  thns  he  euttin^^  oil'  the  liydi-a's  liead,  tliat  hy 
our  hold  stroke  they  would  annihilati;  the  nionstt-v  of 
(h -loyalty.  ]>ut  the}'  eri'od  ni  tlieii'  (■alculali()n>;. 
The  cf'-olo  party,  disajipo'nt'.'d  that  their  hope  should 
fail  in  a  season  so  i;iir  lo"  its  aecouijilishnient,  wcM'e 
(loul'ly  eniliittered.  They  heliexed  that  as  niatiei-s 
->lood  in  the  mother  country,  they,  and  not  the  Span- 
iai-ds,  were  the  poNwr  iu  t  Iw,  land.  Ivixalry  and  hatred 
hctuciii  the  two  I'aetions  inci'(>as(,'d,  and  heni'el'orward 
t!io  rcNolutionary  s[)irit  s[»read  silently  and  tar  with 
i'a[)i(!ity.' 

At  a  time  so  traui^ht  with  diilicnlties,  ari>-iii'4'  iVoni 
\inlcnt  jiolitieal  change,   no  more   inconipotcnt    nam 

'  111  ls|  I  the  MeNienii  do]nitieR  to  the  Spaiii-li  ei'irtcs  represented  that  thn 
imnrisomiieiit  of  ll  mi  igaray  h  ;d  provoked  the  rivahy  lietweeii  thi' Spaiiiai-'l?) 

e  son!  iiiieiite  ))(ir  el  Reyiio,  y  crceieiido  ilo  diii  eii 


ill 


ifiinilii'iidi 


ia. '  JJijiiil<ir.,  Ai 


<1' 


1 


ALTosto  de  LSI  1,  ;), 


(07) 


OS 


VICEROYS  GARIBAY  AXD  LIZAXA. 


could  have  been  placed  at  the  head  of  afTairs  than 
iVdro  Garibay,  field  marshal  ol'  the  royal  ai'inies. 
Infirm  of"  body"  and  weak  of  will ;  of  meagre  resources, 
lackini;  ability,  and  wanting'  in  authority  even  in  Jiis 
own  household;  a  victim,  moreover_.  to  the  anxiety 
attendinti^  })overty — he  was  undergoin;^  the  penalties 
wJiich  those  must  pay  who  by  reason  of  great  sti-ength 
arrive  at  the  age  of  fourscore  ycars.^  Xevertlu'less, 
lie  eagerly  accepterl  the  higli  ]iosition  offered  liini. 
In  the  early  part  of  his  lil'e  lie  had  served  in  tlie  wars 
in  Italy  and  Poi'tngal,  and  in  f7G4  went  to  jMexlco 
v/ith  General  Villalva.  By  slow  promotion  he  at- 
tained the  grade  of  brigadier  in  1781),  and  at  a  later 
date  was  allowed  to  retire  on  account  of  his  infirmities, 
with  the  I'ank  of  mariscal  do  cannx)  de  los  reales 
ejercitos.  His  jioverty  was  such  that  he  was  I're- 
(juently  compelled  to  borrow  small  sums  fro  n  his 
ac(piaintances.*  He  was  honorable,  and  well  liked  ]»y 
high  and  low,  8uc;h  as  he  was,  however,  his  insuf- 
fieicncy  was  the  reason  of  his  election.  The  oidores, 
whom  he  regar-ded  as  his  ])}'otectors,^  were  not  dc^ir- 
ons  that  a  strong  man  should  beat  the  head  of  affairs; 
and  durin<_c  Garibav's  short  administration,  in  all  acts 
(jf  government  he   was    bnt  the  m(nith-|)iece  c*f  the 


audiencia. 


As  soon  as  the  coup  d'etat  in  the  case  of  Tturri- 
garay  was  accom[>lished,  the  new  government,  wilh- 
out  formally  recognizing  either  of  the  Sjianish  juntas, 


procee 


ded  t 


o  rnle  m  tUe  nai 


th 


me  of  Fernando  Vli. 


and 


-•  l';iilcc'ia  una  cniVrmrilnil  ilc  csti'min'^o.  .  . tciiioiulo  quo  apoyarsu  en  uu 
criailo  iMuiuilo  siilia  a  la  rallc'  Itin  rn,  (lob.  Mi  x.,  i.  54."). 

•*  JSiistaiiiaiito  states  tiiat  \w  was  ovur  St),  ('am,  Trcs  Shj/nx,  iii.  '2."0.  Ala- 
man  says,  '  era  ini  amiano  lie  mas  tlo  si'ti'iita  afios.'  ///-■^  -'/'./'.,  i.  -7'.).  ihit 
;i3  111'  c'litct'cil  Jiis  niilitary  cai'ccr  in  17t-,  tlio  furnu'r's  statmicut  niusf,  l)o 
ntiiii-T  llic  tniili.  lie  \\as  unalilc  tVoni  his  iiilirinitit's  ti)  sign  docunicnls,  ainl 
\ras  coniiidlcil  t')  use  a  stanip.  ])isji(i.<(i\   \'ttri(i!^,  i.  f.  I'.'A. 

*A/<(maiu  ll'i<t.  M,J.,  i.  -JSO. 

■'*  '  Vi.'i  KU  I'xaltacioii  t-nnii)  un  irran  licnclicii),  yen  Ins  dIiIcm-cs  unos  /iro- 
ti'.r/nrfi,  cuyo  titulo  iu>  Ics  ncgabacii  .suscniitcstacionossecri'tas."  Bualamdiilc, 

Ut  III. 

''  '  Era  todo  do  I'Uos.  y  lun'ia  prccisanu  iito  loipic  \v  niamlalKi  .Xguirrc,  capa- 
taz  <k'  la  Audiuncia.'  Ih.  '  I'oio  csti' era  ol  liombrc  ijuu  oouvu'iiia  al  Acuonlo 
y  a  Kiis  luiras.'  Muru,  Mij.  y  sus  lii:i\,  iii.  347. 


DISBANDMENT  OF  THE  CHAQUETAS. 


ilrs  tluiii 
[  ai'inios. 
'osourcc's, 
,'en  in  iiis 
3  anxiety 

|)enaltics 
:  sti't!njj,tli 
crtlioK'ss, 
jred  liini. 
[  tlie  wars 
:(>  jNIcxico 
)\\   he  at- 

at  a  later 
nil  rnii  ties, 
los  reales 
i  \\'as  I're- 

f'roju  liis 
11  liked  l)y 

his  insut- 
le  oidores, 

not  desir- 

of  affairs; 

iu  all  acts 

ee  of  tho 

of  Iturri- 
cnt,  with- 
sh  jnntas, 
11.;  and 

kmyarrio  en  uii 

111.  •_'."().  Al;i- 
I,  i.  'JT',).  i;ut 
Jiiciit  nuis!.  Iio 
Ijcuuk'Uls,  ami 


|ros  11110S  pm- 
Jiiistamauli', 

IV'^uirrc,  c;\p:i- 
lia  al  Acuunlij 


;in  onlt.'r  v\as  issued  that  the  inhahitants  of  the  capi- 
t.il,  in  tokt.-n  of  their  loyalty,  should  wear  on  their 
jK-rsons  a  l)adL(o  beariuL,^  his  name."  The  tribunal  del 
consulailo  was  instructed  to  connnunit-ati!  the  same 
(H'di'r  to  all  cor[»orations  within  the  jurisdiction  of 
that  court. "^  The  first  important  step  \\hi(h  the  new 
government  tool:  in  ordei'  to  insure  its  stability  was 
the  reoru'anization  of  t\\o  army.  Neither  the  vol- 
unteers of  Fernando  VII.  nor  the  forces  at  Jalapa 
vrere  I'cji'arded  as  su[)poi'ts  iree  from  objection.  Tin,* 
])arty  trom  which  the  former  were  drawn  setj:n(jd  to 
expect  their  own  })oHtical  views  adopted  in  the  new 
order  of  ail'airs  v.hicli  they  had  created,  and  the 
oiiloi'es  feared  that  the  freedom  of  their  own  action 
would  tliereb}^  be  impeded.  Accordin;^ly  the  charpK'- 
tas  wriv  lisbandcd  l)y  Garibav,  who  would  no  longer 
(lilain  :  .  h  loyal  and  self-denying  })ersons  i'rom  their 
cnnmiercial  occu])ations.  lie  thanked  them  in  the 
name  of  Fernando  lor  their  patriotism,  for  the  ever 
luemorable  services  they  had  rendered,  and  informed 
them  tJiat  ho  should  not  i'ail  to  place  a  memorial  of 
their  merits  at  the  feet  of  his  maje'sty.'^  In  breaising 
up  the  encam])mont  at  Jalapa  the  oidores  were  in- 
lliienced  by  still  more  forcible  reasons.  Tlie  regiments 
which  coni])osed  tlic  army  stationed  tliere  were'  drawn 
fi'om  the  different  provinces,  and  the  ranks  iilled  by 
]\Iexicans,  wJiose  loyalty  could  not  bo  safely  ri'lied 
upon  if  the  ilag  of  ind(![)endence  shoidd  be  raised. 
Orders  were  therefore  issU(nl  that  each  cor[)s  should 
I'eturn  to  its  respective  district;  the  I'eason  assigned 
lieing  that,  in  view  of  the  alliance  which  had  bc>en 
formed  between  S[)ain  and  England,"  the  concenlra- 
tim  ol'  so  laro'c  a  force  for  defence  was  no  loMLi'er  nec- 


ess;il'V 


It 


\\' 


as  I'urt her  urgetl  that  the  gowiiimeiit, 


daz.  (/('  Jfi'.r..  XV.  ()S7.     Many  pcr.sfms  liail  unM  inolal.s  mail 


a 


wovo 


tlicm  on  tliL'ir  coat  collars.  Alainaii  pussossi'cl  a  rolliHtiini  of  tlani,  uiul  .states 
tliattlioy  wtToof  poor  workniaiisliip.    //Is/.  .]/<J.,  i.  'Jv.'. 

'dii-..  ,/('  Mrx.,  XV.  (l!l!) 

^ 111.,  804.  The  oiilor  wan  j;ivc'ii  on  the  l.Jth  of  Oitnl.er.  Hernandez  y  Da- 
mhu.  Co/.  J)or.,  i.  C.liMT. 

'■'Eiiylainl  had  niiulo  pcacvT  with  Spain  in  July  ISOS. 


70 


VICEROYS  GAPJBAY  AND  LIZAXA. 


in  its  ofToi'ts  to  send  poeuniary  aid  to  tlic  peninsula, 
could  not  afl'ofd  the  expense  of  maintaining  a  stand- 
in^-  aiiny."  A  rei^inient  of  grenadiers  was  organized, 
and  thi.>  with  the  dra<>'oons  of  Mexico  constituted  the 
militaiT  I'orce  in  the  capital. 

JJuriug  (jarihay's  rule  the  revolutionary  tendency 
advanced  apace.  Secret  meetings  were  held  at  pri- 
vate houses.^'^  A  society  known  as  the  luicionales 
Cahalleros  was  organized  at  Vera  Cruz,  Jalapa,  and 
jMcxii'o,  which  hv  its  machinations  u^reatlv  aided  the 
cause  of  indej)endence."  Further  than  this,  the  seci'et 
agents  of  Joseph  B()na[)arte  were  actively  at  work 
inciting  the  iidiahitants  to  rebelliou.^* 

"^raiiiii'l  Abjul  y  Queipo  (.■ondcinns  this  nctiou  of  Oiirilwy,  statin';;  tliat  lie 
dill  so  '  \:ov  lialier  ciiU'iidiilo  ijiii!  oiitro  iiluiiiuw  ollciak's  se  iial.'iilia  cmi  liii- 
crtad  stiliro  iink'iiL'iiiltiicia,  y  ]iiir  ivniuiliai'  (.'.stu  iiial.  .  .iiK.'uri'ii'i  cu  otro  mayor, 
(juo  file  ]iuiK'r  cii  coiitacto  ;i  Ids  inilicianos  cim  sua  vociiios,  sils  jiariciilx'.i  y 
uiiii^i'S,  on  <nio  I'-i  iniposiljlij  (jno  cl  cnniacti)  tie  lu;)  muis  ilcjo  do  C(in;aniiiiar.so 
con  los  olrcis.'  'I'iio  ))i.sli(ip  say.s  that  lio  ought  to  have  puni.ilicd  llio.-ic  frec- 
simkLii  olhccrs,  and  iilaccd  olhtis  in  cc^iuniaiid  who  couhl  havo  been  ndiuj 
xipou.   Iifonih-  flirli/.  (tl  ri'i/.,  in  Zuiiiaf'ii.^,  Hist.  Mtj.,  ix.  SiJT-S. 

'-.\  prominent  personage  now  was  the  niar<|ues  ilo  llayas,  wlio  was  a 
staneh  adlierout  ut'  luirriiraray,  and  espoused  the  cause  <£  independeiieo 
alter  his  fall.  The  prooi'ti  of  disloyalty  ayaiiist  hini  were  so  sti'on;^that  ho 
■was  Fcnt  prisoner  to  Spain,  but  was  detained  at  X'era  Cruz  by  sickness.  In 
ISJl  he  returned  to  Mexico.   HifaUic.  Artie  ilc  Foin/o,  l!)-"JI. 

'^Their  mode  of  o]ieiatiou  was  to  work  on  the  i,'()vernment  so  to  act  as  to 
foment  disconient.  'i  lie  ell'orts  cf  thi.s  society  wi're  })artieu!a;'ly  saeees  ful 
^\it^  N'ieeroy  Iturri^raray,  aecordiuL,'  to  (i>i!ei])o,  wiio  .states  that  liy  ll;ittery 
and  cajoling;  they  .so  inlhRueed  him  that  '  lo  hi/o  titubear  en  la  lidiiid  '.d  do 
tal  niodo.  (pii!  .su  eonducta  aniliiyua  hi/o  crecr  A  loa  sedieiosos  ipu!  estaba  de- 
eidido  en  .'-u  favor,  y  eon  esto  arrojarnn  la  mascara  y  atacarou  cara  desc.ihi- 
erla,  los  dereehos  de  la  monari|iiia.'  liifurme  diiuj.  al  roj.,  in  /'aiiMcol->,  Hint, 
J/..;.,  ix.  Ml-J. 

"  'IVro  no  olvidaudo  tampoco  Napoleon  el  o))jeto  interesanto  de  l.as  Ame- 
ricas, cnviu  eomisionados  a  seducir  y  ccjniprar  los  \ir;'eye.s,  ,t;.)be:iuulort'3  y 
ilemas  pei'snnas  (jue  por  la  fuerxa  o  por  .su  inlluxo  i)udicscu  doniinar  el  pue- 
blo.' f/ic.  lie  Mix.,  XV.  !).'$.").  Jn  August  ISOS,  among  o.lier  seiliiious  iiapers 
seized  at  Ver.i  Cruz  was  a  despatch  from  I'hampani,  the  I'rcncli  minister 
t;f  forei'.rn  alVairs,  uliicially  recoa, mending  a  system  of  opera  Lions  to  pro- 
mote rebellion.  Arrll/in/ii.  /^i/oniw,  in  Cf  'iilnrio,  iv.  f.  oO,  no.  1.  TIk^  same 
year<leneral  Octaviano  d'Alvimar,  having  been  aut!iori.:eil  to  ex]ien  1  l,ir,o 
fauns  ('f  money  with  this  object,  entercil  Mexican  teri'i.ory  from  the  V.  S. 
He  was  arristed  at  Xaeodoclies,  in  Texas,  in  Au\,'iist  18j  ',  anil  proeeedinvrs 
were  instituted  a-'ainst  him  as  an  agent  of  Xajioleon.  (!a:  ibay  ."ieut  him 
jiri.soner  (o  .••  pain  in  bSOI),  and  alter  the  independence  D'Alvi.nar  attempted 
to  reiMixcr  damages  foi' his  imprisonment  and  loss  (jf  personal  eH'ccts.  d'l'".  ili'. 
J/i  I,,  ut  sup  ;  /.iririi,  G'uli.  do  Mix.,  i.  .")!!);  /lii-'^tiniiiiiiti-,  i:i  Cmo,  Tir-i  Hij'im, 
iii.  'J..!)-!)].  ])",\lvimar,  while  being  conducted  to  the  capital,  pas.sed  through 
l>iili  lies,  and  hud  several  interviews  with  Jiidalgo,  m  h  )m  he  earnesly  en- 
eourageil,  it  is  asserted,  in  revolutionary  ihsi.ns.  J'inz  (  ale!  In.  Siini''ii, 
lOl-S,     Hidalgo,  however,  ut  his  trial  asserted  that  his  conversations  with 


•4' 


M 


mm 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  REVOLUTION. 


71 


cninsula, 

a  staiid- 

•n-anizcil, 

iitud  tlic 

tondcncy 
I  at  \)V\- 
acionak's 
la)»a,  ami 
ulcd  tho 
lie  secret 
at  work 


ntini;  that  ho 
'ahii  LH.ii  lih- 
i  otl'o  mayor, 
s  jiiirii'iitx'.i  y 
coiitaiiiinarsc 
c'd  l!iL'.-ii^  tVee- 
e  hcL'U  relied 

whn  was  a 
[ihli'i'.ciiiloiieo 

on ,'  lliat  ho 
iickiiL'j;,-}.     la 

to  act  as  to 

:;;!i_'i'rs  fill 
liy  r.afai-y 
liili  li.l  111  il'o 
cstalia  <lo- 
■ava  (l(-\-cal)i- 

'/l(CO('.-',    Jliit. 

lo  las  Aiivj- 
■cnailoMa  y 
iiiar  1 1  \>nc- 
,iiia:i  liajiiTS 

'i  iniiii.itcr 
ii.as  to  pro- 
'I'lir  ^-aaiL' 
'.iicu  1  lar,o 
,1  Ihc  V.  S. 

.njci'ciUii'js 
ly  sent  hiui 
r  uitomiiU'il 
L'cts.  fi'ia.  (lii 

Trt'--!  iVr/'tw, 
sscd  tlironijh 
allies. ly  on- 

■satioiia  V  itli 


cliurclies. 


•Dssly  tli.sli,<4"urea 


Lampoons  and  scurrilous  pasquinades  were  posted 
on  the  walls;  insultin*^  eaiicatures  ot*  the  leading;'  nieni- 
lirrs  of  the  o'overuineut  and  lo^'alist  part}'  disligured 
the  puhlic  liuildings;  and  seditit)us  sheets  in  print 
were  scattered  on  the  lloors  of  tho  cathedral  and 
Tho  ima^'O  ot  his  majesty,  moreover,  was 
d  on  the  eoinaj^e,"'  and  the  su])reme 
jiuita  of  S[)ain  ricUeuled.  And  all  these  seeds  of 
insurrection  were  so  secretly  and  warily  sow  n  that 
ii(i  eH'orts  of  tho  government  were   ell'ectivo  i;i  sup- 

Ji'Alviinar  hail  no  political  siirnificaiicc.  Aliimnii,  Ifi-'t.  ^f'J.,  i.  D.'iO-dO. 
-M'liisii'ur  ])osinolar(l  was  Joseph  ]joiia[iartL''s  agent  at  lialuiiioi'c,  i-ml  tlio 
I'lfiii-li  ii.siiri)er  is^^iied  iiistruelioiis  to  liini  which  (li.scUised  thi!  |ihiii  to  excitu 
irviilt  in  Spanisli  Aiiioiica.  1'lic;  main  points  were  to  declare  I*  the  ei'eoles 
tl,at  liis  impeii  il  majesty  had  solely  in  view  to  },'ivo  liherty  to  Spanisli  Amer- 
ica, tho  only  rclavu  exi)ected  hcing  the  fiiendslii[)  of  tho  people  and  com- 
liiereo\\ith  tho  eouiitry.  To  elleut  their  iiidcpendeiiee,  his  majesty  oU'erod 
a'!  iieci'svary  ti'Onp.s  and  stores.  'J'lie  emissaries  were  fiutlier  instructed  to 
]i. lint  or.t  tho  advantages  wliich  wouhl  accrue  hy  siispendin,'  tlie  heavy  rc- 
r.iittanees  to  Spain,  and  l>y  the  acipiirenient  of  freeditiu  from  commercial  iinil 
a;:riciiitural  restrictions.  Tho  good-will  of  tlie  ecclesiastics  especially  was 
t  >  lie  gaiiiid,  with  the  ohject  tliat  at  tlic  confessional  they  should  Tirge  the 
D.'cessity  of  indopendenco.  Tho  oijiistico  to  Mliicli  the  erenlcs  were  tailiject 
ia  vho  disposal  oi  )mblic  appoiiitni'nts  was  to  bo  dwelt  niion.  At  the  sanio 
time  tlie  agents  were  to  lie  careful  iiot  to  iloclaiin  ag.diist  llie  iiKjuisition  or 
lac  church,  and  on  the  insurrectional  standaivls  tlie  motto  'Viva  la  lleli'iioii 


I'.iKica,  aposti'ilica  y  romana!  I'e 


mal 


wa.s  to  l>e  ins( 


rihi 


'i'iie  f-ervants  of  governors  and  high  (illieinls  were  to  he  won  over,  and  snh- 
a.'eiits  wore  to  keep  the  principal  ugents  duly  informed  of  the  ]ir'i;;re:s  made, 
and  tlieso  in  turn  were  to  conniuuiicate  \\  ith  .b.seph  ISonapai'te  s  i  iivdv  in 
t!ie  I'.  S.  A  copy  of  these  instructions  was  found  in  Carac.s,  in  the  (jliice 
lit  tho  secretary  to  the  siiprema  junta,  and  forwarded  l)y  tho  junta  to  the 
r.ii';lish  admiral  at  the  Jjarliailiies  .station.  I!<  r.  In  S/iciii.  Ann  r.,  y^i)-!;  Wal- 
/iii/'k  L'.tjiusr,  a]ip.  '2-7;  (.'iili'o,  Ainm/ctt  ll't-t.,  i.  4.'!-,').  The  Spanish  govern- 
iiiiiit  warned  the  colonial  iinthoritics  uf  IJonaparte's  machinations.  A  royal 
address,  diteil  May  10,  ISliit,  exhortin;,'  the,  inliahitauls  of  Xew  Spain  to  main- 
tain tlu.'ir  loyalty,  and  ho  on  guard  a;;ainst  Frencli  intrigues,  says  'para  (juc 
haciendolo  piililiuo,'  that  is,  the  addres.',  'en  esos  Dominion  so  jirec^van  sr.s 
iiatiirales  de  las  inipresiones  siniestras((ne  podriau  eaiisarles  lasmai|uinacio;u':i 
e  iiitiig'uas  ipio  nue  itros  fernces  eiiemiu'os  euiplian  ahora  e  a,  ni.;s  arte  ([ue 
nuiica.'  ] Hypoxic.  I'tirifH,  i.  f.  1  H.  (Jarihay  on  April  IS,  iSO'.t,  pulilished  a 
])ri)clamatioii  forhidding  the  landing  of  Fvenchnien  at  the  jiorts,  whether 
they  had  ])asspi)rts  or  not.  All  French  settlers  al.-o  weiv  ofilcrel  to  appear 
v.ithin  ciglit  day<  heforo  the  iiloahk  -i,  by  whom  they  were  examined.  It  mis- 
jii.  inn  attached  to  any  of  them,  such  were  to  be  imprisoned.  (I'rr..  tic  .)/(.i\ , 
xvi.  .S;!7-l(). 

'On  the  flth  of  October,  |S0\  (Jariiiiiy  published  a  decree  with  the  object 
of  iup|)!'essiiig  these  papi'i-x.  Ili  runinli-  fi  /hini/ns,  f'.,i.  /)iir.,\.  Oils  !). 

"■'(iaribayon  the  l!)lb  "f  May  lSiK>,  issued  a  ]irochimalion  oliering  "J.O;);) 
pesos  for  tho  discovery  I -;  the  muvilatovs  of  tlie  coins.  He  says:  '  I'retendeii 
vengar  el  mal  exito  de  sus  mar|uinai.  i  >nos  en  v\  real  l)Usto  de  las  mone  las,  ilu 
las  ijiio  ban  llegailo  a  mis  man  'is  var.^n  piezas  senaladas  do  modos  diferontes, 
toilos  ciiorniemeiito  of"nsivo<  ;i  l.-i  niagestad,  y  en  odio  Uo  la  dmasti'a  ruy- 
naiite.'   (.Vc.  dv  Mix.,  xvi.    \2'.>. 


^ 


72 


VICEROYS  GARIBAY  AND  LIZ  AX  A. 


prcsftiii^-  the  liostilo  dt'Dioiistratlons.  Jii  vain  tlic  viso 
iiiid  sale  of  Jiuiid  ]irintiii_Lf-|)rc.sses  wcu'o  |)rt)luhitL'(l,'^ 
and  ill  vain  rewards  were  oijei'cd  lor  the  detection  of 
the  unthors  of  these  treasonable  acts. 

]n  Aj^i'il  1809  news  of  reverses  snstaiin;d  hy  Span- 
i^>h  ai'nis  in  the  jx'iiinsula,  I'eached  2vlexieo,  and  (Jari- 
l.'uy  issued  a  j)roelainalion  on  t]ie20th/'  exhortini^  the 
i)ublie  to  show  their  loyalty  by  contributions  in  aid  of 
the  mother  country,  by  sentiments  expressiiiL^  a  closer 
union  in  mind  and  heart/'  and  above  all,  by  refusing 
to  be  iniluenced  by  the  secret  o[)erations  of  those 
A\ho  were  endeavoriuLj  to  seduce  them  from  their  al- 
Ici^iance.  IJut  tliis  ])roclaniation  had  no  ell'ect  in 
arresting  the  sti;ady  advance  of  the  revolutionary 
])arty.  Its  adherents  were  jubilant,  and  did  not  re- 
frain from  o[)enly  expressint;'  their  joy  at  the  news. 
They  gi'eetcd  with  delight  the  intelli_L,^cnce  of  disas- 
ters suU'ered  by  the  Spanish  foi'ces;  and  while  they 
exaiifcfcrated  their  defeats,  they  underrated  and  derided 
the  advantaii'es  which  they  gained. 

Day  by  day  the  goveJ'unient  was  losing  its  inilu- 
encc  over  tlu;  public  mind,  and  becoming  more  and 
morc!  an  object  of  ridicule  on  ihe  j)art  of  the  disaf- 
fected. In  the  hope  of  !'ljangi)ig  the  current,  (iari- 
bay,  or  rather  his  ad\isers,  established  a  junta  con- 
sultiva,  com])osed  of  three  oidores,  before  which  all 
cases  of  treason  were  to  be  tried  instead  of  in  *)ie 
criminal  court.      This   tribunal   was   J'ormed   in   >Uilii! 


'On  till'  l-'Ttli  i)f  April,  1S!)I),  tlii;  viceroy  publisluil  ajinicliini.'ition  ardof- 


iiiL;  tliiit  nil  siiih  \ 


ircsscjs  sli 


(1l'  lii  Al'oi'iI;u1,i  within  throe  days.    J)'i 


onld  l)u  (Uli\ civil  up  to  tho  juil^o  of  tiio  tiiljiiii 


'le  Jfr.r.,  X.  r)()S.      Yet  oil  t! 


:.jtii 


of  May  foilowiiii^  ho  luund  it  uoeossary  to  oll'or  ii  ivwaiil  of  •_',()()(>  [k*'/*  for 
the  (liscovoiy  of  the  crsoiis  who  liail  soattoivil  ticasoiiahlo  shoots  in  (!»« 
ohiii'olio.-i  during,'  holy  wook.  <laz.<U-  .l/i  j,-. ,  iit  oit.  'J'hosn  slioots  woro  di- 
I'eotod  a^rainHt  tho  Spanish  junta  central,  and  invited  the  ))ooi)lo  to  assert  their 
indopoudonoo.  'riie  junta  ooutral  of  S[iain  was  recou^ni/.ed  hy  tho  vii;oroy  hy 
doeroo  of  .Marc;h  l(i,  LsO!).    Ili  rnaii'liz  1/  Dch-dlo.i,  i'ul.  JJo'.,'\.  OSO  ;i. 

'«f/«:.  (le  .)/<.!■.,  xvi.  ;}(i5  8. 

'"  'Ulvidad  dosde  aliora  para  .sionipro  osos  ajiodos  i]v  criollos  y  gai  liupinos, 


do 


do  quo  hacois  una  aplicacion  o 
■  .'1 


liosa  o  ideal,  siipuesto  (ine  todos  los  niioudiros 


s  una  naeiou  no  dolicn  ser  oonocidos  sino  por  el  noinin 
icion  do  ([uo  son  parte;  adonias  do  (pio  es  tan  ridionli 


iliro  iiiisnio  (pio 


ill) 


•do  h 


lito  il 


o  una  eoHii  quo  no  osta  en  nuostra  niauo:  es  dooir  do  uaoer  atpai  o 
hulo  do  alia  del  nuir.'   Id.,  'Si\S. 


I  la 

oer 
del 


k 


AX  AZTKC  MONARCH. 


73 


tl)C  use 

;cti*)li  of 

y  S]i:iii- 
1(1  (^iiii- 
linu,'  the 
ill  aid  of 
a  closer 
ref'usinij^ 
if  those 
their  al- 
•ircct  in 
jti(.)uary 
not  re- 
e  news. 
»r  disiis- 
iU;  they 
[  derided 

,s  iiiihi- 
)re  and 
e  i\\>ai'- 
t,  (Jai'i- 
ta  coii- 
lich  all 
in  <lio 
n    .Jii//<! 

lion  okIc^- 
ir  ti'ilniiiij 
u  ■  Mt!l 
■»  1"  t'lif 

:ts  ill  0(0 
i  wt'io  ill- 
issuit  tlii'ir 
viotroy  liy 

;{. 

|Miliii)>ii)('^<, 

init'iiiliriJiS 

liu^  lli'va  111 

liiril'i  liiu'tT 

;u|ui  6  ilfl 


180n,  and  some  airests  were  iviadf,  l)ut  instead  of 
tending'  toward  sn|ij)ressin^-  sedition,  its  creation  was 
Innied  lo  advantai^e  hy  the  independents,  and  snp- 
jdied  additional  means  of  funieiitin^'  discontent.  Tlie 
iiiiiovalioii  made  hy  transferrin^^  the  prerogatives  ot 
the  sala  del  crimen  to  an  extraordinary  court  aihi- 
ti'aiily  estahlislicd,  and  em])loyiiiLi;-  a  great  nuniher  of 
spies,  was  seized  upon  as  an  illustrati(jn  (jf  desjiotism 
on  the  part  of  <  he  government.  A  rumor  wassj»i'ead 
that  the  jirisons  were  crowded  with  innocent  victims; 
households  were  filled  with  tear  of  arrests,  and  the 
]»uhlic  were  taught  to  h<.lieve  that  the  mere  suspicion 
ol' Iree  opinions  heing  entertained  by  a  man  was  sufH- 
cieiit  to  cause  his  being  sent  prisoner  to  Sjiain.  ° 
Outward  demonstrations  M'ere,  it  is  true,  f')r  the  time 
suppressed;  but  none  the  less  did  the  cause  of  inde[)en- 
deiice  gain  ground  under  the  more  cautious  and  se- 
cret ojieratioiis  of  its  promoters. 

Ilhi-tratlve  not  alone  of  the  anomalous  position  in 
wliieh  \ew  Spain  stood  with  regard  to  the  mother 
coimtry  during  this  period,  but  also  of  the  unsettled 
and  somewhat  UK^oiigruous  ideas  as  to  txovei'nment 
and  siicci'ssion,  was  a  claim  in  1808  of  an  Indian  to 
t'n'  thvt>ne  of  ]Mexico.  This  personage  allegeil  tliafc 
he  was  a  descendant  of  the  emperor  I\Iontezuma, 
a'ul  maintained  that  in  view  of  the  downfall  of  tlie 
Spanish  monarchy  lu;  had  a  right  to  the  crown  of  the 
A/,tee  royal  line.  lla<l  the  native  population  been  as 
Well  prcpaied  for  rev<»lt  as  they  were  two  years  later, 
su'!.  ,^  claim  might  have  cau.-'ed  niucli  alarm,  and 
]  n>bubly  bloodsh*.-d.     As   k   was,   ridicule    was    the 

-"Ahiimm  .itlcinptcd  to  tr.ii'i'  tlicgrriun<ls  tin-  tlioso  rojicirts,  Imt,  i")uM  di'Iy 
lU.scovtT  the  naiiii's  of  tlin  fullow  iiic;  iK'i-.soim  aiTested:  Tli(3  Fianuisian  piidre 
Siigiisti.  tin:  silversmith  Jose  Luis  Alcuncilo,  char^ail  with  niakiii.c,'  a  crown 
t'T  ltiiin;jaiay,  tlio  rscriliauo  IVimlitit,  Antonio  C':ill<  ja,  tlic  ciiia  I'a'.acios, 
aiiil  thu  lii'eiitialcs  ViciiUo  Acnfia  ami  Julian  I'astilli  jos,  'toilos  aciiwadf/s 
y  lauchoscoiivi  ni'idos<lo  sorautoic.-ido  ]ia|iok'sor.iai|iiiiiacionosscdi('iosas.'  Itl. 
(  oiupaio  ]>iis(anuintc,  in  <  'am,  Tn  s  S'kjIok,  iii.  "J,"!,'!.  Nogrcto  agrees  with  linsta- 
iiiaiiLc's  statement  tliat  tiio  jails  were  iiiled  a\  ith  pi  i^onera.  Me.r,  titjto  A/A'., 
i.  Isl. 


74 


VICEROYS  GARIBAY  AND  LIZAXA. 


only  \vc'!ij)()ii  (iiiployc.d,  ami  tlio  ])rutoiidci'  came  to  be 
regarded  hy  iii.'iny  as  a  niadiuaii.'-^ 

On  the  "  I  .".til  of  ^[areli,  1809,  the  English  1)rig 
S(ij>ji/io  arrived  at  N'era  Cruz  iVoni  llio  Janciio,  hear- 
ing despatehes  1'roni  the  ini'anta  Doua  Maria  Carlota 
Joa(|uina,  th('  sister  of  Fernando.  The  letti^r  was 
addrrsscd  to  the  viceroy,  audiencias,  governoi-s,  and 
munieipalilics  of  New  Spain,  and  contained  her  wishes 
and  ('Xpectations  that  her  son,  the  infante  Don  I'edr'o, 
would  he  rretixed  and  acknowledged  as  regent  and 
lieutenant  of  the  king.  Such  pretensions  caused  the 
viifi-oy  and  audiencia  much  iiKjuietude,  and  iluiy  en- 
dea\()i'('d,  though  in  vain,  to  keep  the  matter  secret. 
In  their  reply  to  the  infanta  they  contincil  themselves 
to  e\}>ressi()iis  of  courtesy,  re])orting  that  tran(piillity 
rein'ned  in  the  country."-  Not  loiiLi'  aftei'  the  vicei'ov 
received  a  lett(.'r  from  the  junta  central  of  8])aiu,  in- 
forming him  that  it  had  h(.'come  aware  that  Napoleon 
ijieditated  sending  Carlos  IV.  to  reign  in  New  S[)ain, 
villi  the  ohji'ct  of  creating  a  division  in  the  Spanish 
monarchy,-^  and  instructions  were  given  him  to  ])ro- 
liil)it  tlie  landing  of  Carlos,  and  arrest  him  if  he  })er- 
sisted.  With  the  a[)proval  of  the  real  a(3Ucrdo,  tho 
viceroy  issued  the  corresponding  orders  to  the  authori- 
ties at  the  [)Oi-ts. 


Hia  p 

of  wli 


Los  EurolK'0^  liicicron  la  mas  nlta  hnria  do  csta  solicitiul  y  su  apoyo.' 
i  WLTu  liu.illy  cnishciil  l)y  a  pui.'tiuiil  lnii'Ics(iuo,  one  of  tin;  lines 


letiii.sioii 


•:iu  til 


'  Y  tr 


n.'iiita  mil  Iiidius  guerrcros  vcsUiIds  ;i  an  ii.s:iuz:i — 


csto  IS  cc'iK'uei-o8,' etc.     (Jiiiinhtila,   Vcrdad  Subkla,  lix.     The  wliole  story  is 
ilciiicMl  ill  L'jtrz'i,  l)l<cur^o  Viinl.  Jtitrr.,  I(i-I7. 


■i; 


uslaiiianti!  funiislies  a  copy  of  a  portion  of  the  infanta's  dospatcli,  the 


tone  of  wliiuli  iji  soiiicwliat  assuming.  She  thaiik.s  tho  munilieis  of  tiio  au- 
diencia and  the  aicliliishop  for  their  zeal  and  waehfulnoss  in  Iwiving  saved 
tho  eiiuntry;  urges  tho  viceroy  to  ho  vigilant  in  niaint;uning  order  and  tlio 
p:o.>]i('iity  of  thu  eountry;  iind  wishes  to  Ijc  supplied  wit li  an  exact  account 
(if  all  notahlo  events  in  tlio  capital  and  kingdom,  'y  si  ))osil)!o  es  do  toda  csa 


justamante  remarks:  'Su 


Alti 


eza  sm  dmia  estaoa 


[)ildo 


Uiu'iiia  Septentrional.'     1 

muy  ociosa  cua'ido  esciihic'j  dicha  carta,  y  nl  tenor  de  ella  otras  nuiclias; 
liaher  ucnivuloel  lienipoen  liaeer  ealzeta  para  sus  hijos. '  Cava,  TrisSi'jli 
201   il,     'llu!  letter  is  dated  l;io  de  Janeiro,  May  11,  ] 809. 

-^r.ustamar.to  discredits  any  such   idea  on  tho  part  of  Xapolcon.     'lia 
dunta  de  Se\illa'— ho  means  the  junta  central,   wliirli   had  withdrawn  to 


In 

Scvilli-  'tenia  tan  air 


■hasti 


.h 


IS  ]iaracngulhr  lasinent'iris  masaiisnidas 


conio  las  tenia  (iariliay  y  su  e'onsejo  de  Oidoros;'   hut  was  eonlident  tlK.t  if 


the  atiempt  had  In 


L'aoo,  Tfcs  Siylus,  iii.  '-!G_'-3. 


ide  Carlos  wouki  have  triumphantly  cntccd  Mexico. 


■'■p 


WEAK  RULERS. 


76 


rric 


to  bo 


lish  Vivh^ 
ii'o,  Ix-ar- 
i  Ciirlota 
itter  was 
nors,  and 
w  wislies 
III  i\(li'(), 
i^eiit  and 
lusc'd  the 
th(iy  on- 
er secret. 
lenisL'lve.s 
xn(]uiHity 
e  vieei'ov 
Spain,  in- 
Na|inlL'Oii 
j\v  S[)ain, 
?  Spanisli 
n  to  ])ro- 
lie  })er- 
rdo,  the 
authori- 


y  fill  npoyo. 
of  tin;  Hues 

liolo  story  is 

spate!),  tlio 
h  i.f  the  ;r,i- 
nviiij^  saved 
Vilvv  mill  the 

lu-t  ju'L'oniit 
Ic  tii^la  i'.-;v 

(luii.i  cstalia 
iR'li.'is;  pmlo 

■uSijln-:,  iii. 

inloon.  'L;i 
klulrawn  to 
las  ali.suidas, 
(lent  ta:,t  if 
cil  Mexico. 


Durinf  tlu!  first  six  months  of  Garihav's  itde  no 
fiirmal  rcco^iiition  of  the  Spanish  juntas  liad  been 
maile.  Tlie  deeret's  of  the  junta  de  Se\illa  had  been 
published  and  acted  upon,  but  no  oath  of  allegiance 
to  it  as  icprcsentative  of  the  hini;'  was  ever  taken. 
After  the  defeat  of  the  French  at  Bayh'n,  hy  C'as- 
tafios,  and  tlieir  e\acuation  of  ]Ma(h'id,  the  jnidas  of 
the  diiferent  ]»rovinces  came  to  an  understanding',  aiid 
the  su]»renia  junta  central  was  instalh.'d  at  Araiijuez 
on  the  LlJth  of  S(>ptend)er  1808.  In  ]Marcli  I80'j  its 
authnrity  was  I'ecoj^nized  in  jNIexico,  and  the  viceroy, 
auiheiicia,  niunici[)ality,  and  tribunals  took  tiie  oath 
of  allegiance.  The  occasion  was  celebrated  with  sal- 
v(.)es  of  ai'tillery  and  illuminations.-'* 

'i'he  mental  and  physical  incompetency  of  (biribay, 
will)  possessed  neither  l)odily  activity  nnr  intellectual 
vii:;iir,  seen  made  it  apparent  to  the  Yei'mo  Jiai'ty  that 
the  jtolitical  situation  was  daily  becoming"  criticrd.  Un- 
der the  misrule  of  the  oidores  they  obserwd  tli;d.  revo- 
lutionary ])rinciples  were  spreading  instead  of  being 
suiipressi'd,  and  there  were  those  who  jbi'esaw  the 
coming  stru'jgle.-''  Warnin^jfs  were  whis])ered  to  the 
oidores,  but  ])assed  uidieeded,  and  the  party  which  had 
overthrown  Iturrigaray  represented  the  true  state  of 
attairs  to  the  itmta  central,  unking:  tlie  apMointment  of 
an  al)le  and  enci'getic  viceroy  without  delay.  ]>y 
such  a  measure  only  could  the  tranquillity  of  the  coun- 
try be  maintained."*'     The  Spanish  junta  aceortlingly 

■'On-.,  ill'  Mcv.,  xvi.  IV,  2rM-70,  ilU-");  nisposir.  TrnvV/.s',  i.  f.  I. ■!.-)(;:  ni- 
ari>.^/l■.l•.,  ix.  {j'.>2.  Oil  Ajiril  T)!!)  tlio  liisliop  of  Oajaca  iIliivv  red  aa  oiatioa 
iu  sui'port  of  this  roco/,'iiiLioii.   /<!.,  x.  4."il  ,"). 

'•'■'.Manuel  Ahad  y  Qaiipo  in  .Marcli  isODuddrossed  there  .1  acnerdo,  nraincf 
the  neees,  ity  of  augiuen;iii'^'  tlie  military  foree  i;i  (n'der  to  insui'c  internal 
trani|aillity  and  proteeiioa  u-aiiist  invasion.  With  rcL-'ard  to  the  dan.u'er 
tlneatened  hy  the  pi-evailiiig  di.-enrd,  lie  remarks  in  a- iio.e  tliat  ab  the  timo 
uhen  he  wi'ote  the  represeiuatiou  'no  s,;  jiodia  entonees  puulerar  este  p(^ligi'o 
sin  annientarlo  en  realiilad  por  eiiya  razon  solaiiiente  h)  indi  |ii.'.  en  eoneepto 
do  (pie  csto  era  liastante  para  iinixs  iiiajistrados  salnos  e  i;ii.st;aihis  en  el  asiiu- 
to,'  /,'rjir>-  -ii(.  ill  I!<(d  Aciicrdo,  in  Mora,  Obru.-i  ,Siii'lt(t.<,  i.  Il'.)-2t),  and  CvL 
A'.-.v/-,;/y.<  f.',.,,orl.,  l-Jl-.'JI. 

'•'"linsLaaiaiitc  assisted  in  drawiii','  up  the  '  instrnccion.  elamando  i)or  el 
justo  eastijo  dc  unos  oiilores  levoltosos  f[uc  no3  iiwu  oriilauilo  il  la  rcvolu- 
eiun.'  Can),  Tn.-i  Sijlus,  iii.  "Jtil. 


76 


VICEROYS  GARIBAY  AND  LIZAXA. 


appoiiitod  Fi'anc'i.so()  Javier  do  Jjizana  y  Beauinoiit, 
arehbi.slio])  of  Mexico,  t(»  l)o  vicrroy  in  tlio  jilacu  of 
(jlaribay,  wliosu  election  liad  not  been  confirmed  by 
the  lioUHi  <n»vernnient,  and  wliose  elevation  could  not 
be  deeni<>d  le^^'al.  U\i  (ho  IDih  of  Jul}'  (laribay  sur- 
]'en(lei'e<l  the  place,  liavinsjf  boon  noniinallv  the  head 
of  ihe  -j,o\crnnient  lor  a  period  of  ten  months,  but  in 
reality  the  political  tool  of  Uidor  AL,aiirro,  who,  in 
some  alarm  at  tlio  elianu^e,  requested  leave  to  retiro 
I'rom  ollico  four  days  pi'evious  to  Lizana's  installation, 
(jiariba}'  relurned  to  private  life  and  poverty.  From 
the  latter,  however,  he  was  relieved  by  the  generosity 
of  Yi'i'uio,  who  made  him  a  monthly  allowance  of  live 
hundred  jiesos.  ]Ie  was  afterward  decorated  with 
the  grand  cross  of  Carlos  III.,  and  granted  a  j)ension 
often  thousand  ])esos  a  year."  lie  died  on  the  17th 
of  July,  18  15,  at  the  age  of  eighty-six, 

])uiing  his  brief  administration  he  exerted  himself 
in  raising  remittances  for  Spain,  and  when  news  of 
the  victory  at  Uaylen  arrived,  he  issued  a  proclama- 
tion, on  October  4,  1808,  asking  for  war  contributions. 
]lisc;i!l  in  the  general  enthusiasm  was  liberally  ro- 
s])onded  to,  and  the  subscriptions,  headed  by  the  arch- 
bishop with  'jO,000  pesos,  amounted  to  71G,.34G  ])esos 
by  the  end  of  the  year.-^  A  few  days  alter  its  publi- 
cation the  S])anisli  rnan-of-w'ar  >S«n  Jii.sto  arrived  at 
the  port  of  Vera  Cruz  in  command  of  the  marques 
del  Heal  Tcsoi'o,  who  had  been  commissioned  by  the 
junta  of  Seville  to  obtain  all  the  funds  that  couLl 
be  raised  in  New  Spain  and  other  American  colonies. 
At  this  time  there  were  fourteen  and  a  half  millions 
l^esos  in  the  treasury,  nine  millions  of  which,  together 
with  two  millions  more  contributed  by  wealthy  indi- 
viduals, uere  at  once  transported  to  Vera  Cruz  for 
shi[)nient  to  Sjiain."^ 

I'  A/ai»((ii,  Ill-'t.  M'j.,  i.  .101;  Caz.  ilc  Mcx.,  ISIO,  i.  705. 

"^J5y  the  t'lul  of  Jimo  1801)  thcac  liuiiationa  rcaclicil  the  sum  of  1,482,131 
pesos.   A/.,  xvi.  TiSO. 

'"'  Kiylit  iiiillioii.s  -were  ]int  on  Imiird  tlic  Snn  Juxtn,  an<l  the  remaining  three 
miliioua  ^\c■lu  shipped  on  two  Englisli  Irij^'iites  whicli  entered  the  port  at  that 


\ 


Wk 


FROM  BAD  TO  WORSE. 


77 


nuinont, 
|il;ice  of 
•iiK'd  l)y 
ould  not 
l);iV  stir- 
;lic  lioad 
-;,  but  in 

who,  ill 
:()  ri'tiru 
allatioii. 
,  From 
norosity 
;o  of  live 
,cd  M'itli 

pension 
bhc  17tli 

[  liini.self 
news  of 
roclania- 
butions. 
rally  ro- 
be arch- 
4G  j)esos 
:s  publi- 
Ived  at 
larqnes 
by  the 
it  coulv.l 
olouics. 
uillions 
ogcther 
by  iiidi- 
Jruz  for 


■  1.4S2,i:U 

inin'^'  llirco 
■jrt  at  tljat 


The  n(nv  vlcci'oy  ^vas  no  bettor  than  the  old  one 
Had  Spain  specially  d<Jsirod  to  throw  away  Mexico, 
lliL'  ;ij)|>ointnient  of  Archbishop  Lizana  was  tlu;  very 
thin"'  to  do.  Old,  sicklv,  as  lecblo  in  mind  as  in  l»odv, 
he  was  litter  for  a  bos[)ital  than  for  the  viccroL^al 
palace.'"  ]n  (»no  sense  he  was  too  jj^ood  for  the  place. 
Spain  wanted  there  a  mean  man,  a  hyjiocritical,  lyini^ 
lrlckstt;r;  one  who  could  bo  false  to  all  the  woi'ld  lixeept 
.*-i]iain — [)ai'ticularly  one  who  would  be  lalse  to  Mexico. 
Now  Lizana  was  none  of  these,  lie  was  j)assal)ly 
honest.  He  had  a  L;'ood  heai't,  and  a  beniL^ni  disj)()si- 
lion;  he  lacked  altogether  the  force  of  will  to  lujld 
down  insubordination,  or  regulate  contending  factions. 
W't.  it  was  a  lucky  choice  for  the  cause  of  indepen- 
dence. The  policy  of  such  a  ruler  must  necessarily 
be  timid,  and  his  })urjiose  vacillating.'^  JOpiscoj)al 
))astorals  were  employed  where  viceregal  onlers  should 
have  been  presented  on  the  point  of  the  sword.  Frank 
nn<l  sincere,  he  had  no  insight  into  human  character,''-^ 
and  he  allowed  himself  to  be  entirely  swaye<l  by  the 
oidor  Manuel  do  la  ]Jodega  and  his  cousin,  the  in- 
(juisitor  Alfaro,  to  whose  charge  he  committed  the 
administration  of  his  archiepiscopal  government.  Al- 
J'aro,  spurred  by  ambition  but  blinded  by  his  vanity, 
soon  I'ell  into  the  toils  of  the  racionalc^s  caballeros;  and 
]^izana,  under  his  guidance,  ado])ted  administrative 
measures  which,  while  they  excited  the  spirit  of  re- 


time Alamnn,  Hist.  Mi-J.,  i.  2SG.  Xogrcte  makes  no  incntiou  of  the  $2,000,- 
OOU  t'ljiitriliutod  by  private  fiiibseriptions.  M<.'-.  Siijlo  XIX.,  i.  \M. 

^'llia  st.-ito  of  health  fivrjuoiitly  compelled  liiia  to  tniiisuet  the  public 
business  ill  lieil.   A!'i,)ifui,  J/i^f.  Mij.,  i.  lil-KJ. 

^'  A-i  already  related,  the  arehliLsimp  wiv.i  :\t  first  favorably  ilipt  sed  to  tlio 
couvoeation  of  a  general  coni^'rcsis;  but  alarmed  at  the  aiiLrry  di-pnte.i  on  the 
(juesliou,  ho  sui'  ^'idy  eliangecl  Id.s  opinions,  and  took  pai't  Mitli  the  depo.sers 
of  Itiu'rigaray.  lie  as  (iiuekly,  however,  repented  of  his  action,  'eonfesoii 
la  Junta,  Central  rpio  habia  sido  en.;auado  eu  la  separaeion  do  Iturriu'aray,  y 
fjac  estabaarrepentido  du  liaber  cooperado  ;i  la  ejoeueiou  de  tan  hvrri  nila  inal- 
ilad.'  liiisfumantc,  in  Cava,  Trcii  iS',';//m,s',  iii.  "Jti.'),  also  2tl.  licneeforth  he 
favored  the  party  which  had  advocated  the  emivoeation  of  a  j;in(  lal  eonj,'ress. 

■*■  llustaniante  tlescribcs  liiui  as  'eaudoroso  como  uno  uitio.'and  .Vbad  y 
Quci[)o  says:  'I'lste  virtuoso  prelado  era  lui  lioudirc  uniy  seueillo.  que  no  eono- 
eia  el  eor.izoii  humane,  ni  tenia  luces  en  niatenas  politicas  ni  de  <;obieruo.' 
liifurinc  dir'dj.  id  raj.,  in  Zamacois,  ix.  SC3. 


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78 


VICEROYS  GARIBAY  AND  LIZAXA. 


bollion,  cotuluccd  even  more  directly  to  the  advance- 
ment of  tliL'  iutrii^ucrs'  dcsi<^iis. 

Thus  Kd  hy  the  craft  and  machinations  which  were 
brought  to  hoar  upon  his  adviser,  Alfaro,  he  entered 
upon  a  system  of  opposition  to  the  Yermo  party  and 
the  stanchest  h)yahsts.  Their  dissatisfaction  at  Ids 
ofHcial  action  was  so  marked  that  the  intriguers  had 
no  dilhculty  in  persuading  the  guileless  archbishop 
that  a  i)lot  was  iiatching  among  the  gachupines  to 
cajjture  or  assassinate  him;  whereupon  he  lortilii'd  the 
viceregal  palace  witli  artillery  and  increaseil  the 
guard,  lie  [)laced  all  that  portion  of  the  city  under 
martial  law.  The  patrol  force  was  augmented,  and 
detachments  were  stationed  at  all  impojtant  })oints. 
Orders  were  issued  that  the  patrols  should  arrest 
after  eleven  o'clock  at  night  all  persons  on  whom  arms 
were  found;  and  should  more  than  six  men  in  one  party 
be  met,  they  were  all  to  be  arrested."'*  INIilitary  otii- 
cials  of  iMKjuestionable  loyalty  to  the  mother  country 
were  removed.  Aguirre  and  other  })rominent  Span- 
iards were  threatened  with  banishment,"*  and  Liz;vn;i, 
abhorring  the  Yermo  party,  and  hoodwinked  1  ,e 
racionales  caballeros,  who  about  that  time  wen  ud 
in  their  i)rotestations  of  loyalty,  identilied  himself  with 
the  Creole  faction,  which  so  eagerly  had  advocated  the 
convocation  of  a  national  compress,     lie  could  not  see 


"/?>.  A  copy  (if  this  bi'illiiint  c'lrdcn  tie  la  plaza,  tinted  Novenilicr  .3,  1800, 
19  sniiplicil  hy  MiirtiHcna  and  Ihrnandcz  y  Jidvalo.t,  Cnl.  J>or.,  i.  "l-")- 
10.  1  I'opy  tlio  iiiSLnictions  given  to  tlie  jiaLicc  guard  uh  indicating  the  extent 
to  wliich  tlio  iv:irn  of  Li/ana  had  been  worked  \ipon.  'La  giiai'dia  del  urzo- 
Lispado  y  easa  de  Moneda,  no  nhriran  las  piiertaa  })i  ineipales  ()■!  la  ealle  aim 
ciiando  oig.'iu  tirori  do  fusil  6  eanoii  durante  la  noelie,  a  nieiios  ipie  no  vaya 
inandarlo  perHniiMhnentc  uno  do  los  ayudantes  do  S.  IC.  [.'  Ji'ev.,  V<r<l'iil<ro 
(Jiiijcii,  no.  1,  7S-!).  Consult  Gitrrra,  HUt.  /''  i\  X.  h'sp.,  i.  '2')4.  Mora,  iiow- 
cver,  states  tliat  a  formal  plot  against  his  government  auil  jierson  actually 
existed,  the  conspirators  being  of  tho  Yermo  faction,  witli  Aguirre  at  their 
head.     J/i  /.  //  khh  J'^r.,  iii.  3(i4-5. 

"Aguirre  was  ordered  to  Puobla,  and  it  was  rumored  that  he  >vonld  bo 
Bent  to  Spain.  Tlio  oxcitenient  was  so  great  that  Li/ana  recalled  iiim,  and 
Aguirre  returned  to  the  capital  in  triumph,  'cougran  iliscreditodel  ar/.obispo, 
iiuicn  con  csta  iaciiidad  en  dictar  proviilencias  contrarias,  dalia  A  conocer  (pio 
o  no  mcditidta  del)idainento  lo  quo  hacia,  o  ipio  despues  de  heciio  no  tenia 
finuc/A])uraHosteuorlo.'  Ataman,  JJid.  Mej.,\.  3I'J;  UmtamaHte,  iuCuvo,  Trea 
SiijloD,  iii.  206-9. 


HATH  A  DOG  MOXKY? 


ho  advancc- 

wliich  were 
,  ho  ciitorod 
D  party  and 
L'tioii  at  his 
:tigui!r.s  had 

archbishop 
chupiuo8  to 
I'ortilii-'d  tho 
creascil    tho 
i  city  mjdcr 
inciited,  and 
taut  points, 
loukl  arrost 
I  whom  arms 
in  one  jnirty 
^lihtary  otii- 
:hor  country 
incut  Span- 
and  Lizana, 
dvcd  1  o 

10  wci'       ad 
himself  with 

vocatod  tho 
(juld  not  see 


ovcmlier3,  1800, 

I  lot-.,  i.  71J>- 

iitiii;4  the  extent 

;u!inliii  <lcl  arzo- 

■s  <!•!  l;i  ealle  nun 

iios  ((Ue  III)  viiy."* 

/iVf. ,  Vinlml' ro 

4.     Mora,  liow- 

jtcrMou  iictimlly 

Aguiire  at  tluir 

liat  lie  wonUl  1>o 
ecalleil  liim,  and 
it()<k'l  ar/.()l)iHp<), 
lia  &  eimocer  <iuo 
lo  lioelit)  tu>  tenia 
lUe,  iu i'uvo,  Ties 


that  it  was  identical  witli  tho  independents,  and  tho 
pailiulity  which  he  disphiyed,  far  from  a|)peasiu<r  the 
s[tiiit  ol"  (hscontent,  only  served  to  fan  the  ilames  by 
undisiufiied  encourai^enient  It  was  as  cunniu','  a  by- 
pl.iy  as  thea^e  can  boast,  and  most  successful  withal.*' 
And  all  the  while  the  good  old  prelate  was  thus  un- 
Mittiu'^ly  |>layiniL^  into  tho  liands  of  independence,  ho 
Mils  in  truth  intensely  l(»yal  to  Spain.  ^loney  hesont 
without  stint,  and  money  was  always  Spain's  most 
chionic  desire.  Besitlos  obtaininij  laru^e  donations,  he 
surrendered  all  the  surplus  funds  of  his  ecclesiastical 
rev<'nue,  and  even  threw  in  his  salary."'" 

On  the  2Gth  of  July  an  EniL,dishnian,  Andrew 
Cochrane,  arrived  in  ^lexico,  the  bearer  of  an  order 
from  the  junta,  central  of  Spain  for  the  sum  of  three 
million  i)esos,  on  behalf  of  tho  ]3ritish  j^overnment. 
Tlic  ti'casury  was  empty,  and  again  the  (.'olonists  wore 
aski'd  to  give,  give  !^'  Tho  viceroy  appealed  I'or  a  loan ; 
the  call  was  answered  with  astonishing  prom|)tness,  and 
l>y  the  7th  of  August  82,1)55,435  liad  been  subscribed 
by  till'  connnercial  class  and  other  persons  of  wealth. 
The  remainder  was  soon  made  up;  and  the  connnis- 
sionei-,  after  being  royally  entertained,  returned  to  his 
vessel,  bearing  with  him  tho  three  million  pesos,  and  a 
high  appreciation  of  tho  wealth  of  Mexico'^  and  tho 

'■  l,i/aiia  was  by  no  means  a  supporter  of  indepeniliince,  except  hy  acci- 
dent, mid  witlinut  knowiui;  it.  'K>te  prelado  eii  iiiiiyuu  s'oiitidi)  ))i)(lia  lla- 
niar.>e  uniij;o  do  la  iiidepen<lencia;  pern  testis^o  do  Im  eseexus  ennirtidos  eii 
nuichiis  lueses  por  los  I'lspafiolcs,  aprensorcs  du  ItuiTiLiaray,  Inltia  eoiicebido 
pof  elliis  una  eoiioeiilv  aversion.'  Mora,  Mfj.  y  kiih  J'<  r.,  \i'\.  HVt'X 

^"  ■  ll(!  cedido  ^ustosuineutc  para  las  urgenciaa  tie  la  corona  <A  solirantc  do 
mi  rcnla  I'liiscopal;  y  cedo  gustosisinio  para  cl  inisino  clecto  loa  sueldos  del 
viiTi  yniito.'  (iVk.  f/c  ^fl•x.,  xvi.  T<H). 

^■'(•(iMirlii'ln,  Til.  Mix.,  H2.  Consult  also  Gaz.  dc  Mi.v.,  xvi.  GIO  20,  703; 
Dianoih:  Mix.,  xi.  lIU-'-'O. 

'^'diiz.  ill'  Miw.,  xvi.  7(»l-4.  Ainonji  tho  suhseriliors  of  l,ir;,'e  sums  to  tho 
loan.  I  notice  tlie  names  of  Antonio  Hassoco,  .S_'l(0,(),)U,  Doniintro  ilc  Aelia, 
6<l,"iO,(HK),  and  Trior  Francisco  AlonsoTerau  and  hisbrollur  Aiitoiii...  .sj()().()(K». 
Tiio  total,  ns  given  by  Caiicelada,  7V/.  J/cc,  ;{,'i,  was  .s:!,2l(t,i:r).  (,'oelirano 
was  entertained  with. great  hospitiility.  At  I'uebla  lie  was  preseiit('(l  with 
two  valuable  paintings  iiy  Murdlo!  AlnmrDi,  //ist.  MiJ.,  i.  j;)4.  This  last 
author  states  that  §400,000  of  tiie  above  contribution  were  foreil)ly  taken 
from  tho  houHO  of  tho  duko  of  Terranova,  maripies  del  Valle,  and  a  <leseciid- 
Hut  of  Cortes.  /(/.,  .30.">-fl.  Itustaiimnte,  however,  iniorms  us  that  Lizan;\.  had 
rceeived  orders  to  confiscate  tho  property  of  Terranova,  wIik  had  attached 
hiuitiell'  tu  the  party  of  Joacpli  ISouapurto.     Tho  sum  which  was  seizod,  as 


80 


VICEROYS  GARIBAY  AND  LIZAXA. 


sonseloss  stupidity  of  tlio  poo|»lo  in  tluis  spcndluij 
tlioir  livt!s  uihI  su!)stun<'o  to  minister  to  the  lollies  of 
Spiiiii's  licentious  and  imbecile  rulers. 

In  i-c"4ard  to  his  "government,  the  viceroy  fully  he- 
lieved  that  his  conciliatory  policy  toward  the  discon- 
tented would  allay  any  spirit  of  revolt  that  inii^ht 
exist;  nevertheless,  ho  deisnied  it  right  to  carry  out 
the  measure  ad()j>te(l  by  his  predecessor  for  the  main- 
tenance (»f  ])ublic  tranquillity,  and  on  the  2 1st  of 
Sept('nil)cr,  IHO'J,  |)ermanently  established  the  court 
initiat(;d  by  Garibay,  under  the  name  of  junta  con- 
sultiva.  This  court,  which  Lizana  named  the  junta 
<le  scguridad  y  buen  orilen,  was  composed  at  liist  of 
three  members  of  the  audiencia  and  a  fiscal,^'  and  its 
jurisdiction  extended  to  all  cases  of  French  tendencies 
and  inlidelity  to  the  crown  of  Spain.*'^ 

Hitherto  the  indepemlent  party  had  formed  no  con- 
ceited |)lan  of  operation.  The  arguments,  however, 
M'hich  had  been  employed  by  th(j  partisans  <»f  Jturi'i- 
garay,  and  their  opponents,  suggested  ideas  which  led 
to  the  belief  in  the  possibility  of  independence.  The 
former,  in  deftjnding  Iturrigaray's  character  from  the 
aspersion  of  disloyalty,  urged  that  had  he  established 
an  indej)endent  nation,  it  could  not  long  have  con- 
tinued as  such.  Whether  Spanish  or  French  arms 
j)revailed,  an  invincible  force  would  (juickly  be  sent 
against  the  revolted  colony.  Their  opponents  in  rej»ly 
imprudently  endeavored  to  prove  that  ^lexico  could 
M'(>11  sustain  her  independence.  The  force  of  their  ar- 
guments was  such  that  the  more  eager  of  the  revohi- 

pivon  by  this  author,  was  700,000  pesos.  Caro,  Trm  Sit/los,  iii.  'Jlt.VO.  On 
Maivli  •_'.'!,  ISO'.t,  tilt;  Spaiiisli  fr'tvcnmiiMit  onUreil  tlu'contisuatiim  of  tiio  prop- 
erty of  I''iTiioli  partisans.  '/«;.  M<.r.,  xvi.  7<>'.)-70;  J)i<i>oiit'.  i'ttria-i,  i.  f.  140. 
'I'hc  rcpaymuiit  of  tlioso  loans  was  coiniuenciMl  in  tliu  follcjwint;  Si'ptLiinhci',  a 
diitc  earlier  than  tliat  i)roniiseil  by  the  viceroy  as  tiie  time  for  tlieir  li(iuiila- 
tion,   (I'l:.  tie  Alex:,  .\vi.  KJ(»-7. 

'"The  nienibcrs  nppointiil  by  vho  viceroy  were  the  regent  of  thc.anilicncia, 
I'edro  ( 'atani,  the  oidor  Tonhis  (Jonzalez  Caideron,  the  aleidde  del  crimen  of 
till'  audieucia,  Juan  CoUado,  and  the  fiscal  of  the  eriniiuul  court,  Francisco 
Itobledo.  li'iiz.  lie  Mix.,  xvi.  8ti7. 

♦"'Sobro  el  delito  de  adhesion  al  partiilo  f ranees,  y  sobro  papeles,  conver- 
eaciuiies,  <'>  iniirniuraeionea  scdiciosas  u  scductivas  cuu  todus  uus  coucxiouca 
t  iucidoucias.'  Id.,  8t>S. 


PLAN  OF  niiVOIX'TIOX. 


81 


s  spend liiif 
lU  lollies  of 

»y  fully  bo- 
tlie  (liscroii- 
Dhat  iui_!,^ht 
)  cany  (»ut 
f  tlu!  iiiaiii- 
10    21st   of 

the  court 
junta  con- 

tlu^  junta 

.  at  iiist  of 

:il/'  and  its 

tendencies 

ned  no  con- 
1,  however, 
H  of  Iturri- 
3  which  led 
nee.  The 
from  the 
tahlished 
lave  con- 
luh  arms 
y  he  sent 
:s  in  re|)ly 
xico  could 
'  their  ar- 
10  re  vol  II- 

ii.  L'O.Vn.     On 

)ii  of  (ho  proji- 
iriti-i,  i.  f.  140. 
Si'|itoiiil)er,  a 
tlicir  liijiiiila- 

'  theatiilicncia, 

(Ifl  criineii  of 

)Hft,  l-'nincisco 

ipcles,  conver- 
HUB  coucxiouca 


llonists  docide<l  to  act,  and  in  Septenihor  a  formal  plot 
was  laid  at  X'alladolid  in  Michoacan  for  the  overthrow 
nl"  the  <4-ovt'rnnienl.*'     The  principal   persoiis    in   the 
schi'nie  wen;  .losu  Mai'i'a  Ohcso,  ca[)tain  of  tin*  militia 
1-.  -iiiii'iit  of  X'alladitlid;  a   l''ranciscan  friar,  Vicente 
dc  Santa    Maria;    Manuel    Jvui/   (h:  Chavez,  cura  of 
lliiaii'^'o;  Jose  Mariano  de   Michelena,  lieutenant  of 
till'  S|):uiish  inlantrv,  ami  at  this  time  en^■aL,a'd  at  \'a- 
n.idnjid  in  recruiting'  I'oi-  his  regiment;  his  hrother,  the 
licentiate  .Josu  Nicolas  Michelena;  Mariano  (.Juevedo, 
iiiiili  naiit  of  the  i-e^inii-nt  <»f  Xew  Spain,  also  present 
e;i  recriiitin;^  husiness;  and  the;  licentiate  So(o  Saidaha. 
Tliese  and   some  oth(.'rs  met  and  tliscussed  a  ])lan   of 
aetioii.     With  |L;i'eat  caution  thoy  endeavored  to  con- 
liiie  discussion  to  two  (juestions:  whether  thiy  would 
hi  ahle  successfully  to  resist  the  French  in  case  Spain 
^',icc;;iiihed,  and  tlu'rehv  preserve  the   dominion    for 
rtriiatido;  and  whether,  such  heinu^  their  ohjcct,  tlu'y 
eii'^Iit  to  maint;iin  theii-  ^-round  if  opposed.      Adher- 
ents   to    the    cause    were  despatched    to    JMtzcnaro, 
(Jueretai'o,  Ziliieuaro,  and  other  places  to  promul^'ato 
tlie   scheme;  and  hy  the  middle  of  j)e(-emher   tlu'ir 
ejiei'atioiis  had  heen  so  suc<'essrul,  that  the  2  1st,  of  that 
month  was  ajjpointed  as  tlu;  day  on  which  to  raise  tho 
^tandai'd  of  revolt;  their  inti.-ntion  being  lirst  to  seize 
til"  asesor  of  the  intendeiicia,  Jose  Alonso  de  Teran, 
and  tlie  comandant  Lejarza,  and  thei\  ])roclaim  the 
i'.v.;lution  in  the   intendencia   of  (jiuanajuato.      Tlie 
le^inieiit,  of  native  infantry,  commanded   hy   Oheso, 
cM'ild   he  relied  iii)on,  as  also  the  detachments   with 
^liclutlena  and   Quevedo;  and  it  was  conlldeiitly  ex- 
pected tliat  with  the  promise  of  release  from  tin'  l»ay- 
nient  of  ti'ihute,  ein'hteeii  or  twenty  thousand  Indians 
wouitl  inmu'iliately  join  tlu'ir  standard,      llilheitothe 
plans  of  the  revolutionists  had  been  conducted  with 
inh  caution  that  the  j^overnment  otlicials  appear  to 
have  been  wholly  unaware  of  tho  movement;  but  on  the 

*'  Sco  Mioliclciiii's  .accottnt  (if  tlie  iiifliipnco  wliicli  tliusearpimcnta  liad  upou 
tliu  iiuk'jiuinlc  lit  |i;irty.    Ili  nnunliz  y  iJaialug,  I'ol.  iJu' .,  ii.  ,'). 

lll8l'.  Sll.X.,"VoL.   IV.      (J 


82 


VICKROYS  OARIHAY  AXD  LIZANA. 


14t1i  of  Doeoiuhcr  Francisco  dc  la  Cojiclia,  cura  of  tlio 
catlu'diJi!  parish,  warned  Tcraii  <>t' tho  iMi|u.Mi(liiiir  «lan- 
j^cr.  ( )ii«'  ol'tlic  revolutionists,  Ijuis  Corrca,  had  com- 
niuni<*al<'d  particidars  of  the  schcin*;  to  tlu;  cura  of 
Ct'Iaya,  who  in  turn  n.-vcalcd  them  in  conlidcncc  to 
( 'oiicha.  Tcran  acted  witli  wariness  and  circiiinspec- 
tiiiii,  juid  instead  of  [)roc(.'e{lin!^  to  make  arrests,  was 
contented  i'oi-  tiio  time  silently  ti»  watch  the  persons  ac- 
cused. On  the  moi'iiint^  ol'the  iMst,  howi'Xir,  Concha 
aLfain  visited  him  and  urLjed  the  net.'essitj  ot"  innnedi- 
ate  action:  whei'eu|ion  ]\v  caused  tlu-  ])adre  Santa 
^lan'a  to  he  arrested.  This  was  immediately  known 
hy  the  principal  revolutionists,  wh<>  met  to  plan  his 
ivseue,  while  (\trrea  in  alai'm  lor  his  safety  hurried  to 
'i'eran  and  divuli^^ed  all  that  hi'  knew.  Summoned  hy 
the  comandaiite  l^ejarza  to  appear  heforc  him,  tlni 
I'evolutionists,  deeiniuL;"  it  prudent  to  ()l);'y,  wei'e  Ujade 
pi'isoners.  Siito  Saldaua,  who  was  not  with  the  ar- 
rested Jtarty,  rashly  attempted  to  r(»use  the  native 
population,  hut  was  discovered;  ho  osca[>ed,  however, 
and  hid  himself." 

Tcrau  now  proco(>ded  to  pi'osecuto  the  accused  witli 
activity,  and  with  a  \iij(»r  which  eventually  was  tin; 
cause  of  his  assassination.'^  ]3ut  the  viceroy,  m(>re 
indiiUMl  to  mercy,  and  helieviu'.;'  that  severity  would 
only  fan  tlie  revolutionary  ilame,  listened  to  the  rep- 
resentations made  to  him  in  favor  of  tht;  prisoner! 


Ho  ordered  in  Januaiy  followinj^  the  procoi.'dings  to 


i 


^'■'Tliis  acenuiit  lias  boon  iniiinly  ilcrivpil  from  'Mii'!i<'li'n:i'.i  narrative,  Rup- 
plicil  l)y  liiiu  t(i  niisLani mil',  a  copy  <'f  wliio'i  is  f.inii  ;licil  hy  that  author  ia 
liis  work  Ciiuilri)  lli.-il.,  i.  VI  1(1.  Alarnan,  //'<'.  Mej.,  i.  ^14  17,  lias  also  been 
coasnlteil,  and  liis  vt^rsion  of  tlio  tli'uunciatiou  bocii  adoptol. 

*^  nia  si'vcrity  'lo  atraju  d  mlin  pnlilii'ij,  por  lo  quoin  la  ri'vohicion  dol 
lino  ISIO  fui'i I'rui'lnu'ntoasi'sinadii. '  Jiii>:fiimaii>',  in  ('i>v:),  Trm  .Sr/Zw,  iii.  '2(iS. 

"  iJustauianU',  ociunstl  l(ir  tho  aoouscd,  plomlcil  for  them  pordonally  with 
Lixana.  '  I'^l  oidor  Ayuirro,'  ho  naiii,  'upiniKpiu  ol  iliii<|Uo  sealionjuo  ol  primor 
insurgonte,  Kspana  <lo!ic  pordcr  la  eii)oran/a  do  consorvar  esta  America.* 
'  Vo  Koy  do  la  niisnia  opinion,'  repliod  tho  viceroy,  'v.iyii  \'.  scLjuro  do  (pio 
iiiand:iio  8oi>r('^i'or  on  osta  causa.'  Cniulio  Hist.,  i.  17.  Alial  y  (^)ucipo  re- 
pro-soiitod  to  Li/ana  that  'csfe  primer  nioviudonto  no  ddiii  liatai',  «')  con 
niucho  vi>,'i)r,  ('>  cdu  niuoiio  inilul,i,'encii,' butremark^^,  'L;icnor  .liilad  del  di.lito 
cxi,:^ia  111  ciioiinidiid  lie  lu  pcna.'  Iiij'oriue  tlirij.  ulriy.,  iit  Za:,iuc  As,  liinl, 
M'j.,  i.\.  SGo-(j. 


ALAUM  IN  TIIK  CAPITAL 


18 


•lira  of  tlio 
\n\'u\]j;  «lan- 
i,  hiul  ouu- 
\\r.  cura  of 
liiileiu'C  to 
i  refill  isjK'c- 
i-iTsts,  was 
persons  a«'- 
vv,  Coii"lia 
(»t*  iumuuli- 
ulri!   Santa 
tcly  known 
to  plan  Ilia 
^-  hni  rii'«l  to 
^uinioncd  by 
■o   liini,   tho 
,  wiTf  nuult5 
vitli  th(!  ar- 
il 10  native 
pd,  however, 


hr  stopped.     ( )heso  was  sent  to  serve  in  tlio  military 

<;iiiip  at  San   J^uis  l?o(osi,  and  Michelona  in  that  at 

.l.ii.ipa;  tilt"  r«'st  were  I'eleased  IVoni  j)rison,  l)nt  eon- 
1  ,     .1      !•     -i       (•  A'..n...i..r..i  ...>.i  u  .  ...,i 1...  »•' 


ts  (»l"  Valladolid  and  its  sul>iirl>? 


lined   to  the   llMII 

'I'his  allair  tlins  ni]>ped  in  llio  hud,  in  spite  of  tho 
laihiic  to  prove  itsconneetion  witli  llidal^^o's  later  in- 
surre<-tion,  was  in  laet  tho  initiation  of  aetivt-  movo- 
iiienls  in  t Im'  levohilion.  The  views  and  intentions 
ol"  the  leaders  had  heen  widely  spread ;  niuni)ers  of 
their  associates  having"  escaped  zealously  eaii  ied  on 
the  work,  and  in  nine  nioiilhs  after  tlio  failure  at 
N'alJaddlid   the   hattle-ery  of  froodoni   was   raised  at 

])(l|oIVS. 

In  tirder  to  allay  the  oxcitonicnt  caused  hy  tho  dis- 
(•(tverv  ol'  the  all'air  at  Valladolid,  the  viceroy,  on  tho 
'JJd  ol*  .laiiuary,  IS  10,  proclaimed  that  there  was  no 
iiasitu  I'oi"  alarm,  as  tho  late  oc('Uiren<'es  jiad  only 
arisen  from  a  diiferenco  of  o|)inions  illative  to  tlu,'  re- 
sult of  all'airs  in  Spain,  lie  himself  was  wholly  fVoo 
iVnia  an\iet\',  and  tho  public  were  oxhorlod  to  rost 
without  dread  of  popular  ooniinotion.*' 

'■'' Wlii'H  t!u'  rovolution  li'vid'il  bv  lIiil;iV'.;o  bmlvo  out  iit  Se[)tcml)t'r  ISIO, 
Ihcso  fiin^ji  liiJois  woiv  ii^iiiii  ]»1;k'i'iI  uiicUt  arrt-st,  and  t!ii  ir  <j  .30  loiiiiiiiKvl 
liy  till!  j  iiita  <K'  si"^'uii(l:;i[.  \>)  coiilicctiim,  howcvci',  liotwoi'ii  I  iiu  \'all;uli)licl 
c'liisiiiiarv  and  tliat  at  l>i)l()i'es  I'Duld  bo  proved  a;,'.iiir.>t  tlicin,  and  in  ISIIJ 
tlii'y  \\t:ic  n..k'a3cd  iunl  r  t'.io  pardon  ^jiantcd  to  rovo'.ali  .iu.>a  by  lli'  Sjian- 
i.--li  corUM  0.1  llio  l.'>t!i  tif  Oo!  iiKT,  I  i|().  ("o')y  of  di-L'i'co  i.i  /^»'// 1.(  anil  Lo- 
vir',  //  ;//'•.■.  .!/(.(•.,  i.  ',VM,  .Miflicloua  011  tlie  ocfanion  of  l;i:i  scco.id  airi'.;t  was 
tn  atod  \vi  li  ;;io.it  wwrity  by  V'icoroy  Vent'^^H,  wlio  ini;).i  ;  moil  liiiii  in  tlio 
f'lrii-csM  <if  L'l.ia.  TiK'H'  ho  was  cnu'lly  doalt  wiili,  l'i.»,i  ;li  s^illViin;,'  from 
I  I'.caniatisai,  and  was  llnally  H!ii)>p(>d  in  a  liolplcss  cuiuli.i.m  t  >  Spain  wliero 

III  scrwd  Hi  a  caplain  in  tao  ro-^inicnt  of  IJiir^'os,  I'a  l.o  SiiKa  .Mai  la  bav- 
in,'<si'a]i"d  fi'o.n  llic  convont  of  S.  Dic^o  wlicro  lio  iiad  li.'i  !i  loiilini'd,  dioil 
ot  iVwr  at  Ai'ajin'.c  >,  wliillur  bo  had  j,'oni?  to  jnia  M.ml.j  ,  w.n>  \\  i:i  l)i'.,ii';,'in'^ 
thocastlo.  OlK'sndiuil  s  )0!i  af  lorwanl,  IriviiiL;  lii'en  inijivi  ;;):ii  d  for  iiioro  than 
tv\o  yonrs.  I'Vw  of  tlioio  rarly  patriotn  lived  to  .'iro  tlui!  >v  ot  indoprndciui'. 
^^ic  lic'lia  I  say  i:  '(."  isi  todm  nnuirron  y  solo  vinios  rcali/ad  1,  1 1  iadc^n  ali  ni  i;i 

IV  Antonio  (,\ini[ilido,  I).  Antonio  t'astro,  ]).  .b>.si'  Marii  l.:a.'.a':a,  1).  Josti 
M  Ilia  Abarca.  1>.  Lo;-vmi;-o  (,'arnllo,  yo,  y  no  st' ^i  al.;Uii  i  o:v).'  Iiiis>ii,ii(t!ifc, 
''"(('/.  //."/..  i.  1(1.  Tao  ^a!llc  .".uUioiity  stiitcs  tliat  b  )Ji  .\lk-ii  lo  and  .Vba- 
t-ilo,  so  eoiisiiiiMoiis  at  a  later  dale  us  loader-i  in  tlio  ri'-.o!  i.i  in,  were  eon- 
iii.'tcd  Willi  llii.i  ali'air.  llas.'aiirinto  i.s  of  opini on  t!rit  I;;ir.-bidu  was  thu 
iiif  iiiner,  oU'en  leil  at  not  being  yivcii  a  liigli  eoniuiaiicj  liy  t'l ;  I'-voliuioni'sts 
w  iioso  iiicetiii;,'*  Ik;  titteiided.  A.laman,  liowever,  udvanucs  urgunienls  to  dib» 
l';ove  tliis.    //jV.  J/r/.,  i.  ;)I7-I!t. 

''• '  V  |.i(i  viKMii'o  \  irey  cstil  tranqiiilo,  vivid  vosotros  tainbieti  seguros.' 
M'j:.  I'm.  d,l  Mrnj,  \2. 


84 


VkKROYS  fiARIBAY  AND  LIZAXA. 


Wliild  thus  Mindly  iiflni'dinij^  ovei-y  ciicourajTf.nuMit 
to  iclx'llidii  at  homo,  Lizaiui  took  j^ruat  precaution 
a'j^aiiisf  tli«'  li's-^  iiiiniiiient  dangiT  of  foivii^ii  invasion. 
<  >ntol' the  scaUcivd  coinpanios  lornicd  l)y  Jtiirrii^^u-ay 
in  \;iii<>ns  towns  he  oi-'jani/ed  Ijattahons;*'  the  rc^i- 
nient  of  ^\•l•a  Cruz  wa.s  increased,  and  arms  were  or- 
dered to  he  purehasiMl  in  London  and  the  United 
States.  In  tlie  exluiusted  conchtion  of  the  treasury, 
th(i  viceroy  once  nioi-e  appeah'd  for  money  to  j>ay  lor 
these  weapons,  and  consideral)le  sums  were  contrih- 
iiti'fl.  A  cannon  foun(hy  \vas  estahhshed  in  the 
capital,  l'')-ancisco  JJimas  Jtan^-el  enti'aginn'  to  furnish 
the  !;'>\ frniiunt  weekly  with  one  piece  of  artillery. 
The  cost  of  the  est.d)lishment  was  iirS,000,  which 
amount  w.is  contributed  by  the  dean  and  chapter  of 
Valladolid.*^ 


it 


Moanw'hilo  disaster  attcndiMl  tlio  Spanish  arms. 
After  tlu;  hattlo  of  Talavera,  Wellin^^ton  had  retired 
into  Poi'tui^al,  leaving  the  S[)aiiiar(ls  to  copi;  with 
the  Fi'cnch  as  best  they  could;  and  N^c^negas,  {]\c  fu- 
ture viceroy  of  New  Spain,  I'asldy  gi\iny;  batth;  at 
Ahnonacid  w.ts  routed  on  tlie  Dth  of  Au'aist,  ISOi). 
Then  followed  the  defeat  at  Ocaha,  and  the  retii'emeiit 
of  the  junta  central  from  S<.!ville  to  the  island  of  Jjeon. 
'J'he  un[)opularity  of  the  junta  was  so  great,  liowever, 
that  the  members  I'ecognized  the  necessity  oi' dissolv- 
ing, and  their  last  olHcial  act  was  the  creation,  on  the 
'J'Jth  of  Januaiy,  1810,  of  a  regency  comi)osed  of  live 
meujbers,  the  l)ishop  of  Urense,  Pi.'dio  de  Quevedo  y 
(}uintano,    who  had   iirmly  oi)|)osed    the   projects   of 


N; 


ll)oleon 


at  tl 


10  congress  of  Jiavonne 


I 


raicisco  (K 


Saavedra,  jiresidont  of  tlio  junta  de   'ievilla;   Fran- 

•'  Tliis  was  tlie  ori;;in  of  the  battiiliona  of  Tula,  C  i.iutitlan,  TuLinciiigo, 
ami  <it!ici-s.   Al'ininn,  J/i.it.  M<'}.,  i.  '>\1\. 

**lln..  <l<  J/'.iv,  ISIO.  i.  'Jtt-«;  JJiftrh,  Mix.,  xii  ">:{.-)-(].  The  ci'lcl (rated 
6enli)liii-  Matuii'l  Tulsa  was  also  eiiLragrd  at  tliu  tiiiw;  in  castinj,'  IHJ  caiiiioii  at 
till'  c  .[(ciiscDf  t!ie  Irihiinaltlo  iniiicria,  tliocustnf  wliicli  wasS.,»l(>,().),l.  '1'lii.^u 
caiili  111  as  ali-i'ady  iiiciltiuiiuil  liad  lit'oli  oH'crtd  ly  tlial.  tiiljuiial  loltui-riuaray, 
u;iiinii'oil  v.orkat  the  olosoof  (.iai'iUiy'sadniinistrtttion.  Alumiui, 


d  'l»h 


Hul.  M'J.,  i.  :j.Kt,  •.',21. 


A1TAII:.S  IX  SPAIN*. 


S5 


lliin,  Tul.mciiigo, 


ri-co  JuvitT  Cwstano.  the  victor  nf  P>ay]'!i;  Antonio 
d'  Ivcifin,  a  <listinmiislic(l  naval  nllicri-;  u\\t\  l'\'rnan- 
(!(•/,  (If  L"i)ii,  a  nH'iiilier  of  the  cotmcil  «»t"  llio  Imlics. 
On  tlu'  Mill  of  F«l)rnarv  tliis  clian^'c  in  tlk;  .u'ov- 
crnnicnt  \va.s  fonnnunicattMl  tt>  tlu;  virciMy  of  X(>\v 
Spain,  and  on  tlu;  7tli  of  May  lollowin'^'  the  oath  «if' 
allf^ianco  to  the  JVf^^'ncy  was  taUcn  l»y  Jii/ana  and 
all  tlic  I'oyal  ullicials,  the  occasion  hciniL,''  cclohratcd  tor 
tlint-  days  in  tho  usual  manner.^'  In  tin-  same  dccrco 
l»v  whicli  tho  junta  ccnti'a!  appointed  the  rcLjency,  it 
\v:is  oi-ilcri'd  that  tin;  inenihcis,  when  they  took  tho 
oatli  of  otlice,  should  also  swear  to  convoke  the  c()rtes 
at  llierarliest  <»pi)()rtunity.  As  tho  American  colonies 
Were  lor  tho  iirst  time  ro|)rosent.ed  in  tlu.'  c(>i'tes  when 
they  linally  ass(;nil)K;d,  it  will  l>o  necessaiy  to  i;ivo 
sonu'  account  of  the  admission  of  colonial  de[)Uties  into 
t!u'  le'^nslatiu-e. 

Tho  critical  ])osition  of  Spain  at  tlu^  close;  of  1803 
induced  the  junta  central — which  had  \}vv\\  com|»elled 
to  withdraw  i'rom  Aranjuez  to  Seville — to  consider 
hy  what  means  it,  nii^ht  hope  to  secure  the  tidelity  of 
the  colonics.  To  admit  thei'i  to  a  share  in  the  national 
government  appeared  the  most  jiacii'yin'j;"  oiler;  and  on 
the  -'2d  of  Jaimary,  ISO',),  a  decree  was  passed  recoiLj- 
ni/iiit^  the  Spanish  dominions  in  America  as  no  lonn'or 
colonics  hut  an  inte_i;'ral  part  of  the  nation,""  and  de- 
claring;' their  right  to  representation  in  the  Spanish 
c«'»rtes.  It  is  then  ordered  that  the  viceroys  of  New 
Spain,  Perii,  Now  (rranada,  Jiuenos  .Vires,  and  tho 
captain-ijfenerals  of  (.'uha,  Puerto  Jflco.  Chile,  \'cno- 
zuela,  and  tho  l'hilij>pines  pi'oceed  to  tfie  eleetiou  of 
one  de[>uty  for  each  of  those   ilominions.'"'^     l.)n   tho 

'■•• /^■x;io.s'.  \'(iriri^,  ii,  f.  2;  Dinrio  ili'  Mu:,  xii.  ."11-1'J;  (,''i~.  «/.  M<j:, 
ISH),  i.  .■i7S-.S4.  'I'lio  oatli  w;i.s  iilsi)  onli  rt'd  la  lie  t:iki'ii  in  ;ill  other  jilai'is  of 
tilt'  kiiiu'il'iiii.  Nuw  Spain  was  the  only  S]iiinisii  colony  wiiich  ruco^'ni/.cil 
tlu  conxjude  n'i.'1'ncia.    liinrd.  Hist.  Jul.,  i.  'I'W. 

■'"'( 'onsiilcranilo  ([110  los  vastus  y  prt'ciosos  doniiiiios  fpio  Ksiiana  poseo  on 
111-*  incli:is  no  son  iiiDpianiciiti'  colouias  o  factorial  coui)  lus  di'  otios  n.n;iiini.'.s, 
siuouiia  parte fscucial  (•  integraute do  la  iiionanpiia  Kspanoia.'  tiaz.  df  Mi:.c., 
xvi.  WHt. 

■'' New  Crannda  px'postiilatccl  nj:ainst  this  small  cniu-L-ssion,  nml  MiiT  y 
t-iuurra  cuniuiciiw  upon  suuli  iiiadcipiato  ropresciitalion  ia  tiic  njilci,  whicii 


Se  VICF.IIOYS  fiAniP.AY  AND  I.I/, ANA. 

14tl»  of  Apl'il  r<ill<»\vlllLf,  {\iU  rcLfulatinii  w;is  pirt- 
flaiiucd  l>y  V^icciny  (Jaril)ay;  Itiit  tliu  (Mmccssioii  liad 
lu'cii  'T.nitod  j^rud'nii'dv  and  uiid"  r  tlu"  pn  s.smr  ot' 
ciiriiiii.staiicT.s,  and  tin.-  Junta  ci-iitial  wa.s  ia  im  Iia>to 
to  H('(!  the  corlcs  ass(  inl>l(.'d.  .VItli(UiL;li  du  tin-  "JJd 
of  May  lollowiiij^  it  pniclaiincd  the  ('stal>li>Iinitiit 
<»r  the  old  lorm  of  I'cpri'seiitatitiM,  and  t'oiivolxuil  tlio 
(•('trtcs  to  iiiei't  oil  ^[a^(•ll  I,  IHIU,  it  took  no  pivj)ara- 
tory  >tf|>.s  Tor  .sucli  an  ovcnt."^ 

NVlu-n,  lio\v»-vur,  lln'  junta  fcndal  was  comixllcd  to 
ivsi;,'n  tlu!  alliiir.s  of"  the  nation  to  tln'  can'  ol"  a  n- 
j^micy,  it  rc'(|uircd  tlie  new  ^ovei-nnieiil,  as  already 
narrated,  to  convoke  the  eorte.s  at  the  (•aflit.'>t  o[i|)or- 
tiinity,  Tlii.s  could  not  l)e  immediately  aceonipljsiujil, 
•sinee  there  were  dillii-ultie.s  which  ren(lei'e(|  it  no  easy 
matter  to  roadopt  the  aneient  mode  of  n'overmuent, 
and  assemlile  in  one  con,L^re.ssional  hody  the'  i-ortes  <»t' 
the'  various  kin.Ljdouis  of  Spain.  W'hiKj  tlie.se  i;in;,^- 
donis  respectively  retained  their  cortes,  the  i^(  lural 
as.semhly  ol'  them  lor  purpo.so.<=i  of  government  had 
duriuLf  the  dynasty  of  the  ]jourhons  heen  nei^lected, 
and  tlu  V  Were  seldom  convoked  (;\eept  to  do  hom.ij^e, 
or  sancti(»n  a  succession  to  the  crown.  The  cortes 
fornii'ily  had  heen  composed  of  thi'ee  classes  npre- 
sentiniT  the  nobility,  church,  and  huruhers:  and  the 


vouM  lie  composoil  of  30  Karopoan  momlu'vs,  0  Aiiioiic'iri,  nml  niip  from  the 
riiili[ipiiR'.s.  /»'<■»'.  <!<■  X.  A'ly.,  i.  \l't',l,  ii.  (i;{S!(.  Tlii-  clirlidii  ai  iiii  .\iiiciii  ;in 
deputy  was  to  lie  Ihti.i  comliioU'il :  Tlie  iijMintriiiiii'nln  of  tlic  capitiil  tnuii  in 
each  pruviiicoof  a  viut'i'cgal  kiiigiliiii  w.ih  In  iioniiiiati'  thrci'  (.(mipiliMit  |i(i<(i:i~', 
Olio  of  uiioiii  WiW  tlicil  to  Ik;  I'loctfil  liy  casiiiig  lils  as  tin:  i('iiirMiitati\ n 
of  liir«  province.  Wlicn  all  such  repivsciilatives  weit;  clectiMl,  the  viieii.y  ;inl 
leal  aeiicnlo  wvtc  to  select  liy  vote  tliice  of  thelii,  fioiii  whniii  th<'  dcpaty  t  » 
Spain  WMi  liualiy  ap[>i)intei|  by  lot.  (.luz.  (l<  Miy.,  xvi.  ."J.'i-S.  In  NewS|i;uii 
the  iiyiuitaniientos  which  sent  up  eamlidutes  tn  Me\ieo  were  those  of  I'ueliia, 
Xvv.i  Cru/,  Meiiila  ile  Yucatan,  Oajaca,  Viill.ailciljil,  ( Iiijinaju.itd,  San  Lui.i 
I'otosi',  (fuailalaj.tia,  Ziicatecas,  Tabasco,  Qucivtaro,  'J'la.scala,  Niievo  J^eon, 
anil  Niic'vo  Sautuiiiler.   /(/.,  ISIO,  i.  4J0. 

'-'Tiiis  decree  was  publisheil  in  .Mexico  on  tlie  I  Uh  of  .Aiij^nst.  ISOO.  />m- 
;iO*i.  Viirin-s  i.  f.  I'M);  Inlir/ir.  lint.  Uoc,  MS.,  in  Mini,r  MS.,  nn.  •21,  p.  '2. 
ih\  tlie  4lli  uf  OctolHM'  the  tleputy  for  New  Spain  was  appointed,  the  hitj 
bavin^j;  decided  the  election  in  fa\orof  .Miguel  l.ardi/alial,  a  eieule  i,f  Tla.-<- 
cala  lesideiit  in  Spaiu.  O'az.  <k  Mcr.,  xvi.  OUl  ((ia/,.  K.\.);  Al'iimci,  Ifi't. 
Jfi-J.,  i.  'M)S.  He  was  afterward  app(Miited  ineliilier  of  tlie  ngeiiey  for  the 
Auieriuiu  colonies  in  place  of  Fcrnande/  do  Leon,  who  siillered  fi'ini  ill 
health.  JituCamtiiite  in  Caco,  Trrn  Sijlon,  iii.  'JOD;  t'Oi'tvx,  JJiurio,  1610,  i.  b. 


AMiTjrAX  n::rni'sn\TATi(iN'. 


mpcllfd  to 
c  i>['  a  if- 
iis  ali'caily 
est  ojip'tr- 
()m|(lislnil, 
it  ii(»  I'a^y 
>vcniiiK'iit, 

(.'  t'OltfS  ol 

liese  l;iiiLj- 

lio  itinera! 

mu'iit   lia;l 

iii'^lfctcd, 

O   llOIIMi^t.', 

'1h'  c'ortcs 


junta  (Tiitral  liarl  decided  llial  tlio  «'<')rt»'><  ••oiivtlu'd  l>y 
tiiriii  <»ii  flic  '-'•J.I  of  May  sjionld  !»«•  divided  into  (\V(» 
1joU!M!S,  lln'  onr  I'lHint'd  liy  the  drjuitirs  )>o|iulaily 
I  lictcd.  and  till'  otiiti'  i»y  tlic  cliurch  and  n<»itilify. 
.lM>t  111  r<»i'('  its  disst  lint  ion'*'  it.  nioditiitl  its  lornici-  di- 
iiv<'  I'clativc  to  Anu'i'ican  representation,  and  lor  tin; 
.-jieedv  asscnilijy  <>r  the  etM'tes  ordi'i'ed  that  jolty  snh- 
stitutcs  shoidd  he  selected  by  lot  iVoni  the  niiudnrof 
Ain<'ri<Mn  ci-eoK-s  resident  in  Spain,  out  of  which  nuni- 
h.  r  tweiity-six  were  to  he  tinally  elected  to  thec('>rtes, 
jil^o  hy  lot.  This  decree  was  not  i)ul»li>lu(l,  however, 
and  the  ri\n"(!ncy  heiiiL^  in  no  greater  haste  to  assond»lu 
tile  cortes  than  the  junta  ci-nti'al  had  heen.  ]»u1>li--!ie(l 
I. lie  on  tlie  i  Ith  of  l'"ehltiarv,  1  S  10,  ordelin^  the  elec- 
tion of  American  deputies  to  he  proci'eded  with,  and 
t  \te!idin;jf  theii*  nuinher  to  rej)rcsentation  of  each  <lis- 
trict.'''  instead  of  each  dominion.  Jiut  this  increase 
v.as  virtually  ik*  nearer  an  approach  to  iMpiality  in 
r^  |ireseiitation  than  the  tirst  conces>i()n  had  heeii,  since 
the  numher  of  Spanish  deputies  was  jiroport ionately 
increased,  hy  allowiuLj  a  nieinher  i'oi-  each  lil'ty  thou- 
s.ind  souls.  In  tact,  tlioUL^h  both  tin:  junta  centi-al 
and  tli(^  reijency  ai-knowletl^ed  e((Uahty  of  rights, 
they  could  not  admit  creoles  to  ho  I'epi-esented  in  con- 
ui'css  in  the  same  ratio  as  the  iidiahitants  of  the  |>e- 
iiinsula.  'J'he  unjust  ilisj)arity  ai^^ain  caused  tlissatis- 
taction  in  the  colonies,  which  was  still  further  excited 
I'V  an  order  of  the  28th  of  June  liniiliu!L(  the  total 
iiiuiiher  of  Anu>rican  representatives  to  twenty-ei^ht, 
\.  ithout  desio-iKitini;  how  many  should  pertain  to  each 
I'lovince.  'rheconsei|uence  was  that  in  some  districts 
lio  elections  were  held,  while  in  other  cases  the   for- 

•■'Oii  tlic  ;{|st  (if  Jiiimnrv  ISIO,  A'ftmnii,  lli-i.  M'j.,  i.  '.VM.  The  regency 
v.,i.s  iiistiiUcd  on  the  -Jil  i.f  rVhniaiy.   Oaz.  </c  MiX.,  1^10,  i.  ."iSO. 

•''IvstiM  (li|iiil:i(h).s  scniii  uiKj  por  i::i(hi  capitiil  oaKtv.a  <K'  jiai'tiih)  <U>  cstaa 
<lil(  rentes  |)!(>viii(iaH.' A/.,  U'.t.  'I'ho  decree  wa.s  pul)Ii^lu■>l  in  .Mexii'o  on  the 
I'ilh  of  May  fiillKwin;^'.  and  no  h'ss  than  17  (h'linties  elected,  representing 
Mexico,  «;uadahijaja,  \'alladoliii,  I'uel.la,  Venicrn/,  Me;ida,  (Jnanajuato, 
s  i!i  Luis  I'dliisi,  Z.ieatecas,  'I'aha.sco,  (^uuntaio,  I'lascala,  Niievo  Jamiii.  Oajacil, 
S'uora,  l>iiran).'(),  and  Coaliuda.  They  were  all  naiivcs  of  tlie  distiicta  in 
wiiich  they  wero  electocl  with  one  exception,  anil  were  marly  all  ccclesiaa- 
tKs.     For  u  list  of  their  names  see  Aluman,  Uint  Mi  J.,  i.  app.  4'J-JO. 


8S 


Vl('i:UOY.S  (iAUlI'.AY  AM)  LIZAN'A. 


ni;illy  clt'ctcd  «1('|»utifs  (IccliiicM  ^^<»iii'^  to  Sn.'iiti  in  f'lo 
o\itfi't;i(ioii  that  some  new  ordi-r  wouhl  rxcliuK-'  tli'iii 
iVoiii  llic  ('('ii'lcs  on  <li('ir  arrival. 

.Siuli  I  rcatiiicnt  ol"  the  coloiiirs  diil  not  tend  to  |»ro- 
inotc  iMorcj  loyal  I'oi'lin'^s  toward  tlic  inotlM-i- coiuilrv ,"' 
in  sjtili'  ol'  iho  I'cijjciK  y's  jiroclaination  that  Spani'Ii 
Aini-ricans  wi-ro  raised  to  tlie  di'^iiity  ol' iVee  men.  an  I 
till'  exliaordinaj'v  admission  that  hilherlo  they  h.i  I 
l)i'en  ernshed  hy  an  oppressive  y«»l;e.  ren"ai ded  with  >nt 
ronsideralion,  and  made  tin;  vietims  of  avariee."* 
j^veiitually  on  the  "Jllh  of  Sejitemlier,  ISi(»,  without 
waitinL^"  lor  the  arrival  of  the  American  deputies,  the 
<M')rtes  were  in-^talle(l  in  thc^  theatn^  of  the  inland  of 
licon,  and  in  the  list  of  memhers  I  iind  New  Spain 
replVSJMited  hy  seVelJ  sul'>t  it  utes.'"'  ]>ut  it  is  tiuje  t  > 
consiiler  how  all'aiis  were  proj.jr(.-ssinL;;  meanwhile  in 
that  country,  and  narrate  the  events  which  imnu.'di- 
tttely  preceded  the  revolution  of  independence. 

Groat  as  hud  l)oon  the  sums  of  nionoy  contrihute  I 
l>v  thi'  inhal»itants  of  Xew  Spain  in  the  fomi  ttf 
loans  and  donatiitns  for  tht;  suj>port  of  the  mother 
count ry,  they  seemed  ordy  to  cnc'»ura'L;'e  [  I'tlier  de- 
mands. On  the  rjth  of  March,  ISO'.),  the  junta  et^n- 
tral  issued  a  ioya\  cuduhi  for  the  negotiation  of  a  loan 


^^(7iii-rrrt,  I/'inf.  /?'■('.  X.  Ky>.,  ii.  010.  Tlio  rcjrcncy  Imil  liecn  stimulntcil  to 
actiiiii  liy  the  icjirusi'iitiiliims  of  sum  '  ]pn>\  iiicial  jiiiitjia  which  hail  .ihsciiiI);.  I 
ill  C.idi/;  iiiul  1)11  th:.'  IStli  (if  .liiii^.'  .'i  <li;  Ti'i;  \v;h  is^iii'.l  tu  li;i't''ii  tin;  iijip  dut- 
iiiciit  of  ili'imtii's,  w  ho  wcru  to  iiict't  in  tliu  i.sl;iiiil  of  Jjciui  <1ii:  in,'  tin;  miiitii 
of  .AiiLTiiMt,  ami  liolil  sc'ssimn  Jis  nmci  a-*  a  Hullli'ifiit  iiiiiiiImt  h.id  as<oiiili!cil. 
'J"h(>-;i!  jirovliiccM  of  Spain  which  wen-  occupioil  by  tin;  Frfiich  were  rc])rcsi'ntnl 
]>y  Hih,<titiitc M  sclfctcil  from  natives  of  siicli  <listnct»  resilient  in  CUliz,  xviiilo 
'JS  saii-ititiitcs  for  tlie  tlcputicMof  Aniiii'iin  ami  Asiatic  colonics  wIikchiM  n  rt 
airivo  in  tinio  were  also  i)r()viikil  fiii:ii  Auioricin  cruolcH  rc^iilin,' in  the  jamo 
city.  ///.,•  Ahtiiian,  Hint.  Mij.,  i.  .'i.id:  J'itirio  ih'  M'X.,  xiii.  ;>s.">  (J. 

'''' 'Os  vciM  t'lcvados  ii  l;i  (li;_'ni  iaij '  are  the  wonU  used  in  the  re"encv"i 
proclaniaiioii  of  the  1  Uli  of  Fcl)ruai'v.  (inz.  ilf  Mr. v.,  ISlO,  i.  JIS— 'de  ho.n- 
lire.s  lihies:  no  sois  y:i  los  misnuis  <]ue  antes  encorhado-i  l)axo  un  yiigo  much  > 
Jnaa  duro  inientras  mas  distantes  cstaliais  del  centro  del  podcr,  iniruil'i;)  c  m 
indifercnci.i,  vexad'js  por  laeodicia,  y  <lcstruidos  por  l;i  i;,'noi'anci:i.' 

"'Their  names  were  Andn'^s  .Savariejo,  Francisco  Munilla,  .Jos(?  Mari'a 
Gutierrez,  do  Teran.  .Jose  Mari'a  Couto,  Salvador  Saniartin,  ( )cta\  iaiio  Olirei^'):i, 
and  Maximo  Muldoiiudo.  i'or/rn,  /linrio,  IMIO,  i. 'J.  liy  decree  of  .\u.,'.i^t 
'JO,  KSIO,  Indians  and  8]>anisU-liiilian  oll'spring  were  made  clij^'iljle  to  the  ranli 
of  Uuputiea.  Diurio  de  Mex\,  xiii.  U6U. 


A  m:\v  loan  a  i;i:d. 


h!) 


in  X«'\v  Siciiii  I't  t\v<'iity  milli">n-^  ol'  pcsd^.  This 
(Ifiiiiiiil  was  |tiil)lisli('(|  ill  .\r('\if<M»ii  till'  '.»(li  111*  An'^'Usfc 
lull  laiii-'.  at  tlif  vfi'v  timo  wln'ii  t!;:i'r  milli<iiis  wi-ru 
l)t'iii'4'  Hi)  cliccrriillv  ruiiti'ilmffil  to  in  t  ilic  (inlcr  pre- 
.sciitfil  l)y  Cocliraiif.  'I'luj  cnloiiists  wi'i  -iisMii'tcd  at 
old  Spain's  avarici'.  Tliis  iiiccssaiit  tiraiiia'jff  of  ^piM'ii) 
was  (  ri|i|iliiiLr  coiimu'rcf  aiicl  iin]»oVfiidnii;j;  tlio  |u'(»- 
]p|i'.  Tiny  wen-  iK.'itlHT  alili)  nor  willin  ,'  to  rcs|»(ni(|.''"' 
A  sccoiid  atl«'mi)t  to  i-aisi;  this  aiiioiint  madr  in  LSIO 
liv  N'iccroy  V«^ii<'"^'as  was  »'(|ually  uiisncci-ssriil/'* 

III  addition  to  the  disfontfiit  tlnis  rrcat'*!,  and 
natMiMJly  t(Midiii'4"  to  iiidt-pcndi'iit  thoii'^-ht  and  a<'tion, 
till' dcl'i-ats  suslaiiHMl  hy  the  Spani-li  lorccs  at  tlio 
(•lo;e  oC  1801)  still  I'l"*'^  r  iiilhlcli<-e  I  the  colonists, 
w!io  now  ri';^arded  the  cjius')  ot'  tlu-  mother  c'lnitiy 
as  lost.  The  nt  s  ot'  these!  disasters  was  reeoived  at 
Vera  ("ill/  on  the  'JJth  of  A|nil,  1S|(»;  and  so  fully 
euii\iii(Td  were  the>  vieerov  and  oidoits  ol'  the  ii-re- 
tiii'vaMe  prostration  of  Spain  hy  I'^rance,  that  in 
sfcrit  sessions  they  discussed  tlieir  I'lilure  ci>urse  of 
action,  and  had  already  decided  to  invite  tlic  infanta 
.Dona  {  ailota  .Joa(|uina,  pn.'viously  iiunt  ioiied,  to  as- 
sume th(^  'L^ovornmeiit  as  ivijeiit  of  lu  r  brother  Fer- 
nando,''' when  intelli:L;'enee  of  tho  installation  of  the 
rc^^'iicy  caused  them  ti>  ahaiidon  their  intention. 

lint  the  administration  of  Li/.ana  was  drawinj^  to 
a  clost.'.  The  commercial  class,  thoiouv,lily  conserva- 
ti\e  in  j)riiieii)les,  and  iinyieldinL,'  op|»on(;i)ts  of  tho 
Creoles,  was  <lisuusted  with  his  conciliatory  system; 
{Uid  informed  the  junta  of  Ciuliz,"'  composet.1  of  load- 


•''"  Alinil  y  Queipo  poiiiti-(l  out  to  tlic  viceroy  tlic  imii'.-.r'ticiliility  of  cffi'ct- 
in;,' it.  mill  siiL'^jostcil  pliin.s  fur  tlie  ri'liof  of  tlio  jiiir.:i  I'lili'nl  tiy  iiuTcasiii;^ 
til' ii!i';ili;i!;i  <liity  tw.i  ]'cr  (.•cut,  nnij  tho  jii'ico  of  t  iliai;i;i  from  tf  ii  reals  to 
twelve- or  evon  finirtetn  r.'.-il-i  ai  tlio  iir.'encio-i  of  tlif  ii:iiio;i  ]iii"iit  oa'l  for. 
fVi/.  /.'■.'•/vVo.'  Im/iorf.,  l.'!'J-l>;  liirera.  Hint.  i/u/«ji /,  i.  "JT-;  Ji'i't'iiiiai,  . ,  in 
I'lini,  Trc.i  Si'ifiis,  iii.  'J(!(i. 

'*<;  I-..  <',•  j/'.r.,  ISIO,  i.  7t»7   SOI, 

•^".Vlamaii,  J/isf.  M<j.,  i.  ;Ji.'t-">,  assorts  tli.it  lie  dorivo'l  tlii.s  informntion 
from  iii-imi.script  noti's  of  his  l>rotli<T  Dr  Aroclieilcrrcta.  who  was  an  intiiiiatn 
frii'Uil  of  tlio  oiilor  'J'oiii:i.s  (louzalez  ' 'aldiTon,  from  wlioiii  AnclnMlorreta 
niii.st  havu  licanl  these  ]iarticiilars,  whiih  wore  kept  v<"y  ^ciret. 

'■'ihis  juuta  hud  hcen  tstaljlisheil  by  j.o][)iUur  dciiiainl  foi'  tlic  protection 


go 


VICKROYS  OARinAY  AXD  LIZANA. 


uvj;  inorcliaiils  in  ncoonl  with  llioso  (if  ?JcNii'i».  of  tho 
ilircclion  ;itl;iii'.s  wvw.  tal^iiiLC  uii<lt'i"  liis  niim.i^i  i:ic!it. 
Tln!  piTssai'c  hroiiL^lit;  in  hciir  hy  this  jiiiita  uiioii  the 
I'l'Ljciicy  caiisiul  that  cnuiicil  in  i-siic  a  dcd'cc  on  tho 
'2-i\  ni'  I'^fhriuiiy,  1  S  lO/'- i'clir\  ill'.;-  till- ai'fl;l)isli()p,  in 
coiisltld'ation  of  his  advaiK-cil  i\<yr  and  lailin'^'  lniilLh, 
i'l'oni  lln'  lahors  of  a'lniinistraiii)n,  and  plarin;;-  tho 
au<honcia  in  rhai'ijfi!  of  tiiojjfDVcrnincnL  untill  li'"  aiiival 
of  a  n!'\v  vic'-i'oy.  Jjizana  ini'iK-diatoly  ohryr  1  tho 
col nn land,  and  ii  the  ,slh  of  May  fallow  i:i^'  Nnncndcrcd 
tho  vi('(M'i'_i4'al  powor  to  th<'  an  iimcia,  and  rctiivd  to 
his  archicjiiscopal  palac(\'''' 

1'hnu'4'ii  Lizana's  j-ulo  tended  to  foi-ter  t!ie  rexolil- 
tionai'V  spirit,  it  was  not  owin;;-  to  any  i:i!;dehty  on 
his  i)ai't,  hilt  to  a  mistaken  priii'-iple  and  a  <'lri.l!iI<o 
trust  in  men.  A  few  days  hefoiv  Ids  rellreMufil,  ho 
issued  an  exhortation  to  loyaUy,  denouiieiM;;'  a  procla- 
mation of  .loseph  Bona]>aT'te  wiiich  ]iepid)h'-!y  luii'iied 
in  tlie  pi'incipal  plaza  of  the  capitah'''  lie  recon'nized 
hiter  soiiu!  of  his  mistakes,  and  cndoivore  1  wlili  tho 
ccch'siastical  wca[)ons  of  excoinmnnleat  i  )ii  and  pasto- 
I'al  circulars  to  reciiiy  tho  e\il  which  he  had  uninten- 
tionally I'oinented.  The  Sjianish  i-c'^cncy  ;l'CMrat(,'il 
Lizana  with  tho  ]u;rand  cross  of  ( M:los  lil.,  an 
lionor  conforrod  upon  him  a  f 'W  inoiiilis  hef^rc  his 
death,  which  occurrod  on  tho  (jLh  ol' .Mai\-h,  l.i!  I.'" 

Till!  rtmioval  of  Lizaiia  in  no  way  ini[)roved  maUers. 
There  was  want  of  harmony  amon^;  tho  oidores;  wlu'ii 
unanimous  accord  was  tho  only  i-oad  to  successful  ad- 
ministi'ation,  tho  audieiicia  was  di\ided  into  jwo  fai-- 
tions.  'Idle  i-e!>-ont  Cal'mi  was  inlhuMiced  hv  the  same 
ideas  and  tho  sanio  advico  which  had  so  ill  directed 


<if  tli(!  vity;  l)ut  its  iiitluenee  soon  ln'Ciimu  greater  than  tliat  of  tho  rogoiuy. 
/(/.,  'J.K!  7;  •finitii  Slip,  lie  <'(i'li~,,  fi  III  Amrr.  E-^i>.,  'i. 

'-'  If'  riKiiiili'z  1/  J)halai,  ('n/.  l>oc.,  ii.  -1. 

«•'</,(-..  'Ir  .!/,>.,  ISIO,  i.  .'t!tl--_'. 

^^ Produhmdcl  Ar~oh.  V,r<!/.'2l  ilc  Abril  .U-  ISIO;  U'l/tannrifi',  in  Cnro, 
Trrt  Siii/m,  iii.  'J7-;  Diario  ih'  Mtx.,  xii.  074;  IJcnuutdiz  y  JJdralo-i,  Cul. 
Doc,  ii.  -JS  :!•_». 

'^^iSoaa,  L'piscop,  Mex.,  '200-13. 


RUF.R  OV  Tlir  .vt'Dir.XCiA. 


01 


i\ 


!('  !ir( 


■]ii);^] 


ioj>,  aiu 


1  w;is,  iiioicovcr,  nt  owuulv  wl(!i 


till'  nulor  (Icraiio 


!(';n|s  (11  I  ill' 


two  I 


ALTuinc.      Tlicsc  iiH'iulicrs  were  tlio 
)ai'ii»'s,  A'4'uirn'  hciiii^  rccoL^-ni/i'd  as 


l!ic  ciiciiiy  oltlH'  civolcs  and  ( 'al.ini  as  their  siippcirttT. 
Oil  the  '.>tli  oI'Miiy  ilif  nufliriicia  organized  its  !^'o\- 
trminiit,  I'V  drclai'iiii;'  that,  to  it  as  a  hody  j)ri'taiiu'd 
tho  supniiir  athiiinisti'ai ion  and  thi'  <'a])taiii-L;('iK  ral- 
hliip  i>r  tilt'  kingdom,  while  |{e<4eiit  ( 'ataiii  was  in- 
vested with  thu  [jfesideliey  alid  sujieiintelldenct' of  the 
iMval  treasury.  TJu;  oidoics  Jllava  and  ('aldei'on, 
ill  \ic\v  dl' their  increased  diilies,  were  n-niovod  from 
the  junta  de  segui'idad,  and   their  itjaees  supjilied    hy 


thi'  'X^ 


Acriin'  and  the  two  i^ldest  alcaldes  of  the  crini- 


i!;al  t'oiiit.  "Jdie  oi'dinary  husiness  in  i\\v  ditl'erent 
(jejiai'tnients  of  the  government  was  to  he  des[)atehe<l 
hy  i-e>|)eetive  oidores  commissioned  for  the  j)Uij»ose;  a 
(•>>iiii(il  (if  military  chiels  was  to  sup]>ly  all  necessary 
inli>niiati(in  an<l  a(lvic(>  relative  t(t  the  condition  of 
ihe  army;  and  in  all  the  more  impoi'tant  cases  of  the 
tiihuiiiil  de  la  Acordada  the  reu'eiit  was  to  he  con- 
sulted  and    his  ap[)roval   obtained  for  the  execution 


el   t  hi'  lieavier  so 


ntei 


ice 


of  the  rogeiioy. 


l)urin<^"  tlie  ndmiiiistiation  of  the  audiencia,  i^xhihi- 
tieiis  dt'  natural  phenomena  oecui'r<'d.  jjresa'^iiid-  dis- 
aster. On  the  'JOtli  of  .May,  the  church  of  Xuestra 
Sehnra  de  los  lleuiedios  was  struck  hy  li'^htninn';  and 
a  !4ie,it  jiortion  of  the  (nhlicii  hein^'  di'stroyed,  it  was 
f'liiiid  neci'ssarv  to  remo\-e  to  the' cathedi'al  tin*  saci'ed 
niKiLj-e,  which  was  er,.;itly  venei'ate;!  hy  the  native 
Mexicans.  It  was  aftei'ward  borne  in  solenm  ]>roc(\s- 
si"n  to  tlic!  diirerent  churches  of  the  capital,  and  the 
demonstrations  of  devotion  were  noticed  as  beiii-j;  ex- 
tr.ioi'dinarilv  earnest.  When  on  the  lOth  of  Au-nist 
the  unai;'e  was  returned  to  its  sanctuary,  it  was  accom- 
piuiied  by  an  inunense  concourse,  who  in  tears  chanted 
pi.iyers    for   divine  jjrotection.''^     JJut   in  the   night 

f';W,V,;.  ,/,.  M,:v.,  ISIO,  i.  411-1.'?. 

*"  liustuiiuiutu,   wliu  was  un  cyo-witncss  of  these  religious  observauces, 


02 


VICEROYS  GARIIUY  AND  LIZANA. 


wliicli  ])i'('cc'(lc<l  (liis  ar.-^jjicious  d.-iy,  m  I'urious  liurri- 
caiic  lijid  s))i-('a(l  (U'solatiou  in  Acajinlco,  no  li-ss  than 
1  "J 4  houses  l)(.'iiiHi'  toi'ii  (low  .1,  while  orcliards  and  plan- 
tations were;  destroyed.  (Jnlhe  I  ;•  1  h  \'e)'a  (  Vnz  was 
visited  1)V  a  tcrrihlc  storm   which  wi'eckcd  and  daui- 


a'jf(  i 


1  inu( 


•h  shippnig 


Ci 


Th(!  'iiscord  in  tlic  audioncia  was  favorablo  to  the 
deV('lo])inent  of  revolution.  Ai)ait  iVoin  tlie  ahseneo 
of  seere<-y  whii-h  want  of  unity  naturally  entaiie<l,  the 
annoyance  which  each  party  expo-it'iieed  hy  1  iie  o])j)o- 
sition  of  the  other  created  a  I'eeliii'^  of  inditlei'eiice, 
and  a  consciousness  that  efforts  to  arrest  the  pul)hc 
will  would  he  unavailin*^.  ( 'onse(j;iently  apathy  and 
tolei-ation  marked  the  sluujjjfish  jn-oceedinn's  of  the  au- 
(liencia,  alfordinuf  an  unwonted  freedom  of  discussion 
on  political  topics.  The  spii-it  of  i'i'\"olt  was  further 
a<j:^'i'avated  at  this  time  by  tht3  unjust  illiherality  dis- 
jilayed  liv  the  regency  in  the  matUr  of  colonial  rep- 
I'est'iitation  at  the  ibrthcominn'  ooni4'ress  of  the  cortes. 
If  the  modu'r  country  in  her  aj)part'nt  death  an'ony 
i'efus(>d  t'l  do  justice  to  her  American  colonies — which 
in  the  ]>:ist  had  so  loyally  ai<led  her.  and  in  whi<'h  she 
seemed  to  rest  her  only  hope  for  the  future— no  relief 
i'roni  her  oppression  could  be  expectiMl  in  case  her 
ai'ms  triumplied.*"  ]\roreover,  the  rontitiued  pi-ocla- 
mations  (if  ,)ose[)Ii  ]iona[)arte,  and  ,sediliou^;  papeis 
issued  1)_\  his  a^'i'iits,  gave  additional  impetus  in  the 
direction  of  independence.''^ 

wrote  (I  (lutuiU'il  aocount  of  tlicm  bcarini^  the  titK; :  Mi  mrir'ia  )na(lost  que  rr- 
cordari'i  d  !n  /i  ,.-:'<■  ri'lw/.  In  /lidnd  dc  /ot  Mr.rifu.ion  mriiiijcslfirla  en  In  rciii'l'i 
di'  X'ni  ^z'''  di'  ( !■■<  Hchirdin.i,  //  foiiliciie  du,*  p:irt(!<.   ('di'o,  'J'r<  ■iSijiu-',  iii.  "JT-l-"'. 

'"(.'  '..  (/,■  J/,.,-.,  ISIO,  i.  (is(i-7. 

fM/o/vf,  ;./<./.  .'/-''x  i.',r.,  ill.  ;<7J-4. 

'"  liiui.iiiiiitc  ill  lSi).(  iipuiily  jiiKi  iiiiK'od:  '  Quo  cr.i  ya  ll<";.'iilo  el  tioinjio  <Ii' 
quo  las  Aliici  k:i'i  cspauoli'S  iiuoilascil  illcK  pcinliruUs,  y  ijur  d  -j;  iliici  no  iVaii- 
ci's  no  so  ojioiuliia  a  cstf  paso  iK'ceaario.'  .l/i//vr,  .UiJ.  1/  iii.'t  AV/'.,  ili.  I{il->. 
'I'lif  iii(|'.ii'<i;ioii  i;i  \-,!iii  att('iii[>to(l  to  siqipri'ss  the  oiiLulation  ot'  surli  nhcut  . 
Ill  till- iiioiillis  i.f  A|iril,  .liiiic.  anil  So[)tciiilii'r,  rii'),  it  paMi.-ilnil  jiroclania- 
lions  a;,Miii;-it  Kin  .^  .loiipli,  ami  iiiidi'r  threats  of  cNcomiiiuiiication  or.  Ii'icil  ;ill 
jiaiK'Ps  of  till' kind  lo  In' di'livt'ivil  up  that  thi'V  lui^iit  lie  puiilii  ly  liiuiit  hy 
the  ('N(!Oiili'i  Ml-.  I  liiti-U)  Ml  .1-.,  xii.  -Kilt  S;  l)',.<ii(<.  l'iirii<,  iii.  f.  I.">:!,  vi.  f. 
fiS,  00.     i'l'cucii  L'liiissariua  wei'o  u  coiisUint  soiuco  ol  aiann,  luul  uicuduros  to 


VICEROY  VEXEGAS, 


U'inus  linrri- 
no  Irss  tluui 
•lis  a!i<l  iiliui- 
rra  Cruz  was 
L'd  and  ilaui- 


orabli)  to  tlio 
i\\v  al)S('iK'0 
ciilaiit'd,  tlio 
hy  lii'.'  (>])\)i)- 
iiidiHrrciici', 
-;t  the  public 
y  apathy  and 
i'4's  t»l'  1  hf  au- 
di' discussion 
,  was  I'ui'tlu'i' 
lihcrality  dis- 
(•(iloiiial   rep- 
(»r  the  fortes, 
death  a^'oiiy 
)uies — which 
1  which  she 
• — no  ivliel' 
in  case  her 
lUcd  procla- 
lioLis   |)apers 
)etus  in  the 


in 


'in  /lidilos'i  que  re- 

.■:lifili(  )-il    I'l    rciii'l'l 

(.-iSijIu.-',  iii.  "JT-I-."). 


Milii  el  tiiMiipo  do 

I  1  ic  iliicino  iViui- 

X'lM  Iti  r.,  iii.  Ull'^. 

)ll  lit'  sllrll  sht'Ct  . 
ili.-i'.icil  prciolaina- 
iciitimi  (irdiToil  all 
imlilii  ly  Imiiit  liy 
iii.  I'."  I.":!,  vi.  f. 
,  ami  iiit-'udiiros  i') 


On  ilie  C.ltli  of  Au,c::u,<  1810,  the  i'v\'j;iiU>  Atocha 
dropi>ed  anchoi'  in  the  port  of  A'era  ( 'I'U/.  TIk;  V(>s- 
i^cl  liTwU^lit  to  the  shores  of  New  Spain  hci"  lil'ty- 
iiinth  vicer  >y,  I'lancisco  .Javier  do  Veiieij^as,  knight 
of  the  order  of  ( 'alatrava.'*  Vonegas  was  in  no  haste 
t;i  iv.icii  the  scat  of  his  ^'overnincnt,  hut  "j-urni'vin^- 
slowly  from  \'cra  ( 'ruz  to  the  capital,  made  himself 
(onv.i'sant  with  the  state  of  ail'aii's,  and  formed 
IVIcikHv  I'clations  with  persons  whose  services  he  con- 
sidci'.  ;|  useful,  for  ( 'ampillo,  the  hishop  ol'  I'uchla, 
and  i'lon,  the  inteiidente  of  that  city,  In.'  contracted  a 
sliii-ere  attachment.  On  the  l^Jtli  of  Septemher  the 
audicMcia  suiM'endered  the  f,n)vernment  to  him  at 
Ouad.alupe,  and  on  the  fillowini^  day  he  made  his 
puldic  cntiy  inlo  the  ca[)ital  with  the  customary 
pomp  and  ceremonies. 

\'ene;4as,  wlio  IkuI  retired  from  the  army  with  tho 
rank  of  lit'uteiiant-colonel,  returne(l  to  active  service 
in  Is'is.  oil  the  invasion  of  Spain  hy  tin;  i'^reiich,  and 
Won  dl>tin<'tion  in  the  memorable  battle  of  l>ayle!i. 
Jlcni'cfortli  his  promotion  was  i-apid,  and  he  soon 
obtained  the  ^-radc  of  lieutenant-jjjeneral.  Ahhoue'h 
lie  sull'ered  defeat  at  Ahnonacid"-  by  impiaident  sclf- 
conlidence,  he  enioved  a  hie'h  reiiutalioii  in  New 
Spain  as  a  coui'ae-eous  military  chief  ]>'!-tamante, 
in  .--omewhat  <lispara_i^'in_L^  und  ill-measured  l:uie-ua,n'e, 
thus  di'scribi'-i  his  personal  appeai'ance:  "Tail  and 
rubast  of  frame,  the  expression  of  his  countenancti 
was  sour,  and  his  j^'lance  an^'ry  and  thi'eatenin'jj;  his 
lips  were  thick,  and  his  head,  which  he  liL'ld  indincvl 

]'.iv\(iit  thf'ir  o])oratioiis  ami  <lu-troy  their  innuoiice  woro  taken  l)'itli  in  Spain 
iiml  .Mi'xico.  l''(ir  c  ijiii's  iif  instnulioii.s  yivoi  to  tlicsi'  a'^inls,  tlii'ii'  \)Vin:  i- 
liiiiti.'Ks,  anil  il('scri|i;iiin  i  (it'  tlicir  intri;^in's,  uunsalt  (/ouzi''-,  (''if.  X.  J.'  ■/', 
I  "I'l  S;  M'liiijiis'i)  r:iiifra  /^.t  /ii-</riii\  Einin nuhir;  V(ii'ril.\>,  />..<  h/nh;  ainl 
li'iiii-  n  .Vi  . ,,  xiii.  •i;>-4. 

''  I'm-  a  list  iif  liis  naiiK^s,  titles,  ami  di'cor.-vtioiis,  .sro  (\  ilnl'iri  i,  i.  f.  !)•_', 
am!  l.'i.ijKi.-i.   I'ltriii.i,  ii.  f.  ;i.      In  tiie  latter  iloeuuient  a|)|ii  ais  iii.-i  iiiliriea. 

'-(iiieira  slates  tliat  In;  [o-tt  Uie  army  of  tin;  c^'nlii!  at  tin;  Iwu  iKittle.s  of 
'laiaaeDii  ami  I'elcs,  'i|Ut;  ilio  y  iiei'ilio  ])or  .su  inop.i  ud.  ei.'ino  cnnstii  del 
Maiiiiiestii  del  l)uiniu  del  Inlaalado. '  ("ue.sta  went  .so  taras  to  s;.ite  Uiat  Venc- 
pis  Miy  j.Tos-i  ij;tiijranee,  want  of  .skill,  envy,  oi'  inaliLe,  lost,  jiriiia^id  lort'Vcr, 
tiiu  only  iii>pui-Uiuity  of  saving  S[iaiu.'  JJist.  lit-f.  S.  L'.>p.,  i.  -.Hi, 


1 


94 


VICKROYS  GARIBAY  AND  LIZAXA. 


over  tlio  left  slioiildci',  was  of  crionnous  size.  His 
whiskers  woro  of  tlio  sainc  cut  uiul  sha])c  as  those  of 
thti  myniiidons  oi'  the  aconlada.  desporadoes,  and  buU- 
iii^htei's;  and  liis  ini|»ctnous  Lfa it  was  similar  to  that 
of  an  ill-tenij)erc'(l  coiporal,"''  Venojj^as  was,  how- 
evei',  honest  and  (nsinterested,  an  iu<lefatiga!)le  worker, 
and  eneri;(^tic  and  (juiek  in  the  despatch  of  l>usiness. 
Distrustful  when  in  security,  he  was  calm  and  self- 
jtossessed  in  danu'ei',  but  dis[>layed  a  sanguinary  and 
cruel  disposition.'* 

On  the  18th  of  September  the  new  viceroy  con- 
vokid  an  assembly  composed  of  the  audiencia,  all  the 
pi'incipal  civil  and  military  authorities,  the  dignitaries 
of  till!  church,  prelates  of  the  regular  ordei-s,  the 
nttbilily,  and  prominent  land  owiu^rs  and  memi)(,'rs  «jf 
the  coiinnercial  class.  To  this  numerous  attendance 
a  |»roclan)ation  addressfnl  by  the  regency  to  the  Ameri- 
cans on  the  oth  of  ]\Iay  was  lead.  In  it  the  condi- 
tion of  S[)ain  was  set  tbrtli,  and  an  ajH)eal  made  for 
still  further  contributions  in  order  to  continue  the 
war.  A  list  also  of  patriotic  individuals  on  whom  had 
been  cunfeired  titles  oi*  nobility  and  honors  was  also 
I'c'ad.      A  plan  lor  the  collection  of  donations  su<''ufested 

'■'Ifirt  dress  , ■111(1  pc>i'soii;il  iippcanxiiei- woro  t!lo  subject  of  niiiiicrous  pus- 
f)uin,iili'H  w  liieli  were  ]m.stoil  on  tin-  coni  is  of  tli<^  jiriiKipal  streets.  One 
(|iioti(l  l)y  li;ist;iiiiiinti'  \v;is  as  follows:  '  Do  jiatilla,  Ijolas  y  |iaiitaloii,  lieeliurii 
(ie  Napolenii.'  Cirn,  V'/v.s'  S'riln.  iii.  '211.  Aiiotlior  wliii'li  was  posttil  uii  tlio 
jialace  gate  aggravated  the  viceroy  to  make  reply.     It  ran  thus: 

'Til  lara  lui  i»  ili>  ixcilciiciiv 
Ni  In  tiM^i'  it'  vircy, 

Ditis  |<Mi|,.i  lii'lll'i  III  tils  11111)103 

Nil  ili-lnnas  iiiii'>ti:i  Iry.' 

Vcncgas  caused  the  followiiiL,'  liiie:i  t.)  It  ■  postoil  in  the  same  place: 

'  Mi  lira  im  r»  ilr  I'xciliiiciii, 
Ni  mi  Inui'  ilc  virrv, 
I'lT.i  rr;  li'M'lltnill  IrV, 
Y  iilitrii;;,!  Ml  li'al  |>iiti'iicin. 
V.ftn  Ki'i.cilla  iiilviTlciiria 
Os  liapi,  pnr  111  c|iii'  iiiipiirto: 
I.a  li  V  lia  ill'  .SIT  il  iiiii'li' 
{{•.>!■  lilrij.i  ijii.»  ai'iiuiii's. 
iriiiil.iilii  run  las  liaicinlicg 
IJui'  HI'  liaii  lii'clio  111  rsta  ('drtol' 

li'ii'i'rfi,  On'i.  lie  }rfx.,  i.  r>(i4. 

"Opinions  with  re|j;aril  to  tlie  aliilitios  of  Venegas  are  diamotricnlly  oppo- 
8iti'aceor(lin!.;as  they  are  regardel  liy  ids  friindsor  opponents.  Aliad  y  Qucipo 
de.scrilies  liiiii  as  a  tideiitcil,  learned,  and  iipri;..;lit  man,  Iiifurmi',  in  Zimnroix, 
Jll-'l,  M'j.,  ix.  .S()7-S;  while  Zavala  .slates  IJKit  he  possessed  nci'iher  political 
iiur  inilituiy  talcut.  Ikv,  Mex.,  i.  4H.     Consult  Ailalid,  Causa,  MS.,  i.  13-i-U. 


FUIlTirKIl  DISCOXTENT. 


95 


inunci'ous  pus- 

.sti-L'fts.     One 

iitalim,  lii'i'liiuii 

p(JSl(Jll  oil  tliO 


1)V  IIk'  fiscals  \v;is  tlicii  discussed  and  approxcd,  many 
(if  those  jtiH'scnt  sul)sciil)inL*'  at  onci,',  the  archhislioj) 
luadiii'^'  till  list  with  tliii'ty  thousand  |)es»)s.  Ani(»nL( 
ilic  ivcijiiciits  (»r  hi»ni)rs  wero  (Jaribay  and  the  arch- 
hishn]t.  hdlh  of  wlioni  were  dc('»)i'atod  with  the  ^rand 
(  inss  of  ( ';iilos  lir.,  while  Gahi'iel  do  Vernio,  Dit-^n) 
i\<-  Am'edi,  Sebastian  de  las  Hems  Soto,  and  Joso 
Maiiaiio  Fa'4'"!i,H''>'  weic  I'aised  to  the  dijj^nity  of  (I'tulos 
(|i-  ( '.istilla.''  Other  honors  were  conferred  upon  a 
niiiulHi'  of  individuals  ('orrespondin;^  to  their  positions 
;iiid  1  lie  SI  r\  iees  i-endere(l  l»y  them,  and  It  was  observed 
ih.il  iii.iiiy  of  the  recipients  had  been  prinei[);d  actors 
in  the  depusal  of  Iturrin'aray. 


jl:.t! 


ds    1 


1  I  lie  (icmaiiUs  tor  money  and  tlie  awari 


I  th 


.Is  of 


lldliol'   Wcl-e   <) 


flensive  to  the  8i)anish  Americans.  The 
apjx'al  to  them  f  )r  morc^  n'old  and  silver  in  the  same 
breath  that  bestowed  titles  and  distinctions  u]»on 
their  opponents  was  an  insult,  and  their  indi'_;nati(»n 
(hove  tin  in  in  still  j^'reater  numbers  to  the  raid;s  of 
llic  I'cviiliitionists  who  were  alrt'ady  in  the  held.'"  For 
Hid.il'^o  had  ^iven  the  siu^nal  i'or  revolt;  the  f/rifo  ilc 
Jf.i/urcx  was  already  echoinLf  throuirhout  the  land,  and 
tliousands  were  rising-  in  arms  to  do  battle  for  liberty 
and  the  rin'hts  of  man. 


'(.'in.  '/.  .)f'.v..  ISIO,  i.  Tiit'i,  770  SC.:  D'irtr 


titul 


lie  Cm  lill.i  was  a   title  of  iiidiilitv  iiiti 


.l.'ik 


g!MliiliM'salii 
<lf(.liiiu(l  tilt'  liiiiiiir. 


i<it  Npaiii. 


S'llri.  A" 


III  (•'»  /''' 


nifr  Vrr.,  xiii.  ni7-S.  The 
fdiato  Itetwrcii  tlinso  <if  the 
'.,  I0.")4.     Vt  riiiuaiid  Fa''i)ii'':k 


iiiiii:i.  ///•■>/.  M<j.,  i.  .■)t.">-4. 


'"'i'lii'  Mexican  ilcputatioii  to  Spain  statiMl  in  Anj,'ust   ISll    that  'las  frni- 
I'iu.s  (|uu  lli'Vii  (1  Vircy  Don  I'lancist:')  \'eiii.;,'as  pani  los  nnto    s  eiinipliccs  do 


la  laecion'  cairiud  alat'Ui  tlll'oiigU 


uiicry.  Dijiutuc.  Aiiur.  Jlij>.,  '<i. 


leti'ically  oppo- 

Abad  \  Qiicipo 

in  Z  niKvoii, 

it'i'iliei'  ))()liUcal 

MS.,i.  134-U. 


CHAPTER  V. 

OPFA'rXd  OF  Till':  WAR  OF  IXDFrENDKNCE. 

1810. 

Devki-oi'mknt  ni'  Qri  ur.TAito— AiiAiits  r\  f!r.\\A.ir.\To — Tmk  Towv  op 
Doi.ouKs  -Irs  OfitA,  MiiiCKi.  Hu)AI,(;ii  y  (."(»tii.i,a — Si-.ci;r.r  .Mi;r.TiN(is 
or  llr.voi.i  TioMsis --[(jNAfio  Allcnih;— I'l.orriNO  at  San  Mii;ii;l  — 
(Ikmjiai.  I'i.an  (II'  rriiisiNi;— ]Iii)Ai.(ii)"s  IjIociiapiiv — AuiiKsis— The 
Coi;i;ki;ii>()i:  I.mi'uisdneu— His  Ai'yi  ittai,— liis  1;i(I(iuai'IIv— Ki,  (Jkito 
i>E  1>iii.iii;k-< — IliiiAi.ci)  Mauciiks  to  Sax  Mku'el  — A  TiMri/n'ots 
AuuAY     'I'm;   S  \(ur.i>  Banneu — Srcci:ss  ok  tiiic   InsiTvUknis   at   San 

Mniri;!,  —  rii.i.AiiiMi  — ][ir)Ai.iio    ruoiLAiMi-.D  C'Ai'iAiN-(Ji;M:iiAi 11  h 

Enti:i:s  Cklava  -  He  Aitoints  a  New  Ayixtamiesto. 

l'"'i;(iM  till'  (iiiu!  wlion  Viceroy  Vi.'lasco  niado  jj^raiits 
of  town  lotsand  jii^Micultural  lauds  to  settlors  in  (^>iierc- 
tai'o/  tlio  |)i'0'4'rcss  of  tluit  pliico  was  rapid.  JJc.aiiti- 
iVdiy  sitii.ilrd  ill  a  slulti'ivd  valloy,  the  Icrtility  of  tlio 
soil  and  tin'  iiiiroiicss  of  tho  air  invited  ininiii^rants 
from  till'  caiiihil  and  otlier  populous  towns  lyinu^  to 
the  south.  in  \^)\)'2  niuniei]>al  Ixtoks  were  opciie'l, 
and  li'iK'i  ftirward  its  pro.spt;rity  was  such  that  in  KI.k") 
Feli|)f  1  \'.  ili'vated  it  to  the  rank  of  city,  with  the 
aj)|>ellaliiin  of  SantiaL^'o  <le  (,^>ueretar<»,  and  the  hon- 
orable title  <»f  iiiuy  nohle  y  i-eal  eiiidad.  A  eoat  of 
arms  was  also  granted,  si^nilieant  of  the  mir-aculous 
manifestation  witnessi'd  l»y  the  ojijiosini^-  nrniies  in 
that  strau'^e  hattle  which  was  fought  in  IJiU."     The 


'('oiisult  //(V.  Mi..:, 
■•'.Sfo   /,/.,  .-)t;)  4      'I'l 


vol.  ii.  rAl  it,  lliis  sorics. 

le  iiniis  coiisisti'il  of  a  cross  with  tlio  sun    for   its 


pediMtal  and  !i  liriilit  star  oil  oitluT  siili'.     TIk;  fii,'iiro  of  SaiitiaL,'ti  on  lior.si'- 
uk  oLHU|iiu.s  tiio  iK'\tcr  bawt',  ami  a  ]ialiii  tivo  and  otiur  ]iiinit!i  tlit-'  siiii.iti'r 


l>; 


■h 


I  lloli 


riiioiiiited  liy  tiic  royal  arms  of  Ciistili'  and  Lcoi 


[ 


givi>  lii'n\\  Itli  a  |ilan  of  tiio  city  from  (Jm  n  /  im,  (lrdi,<.  ■jiif  /firii  la  l)'i 

Sec  also  Zi  tdii  (   llidiilijo  Glorias  de  (Jiii  r.,  "J-o,  cuiitaiiiing  plan  of  city,  p.  '2\'X 


niSTOUY  OF  QUKRl'ilTAKO.  97 

]i()siti(»ii  of  QiieiL'taro  011  tlio  l)()i'(lcis  of  tlio  unoou- 
\(  rtcd  C'liicliimocs  attracted  at  an  rai-ly  datu  the  at- 
Iciitioii  t»t"  the  rL'n'iilar  onliTs.  Tlio  iiist  nuuiastio 
cstalilisliiiu'iit  was  the  '''raiiciscaii  convent  of  Santa 
(  riiz,  tlif  (late  of  tlu!  loundinL?  of  which  is,  howevef, 
uncertain,  althoii;jfh  its  oi'ijj^in  was  the  luinihle  lier- 
tiiitan'c  which  was  (ioustructed  at  the  time  wlien  the 
iiiiraiuloiis  stont;  cross  was  erected  on  the  San'^renud. 
The  lirst  convent  and  its  church  were  in    time   re- 


Plan  of  QrKKETAU.>,  170G. 


tliP  sun  for  its 
litiaL^'K  "11  liorsc- 
liutrt  till-'  siiii^tii" 


lilacrd  l)y  lari^or  buildinn's,  and  In  IGtlG,  wluni  tlio 
iM'W  (dilices  were  conii)leted,  the  convent  was  made 
till'  cdsii  dc  icfiih'ccion  of  tlu;  iiro\ineia  under  the 
name  of  San  lUienaventura.  In  KIS:)  it  was  con- 
vrrtcd  into  the  apostolic  colle;»'e  of  j)ro|)ananda  tide, 
t'lUiiided  hy  Fray  Antonio  Linaz  de  Jesus  Maria — - 
t'.K'  lirst  establishment  of  the  kind  in  the  Indies.^ 

■'  /'/. ,  ,'!>?-((>.    Liiiiiz  was  born  at  Arta,  in  tlie  islanil  of  Majiircu,  in  .Funu.iry 
ItM.'i,  licoauioa  friar  in  l(i."i;(,  and  pi'csUitin'o  in  ItMil.     ]iii  nami'.  .lo  us  Mana, 
w.i.s  iltiivoil  fiuni  till!  ci(ii\unt  in  wIulIi  \w  waa  novitiato.     In  Ilj>i4  lio  arrivud 
lUsT.  Mex'.,  Vul.  IV.    7 


08 


oi'KXixr;  OF  tiik  war  of  iNDEri:xni:xrE. 


l^v  till"  cntliusiiistic^  iiuMiilxTs  social  ih  ronns  wi-jt 
introduced,  which,  liowover  boiu-licial  to  tho  poorci- 
(•lasses,  j^i'ievously  iutcriercid  with  puhrK;  and  piivatc 
aiuiiseinents.  JJalls,  comedies,  and  icihlii"  LCaines  wcn- 
discontinued;  certain  leasts  in  which  hulls,  ^[ooi-s, 
and  christians  were  njpivsented  in  jirocession,  weic 
also  d(»n(!  away  with.  These  lestivitii-s  were  so  attrac- 
tive to  the  lower  orders  that  in  order  to  |)arti!'ij)atc 
in  theni  with  .•H)|>ro[)i'iate display  they  would  sell  their 
liousehold  chattels.  Another  ;il)use  corrected  was  tli  ■ 
promiscuous  baihiiiL!;  ••t'  t'"^^'  •'^t'X*'^  in  the  river,  to  t\\<- 
.sound  of  music,  and  midst  the  noise  of  Ieastiiii4"  on  the 
haidcs.  Ilonceforth  the  inhaoitants  of  (^uerctai'o 
were,  douhtless,  a  devout  and  moral  connnunity, 
though  much  ai:jainst  their  will.^ 

Alter  tlu'  surrender  of  their  convent  of  Santa  CVu/. 
the  Franciscan^'  erected  what  may  he  (;onsidered  th  • 
third  monaster}'  of  tlie  order  huilt  in  (^ueretaro,  an  I 
Avhich  was  the  cajiitular  convent  of  the  province. 
Annexed  to  it  is  a  sumptuous  church,  which  wn- 
L-'j'eadv  <'ml)ellished  hy  Vwxy  .fose  de  Soria,  who  dit'  ! 
ill  ^[e\ico  in  ])ecember  l7o4.  Within  the  limits  el" 
its  cemetery  various  other  sacred  edifices  were  erected, 
amoiin'  wjiich  may  he  mentioned  the  church  of  th.' 
A'eiieraMe  Orden  Teivora  de  Penitencia,  in  which 
the  nohle  and  the  wealthy  ])erformed  their  devotions 
and  [)eiiitential  vows. 


in  Mii'liiwcMU  fioin  Spiiiii  .iihI  wjis  elected  pn.inlian  of  tlic  convent  of  Valli- 
iliilid  ill  ICiTI,  ;iiiil  in  KiTl  \vii.<  iiiipoiutcil  iusti)ilii>  tu  iittvnil  tlic  ^rncr..! 
clia])t<r  in'id  ill  Spain  ill  IliS'J,  lie  ivtnnUMl  in  Ids;!  t.)  I'mind  tliu  I'olejiio  di' 
jinipaLfiiiida  tide.  I.iiiaz  fasted  niileli,  and  lit  times  fell  into  eeslatii;  tranr  ^ 
while  at  prayer.  Mir.icuioiis  virtueti  are  atti'ihiited  to  him,  wliicli  he  enn- 
tiniie<l  to  manifest  after  his  diatii,  wliieli  oeeiirred  at  .Madrid  on  the  •J!)t!i  >  i 
Jnue,  l(i!»;(.  L'y>iiio.i,i,  (',,,/,.  .|/>,W.,  i.  DS-'J.")!,  .•{•Ji)-I,  80-4. 

*  lv-|(iniisa,  after  dcseiiliiii;,'  the  I'eforms,  siiealjs  of  a  eilizen,  wlio  liaviii ,' 
liccn  alisent  for  xoine  tiiin',  on  his  letiirn  as  iio  approached  the  city  inijuii'i  1 
(if  cvne  wliom  he  met  on  tlie  road  what  news  there  was  in  QiVMetaro.  'Sefioi'.' 
replied  the  man,  't^tiieiVtaro  is  no  more  t^)iieretaro;  some  priests  have  coiiH', 
and  no  Imij^'er  are  there  faiidairj;os  as  hef.ire;  sadness  |>revails,  no  liarporj.';ii- 
tar  is  heard;  there  is  nothing  Init  praying  and  ]ireaeliiiig,  .10  tliat  the  pla  • 
lias  lost  its  mirth.'  Jd.,  ."iJ-.").  Consult  also  Arriirita,  Croii.  Si'i'd/.,  .S-'.', 
34-."),  I7t-^'J, -.tl -(!.  'J'lie  miraculous  cross  was  reiiu)veil  from  it,  origin.! 
site  in  1701  and  ))laccd  in  the  eriicero  of  the  church  of  this  convent.  L'^^jil- 
rwa,  (',vii.  A/iim'.,  i.  1!>;  (1!  'i-'tdi  'Ic  (Jm  r.,  .'i'J. 


ICNTE. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  quer:;taho. 


99 


rfforiMs  were 
(»  tlu;  poorn- 
^  and  i)riviit(! 

bulls,  Moors, 
•eossioii,  wvrr 
rvVi)  so  att  lac- 
.o  parti^-ipati' 
)ul(l  si'll  tlifir 
v.L'U'A  was  til  ! 
•  river,  to  tli<.' 
■astiiiL;'  on  lln- 
)t'  (^ucrotai'o 
coinniunitv, 

t'  Santa  Cm/,, 

Dnsidi'ivd  ill  ■ 

(uorctaro,  an  1 

the   |)ro\inci'. 

1,  wliicli  was 

ria,  who  du'  ! 

the  limits  ol" 

were  erected, 

hnrch  of  tlb- 

ei.i,  in  which 

leir  devotions 


:  convent  of  Vulli- 
it'.iiil   the  f^oni'lal 

Mini  llic  ciiU'l;!.)  <k' 
)  CL'sliitu:  tl'iinr  s 
II,  wIulIi   lie  coii- 

lul  ou  the  'JlHli  "i 

ilizi-n,  who  haviir^ 
the  city  iii(|uii'  I 

|U'.;ic''tiiro.     'Seiiiii'.' 

iriest.s  have   conn-. 

liU,  no  hai'porj-'iii- 
Ho  that  tlie  phico 

('roil.  S''i-(ij'.,  .s-'-', 
Ic'ini  it.  <)i'igiii:il 

his  convent.    2<'<y"- 


Xunierous  other  convents  added  to  the  sanctity  and 
(Miihellislnnent  of  the  citv,  but  s])ecial  notice  nujst  lie 
taken  of  tlu!  convent  and  royal  hos])ital  of  the  iViri- 
^]\\\:x  Concepcion.  This  hospital  was  f(junded  l»y  Diego 
<le  Tapia,  son  of  Fernando  de  Tapia,  the  conipieror, 
aliitut  the  year  laSC).  The  same  btMiefactor  founded 
the  i'^-anciscan  nunnery  of  Santa  (.'lara,  which  was 
r/ansl'eri"ed  to  a  new  site  in  I'.'t'M],  and  thithur  weie 
cenveved  the  .same  j^ear  to  their  linal  repose  the 
l.Diie-;  of  the  founder.  Other  religious  estahlishnients 
wi  re  the  monasttu'ies  of  tlie  Franci.scan  ordcM-  of 
liiiefodted  i'riars  and  the  barefooted  Carmelites;  the 
.Jesuit  church  and  ci>llej4'e  of  San  iLjnacio  de  Loyola 
I  lUiided  in  I  (j^;");  the  D(jminican  convent  of  San  I'edro 
V  San  Pablo;  the  I'oyal  colle'^e  of  Santa  llo.sa  and 
its  niaL,niilicent  church;  the  Ca[)uchin,  Austin,  and 
( '.uinelite  numu-ries,  and  other  religious  institutions. 
1)V  I'oyal  cedula  of  October  10,  IG?!,  pennission 
was  Planted  to  the  coni^reij^ation  of  t)Ur  lady  of 
(ruadalui)i,'  founded  in  1G(JD  to  erect  a  church  in  San- 
tiago de  (^Jueretaro;  and  in  1080,  owing  to  the  mu- 
iiiliceiice  of  Juan  Caballero  y  Oslo,'"'  by  whom  the 
gicat(n*  pai't  of  the  expenses  were  defrayed,  the  l)uild- 
iiig  was  so  far  advanced  as  to  admic  of  its  being  dedi- 
c.iteil.  The  ceremony  took  place  on  the  I'Jth  of  ^lay, 
and  was  conducted  with  a  solemnity  and  s[)lendor 
nevei'  before  witnessed  in  the  city.  Visitors -from  all 
|iartsof  Xew  S])ain  assembled  on  the  occasion,  and  the 
i'tstivities  whieh  followed  wen?  (Continued  tor  eight 
(lavs.  The  church  is  the  most  sumptutjus  in  Quere- 
tar..." 

The  success  of  the  n^ligious  ordc;rs  in  the  conver- 

■''Osio  liml  pvovionsly  proved  liimsclf  a  munificent  l)enef;ictor  hy  liis  liberal 
iloiiatioiH  to  nunierous  religious  institutions,  in  several  iM.st;inces(l.l;iiving  tlio 
eiitiro  c;>st  of  tiie  er;'Ciiiin  of  chaiiel.s  and  convents,  lie  was  a  captain  of  in- 
)  nitrs',  liecuine  alcalde  mayor  of  Quen'tun,  und  was  linaliy  ordiiined  i>!ie-t. 
He  ]);)-;.<e'*wed  a  lar.i,'(!  fin'lnne  wliiih  he  devoted  to  such  pniposes  and  iliarity. 
lie  dieil  in  <  )iieretaro  on  tlic  1 1th  of  .\i)ril,  J  707,  at  the  age  of  7.'i,  \v  fm'^  siiiul- 
tad<i  en  la.SantaCasiide  J^oreto,  dentrode  unaeaxa  de  hierro.  inandando  pouer 
)i'ii- ejijliilio  solo  estas  hreves  palahras.  JLec  renuics  mea.'  Snjw  iizii  y  Guit- 
'J'lrn,  <;/oi-iiis  il,'  (JiK  r.,   1<);   /;//(-.</>(>■,  y.W.,   l.")7-8. 

'^11.,  i)."i-171;   Midtiia,  Chron.,  S.  J)k<jo  Mcx.,  'J.j4;  D^arlo,  Mcx.,  117. 


100 


OPENINC  OF  Tin:  WAU  OF  IXDKPENDFN*  K. 


sioii  (if  ilic  ('hlchiiiiccs  was  t-i^'iial,  and  tln"  missions 
tln'V  r'luiidcd  ill  tlio  8i«'rra  (Jorda  had  iiioiv  L-fic<t 
ill  rcdiiciiii^  tiu'in  to  sulniii^sinii  tliaii  tin'  strul  and 
}^uii|iowd('r  of  tlio  military.  Jii  tiiiic,  li(»\vc'V<r,  tin 
ii,;-si()iis  iKcamo  scciilarizi'd,  and  in  I7H.')  (tnlytwooni 
of  the  twenty  »'stal>lislii'd  I'cniaincd  under  tin-  «uii- 
trol  of  the  friars,  namely  San  Mi^iul  de  las  I'alma^. 
administered  \>y  the  JJoininicans,  and  ( 'oiM'e|M-ioii 
Soriano,  or  ]>ucareli,  by  the  barefooted  fiiars  of  San 
DieiU'o." 

Althouu'li  the  Jndians  of  Siena  Coida  were  oera- 
sionallv  troublesome  durin<>-  the  eij^hteeiith  centiirv, 
their  insubordination  ilid  not  interfere  with  thei;ro\vt!i 
of  the  eity  or  the  de\t'lopment  of  industrial  interests. 
In  tln>  architeetural  beauty  of  its  chuiehcs,  n-li'^io:; 
establishments,  and  public  buildings,  (Juerelaro  i- 
equal  to  any  city  in  ^le.xico,  except  the  capital.  In 
171)0  it  had  ^Tl'  streets  with  twenty-one  |)ul»lic  foun- 
tains and  six  pla/.as.  Its  leiiL;th  iVom  east  to  wi-t  at 
this  date  was  nearly  two  mih-s  and  three  (piarteis.  and 
its  width  from  north  to  south  ovei-  one  mile  and  a  «jUar- 
ter,"^  The  water  supi)ly  of  Queretaro,  obtained  at  adi-- 
tance  of  two  leaufiies,  is  conveyed  into  th(.'  citv  bv  it- 
celebrated  a([Ue(luct,  a  structiu'e  of  siiii;'ular  solidity  and 
architectural  beauty.  The  arches  are  supported  on 
seventy-two  pillai's  of  hewn  stone,  eighteen  \  aias  apaH, 
and  tweiitv-seven  varas  hii>h.  The  work  was  l)e<>un  i.; 
January  1720,  and  com])leted  in  October  17.>j,  at  an 
t'xpenso  of  61-4,800,  $S2,U00  of  which  were  donated 
by  dtian  vVntonio  Urrutia  y  Arana,  marques  del  Vi- 
Uar  de  la  Aguila.''  ]jut  the  pride  of  the  j)lace  is  Li. 
Canada,  a  beautiful  i;len  penetratinij:  for  two  leaLfU'  - 
the  mountains  which  surround  the  city,  and  affording 
viows  of  such  exquisite  loveliness  that  no  city  in  th  • 

'•PhKirt,  Col.  Doc.  M(.v.,  MS.,  l.'71-.l,  457-8.  In  IT-iOtlu' miiulxTofTi.:  • 
sions  was  17,  ten  of  wJiidi  woro  foiiiulcil  liy  l'"raiici.-<caii3  ami  .^uveii  1,y  Da  .  .- 
nicaiis.  Orozco  y  Jlcrra,  Ci(rla  Eliioij.,  "JlJO-l;  Arrivivita,  Vroii.  Stnij'.,  hJ'J- 
71;  l^iijucnzay  iluiiijdra.  Carta  ul  AIniir,  MS.,  10-11, 

^ (Juiri ta',0,  OriiiKiiizfiijiic  /lara/ii.  JJir'*ioii. 

"Fur  an  account  of  tlic  festivities  liuhl  ia  colebvation  of  the  completion  of 
the  aiiueiluct  see  *V«o  iO'(7(',  Ik'luc.  Pcrajrui,,  uo.  i.  UJ-103. 


qui:i:i;tai;()  ofiuials. 


101 


wniltl  (;iii  siirjinss  tlinii,  or  ciflrr  .suhiiiluni  rcfivutioii 
•_r<iiiii(ls  Uiovv  iittr;tcti\i'."  Aljotit  live-  K-a^ucs  to  tlio 
•iMitli-cist  <»r  till'  «-iU'  art'  the  ln»t  iiiiiieial  s|ti'iMnrs  of 
San  I  >iii'l<>li)iiit',  ."^itiia'u'd  alxdit  u  uiilr  iVoiii  (lio 
|,ii,  lilo  «)t"  that  iiaiiM',  tilt'  iiu'diciiial  |tr(>[H-rtios  of  wliicli 
\,n\\i  as  a  licvcia'ni'  aiul  \'i>\'  the  batli  have  |»r<>vt(l  I'ili- 
i  ai  ioiis  ill  a  variety  «»l  diseasis."  .Mtliiaii^Ii  (^iifretart) 
i>  sij;iially  cXfii^it  iVoiii  cpidriuiis  aiul  |tli\>>ical  eatas- 
I  iM]ilics,'-  it  has  Dceasioiially  Ih'1'11  vi.'-Itjd  hy  (hsasters. 
'ill''  ycnv  I7s(i  was  noticeal/h'  lor  tlie  scverily  of  a 
t'liniiii'  wliich  caused  iiiucli  .suHerlu^',  and  in  ISOO 
-ivat  mortality  of  children  oecuired  I'loiii  all  i'{>ideiiiiu 
lilli;4'  disrasc.'^ 

The  aurii'iiltural  and  nianufacturinij^  iiuhisti'ies  ni- 
dicate  L;itat  ju'ospei'ity  wlu  n  e<»iii[iared  with  those  of 
JarL^t  r  and  more  j)o[)idoiis  [ii'ovinri.'s.  The  cotton  and 
v.oolK'n  lactones  in  L7'Jo  work(;d  ii|t  1200,000  pounds 
ul'llic  lirst-inentionetl    stajile  and    (».'., !>00  ari'tthas  of 


WiM  1 


1,  equivalent  ti>   1, ;")•.)<  ,.")00  [>ounds,  allording  v 


ni- 


I'l  yiiieiit  to  thi'i'i^  thousand  oj»orative.s.      The  tohaceo 
i.H  loiv  al^tt  einiiloved  tlii'ee  thousand   workiiK-n  and 

\'  it. 

wuiiu  n,  pi'odiicinL''  annualK'  cigars  and  cigarettesi  to 
tliL'  amount  of  sii.'JOO.OOO.^"^ 


Such  was  the  city  of  Santiago  i]o  Queretaro  attho 
linn-  when  the  s[(irit  of  ^Icxican  independence  broko 
nut.     The  reader  will  i'ei;ollcct  that  Mi'-'uel  Doniin- 


Itlio  completion  vf 


"XavMircto  says:  '  Esta  Ciiu.ida  o-i  i>ar!i  Qacrt'taro  lo  (jiio  Aranjucz  para 
Mailiiil,  Wisailas  [lara  I'ari:^,  Frascati  p.iia  Uoiiia,  y  la  i'avniita  para  Viona.' 
lii!'ir.  J'l  rcjr'ni.,  (i. 

"  A  full  aci:i.)unt  ni  tlicse  springs  is  giv^ii  l)y  IkntiiDoiif,  Trat.  >h'  la  A<i:ia 
Mi„.r'tL  Mexico,  it;-.'. 

'- '  (ioai  c'l  graiulo,  raro  y  apr'-cialilo  jtrivilcLrio  <le  (pic  jamas  k':  lia  cxpuri- 
ia(  ntado  en  ella  ttmljlor  ai,'uni)  ile  ticrra.'  Zi  laa  <■  tli'ln/'/'i,  Uloriasdc  (Jucr., 
lo. 

'^(hurrliiro,  Dos  Pahihm^,  A-'t\  Dhir.  .}fc.v.,  ii.  1(17. 

"  llin„h>,!'ll,  L'ss.ii  /v.,  (iOO-!);  AVoo  in  Snr.  .U,.,:  (.'m,/.,  iii.  lOS-0.  In  all 
thi'  iiiaimlactiirin.i;  indiistric-s  V,'2\i.i  porsons  wore  iiiipli>ycd,  of  whom  '-'.TOfl  u  i  re 
v..'iiKii.  Ill  c()iiiiacrt!ialaii<la:,'rioultiiral  pursuits  "J, "JIU  prisons  wore  ofciiiiioil. 
I'li.in  tlii<  (late  to  IS  10 an  inurcasu  in  imlustries  of  oni"  litlh  is  ol)sorvaMe.  /(/., 
'-^0.  In  ISOIltlio  population  of  the  eity  was  .'lO. 0(10  souls.  Its  ayuu'.amicnto 
Vi.isioinjioscilof  aeoriegitliir,  two  ordinary  ali  aides,  twelve  re^ndores,  two  lion- 
'■iry  rcgidorcs,  a  pioeurador,  syndic,  and  ccribauo  mayor  y  do  cabiido. 
(j-ori  IS  i!c  (Jiici:,  o-ii. 


lo-j 


oiM'MNi;  ol"  THK  WAR  OF  INI>i:i'i:NI)r,>:CM. 


jLi'iicz  liad  Itcrii  iciiistiiti'd  in  tin?  (lUii-cot'  <-(trr('i,'itl(tr  <•!' 
C^)ii(ivtiii(>,  ;il't»'i'  liaviii'^^  he-en  «li'i)iiv((l  «•!'  it  l>_v  Itnr- 
liu'iiray.  From  tliat  tiiin;  rmwanl  In-  was  a  swyvi  siip- 
portri"  (tf  tlic  iinl<']»cii(U'iicc'  party.  Altri-  the  collaiisc 
(»r  llif  X'alladfilid  |)I<>t,  ni('flin:.,rs  <•!'  the  chic  I"  rf\nhi- 
tioiii.sts  wcic  htld  at  (JiU'rc'turo  in  ln»iisi',s  nftlic  jircs- 
liytcr  JosL'  Mai-i'a  Sanclicz  and  tlu'  lire-ntiati'  I'arra. 
TIk;  corrc'iL^idnr  attended  the  assenihlii's  at  tlie  lirst- 
nicntiitneil  house,  whicli  ])assed  unch-r  the  name  of  a 


ht 


erarv  aea<leinv,  while   Ins  wi 


le    1) 


ona 


M 


iria 


tloscl"; 


Oi'li/  look  still  more  earnest  interest  in  the  sne- 
<'(!ss  ol'  the  ^mdertakin"^^  In  Tana's  liouse  secret 
meetings  wei'c;  held  and  plans  of  operations  discussed. 
Here  met  the  piinei[ial  promoters  of  tin*  revolution, 
tiu!  licentiates  Lasoand  Altaniiiano,  cajitains  Allende 


and 


A  Mi 


ima  ol 


til 


e  (lUeeU  s  l'e''"inieli 


t,  .r 


oatjum  Anas 


A I 


captain  of  the  Zelaya  leujiment,  Francisco  jjanza- 
e'oi-ta.  lieutenant  of  the  <Ira;4oons  of  San  Mi^'Uel,  (he 
two  hidthers  lOpiij^mcnio  and  iMnutcrio  (jlouzalez  and 
others  of  less  IKjto. 


While  these  ]>reliminary  mattei's  were  in  pr()L,'ress 
in  A  alladolid  and  Queretaro,  the  leaven  of  liherty  was 
AvorkIii;4'  in  (jruanajuato;  and  indeed  to  this  pi'ovince 
may  he  more  spcjciall}'  ^iven  the  proud  distinction  ol' 
cradle  of  ^lexican  indi'pendence.  And  forever  i'aniuus 
jihove  all  must  remain  the  town  of  Dolore  ,  situated 
in  the  hit^her  level  of  tlu^  ien'ii  dc  Guanajuato,  eleven 
leagues  i'rouj  the  ])rovi  ial  eaj)ital.  Its  heginning 
dates  from  the  sixteenth  'utury,  when  viceritys  En- 
ri(|uez  and  Velasco  exei'te  themselves  in  unitinj^  the 
Indians  in  municipal  coi,  nunitics  called  congrega- 
ciones,  D(.)lores  receiving  t^  e  name  of  ( 'ongregacion  de 
Nuestra  Seuora  de  los  ]_>olores,  and  beung  included 
in  the  ecclesiastical  jurisdiction  of  the  cui'ato  of  Saii 
Miguel  el  (Irande.  In  1717  it  v*as  elevated  to  the 
dignity  of  a  pueblo,  and  somewhat  later  became  an 
independ(Mit  (nu'aoy. 

As  usual  in  places  of  this  kind,  the  parish  clmrch 


r  it  l.y  Itiu- 

jl  svn-ri  siH>- 
i\\v  ciiUmIisc 
•hilt"  jcvolu 
,  of  the  I'lVS- 

iti;itt'  I'.-in-a. 
j»t  tli<-  iirst- 
,.  iiaiuc  «>l   ;i 
^l.-iria  .lostia 
ill   the   siic- 
liousi'   scent 
(lis  (lisrlissril. 
If  revolution, 
aius  Alleiid'' 
»a(iuin  Arias, 
icise<)   Jiai'./.Jt- 

l   Mij^llel,  till' 

(jiouzaleii  aiivl 


c  in  proi^ress 
»1"  liberty  was 
this  province 
(listinctioii  oi 
irever  i'aiiiuus 
ore    ,  sitiuit«'<l 
ijuato,  eleven 
ts  he^'inninu" 
|vicen)ys  En- 
lu  uniting  th'' 
led    conure;j,i»- 
h'^retjacion  'Ic 
•in"  included 
'urato  of  Sail 
[vated  to  the 
Ir  became  an 

Laiisli  oliurcU 


MAM'KL  HIDALdO  Y  COSTILLA. 


103 


(ivcr>iiado\\cd  the  <»thrr  huildiu'L's,  heing  :in  extensive 
structure,  and  connileted  al»ont  the  middle  of  ihe 
I  inhteenth  cciituiy.  Tin;  exterior  juvsenteil  ((uite  an 
iiii|)osing  a|i|>earance,  tin.'  front  liavini,'  two  towei'saiid 
an  ornamented  entrance.  At  the  close  of  (he  oiLjht- 
I .  nth  centuiy  a  cinirch  of  the  third  older  of  San  l''ran- 
rix'o  was  elected  which,  though  small,  was  of  heauti- 
liil  design  and  construction.  'I'hen;  were  also  several 
>inaller  churclies  or  chajiels.  In  IH'Jd  tli>;  constituent 
congress  of  (lUaiiajuato  hesiowed  u|>on  tin;  town  the 


Jt 


d  later  ahout  !),()()0  inhah 


title  oi  villa.  Jt  contaiP"(i  later  ahout  W.ODU  inliai>i- 
tant>,  while  tin;  numher  of  those  within  its  <'ivil  and 
(cclesiastical  juiisdietioii  was  between  Oj,OUO  and  40,- 
U'Ki,  si-attered  over  a  territorv  of  sixty-ei-dit  siiu.irt! 
1.  a-iies.  .\griculture  constitutes  the  chief  occupation 
n\'  the  people,  a  few  oidv  being  eiigagi'd  in  retail  traf- 
ti ",  and  in  the  manufacture  of  common  wouHeii  goods, 
't'  hiicks,  and  in  tanning.  The  district  of  Dolores  is 
I  Iter  adapted  for  the  culture  of  the  vine  than  any 
(  thii|iart  of  ( iuanajuato.  Though  silver  deposits  e\- 
i  t  in  many  jdaces,  the  mining  interest  is  not  large. 

The  cura  of  this  parish  was  Miguel  Jlidalgo  y  Cos- 
tilla, a  name  forever  to  bo  honored  as  one  who  uave 
1  i  >  life  to  his  country,  who  sacriliced  himself  for  the 
ri^ht  as  against  injustice  and  oppression.  Past  mid- 
ille  an'c,  as  he  was  now  ap[)roaciiing  lifty-eight,  he  had 
I  aelu'd  the  period  wlu'ii  most  men  are  read\'  to  lav 
.1  ide  some  portion  of  life's  burdens;  yet  he  was  about 
taking  upon  his  shoulders  the  most  vit:d  issui's  of  his 
e  Muitry,  and  that  before  his  ee)untry  was  ready  fully 
til  re>pniid  to  his  t'tforts. 

Uather  above  than  below  medium  height,  of  some- 
wjial  stout  pro[»ortions,  large  limbs  and  riiddy-bidwn 
•  iiuiplexion,  he  presented  altogether  a  robust  <'oiistitu- 
ii"ii.  The  head  was  largo  and  well  modelled,  bald  and 
>:iiiiingon  the  toj),  with  many  brain-compelling  bumps; 
li.iii',  wliat  there  was  of  it,  nearh'  white;  massivo 
liatures;  foreheatl  of  course  high,  neck  slightly  twisted 
te  the  left,  noso  .straight,  lip.s  thin,  eyebrows  proiui- 


104 


OrFA'IXd  OF  TIIH  WAR  OF  IXDFI'KN'DEXCE. 


lUMit,  and  as  usual  with  tlio  cloth,  face  clean-shaven. 
Ho  wore  at  this  t'nne  short  Mack  trousers  and  stock- 
ing's of  th(>  same  (iolor,  leathei'H  shoes  with  buckles, 
and  a  lon;^  L;-own  with  cape.  His  heart  was  kind  and 
synipatlu.'tic;  liis  manner  soft  and  winnini^;  his  voice 
sonorous,  \  ihratinj^,  and  most  pleasinij;'  to  the  ear;  and 
his  de[ioi-tnient  was  natural  and  attractive,  lie  had 
the  ti'ue  scholai'lv  stoo|);  and  in  all  his  features,  air, 
and  attitude  a  jwoloundlN'  meditative  ex])ression — :i 
tittinij;  incai'iiation  ol"  a  t'-reat  soul  bathed  in  settled 
calm.  Yet  the  clear,  l)lack,  brilliant  eves  bi'ti-ayed 
the  acti\'ity  of  the  mind,  and  through  them  shone  th.e 
hght  I'roiu  the  burning  iires  within. 


fix, 


It  does  not  appear  that  Hidalgo  attended  th(>  eai'ly 
meetings  of  the  i-evt)lutionists  with  regularity.  In- 
deed, from  his  own  statements  I  conclude  that  he 
visited  (^ueretaro  only  on  one  occasion  for  that 
purpose,  although  he  frequently  lield  convei'sations 
I'lsewhere  wltli  .iLi'nacio  AUende  and  others  on  the 
subji'ct  of  independence.^^ 

.Vllende  was  certainly  one  of  the  moving  s|iirits  of 
the  revolution;  and  altliough  his  fame  as  a  j)atriot  has 
been  eclipsed  by  that  of  ilidalgo,  it  is  (»nly  just/ice 
that  his  merits  and  patriotism  should  be  fully  recog- 
nized. He  was  l)oru  on  the  LJlst  of  January,  1771),'" 
in  ^'^an  Mignuil  el  Grande,  his  father  being  a  Spanish 
merchant  and  estate  owner,  named  Homiii'i'o  Xarciso 
de  Ailende.  When  JJon  Domingo  died,  which  was 
while  ln'nacio  was  of  tender  years,  his  affairs  were 
greatly  embarrasse;l,  and  liad  it  not  been  for  the  high 
character  of  his   executor,  Domingo  de  Berrio,  the 

^'•'  /f<  riiandezi/  Ddni/oa,  Cul.  Doc,  i.  0.  At  these  coufcrcnccjvitli  .\lleii- 
i\o,  lli;l;it'^o  continually  ami  pt'DpIu^tioally  cxpi'osscil  liis  Ojtini'm  that  'the 
ilutlioiM  of  siU'h  ciitt'i'|)ii.-ic.s  never  oiijiiyod  the  li'uiti  of  tUeai.'  Jh.  \e','rcti  , 
hiiwcvci',  Ktales  that  he  went  several  lime.-  loQaereearo.  '  N'arios  viaje:(auM(|'i  ' 
do  iui:i  nruieia  oeeulta,  hi/.u  ;i  Qaof'laro  Jlklalgo,  couelolijoto  ilo  foineiitaf  la 
rjv.iliici.ui.'  /list.  Mil.  Shj.  XIX.,  i.  S;i. 

"•(Jopies  of  his  haptisnial  eerlilieiite  eau  be  seen  iiiLircagi.  A'h'c.  1/  /'erfijic, 
210-11,  auil  in  Aliiitnn,  li'itt.  Mfi.,  iii.,app.  T3-(I.  Licea  i;a,  ut  sup.  l.">,  IV, 
however,  ami  Zaiuaeois  niako  tho  .aistako  of  assio'uing  1701)  as  the  year  of  his 
birth. 


Ilk^ll 


IGNACIO  ALLKNDE. 


IOj 


liDiise  would  havo  been  bankrupt.  The  crolilnrs, 
liowovci',  Were  tolerant,  and  in  sonio  y(,'ai'S  llnj  drhts 
were  paid,  and  tlio  means  of  livelihood  waved  t:)  ihc 
liiuiily.'' 

JJeiiiLj  passionately  fond   of  dangerous  sports  and 


martial  exereises  from  early  you 
s[iieuous 


th,  l 


inaeio  was  con- 


for  his  boldness  and  skill  as  a  hoi'setnaii,  and 
lieiiuentlv  si^•nalized  himself  in  the  bull-riu'jf,  from 
which  he  did  not  always  escajie  unharmed,  being  erip- 
p!i(l  in  the  lel't  arm  i'rom  injui'ies  received  there.  1  lis 
streii"th  was  so  ^reat  that  he  could  hold  back  a  bull 
hy  the  horns, ^^  and  he  was  ever  ready  to  employ  it 
iu  (lul'mee  of  the  weak.  Before  he  had  attained  the 
a'4e  of  seventeen  he  was  ap|)ointed  provisionally  a 
lit'uit'uant  in  the  queen's  dragoons,  was  conlirmed  in 
the  appointment  in  tlu;  Ibllowing  year,  and  in  1807 
pi'oiiioted  to  the  raidv  of  captam.      lie   was  jM-esent 


witii  nis  company  at  tiie 


t  th 


m 


ilitai'V'  encami^nnMit  cstalt- 


li-liL'd  by  Iturrigaray  at  Jala[)a,  and  won  for  himsrlf 
ihc  marked  ajtprobation  of  the  viceroy  by  his  soldier- 
Is  hearing  and  ability.^'  According  to  Mi(M-  y  (lui'rra, 
hi-  regai'.l  for  the  viceroy  was  such  that  lu;  took  an 
to  avenge  his  deposal   on   the    l']uropeaiis,  and 


niltll 


to  f(J 


(jrm  a  detuute  ])lau  ot   indepen- 


llieueelortli  iK^gau 

(ience.     Allende   was   an   extremelv    haiidsoMie   man. 


n\'  engaging   manners   and   ca[)tivating   addi' 


1 


o 


resolution    lie    un 


ted 


yielde 
111    tin 


1  t 


O    ODS 


tacl 


a    porsevera  km- 


w 


icli     never 


es  or  o|>i)os 


Ad 


aiul    111 


tl 


PI' 


iition,      llis  darin'i'  both 


le   e 


xpr 


e'Sslon    o 


f    I 


lis   opinions 


Ail/r.  1/  Hei'tijlc, 

I,  lit  .Slip.   l.">,    IV, 

Is  tlio  your  of  Ilia 


'  l','ii;un()  liail  two  brothers,  l)()mlii„'o  niiil  .Fik'  Mmi'm,  tia'  foiMn  r  ilyiii;^ 
lirfiiro  the  i'cvi)I;'tii)n,  tliu  laUur  tukiii,'  no  [i:irt  \\\  \\.  f  I.,  :!..'>.  {'here  wuro 
al.s  I  thivu  sistur.s,  .JusL'f.i,  .Mai'i.aiia,  lunl  Miiiurla.  Linc'ia,  Ail'f.  >/  H'C/iju'., 
l.-.-l(i. 

'"  Vlr.i  un  siiLTCto  hiou  oducaihi,  iiisinuaiito  y  Ihio,  tl,>  tal  fiioi'/.;i  ((iio  <k'teiii.i 
ii:i  ti)iM  iior  las  hastas.'  Ciifrrn,  ll'-'.  Hi  c.  X.  K-:]!.,  i.  2'.ll).  Soi!aN<»  Xcrc'i  ro, 
M'  :ii.  /ii  r.  J/(.f.,  I'V.  I'oilrij  .liis:'  Si)tol(),  !iii  cyc-witiioss,  spcakiti'.'  of  a  Imll- 
li^lit  ill  which  Vllciulo  took  part,  s.iy.s:  'Kn  esta  corriciii.  tiirt'i'i  I).  l;.'n;ui'> 
.Uli'iiiK',  y  liii'hi'i  con  iiii  torn,  con  cuya  acrioii  tk'jc'f  ailiiiiiiulos  li  Ins  cspccta- 
tlMc^.'   Ilirmiiii/iz  1/  Jjiini/iii,  Col.  J)o<\.  ii.  IfJ'J. 

'"'Ilaliia  mureci.io  lo3  oltigios  ilcl  vii'uy  ltiirrii,'aray,  princip.'ihiicnti'  pnrqiiD 
aiHe»,tr.iii'lo  csti!  el  cxiTcitu  auantonado  on  las  liiaiiiohras  y  nrdnlus  do  giuii;v 
:i  nul  le  si)rpruhcudi6  en  una  uoclic  con  toda  su  giiardia.'  O'uerra,  //is/.  A'(  t'. 
A'.  L~p.,  i.  'J'JU. 


106 


op::x:x;;  of  thk  war  of  ixDi:ri:NT)i:NCE. 


oxi)osc(l  liiiu  to  iiinu'ccssary  (lan!''c'r.s.-"  .Vt  an  cailv 
age  litj  L'liturcd  the  niarriai^e  state,  aiul  betiollied  iii 
Ai)iil  1802  Doiui  ^larla  de  la  Luz  Agu.stiiia  cle  lub 
Fui'iitcs.'-^ 

When  the  ciicampiiu'iit  at  Jalaj)a  was  broken  U[), 
at  the  close  of  1808,  Alleude  with  all  the  detennuia- 
tion  of  his  natiii'o  [)ut  his  shoulder  to  the  work.  ]lav- 
in;;'  returned  with  his  eoniniand  to  San  ]\liguel,  he 
gradually  associatetl  himself  with  a  number  of  eon- 
lederates'"'"  who  were  leading  inhabitants  of  the  town. 
To  avert  suspicion  and  cloak  their  [)roeeedings,  balls 
were  ]Ve(|uently  given  at  the  house  of  his  brother  Do- 
mingo, in  the  festivities  of  which  they  joined,  different 
menil)ei's  occasionally  rt'tirinu^" from  the  dancing-hall 
to  a  ro(jm  below  to  hokl  consultation,  llamillcalions 
of  the  [)lau  were  extended  to  the  [)rinci[)al  neighhor- 
ing  towns,  wliei'e  branch  societies  were  established  bv 
Allende  and  Aldania,  who  were  appointed  commis- 
sioners ibr  that  purpose."^ 

The  general  jjlan  of  the  uj^rising  was  the  simul- 
taneous seizure  of  the  I'ich  Spaniards  and  authorities 
in  the  im])ortant  towns  and  then  to  raise  the  st;uid- 
ard  of  independence.  This  was  to  be  accomplished 
with  as  little  violence  as  possible,  and  the  ca[)tives 
were  to  be  allowed  the  i)rivilei;e  of  remaining  with 
their  families  in  the  countr}','-*  or  retu)'niug  to  the 
]:>eninsula,  in  which  case  their  [)roperty  was  to  be  conhs- 
cated  and  appropriated  for  the  public  treasu/y.  In 
case  tile  government,  after  this  coup  do  main,  should 
be  able  to  oiler  resistance,  xVUende  acting  as  generalis- 


l! 


^^  Mum,  Mrj.  i/  .s?(.s  A'cc,  iv.  !). 

'•^'  A  onpy  (it  till!  iiKuriago  ilui'tniient  is  eupplicil  liy  Liccnga,  lit  ''tip.  211- 
rj.  'Alaiiiuii,'  ///^Z.  Ml  J.,  i.  ',iM,  'afiuilo  con  su  hoiulail  acdstmiihiiul.i,  ijuo 
era  iiiuy  iiiLliiiado  al  jiu'i;(i,  ii  las  imijcivs  y  a  toila  cla.so  do  ilisiiiacioni  .s;  ikid 
110  lu'.  ciicuiitrado  IilcIio  algiiiio  (|Uo  justilinuc  «'siaa  ascvciaoioucd. '  Hullo, 
JJotiihrcs  Iltist.  Mcx.,  iii.  'X>\. 

^-  l.iwaga  oil  p.  18  jiivcs  a  list  of  'I'l  of  hid  jiriiicipal  associates. 

^'' l.iia'aga  ai\t;HL'.s  fori;ilily  tliat  the  Sail  Mi;j;iiil  iiiuutinus  wcro  or2aiiii;ril 
pi'ioi'  lo  tliosc  held  ill  Qiicvftaro,  and  that  AHliuIu  was  thu  lirst  promoter  it 
tiiu  lovoliitioii.  Attic,  y  lUctnic,  'J I -7. 

-'  Mora  makes  uo  meiitioii  of  this  iutentioii  of  mild  treatment.  Mtj.  j  Kui 
Ike,  iv.  1.). 


MEETINGS  OF  REVOLUTIONISTS. 


107 


linent.   J/'j.  U  «'"* 


siinit  would  orj^^aiiize  tlic  foires  in  (lifFcrciit  districts 
and  maintain  tlio  strug-glu.  The  ii^ovurnniont  jtroposcd 
to  1)0  ostahlishod  was  i\  senate  of  representatives  ap- 
pointed \)y  the  })i'ovinces.  which  should  rule  in  the 
ii.inie  of  I'eri.ando  VII.,  ignoring  all  submission  to 
S[»ain. 

To  accom])lish  their  designs,  Allende  and  Aldama 
\  isited  .Mexico,  Puehla,  and  other  important  places  in 
\ew  Spain,  -while  Hidalgo  assisted  in  the  cities  of 
X'alladolid  and  Guanajuato,  his  eiforts  being  es[)e- 
ciallv  directed  to  o-iininijf  over  the  clerijy.  During 
j'810,  (^)ueretaro  appears  to  have  been  the  centre 
of  action,  and  Allende  and  Aldama  frequently  at- 
tended the  meetings  there.-''  ]\Iore  than  half  the 
year  had  gone  and  the  plans  of  the  revolutionists 
were  almost  ripe.  Tliei-e  were  as  yet  no  signs  of  dis- 
covery or  treacher3\  Then  the  day  was  ap[)ointe(l  (ju 
wliich  the  cry  of  independence  should  be  sounded. 
The  great  lair  held  at  San  Juan  do  los  Lagos,  coni- 
iiiencing  on  the  8th  of  Deceml)er,  oliered  a  good  (>[>- 
portunity.  xVmidst  tlio  gathering  crowds  their  move- 
ments would  escape  observation,  and  enable  them  U) 
cDncciitrate  their  forces  without  detection.-"  It  was 
accoi'dingly  decided  that  Allende  and  Aldama  should 
meet  there  by  dltferent  routes  on  the  1st  of  that 
month,  and  prepare  matters  for  the  proclamation  of 
independence  on  a  concerted  day  of  the  fair.  l:]vents, 
liowever,  occuired  which  frustrated  this  desiii-n. 

As  the  cura  Hidalgo  will  presently  beconit^  the 
piincipal  leader  and  most  prominent  charactt;r  in  the 

•'■'Alnmnii,  Hist.  M,j.,  i.  31S;  Znmicoi^,  Jll^t.  J/,/.,  vi.  IC.IJ  I.  :Moi-a, 
liowi'viT,  states  that  'San  .Mi,mifl  cl  Gniudis. .  .su  citUbtituyu  el  ccutru  y  Iouk 
(Ic  la  ivvolnciun.'  Ul  i^iip.,  I".. 

-'■  Lii-cfiija,  lit  sup.,  n)-'J().  Mora  states,  however,  'so  lijd  cl  ili.i,  1  <lo 
oituliioi)arii  liaeerel  ]iromiiiciaini<Lit()  en  Qiu'ictai'.),  (luauajiiato,  San  MiL,'iU'l, 
y  otruH  liiLraivs.'  J/'/. // .«"s /iV  c. ,  iv.  10.  Again  iVoiii  an  ollicial  docinni'iit  in 
tliu  iiaU'.iiial  aivliivi'H  it  i^  n'|i(irte(l  to  tiiogdvernnient  tiiat  'KUL'iin  dijn  l,anza- 
yrta  ii  Clahaii,  el  jiniyecto  tleliia  tenet-  efecto  en  toilo  Suiitienilire.'  Xi  rrf  r  >, 
i"-'\  dr.,  'Jl.  (iiiei-ra  gives  N'uvenilier  1st  as  tin)  date.  /Ac.  X.  h'.tji..  i.  'J'.)l. 
llidali'i)  states  that  Oetiil)er 'Jd  was  tlio  day  iinally  appointed  tor  tlio  U[iri3- 
ill.'.  Jlti-nauiltz  !/  JJdculon,  Cut.  Doc,  i.  It. 


108 


OPEXIXf!  OF  THE  WAR  OF  INDEPENDKNCE. 


early  luvolutiDii,  a  better  aequaintnneo  uill  aid  onr 
luiipo.se.      Jiis  latlier,  Cristobal  llidal^'o  y  Costilla, 


)t'  .M 


Ot    Mx\- 


was  a  native  of  Tej'.'.[)ilc()  iii  tlie  inleiidency 

iec),  jiiid  establisbed  biiiiself  in  Penjanio  in  tlie  province 


o 


f   ( 


jfuana 


luat 


o. 


Tliere   lie    betrothed   and    niaiiied 


Ana  Maria  (ralla<_ja,-^  and  in  ^[av  175:3,  ^li'mel  Hi- 
dalgo  y  Costilla  was  born."^  Don  Cristobal  presently 
reniov('(l  to  the  hacienda  of  Corrahjo  with  his  wife 
and  four  children,  of  whom  j\ti<>uel  was  the  second. 
'J'heir  lather  afterward  sent  them  to  Valladolid  to  be 
educated,  and  there  ]\ligU(jl  distinguished  himself  in 
jihilosophy  and  ecclesiastical  studies  at  the  colK.'ge  of 
San  Nicolas,  where  his  fellow-collegiates  gave  him  the 
name  of  The  Fox,  an  a))[)ellation  intended  as  com[)li- 
mentary  by  r(;ason  of  his  sagacity."^ 

So  highly  did  the  ecclesiastical  chapter  of  Vailado- 
lid  estimate  his  theological  ac(iuirements,  and  the 
ability  he  dis])layed  in  the  pubhc  discussi(»n  of  cer- 
tain themes,  that  it  ••'ave  him  ^^4,000  to  enable  him  t(j 


tfo 


to  3d 


exico  aiK 


I  obtain  his  deuree  of  doctor  of  the- 


OlOilV 


Hidalu'o.  however,  s[)ent    the  money 


■;omc 


say  at  play  and  in  dissipation — bci'ore  accom[ilishing 


II:- 


J 


ournev 


X 


ever 


thcl 


ess. 


Ml      1 


778  and  177D  ho 


went  to  the  ca[)ital  and  was  there  ordained,  receiving 
the  <1egree  of  l>achelor  of  theology.  On  his  return 
to  Valladolid  he  obtained  successive  a[»[)olntments  as 


cu 


ra  to  two  of  the  richest  benelices  in  the  diocese, 


'-'' Tnidition  ainnnatliat  Ana  M:iri;i  w:ia  iin  orplinii  in  tlio  Iiouso  of  (i;ill:i','a, 


nml  t!iat,  wIiUl'  waiLin^  at.  talilc,  du  tlic  (iciasiou  nf  J)iii  C'l'isti! 


lii-.it  vi.sit, 


h 


RT  LMMOc  anil  hcautv  von  his  heart.   Otil/o,  lluinhrc^  llhi-il     iii.  L'tit. 


\  Ciijiy  of  his  liaptisnial  i'o.ri-<try  will  l>t!  fouml  in  Alu 


ll'xt.  M, 


iii.   app.   7").     Documents  cstalilishiiiL;  tho  placo  an^l   date  of  hi:s  hiitli  aio 


Kllplilii'd  liy  Hi 


ill  z  ji  JJlriiloi,  ( 'ill.  I)ii 


(iri-inl.  in  a 


''•> A/'inriii,  //;>/.  .U'J.,  i.  .T)!.     Moiitaili,  ('ni-(vir  Poll',  y  Mi 
iiietriral  faUlo  puli':i-;hoil  shortly aftor  tiu-  li;i(tlo  of  Aculco  rcpivscnt.i  Hiil.il-,'o 
as  a  fox,  anil  Ailcmlo  as  a  siT|)'Mit,  loading  thuir  followers,  'una  lucida  Iropa 


poUa,'  to  dcstnicli 


'J'iic  closing  li 
'  I.i'ct'ir,  si  til  iM  cMlii'iKlc 


1.. 


I(ll(>  IJIJI Tl'  (I 


li'i'ir  V.i  I'Mliiililla: 


N'>  iiiipiiil:i:  ciiti'inliTli)  la  y-aliiHa 


^"Gncrm,  llhf.  I!rr.  X.  /■.•.s/*, 


'l.( 


1' 


■di.i  al 


ccr  cl  vi.-ijo  ;i  Mcjico  jiara  solicitarlo.'  Al'Hthtii,  lU,  sup.,  .■)">■.', 
I  h  ivo  ill  my  p>>suisi(U  an  ori,riiial  autogi'apli  Icttor  of  Hid; 


jucgo  cu  Mara  vat  io 


III  Iii 

ipli  Icttor  of  Hid.'ilgo  written 
whilo  ho  waj  tliocuraof  L'oiinia.    It  is  dated  Coiima,  JulyJO,  17t)-,  and  ^  i^ncd 


LIFE  AND  CHARACTER  OF  HIDALGO. 


ICO 


en  Maiiivalio, 


fiivl  (Vcr.Lnallv  on  Un;  doatli  of  his  elder  brotlier  Joa- 
(jiiiii  siicceetled  liiia  as  cura  of  J^olonis,  a  t(^\vn  at  that 
time  (if  18,000  souls,  yic'ldiiio-  him  a  stipend  of  from 
810,000  to  .$12,000.*'  '  ]  [ere  he  devoted  liimself  to  a 
\;ni(lv  of  <H-cu])ations,  indo])endent  of  his  clerical  du- 
ties,and  con^'enial  with  tastes  acquired  in  his  boyhood 
(111  his  father's  hacienda,  lie  established  a  porcelain 
iactoi y,  improved  the  cultivation  of  the  vine,  planted 
mulbiiry  trees,  and  grew  silk-worms.  But  his  mind 
was  Hot  satisfied  with  industrial  pursuits  and  experi- 
inciits  alone.  The  seclusion  of  his  library  often  won 
liiiii  fiom  more  jtractical  life,  and  there  he  studied  the 
sciences  and  political  economy,**  perused  French  jihil- 
osdpliical  works,**  and  investigated  the  doctrines  pro- 
pnuiidcd  ill  unorthodox  books. *^  It  was  during  these 
years  of  self-education  that  he  ac(piired  those  en- 
lightened views  which  enabled  him  to  recognize  the 
iiijiistiee  which  mai'ked  both  the  ecclesiastical  and 
tcuijxaal  govcinments,  and  caused  him  to  look  with 
indignation  upon  the  war[)ed  tenets  and  proceedings 
111'  tile  church,  and  with  detestation  upon  the  despot- 
ism ixercised  by  the  state. 

lIi(kilgo  was  a  bravo  and  determined  man;  he  was 
n  ]ili  asaiit  conversationalist,  and,  though  qui(dv-tem- 
]ii  I'll,  had  an  obliging  and  kindly  disposition.  The 
iiiierest  whicli  he  took  in  the  well'arc  of  his  {lock  by 
the  (k'Velo[)ment  of  industries  and  his  lavish  exjien- 
dituie  of  money  on  such  enter])rises  gained  for  him 

•Miiil  lliiliil'jia  y  Costilla,'  with  hiari'iljrica  nflixod  to thcsiqiiatnr(\  It  i.sad- 
ill\.s.-.i  (1  to  till-  LWiii  (if  the  ])iU!))lL)ile  101a;^iialnlcii,  iinil  relates  to  cculesiasl leal 
t  I'inalitirs  ]P(|uiivil  to  l)0  t)lis(  rvoil  with  rispcet  to  the  scuoiul  iiianiagc  of  an 
lii'iiiiii  11,11110. 1  I'asciial  (Ic  los  Santos  with  a  fivo  iimlatto  woman. 

'•■- <iiiiir(i.  \iK\  lit.  Ni'^rc'te  .'^av.s  $S,()nO  or  S!t,(iOl)  'iiii  alio  imii  otro.'  lie 
^-'I'liciuiLsly  <li\  iik'il  this  stiiii'iul  with  a  I'k'rgyni.-in  iiatiicil  Fianrisco  iLrlo^ias, 
wiiniii  ho  cniiiloyod  in  us^ii-sting  liiiu  in  his  clerical  dutiea.  J/i.i/.  Mil.  Siij. 
-\7.Y..  i.  7!l. 

"•'■|  his  study  atti'actod  his  attention  while  nt  the  college  of  S;in  Nicolas, 
"(  Mhicli  lie  was  ajip.iinted  rectnr,  'y  la  desarrolh'i  ciiando  lii(''  cura  en  la  vilhi 
di'  .S.    l'(!i|ie  y  coii.;rfgaciiin  de  l)o!ores.'    Jiiiildiii'iiilr.  i'ttnilrn  llht.,  i.  'J(i^. 

"  llidal;;o  knew  French  well,  'cosa  bastantc  rara  en  aqucl  ticinpo  eu  cs- 
I'lCial  eiitru  los  eclesi.isticos.'   Afniiinii,  loc.  cit. 

"  ■  l.cia  y  tenia  algnnas  olnas  liter.iri.is  y  [loliticaa  proihidas  ."cveramente 
l"'!' l.i  iii(nii>icion  y  disconocidas  paia  el  coimui  du  loa  Mojicanos.'  Mora, 
'UiJ.  1/  sa-s  AVf.,  iv.  8. 


I     ■  I 

l! 


Vi 


110 


OPEXIXG  OF  THE  WAR  OF  INDEPENDENCE. 


the  lasting"  afFcction  of  the  Indians,  in  whose  lanixnaa'os 
lie  was  [)i'()li(-ient.  Extremely  cntcrpr-isini^,  he  was, 
liowever,  too  precipitate  in  action.  With  repaid  in 
Ills  moral  character,  many  vices  are  laid  at  his  door,"'^ 
which  were  made  the  most  of  by  the  opposite  party 
after  he  raised  the  standard  of  revolt.  From  the  fact 
that  as  early  as  1800  accusations  of  immorality  were 
preferred  against  him  before  the  inquisition  by  two 
women,  it  may  bo  C(Micluded  that  his  life  was  not  (»f 
that  i)urity  which  his  clerical  calling  would  seem  to 
ilemand;  but  as  the  inquisition  did  not  at  the  timo 
jiroceed  against  him,  although  the  accusations  in- 
cluded charufes  of  heresy,  it  may  be  inferred  that 
])roofs  were  wanting,  or  that  his  derelictions  were  not 
of  a  flagrant  nature.^' 

As  early  as  tlic  11th  of  August  the  government 
had  intimation  of  a  ph^t.^^  One  Mai'iatio  Galvan,  an 
ofticial  in  the  post-office,  gave  information  about  the 
se('ret  mcetirigs  to  Joa(iuin  Quintana,  chief  of  the 
department,  who  communicated  with  tlie  postmaster- 
general  of  jMexico.  By  him  Aguirre  was  made  ac- 
cjuainted  with  (lie  danger,  lie,  however,  contented 
himself  with  giving  orders  that  the  revolutionists 
should  be  watched,  without  bringing  tlie  matter  to 
the  notice  of  the  sjfovernment.      Meanwhile  llidaluo 

^^  'PosL'ido  del  abominable  vicio  de  laliixiiiia.'  JJ!az  C(dvlllo,S'  nnoii  (1811), 
107. 

^'Considt  Itcriinmhz  //  Diiralott,  Col.  Dor.,  i.  78,  et  scq.  Afterward  the 
iiU|iiisition  coutiiined  the  charges  with  additiiuial  oiU'S,  and  proceeded  aj^aiii  •*■, 
lliclaii^o  with  every  severity,  publishing  a  nicnior:d>lo  edict  on  the  liJth  i.f 
October,  ISIO.  In  it  heresy,  l)lasphcniy,  and  jirolession  of  tlie  doctiines  '.f 
LiUiier  wore  eliarged.  On  the  score  of  morality  it  contains  this  extraordinary 
ficcnsation:  'Teneis  ]ior  inocente  y  licita  lapolncion  y  fornicacicjn,  conioefecto 
iiccesario  y  consiguiente  al  mccanisnio  do  la  naturakv.a,  jwr  eiiyo  error  habcis 
>  ■  tan  liliertino.  (jue  hicistcis  pacto  eon  vncstra  nianeeba  dc  (jue  os  busea^c 
^<  .  re."  p;ira  I'ornicar,  y  que  para  lo  niisnio  le  busca rials  a  ella  liond)res,  asegu- 
Hi.iiiKiue  no  hay  inlierno,  lu  Jesucristo.'  Dis/jos.  I'fi/v'i ?.•-',  iii.  f.  irrJ.  Con- 
■t  filao  J/«;';',  MiJ.  i/.ttin  I'cr.,  iv.  (iO-1.  This  author  ccjnsidcrs  that  thoeai!y 
(i  ,»r'  ini  o!  the  inipiisition  was  partly  due  to  the  fact  that  IJishop  Abad  y 
Q  if'i^.'O.  in  riiictci's  of  opinion,  was  somewhat  implicated  with  Hidalgo.  T'.c 
fact  that  till  s:  charges  were  brought  against  an  cxcumuiuniealeil  and  rclicl 
priest  renders  them  unworthy  serious  consideration. 

^"For  minute  ])articuLirs  consult  extracts  from  documents  in  the  Mexican 
archives  supplied  by  Xcjrdc,  Mr. v.  Sijlu  A/A'.,  i.  i2SG-'J7. 


f,  ha  was, 
regard  to 
his  door/" 
)sitc  ]mrty 
)m  tho  fac-t 
:'ality  wore 
.on  by  tw<i 
was  not  ot 
d  sceni  to 
it  the  thuo 
sations   in- 
terred that 
is  were  not 


i^ovornnient 
Gal  van,  au 

ahout  the 

lief   of  the 

ostuiaster- 

nuide  ac- 

contented 
■olutionists 

matter  t^ 
lUdal-n 


Afterward  the 
iL'ouilcil  a,:;aiii.-''. 
,u  tlu!  null  ■■f 
u  doctrines  I't 
is  extraordinary 
on,  ciinio  I'fucto 
yo  error  liabeis 
([uo  tw  biiseasc 
uimlire-i,  asegu- 
f.  irrj.  Coii- 
3  tliat  the  early 
iisliop  Abail  y 
Hidalgo.  Tlu- 
aleil  and  reliil 


:ii 


in  the  Mexican 


TREACHEIJY  AND  EXPOSUIIE. 


Ill 


was  tiideavorinijf  to  <xn\\\  ovt>r  th(^  proviiieial  infantry 
hatt.-ilitdi  of  (iruanajuato,  and  to  tliat  end  opened  his 
I'lan  t»  several  ol'  the  snhaltern  oliieers.  One  of  these, 
(iaiiid.i,  the  hand-master,  exposed  the  allaii'  on  the 
l;Uli  of  S(>pteml)er  to  his  eaptain,  Francisco  Hiista- 
iiiiiiite,  wlio  lost  no  time   in   iid'ormiiiL!;'   his  superior 


:|li 


err 


ie''"o 


Jjerzabal,  who  coimnunictited  the  mat- 


ler  lo  the  intendente  liiano,  and  oll'ei-ed  to  ai'rest 
llidalj^'o.  ]iiano,  however,  preferied  to  watch  allairs, 
;nid  instructed  Francisco  Iriarte,  who  was  .u;oin!L(  to 
San  1'''  li]H',  to  report  occurrences  in  Dolorc^s,  and  sent 
mders  to  San  Miixuel  to  ai'rest  AUeiide  and  Aldama. 
Tlie  (lespatcli  was,  however,  intercei)ted  hy  Alleiide, 
will!  ivcei\ed  timely  wai-nin;^-  of  t!ie  denouncement 
made  by  Gari'ido,  and  thus  «;-ained  some  littli'  time  to 
deliberate  with  his  asso(.'iates  at  San  IMi^ueh"  as  to 
their  |n'o})or  course. 

While  this  was  takinuf  })lace  in  Guanajuato,  (^i})- 
tain  Arias  turned  traitor  in  Quoretaro,  and  to  secure 
his  own  sai'ety  denounced  the  plot  on  the  10th  of 
Se])ieniber  to  the  alcalde  Juan  de  Ochoa.''*  This  of- 
ticer  immediately  despatched  a  courier  with  a  written 
account  drawn  up  by  the  cscribano  Juan  Fernando 


\) 


OJi)lll'''l 


lez   to  the  vicerov,  who  was  alreadv  on  h 


IS 


wav   iVom    Vera  Cruz.      A". 


am, 


on  tht!   null,  a  man 


iianiei 


I  Francisco  JUieras  informed  .Padre  (;!il,  cura  of 


Morn,  Mij.  1/ xu.^  /?(  r.,  iv.  18-0.     Alainaii  states  tliat  ho  vas  jilayinj,'  at 


cards  ill  till' 111 iiise  of  ("anuiriez,  the  major  of  his  corps,  wlici 


I  he  rercn  1 1 


ice  t'roiii  (iiianainato.    Ili-tf.  M< 


■;{.     Kii 


nio's  action  with 


I  t! 
.1  ic 


lliilal:.M  was  iirobably  inllnenccd  by  frii'iidshi]).  as  the  eura  was  a  freiinent 


visitor  at  his  lionsc.    See  Jjus/iniifintc 


Mr 


JIUt.  Mv.r.,  MS.,  iii.  I-J. 


'"Such  is  Alanian's  account  of  the  discovery  of  the  plot.  Hit.  M'J.,  i. 
Vi]  0.  (Juerrasays:  'Peio  ;d)ort('>  cl  ]>lMn  ])or  la  eonfesion  en  el  iirticnlo  do 
la  niucrte  del  Canciuigo  de  \'alladulid  ItniTiaja,  ei'iiiiplice  en  la  eonspiiacion, 
il  cuia  de  Quurctaro  (Id.'  ///■«/.  AVr.  A'.  K-^j).,  i.  "JD'J.  I'.iistaniaiite  Ktati's 
iplytliatan  ecclesiastic  denounced  the  plot  at  10  o'clock  of  the  ni-lit  ^f 


tiie  1-tth  of  Si'plen 


that  Alias  lirst  j,'avo  iidorni  iti 


CiKidro  Jiixt.,  i.  \]\.     ],iccai,'a   eonsiilcrs  it  |>roli,ililo 


.1/. 


Mr 


r.2-.-)S,  for 


Ai/'clullri  V  liirt'if.,  ^^'^.      V 


lit 


Zr 


collies 


.fd 


ociiinents  addresscil  to  tlie  and 


and  the  same  author,  />/ 


(»  r,(vV.,  lit  •_'' 


iiuia  on  the  1 1th  of  Septeuil 
1 -r  iiifoniiatioii  conveyed  to  theca])ital  from  AiiLrnst  11th  to  thealiovo  nanied 
diti'.  Oclioa,  on  the  lOtli  and  I  hliof  September,  sent  dcs|i,itclies  to  .\i;iiirro 
and  the  viceroy  inforndiig  them  of  ilio  meditated  revolution,  and  forwarded 
a  li^tof  the  principal  persona  concerned  in  it.  Ikniainl<z  ij  Duvalo/i,  (\d. 
I'oc,  ii.  (J4-8. 


11-2 


or::xixf;  of  the  war  of  ixD;:ri:xDr:xcE. 


Qucrctaro,  that  tliero  was  a  plot  to  assassliiato  all  the 
Spaniards,  and  that  a  quantity  of  anus  were  store;! 
in  the  houses  of  one  Siiinano  and  Kpin^inenio  Gonza- 
lez. He  also  stated  that  the  eorregidor  knew  of  it. 
The  cura,  being  a  friend  of  J^ondnguez,  at  once  placed 
the  faets  before  him,  advising  him  either  to  j)roceed 
against  E[)igmenio  (jlonzalez  or  share  imprisoinncait 
with  him.  Whereupon  the  corregidor  went  to  con- 
sult witJi  the  oscribano,  who,  already  aware  of  tlu," 
oorregidor's  complicity,  dissi undated  by  declaring  that 
he  did  not  believe  a  word  of  the  statement.  Cf)rre- 
gidor  ])ominguez,  howevci',  ptn'sisted  that  his  infor- 
mation was  correct,  and  Juan  Fernando  suggcstt/d 
that  he  should  ask  assistance  of  the  comandante  Ig- 
nacio  Garcia  llebollo,  and  search  Gonzalez's  house. 
This  was  (lone,  and  ibrty  men  jilaced  under  arms, 
twentv  of  whom  under  the  correuidor  surrounded  tlic 
housL!  of  (Jonzalez  while  the  comandante,  with  the 
remaining  twenty,  invested  that  of  Sdmano. 

Had  the  corregidor  been  iortunate  enough  to  avoid 
communication  with  the  escril)ano,  all  might  have  gone 
well  with  the  revolutionists  and  himself;  j)ut  the  es- 
cribano  displayed  such  Z(.':d,  ami  instituted  so  thorough 
a  search  ol"  the  house,  that  the  escape  of  the  inmates 
was  rendered  impossible,  and  a  quantity  of  ammuni- 
tion and  weapons  was  discovered.  Tiie  corregidor, 
however  unwilling,  was  now  compelled  to  ai-ri'st 
Epigmenio,  his  brother,  and  all  tlie  household.  While 
he  was  thus  occupied,  his  wife,  i'aithful  to  the  causL'. 
devised  means'^  to  conununicate  with  Allendc  at  Sail 

*'  Alaiuaii  siiy.s  tliat  Doniiugiic;'.  locked  the  (.ntraiicc  ^'atcs  (if  tho  lioiisc  on 
his  ik'p^irtiirc,  ami  that  Dofia  .li)sofa  si^iwilli'il  to  l.i^'iiacin  IVrcz,  the  prismi  al- 
caide, w  liusu  roKiii  was  iiimieiliate'.y  l)eiiealh  her  iei.':uiiara,  hy  tappiiiL;  thrii  o 
on  tli<!  Iliior.  I'eroz,  heiii;^'  an  ai-ileiit  .su]i[iurter  of  the  roVDhilion,  cinisiiK-n  d 
the  iiitelligeiiee  which  she  cuiiiiminicated  t!irou,L;h  tiie  \\  iokei-Ltratiii;,'  ^l 
iiiipoi'laiit  that  lio  uiidertonk  to  convey  the  lucssage  himsi'lf.  Xot  limlin^; 
Alleiide  at  Sail  .MiL,'iu'l,  \viu'i(;  he  ari'lvnl  at  daylii^lit  on  tlu;  ].">tli,  he  soiiL'l.t: 
AUlaiiia  and  infoniied  liini  of  what  was  taking  jilace.  JJist.  Mij.,  i.  .'JliS-ll. 
Liceaija  .siates  oil  the  aiitlioiity  nf  a  inaiuisei'i[)t  that  two  messengers,  Fri.i- 
Cisco  j^opez  ami  Frauei-sco  Anaya,  wi^ro  also  «eiit  liy  tho  corregidora,  thc!  for- 
mer alone  arriving  at  the  destination,  and  as  late  as  live  in  the  evening  of  tin! 
l.jth.  Tliat  Allende,  however,  .should  iiavo  already  lift  for  Dolores  on  t'lJ 
arrival  of  I'erez,  being  informed  of  danger  by  the  intercepted  order  for  iiia 


:cE. 

iiatc  all  the 
v'cro  stored 
}nio  Gonza- 
ki)ev\'  of  it. 
once  J  (laced 
to  proceed 
iprisoiiUKiiit 
ent  t<>  coil- 
^•are  of  the 
claring  that 
lit.  Corre- 
t  liin  iiiloi- 
>  su^';_>'('sted 
andante  11;- 
ilcz's  house, 
nider  arms, 
rounded  the 
0,  with  the 
no. 

vf]i  to  avoid 

it  have  gone 

)ut  the  es- 

so  thorough 

he  inmates 

t'  ammnui- 

corre;j;id(>f, 

to    arn'st 

Id.     While 

the  cause. 

ndc  at  Sail 

(if  the  llDllsc  ci:i 

/,  the  prisiiil  al- 

y  tappiiig  Uinio 

iiioii,  Ciiiisiilfi'i'l 

kt'l-,L^!':Uili;,'    :■■> 

If.      N<it  liiiiliii,' 

l.'jtll,   lie  Sljll'iiit 

.)/,/.,  i.  :!!is-'.i. 

u':5seii;^ci's,  Fra.i- 
i'g'uliira,  t'.K!  i'oi-- 
ic  cvoniii;^  of  tl'.o 
Diildiv:!  on  t';o 
ox\  ordiT  for  1:'.3 


ARUCSTS  AND  LMPUUiOXMEXTS. 


li:! 


?'iu'Ucl,  iui'orminin'  him  of  the  serious  position  of  af- 
fairs. She  als(^  informed  Arias,  but  receive<l  a  re[)ly 
s.i  uusati.slactory  as  to  cause  Iier  imieh  anxiety.'' 

( )ii  the'  following  morning  the  corregidor  l)egan 
iu'eeeedings  against  the  accused,  hut  condncti'd  iheni 
iii  so  procrastinating  a  manner  tli;it  evidently  his  heart 
v,;is  not  in  the  work,  ih'ohahly  Ai'ias  was  I'iglit  in 
I'ejiresenrmg  to  the  alcaldi;  Ochoa  that  ))<»minguez 
was  cndeaNoring  to  gnin  time,  and  that  the  plot  was 
lapidly  ajipi'oaching  its  denouement.  A  little  l»y-})lay 
was  enacted:  the  traitoi',  with  his  (jwn  connivance, 
was  arrested  on  the  evening  of  the  lath,  and  on  his 
jierson  were  discovered  papers  implicating  Hidalgo 
and  Allende.  ]]ut  this  was  not  enough.  The  letters 
sjioke  of  iViends  who  could  he  relied  on;  and  when 
closely  (piustioned  Arias  admitted  that  these  friends 
Were  tlu;  coi'regidor,  his  wife,  and  a  numher  of  others 
who  ucie  wont  to  assend.)le  at  the  revolutionary  meet- 
ings. The  subordinate  otKcei',  the  alcalde  Ochoa, 
sappoi'ted  by  tlu!  Sjianish  i'action,  now  [ti-oceeded  to 
act.  The  comandante  llebollo,  who  hitherto  a]>j)ears 
t  I  ]ia\e  been  (piite  unaware  of  the  magnitude  of  the 
ie\-ol;ilion,  j)laced  under  ( )choa's  directions  three  hun- 


Soltller; 


.4:1 


an 


I  ]) 


onuniiiiez,  Ins  wire  ai 


id  familv 
with    a    number    of    other    susi)e(.'ted    persons,    wt're 


P 


Tl 


10 


irri'.4ed    and    imprisoned    diu'in!>'    the    ninht.' 
■ori'eL''idor  was  closelv  conthied  in  a  cell  in  the  colleii'o 


St.  li. 


1  r  •_•  1 


ilcrsiiiit  probiilili!,  .siucL'  his  inactivity  iiiulci-  tliu  cii'i-nnistancca 


iioiir.s  Would  iiu  nK'Xi> 


ilical) 


M< 


is'cr.  citizonsot  San 


Mi-i 


t';at  111'  was  in  that  town  on  tliu  niovninsf  of  the   l.lth,   attuniliu' 


allirnic'il 
;h  li 


trooj): 
Ilthoiiii. 


a  ivli^ious  cLTuniony,  aiicl  was  soon  thorc  a 


latu  a.s  .">  o'clock  in  tlu,'  af- 


I' 


n  tho  oviili'iiL'o,  tliofi'fi 


ore,  this  a 


utl 


lor  t'o:u 


hides  that   11  i< 


alU'> 


the   ])1' 


1  Alh'iiil(!  ai'luil  iiniiiuiliati'ly  upon  ri'Ci-'iiit  of  thi!  news  from  (^)in.'ri'taro,  aiil 
I  not  waste  a  ilay  in  iiideeision.   Ailh''n)ii<-<  i/  J'cc'illr.,  41-.").      Lioea'.;a".-i  eon- 

a  iiartii.'iiK.tor  in 


WW 

ihil  not  wa 


caisiiin  is  piovnl  to  ))e  ecjireet  liy  tl 


stateinehts  of  S^ 


oeeeiliiiLtS. 


sserts  that  Alleiiile  iirrivuil  at  Polores)  at  tenon  thu 


iu'ht  of  the  lotli  of  Septeinher.   Jlirii'dn/i-.  ;/  Diinilii^,  Col.  D^ir.,  ii.  ;{JJ 


I'er.)  ;i!jiiel  eontesti)  ile  una  nianera  ilesabrida,  dieienil 


iiiucl  coiiiiironii.so  por   liabersc   liado   <l(!  (iuuiies  no 


del. 


toniado  sa  piirtido.'  A/n 


nut.  .V,:.,  i.  .•!!(■). 


o  (jne  St!  vela  en 
■ra  y  4110  .ya  teiiiii 


'  L:i  inauiina  de  !,')  al  Ui  una  faeeion  de  enropims  rogontados  por  cl  aleahlo 
iirdiiiario  I  >.  .1  nan  Ochoa,  y  eonio  treseientos  .sold.id os  det  rogiinieuto  de  Cclaya, 
iiu.aiiadoi  pordarcia  llebollo,  sorprenilieroiial  Lie.  Uoniingiio;.'  ilnxtaiiiuutc, 


Cdfrlr.  II 
"JI< 


/'(•(■'«;  1/  J)dritlo<,  Col.  JJoc,  ii.  7-1- J. 
UisT.  Mtx.,  Vol.  IV.    8 


lit 


opFA'ixd  oi''  rnr:  war  of  ixnnPEN'DENr'E. 


of  S;iiit;i  Cr'iz,  williout  hi'm;^'' mHowciI  to  rDiniiiiiiiict'* 
with  any  OIK'.  Jlis  u  il'c  was  coiivi-ycd  to  t  In*  cMiivci.t 
of  Suiila  ( 'lara,  and  altliouj^'h  ciiceiiito,  was  (l«.-j»riv'- 1 
oft  he  company  of  Iicr  friends,  and  cvon  of  licrcliildreii, 
wlio  were  separately  imprisoned.''^ 

It  is  dilHeidt  to  account  foi' the  subsequent  proceed- 
ing's »»f  the  government  aujainst  JJoiuiii'^uez,  mile-- 
tliey  can  \n:  cxiihiined  hy  the  contenijituoiis  ri'.LTJU  I 
v.'itli  which  Oidor  AL^iiirro  \'iewed  the  political  atti- 
tude of  the  Creoles.  Jiiformation  of  the  corre;^i(lor'> 
arrest  was  conveyed  without  loss  of  time  to  ^'l•lll•l^a-. 
\.  lio  consulted  with  A,L;'uiire.  That  minister  expres.sed 
such  disdain  for  anv  attempt  that  could  l)e  made  hv 
•Americans'  to  overthrow  Spanish  rule,  that  in.-  as- 
surt'd  the  viceroy  that  at  an  oilicial  piece  of  parrlmieiit 
on  a  slick  they  would  he  fr'in'htened  like  asses.*"  IL,- 
concluded  hy  su^'i^estinL?  that  Juan  Ci)llado,  the'  al- 
calde del  cri'men,  should  be  sent,  with  an  escrii»aij'> 
and  minor  otlicials,  to  investi'jfato  the  mattei-.'*''  Th  • 
vici'roy  acted  upon  this  advice,  and  Collado  hrielly 
dismissed  the  chari>'e  a'jaiust  DoiuinLjuez  and  rein- 
stated  him  in  otHce.*'* 


I 


K 
?? 


f       : 


■ 

! 


'^  Jjiistan.iantc  states  that  iior  <laii,t;liters  were  not  allowed  to  speak  wit;i 
tlic  sei'\aiits  wlui  attoiiiled  ou  lur.   i'nndr't  llUt.,  i.  W'l. 

"''r!ir')U:iiimt  tlii.;  war  tlio  MoxicMii  ])fi)plo,  crooles,  Imlians,  ainl  mestizo^ 
arc  ofrcii  calli'.!  '  Aiucriuain-i,'  ainl  iuiiu'tiiurs  ';,'ciitu  ilol  |i,iis.' 

''  lUistanaiite  re',Mi(lri  tliis  cNliiliitioii  of  aiitlinrity  witli  trroat  contempt. 
lie  in  iiiii.'iilly  represents  Agiiirre  as  siiyj/estiiiLt,  '([iie  en  el  ca-^o,  li>  <|ne  co:;- 
veiiia  liaeer,  seria,  niaiidar  al  alcalde  <lc  eriiiieii  ]).  .hian  dillaili)  ;i  t^.iereta:  > 
con  Uli  csi'i-ibano  y  al^unci.j  prn'iiuerones,'  ami  aiMn  that  the  viecrny  aceeptt  i 
tlie  advice  and  Cillado  the  ollice,  the  latter  appoiiitini^  Jose  Mari'a  M^ya  hi- 
cseriljano,  and  'curchete  mayor  a  I).  Antonio  Auufia  que  en  ilexico  dcscini  - 
naba  la  jilaza  de  eapitan  cle  sala.'  Ih. 

*'  \'eae':a^  disajiproved  (Jullado's  action  an<l  removed  him  from  theaudiea- 
cia.  /(/. ,  ."().  lJ()iuiiii;uez  was  a  man  of  great  literary  ability  ami  acquire- 
ments. Aa  ji  ma'^istrate,  both  his  talents  and  integrity  wen-  justly  apprv 
ciatcd  by  the  public.  Having  occupied  in  the  Mexican  capitiil  an  otiici-l 
po.siuon  of  ini[)oitance  and  trust  wilh  regard  to  both  public  a:;d  priva  'J 
biisint'ss  of  the  viceroy,  his  .strict  attention  to  liis  duties  ancl  his  rideli  .' 
gained  him  t!ie  fav,)r  of  Maripiiiia,  who  ai>poiuteil  him  to  the  eonviriniien- j 
of  Queri'taro,  an  (jllice  .so  iinportiiut  and  lucrative  that  it  was  rcgardc"!  :.■» 
fiiual  to  an  intendencia.  Tlie  salary  was  1,000 pesos,  and  other  Sourc<.-s  of  i.i- 
come  amounted  to  ;is  much  more.  LTndcr  the  administration  of  Iturri^am v, 
iKimingucz  was  instructed  to  reform  tlie  abuses  wliicii  existed  in  t!i  .■  clo.  i 
f.ietiirics  at  Qucrctiro.  The  system  under  which  these  were  eonduc;-  1 
reduced  a  large  pro^wrtiou  of  the  openitives  to  actual  slavery — a  jitfenuia  v 
advance  making  theui  subject  to  thraldom  renioraelcssly  exacted   by  ti.'.i' 


CE. 


r,N'roRci:i)  actiox. 


11.1 


»iiimiiiiic  t" 

as  (U.-jiriv  ■  I 
creliiMi'L'ii, 

;llt  [liof •«'«•( l- 
fiuz,  unit-- 
lulls  I'l-LTJn  I 
)lirn;il  atti- 

•rC'X|l>CSSL-:| 

In-  made  hy 
that  Ik--  as- 
i'  jiarrliiufiit 
issts.**^  II 
;i(l<»,  tllc  al- 
ii  cscriiiair' 

tt.T.^'  ;n.  • 

jai!i>  hrit-ll  ■ 
z  and   reiii- 


;d  to  speak  wit.i 

ns,  anil  mc-3ti/>j-. 

great  contt-mj'  . 
i^d,  h>  une  <;o.- 
nlo  :i  t^.iereta  • 
liccroy  acct-ptt  i 
Mar:;!  Mvya  !.  • 
^IlXIco  <lusi:iiii    ■ 

from  the  a!i<lie;i- 
ity  iiii'l  ac<|ui;  .•• 
jastlyapp  ^ 
i]i!tal  an  otii-.  ■'. 
ill  ■  a:iil  piivi; 
ami  Lis  ti'leii  .' 
(•oiTcirimiei:  ■ 
,v:i.s  rc<;arile<l  ■ 
.  I-  si>ur'--f.-»  of  ;. - 
of  Iturri.'an.  , 
xd  in  t!i ;  cl  •  i 
wt-re  i.-ontluc-  ! 
TV — a  jif-cniiiu  V 
exacted  by  tL-  r 


(■ill 


\'>  siKiiuT  had  AIKiiik'  ivcL'i^cd  iicws  (iflhi*  niTtv-t 
llic  (lon/.ali'Z  taiiiily  JHid  liousrhuld  tliaii  hi;  li;ist- 
(I  to  ])(il(»n;s,  hciii!j^  now  iiwurc  th;it  his  j>nr|)oses 
v,i  re  widely  known  to  the  aiithoi'itie.s.'*'  His  inti  r- 
\i.\v  wiih  lli(lal,n'o  was  iiiarkcMl  hy  rnpid  di'lih^Tation 
III, (I  jii'tiiupt  decision.  Wiu'ii  Ailcnde  and  his  com- 
ji.iiiions  arrived  at  Dolores  the  cura  was  enteitaiiiin;^ 
\isitois,  and  the  revolutionists  remained  out-ide  until 
l!iiv  had  (le\)arted.  When  admittetl,  they  inrorined 
HI<lalL;'o  of  the  arrests  which  had  heeii  made,  and  tluj 
discovery  ol' their  [ilaiis.  The  curn,  who  had  listtMied 
to  (iieir  statements  with  iin|>erturl)al)le  cahniiess,  ex- 
(  Liliiicd,  "Action  must  ho  taken  at  once;  there  is  no 
tiiiH'  to  he  l(tst;  we  shall  yet  see  the  oppressors' yoke 
hrokeu  and  the  f'raLjments  scattered  on  the  n'roimd!"'^ 
lie  t  hell  ordei'ed  the  street  watchmen  who  wt'i-e  at- 
tached to  the  cause  to  he  (.'ailed  in,  and  sent  them  to 
suiiiiiKtii  the  workmen  in  his  pottery  and  silk  fitctorios. 
Tliesi'  sDon  assemhled  to  the  numlur  oftii'teeii  or  six- 
t;('!i,  to  whom  jlidaln'o  communicated  his  intention  of 
iiimiediati.'lv  raisini;  the  cry  of  libertv. 

tinpliiyi'i'^.  l)(>iuingiic/  etlectcMl  tlio  nccossary  ivfurin-!,  aiicl  drew  upon  liim- 
m'i  till'  viiniitydf  llif  ownei's,  wlio  were  nmstly  luirii|ieanH.  Xcvci  tlielcs ', 
hid  ])iililii;  c'liniliict,  and  the  fiiiUiftlliU'ss  wilh  \\  hi.li  In;  uianaui'd  tin'  lai;  (? 
estatu' ami  fnrtiiiiu  Iftt  in  his  (■har.u'o  liy  Mufia  .!iim':,i  \'rivara  fur  iH'netici'ut 
piir'pdsi's,  \\(in  for  Jiini  tiie  I'CLCard  df  tlu,'  iulialalau.s  c/t'  (JiuiiHan).  /aniacnia 
titliiijii'u'S  tliu  oa^y  aL-i|uiltal  uf  l)(iniinL:m  /.  t  itiitr  Vi  polifV  uii  tin;  part  of  e'o!- 
l.iild,  uliu  (.■niisiiliivd  it  niiirlit  lie  prudent  to  show  i:eii")ii-ity  when  the  revolu- 
tinu  liad  idrcaily  iM^iniuicuci'd,  or  to  the  pressure  i^f  a  threat  expressed  hy  the 
Indian  iiiiiahitants  ut  the  Canada  that  tliey  wouhl  rise  in  rev.ilt  if  the  eorre- 
^iilnr  ^^ere  not  released.  l/!yt.  Mij.,  vi.  ?\1\.  That  tlio  correu'idor  w;  s 
tiiahled  to  maintain  liis  jiosition  at  sneli  a  crisis  speaks  loudly  to  his  eredit  a  i 
pdssis^iuL;  a  strong  hold  on  lin;  regjirds  of  both  p.irlies — or  as  a  cDnsuniiiKue 
politieal  ei'aftsiiian. 

''••t  iuerra  states  that  .Mlende  'oonoeiosu  peligro  por  esto  ninnnuriopiihlieo, 
o  t;d  vez,  por  (jue  su  niisino  gefe  Canal  le  aviso  de  la  oulen  i[ue  hal)ia  recibi  o 
de  .Mexiei>  para  jirenderle.'  H'cl.  Itir.  X.  lUji.,  i.  L'O'J.  As  'este  mnrniuvi  ' 
Las  refei-eiiee  to  the  arrest  of  1  'ondn'jo-.,.  on  the  niglit  of  tiie  l.")th,  ( iueira  is 
ill  error,  since  .Mlende  was  at  tlial  time  on  his  wav  to  1)  ilorcs. 

'"'Tiiis  is  the  statement  of  Sotelo,  an  I'ye-vitiu  ss.  Il<  ni'Unl'Z  >i  l>''irah'>^, 
'■'■'.  l>o<\,  ii.  IL''J.  Alaman  givts  a  dili'erent  aeeount,  derived  fi'oni  state- 
iiiciits  made  at  tiie  trials  of  Ilidalgii,  Allende,  Aldama,  and  otlii'rs.  Ho 
states  that  Allende  Went  to  Dolores  on  the  1  Uli,  and  tliat  t!ie  news  of  the  ar- 
r^  ts  ;it  Queretaro  A\as  brought  by  Aldama,  who  mdy  arrived  at  Dolores  at 
tU'i  o'clock  in  the  incrnini,'  of  tiie  llith;  tliat  tiie  cura  was  rouseil  from  \\\i 
beil,  and  exclaimed:  '( icntlemen,  we  are  hjst;  the  only  resource  left  is  to  sei;e 
^-'ac'.iupiucs.'  Ilixt.  Mij.,\.  37.'{-4.  In  view  of  the  narration  of  Sotelo,  who 
\.as  present  on  the  (pceasion,  and  taking  into  consideratiuii  the  statemcuts 
inaJe  in  tlie  trial.-,  1  follow  8otelo"s  version. 


110 


Ol'KNINd  or  TIIK  WAJl  OF  IN'DKPRNDHXCK 


A   ruiiioi'  of  what  was   tr-uiispiiiiiL;'  liad,  liowrvc)- 


s|)r(!a(l,  and  a  iiiiinlx-r  nf  1 1 


\v  |M»|nilact'  assi 


milled  li 


i'div  tilt'  i-iira's  i^atc,  nady  t<>  take  |»ait   in   the  cntor-- 
)uis(!.      ^\^•a|M)ns,  w  liicli  liad   lici-n   srcrdly  made  and 
iiiddrn,  wciT  n«»\v   liiou;^!)!    out,  and    I  lidal'^^i*  distill) 
utc'tl  tliLMn  with  liis  own  lian<l.      llw  lirst  sk'p  ta!v»ii 


\\as  to  socinx'  the  iKj'snn  of  l^adiu 
sacristan   mayor  of  the  paii 


Ihisti 


Jlidaliio   then    addr 


('SS('( 


th 


.1)1 


di,  wlio  was  ii 
1  ;i   few  animatiti;^'    wore 


imantc,  tl 


le 


•aniard 


lose  assemi)le(l,  I'aislliu"  Ml 


loud 


Voire  as  ne  eoiu 


Is    to 
•hided 


the  cry,  "  \'ivii  Xne.stra  Suhoru  de  (j!uadahi[)el     Viva 
];i  inde|»enden(ial" 

'J'he  ruvohitionists  now  sallied  forth,''  and  having' 
fii'st  liherated  the  prisoiu.-rs  in  the  town  jail,"  thus 
swelling'  their  numheis,  they  made  (•a|)tive  the  |)i-in(' 


iwn    was   now    aii|»i'oa('hmL;". 


]l 


pal  Spauiai'ds.''     1); 

was  Sunday.  Iditlaln'o  caused  the  church  hell  which 
summoned  his  tlock  to  mass  to  lu;  runu"  at  an  earliei' 
hour  than  usual.    The  towiispeopK'  came  forward  and 


athei'i 


d 


ed  111  Li'roUlis 


hef. 


»re  the  church  door,  and   fr;)!i 


the   neitilihorinLf  haciendas  countrymen   on  fo(^t   and 


i.ioun 


ted 


were  seen  llockmn"  m  and  conu'rcnatinii'  i 


*' Acconnts  <li(Tur  as  ti)  tlicir  iiumln'i'.  Sot(;lo  uivos  ;i  list  ()f  twonty-onc 
names,  witliDut  imldiliiiL;  iiiiy  of  tlie  loacU'i's  and  ollior.s  wlioso  ii.uiii'.s  wvw 
nut  known.  Jh  ninniltz  1/  l),irnl<)i.  Cut.  line,  ii.  ;i;iU.  Xtgri'to  nni>|ili('^  a 
list  ol'  IS  names,  only  two  of  wiiicli  a|i[)eai' in  tiia'  of  Sote'o.  llift.  Ml.  S'lj. 
A/A'.,  i.  l.'!4-r».  'riic  niinilier  in  all  nnist  Jiave  liei  11  \,xv  in  e.\ees.s  of  that  ;.'iviii 
by  many  Mexican  liistoi  ians,  the  sniallness  ■>('  wliirlt  i .  ini  ompatiMe  with  tli.' 
sui'eess  attained.  Alanian  .st.-ites  tii.'it  llid.il^o.  hu)  jioited  liy  his  liiotlic  r 
Mariano,  .Tdsi'.  Santos  Villa,  Allende,  .Milama,  ;»i  1  1  .:\\  arnu'd  men  w  liom  he 
retained  in  hi.s  honse,  1.")  in  all,  jiroeeeded  t(i  e.\  •.  ate  the  desii;n  of  seizin;.' 
tlie  S[>unish  lesidents.  Ili^l.  M>j.,  i.  :{7">.  LieeaL'n. maintains  that  thercMveii' 
only  ten  ensraged  in  the  nndert.iking.  Hvtijlr.y  Adir..,  oli.  Mora,  who  incor- 
reetly  mentions  Vliasoloas  liein:;  ju'escnt,  as  also  doed  N'egretc  in  his  li.-it,  say.s; 
'("on  diez  homlu'es  laie.s,  de  los  cnales  eineo  erau  forzados,  so  i)roec<Uo  a 
pi-endcr  los  Kspaiudes  del  lugai'.'  Mij.  11  xiix  /,'( r.,  '20.  (Juerras  .statement 
that  -Mlende  h'ft  San  Migu(d  with  .M)  s  ildiei's  of  his  eompaiiy  on  the  l.'Uii  o; 
iSeptember  for])olores,  and  inei'easiMl  his  force  tt)  SUOmen  on  his  march  by  ili - 
daring  that  lie  was  going  to  liberate  the  corregidor  Dominguez,  is  utterly  at 
vaiiance  with  facts. 

•''  J.ice.iga  disputes  this  fact,  but  the  eviilence  is  conclusive.  Consult  IL  r- 
vaiifhz  y  J)iirolo't,  Cul.  JJor.,  i.  17,  40;  ii.  liJ.'?. 

"'On  page  a.")  of  his  Adir.  y  licctiiic,  I.iecaga,  gives  a  list  of  1')  names  of 
Spaniards  made  ju'isoners.  Bustamante  states  that  only  seven  were  seized. 
Cnnil.  Hist.,  i.  '11.  Alauian  says  the  number  was  sevcnteeu.  //('-.V,  M(j.,  i. 
370-7. 


I!  El 


fiKITd  I)K  l»()L()nF,>!. 


U7 


however, 
■iiiltli'd  l»e- 
tlic  elitcT- 
IDilde  Mill 
rn  «listril>- 
ile|>  tnkeii 

llMlltl',  Uu.! 

Spaniard. 

words   li> 

coiuluded 

pol     Viva 

lid  lKivin'4 
jail/"-  thus 
the  princi- 
eliili;.;'.  It 
hell  whieh 
t  an  earliei' 
>r\vaid  an  I 
L  and  lV;)!!i 
1  loot  and 
'•atinu'  in 


t  lif  t\voiity-o;ii' 
ISO  n.iiiii'S  v.orr 

y/;../.  .1/7.  ,s;,/. 

(pf  t!i:it.'.'iv(.".i 
tilili:  with  111'' 
y  lii.s  brotlui' 
iicii  whom  111' 
i;_'ii  of  si'iy.iii;.' 
tliiit  ttii'i-c  wt'io 
ilii,  who  iucor- 
i  his  li.-it,  say.,: 
SI'  [(roi'CiUo  a 
rni's  slatfiiiciit 
on  the  n>th  (>; 
iiiaivh  by  <li  ■ 
:,  is  utterly  at 

Consult  II'  /■- 

of  I'i  naiiu's  of 

'11  were  SL'izi-'.l. 

Hilt.  M<j.,  i. 


fl 


;i!ietliarV 


lint 


it    \va.> 


II 


le    ma 


tier: 


.r  ti 


lis 


WnlH 


I  radier  than  those  of  the  next  that  were  now 
t  I  claiiii  tlioir  attention.  JJelivcrance  was  demanded, 
;iiid  iVoni  the  I'vil  one;  hnt  it  was  IVoni  Satan  in  the 
l!c.>li,  I'lMiii  devils  incarnated  as  temporal  masters,  in- 
llirtiii;4  w  ronys  and  injuiies  and  inraniiis  without 
iiuinhtr — time  onoui;h  hit  wIkmi  men  are  tree  troiii 
tlir  tviMiinies  of  their  leilows  to  continue  the  eternal 
li.iitlc  with  the  j)owers  olMarknessl 

Tlifii"  was   no  mass  that  day.      TIh;  eiira  entered 
lii-  pul]tit  and  looked  ahi'oad  upon  the  sea  ol"  U|»t!irned 

tudu. 


ali\l'> 


us  i: 


K'es 


W  1 


th     .1 


ecu 


ind 


yearmiii^"    sonci 


w 


••.Mv  I'iiildi'eit,"  he  said,  "tills  day  conies  to  us  a  ne 
dispensation.  Are  you  i-i-ady  to  i-ecei\-<.'  '\ii  Will 
yuii  he  free  ^  Will  yoii  make  the  ellort  to  recover 
I'lMiii  thi'  haled  S[)aiiiai'(l.s  the  lands  stolen  from  your 

tnr,' 


lathers    three    hundred    years    a 


< '■() : 


Thus    tlu 


ur  at  [)roject  of  iiidepeiidcncu  was  laid  hei'oro  them, 
an  1  they  Were  called  u[)on  to  jjivjve  their  devotion  to 
ir  coimtrv.      For  tin' last  time   .Ili(lal;j;'o  addressed 


his  11 


(icic  as  eura  oi 


D 


olores. 


lie 


eiicelorth    he  w'ou 


Id 


lii'  their  n'liide  to  liherty;  they  would  lie-ht  I'or  it; 
tiny  wniild  die  for  it;  he  Would  lead  them  himself 
1o  hat  tie  and  to  \ict(trv!  "To-day,"  he  continuud, 
'•\vi'  must  act.    The  Spaniards  arc  had  enoiin"h  tliem- 


Kcs,  hut  now  thi'V  areahout  ti>  surrendei' 


us  ami  our 


C'l'.lll 

wild 
liMiu' 


tiv  to  the  French.    .DanufcM-  threatons  our  reliiiion, 


'ppression  our  Jioines. 


Will 


you   hecome  >^apo 


-laves?  or  will  you  as  patriots  defend  your  reh'n'- 


i:>i 
ilh' 


I  amlyctur  ri;^-|it.- 


We  will  defend  them 


silo 


llted 


pcol 


)le 


\'i\'a   Xuestra   Sehora  de   (.madalui 


liiiii'i'a 


,'1   mal 


1. 


•h 


,tl 


H'ooierno,  niuuraii    itts    mac'liu[)ine.^ 
If  "" 


icii,aii(l  toNow 


1', 


your  cura,  who  has  ever  watched 
•r  yoiu'  Welfare,"'  was  HidalLjo's  answer,      'i'ho  (ji-i/o 


<A'  i;.;A 


rev  lias  u'oiie  forth!     The  i)oor  and  iu'iioraiit 


1  'uiiiii;  tlio  luoriiiu''  a  messa'.'o  was  sent  to  Mai'iaiio  Ahnsolo,  iiivitiii''  Jiiiri 


to  j. ill  the  cause,  whieii  ho  <lhl  without  hesitation,  aooonlin.:,' to  Sotol 
imiit.   IliriKiDiliz  >i  J)i>riiln.<,  <'<,/.  hof.,  ii.  ."{2.1 


stu': 


Long  live  our  huly  of  (.iuailalupc,  perish  tlio  bad  govornnient,  perish  the 


■^[laiiiiinls 


IIS 


0'  lixixc  01'  THE  WAR  OF  ixDi:i'::xDi::;c;:. 


mid  ilown-trocUlcii  of  tliis  little  Indinu  town  ])i'()cl;nin 
tlk'  future  incli'pendrnce  of  a  gi'cat  nation!  J'^ntliusi- 
asni  rises  to  rt'li^ious  height,  and  unarnie(l  as  they 
ai'e.  lliiv  will  follow  no  matter  whtre,  and  ti-'lit  an,i 
(lie  no  mattei"  liow. 

Jt  is  soniewliat  sti'an^'c  tliat  independence  slioull 
\)v  horn  in  sueli  a  (quarter  and  of  sudi  j»ai'entau'e;  yet 
pLi'hajis  not  more  wondt-rful  here  and  tlius  than  else- 


\\!i<-'ro  and   in   s(>ni( 


^   otl 


ler  wav 


Its 


(lavs  were   now 


i'ullv  eoiii(>  and  it  nuist  he  hrouu'ht  forth.  Wi'  know 
after  uliat  maimer  religions  have  ;.'(<nie  to  man;  ve 
liave  seen  L;reat  s'pasms  of  eidighteimient  fall  at  vari- 
ous epoehs  on  the  race;  we  have  seen  the  intellcrl 
awaken  as  i'roni  a  dream,  and  re-awaken  an'ain  and 
ai^'ain — hut  wliat  it  all  is,  or  how,  or  why,  no  man  caa 
tell,  howsoe\tr  hard  our  teachers  mav  trv. 

In  the  evolution  of  human  alfairs  two  elements  ar  ■ 
esseiiti;d  to  progi'ess,  the  opportunit}'  and  the  aj^vnt. 
There  mav  be  and  ol'ten  is  one  condition  without  tli  ■ 


otlier.      Oppoitumty  ni;;}'  he  ri[)e  and  no  one  at  han 
toa.-t:  or  the  iiidi\idu;d  may  he;  piH'.>ent  and  lai-k 
po'.-tunity;  or  t]\e  agent 


V    O    :- 


nav  i>e 


hel 


ore  Ills  lime,  in 


jiriiiiatiu'ely,  and  so  spoil  all.      lender  sueli  (;onditi(>i; 


th 


ere  ca 


n  \)v  no  ureat  hriiiLi'inu'-forth. 


It 


was  a  (plesiloii    how   l;ii 

1 


ch  auxiliaries  cou 


o1  -er\ice  in  thecomin;_;'crusa 


lie 


][ 


Idl 
idaln'o  maintain' 


that   the  display  of  numhers  vould  he   heneiicial   I 


tl 


leir    eause 


AUende,    however 


enter  ame( 


<jri\\ 


doul)ts,  hut  lie  linally  acnulescetl.      To  jirovide  th 
Ittwi'is  ^vith   arms   was  tlie   i^'i'eat   dilhcultv.      T 


e;r 


f( 


lit  iUses  o 


ft 


le  Spaniards  were  ransacked 


aiices  whica 


Jlid;dL;()  had  ahvady  provided  wel'C  hrou^ht  fortli: 
the  Indian  seizi'd  his  innc/icfc;'^  and  those  who  con!  I 
ohtain    no    jtutter   wi'apon   supplii'd   themselves   wiili 


cluos    sliiiL's.  and    iiows  and  aiTows. 


i- 


ire  arms  lUi 


th 


had   lew;   hut  San  ^Jii-uel 


wou 


Id 


tui'ni, 


di  tl 


lem  sola 


•'''' A'.i  iiiiploiiicnt  for  c'.ittiii;;  p:r;is.<!,  rurrnr-caiic.  lui'.sli.  etc.,  in  tlio  sli.TpL'"!' 
rroulswonl  without  liilt,    and  :  (iiiU'iiiiics  sliglilly  ciirvoil,  the  thuipciinl 


cil.:. 


in  ili;;t  t;i^('  mi  thei'ouvix  cui've. 


:c::. 

,-n  proclniin 
!  Entliiis;- 
i('(l  as  llu'V 
d  light  au.l 

eiico  slioul  I 
entni>;<-';  yet 
IS  lliau  (.'Isi'- 

S  WCVV     DOW 

Wo  knov,' 
to  man;  v*'c 
iall  at  vai  i- 
l\\v  intfllerl: 
1  again  and 
,  no  man  eau 

."k'mcnts  ar  ' 
d  tlu^  agvnt. 
without  111  ■ 
(-nr  at  han  I 
and  lack  o;^- 
liis  limf,  art 
■h  condiii^His 

■irs  couhl  hi^ 

maintain' d 

x'ln'iii-ial    t't 

iiincd    gi'a\:' 

)rovid<.'  tlu'ir 

cnU.v.     Tli>' 

anci's  wlmli 

)iig!it   lorl'ii: 

■c  wlio  con;  I 

isidvL's   wi'ili 

e  arms  thrv 

I  them  sonic 

c  ill  tlic  slip-jw  "f 
til,  the  tluiijii-ii'  I 


OX  TlIK  .MARCir. 


l!;l 


ianni;ions  of  war,  and  tliitlier  lli'Jal'jo  and  .Vdcndo 
1,1  ihcir  rabble,  which  soon  numbered  nearly  4,000 
lacii.'" 

Some  attempt  at  military  or<ler  was  made.  The 
iiinuiited  lierdsmeu  of"  the  hacii'iidas,  carrying  lances, 
were  I'oi'nied  into  a  troop  of  cavalry,  while  the  better 
mined  Indians  on  loot  represented  the  iidantry.  Then 
I  llowed  a  promiscuous  crowd,  in  which  women  and 
cliiMi'i'ti  joined.  The  die  was  cast;  and  tlu'  aron-cd 
|H'(i])K'  hastened  on.  The  maize;  was  in  full  ear,  ami 
haciendas  abounding  in  cattle  lav  on  their  \\;\c  ol' 
viai'ch.  There  was  no  lack  of  food,  and  thev  took 
what  tiuT  wanted.  As  they  passed  thi'fjugh  the  vil- 
ligcs  Noluntoers  swelled  their  ranks,  and  other  Span- 
iiids  were  added  to  the  nund)er  of  the  ca[)tives.  ( )n 
their  arrival  at  Atolonilco,  Hidalgo  halted  in  order 
tliat  he  might  surjirisc  San  ]\IigU(d  at  nightfall, 
ih'i'e  a  jiicture  of  the  virgin  of  (Juadalupe  was  ob- 
t;iiiieil.'"'^  and  raised  on  hii>'h  al)ove  the  throng',  amidst 


ii.»u 


ts  of  'A"i\a   Xuestra  Senoi'a   di;   (uiadahi 


laucran   los  Li'acliuitmes 


t" 


>e, 


]  [encefortli  it  became  thv 


hauiiei' of  the  crusaiK-;  and   wiiile   it  wavt'(l  on   hit 


I'liiiiicm  o 


)eace  an< 


1  int' 


eri'ession,  manv  a  iiravi-  < 


i:;anv  a  hlooiiv  deed,  was  ( 


lone  fir  tiiose  rights  ;ni  1 
lihenies  which  on  no  other  u'round  than  violence  and 


iifCC 


Wol 


,1! 


ever  be  voU( 


hsa.ied  to  them, 


5) 


.1/., 


J/. 


j.   !/ .Ills.  /,'«(•.,  i>-.  •2\.     Xcrrutc  states  tli.it  H^ '..I:,'0  iniirelpil 

!0    il   AMliCt'll  W.l-i 

'.Mii:uii|i»  (luc  v;l 


out  lit'  l)'il>jri.'s  with  only  iiliuiit  S'J  iin.'ii,  wliioh  miiiihor  iis 
i:R'iVii-;til  to  ;>()().  Mr.r.  'S'i;iln  SIX.,  ii.    1!'-'J().     Soti'lo  Kay 


iiutaha  eon  im  uiiiiiero  consiilerahlo  de  uciite  lulieta,  vesolvii'i  oii;aiu;:.nla 


1  u  t'Jiiiia  lie  ti'opa.'  Il> 


A! 


/(  Dl'llifltZ  .'/ 


(/{).•.',  <'(J.  J  Jo 


States  that  Hiihil:.  .  t'  .)k  it  fn 


til 


laeri.stv  aie 


1  raiseil  it 


in  (r.'dei' to  fiipiHH t  hi.s  eiitei'j.rijo   hy  the   relii;iou.s  dcvutii 


■i  e'ltertaiiieil  for  the  J.ieieil  I'liiMei 


T 


lis  IS  id  Hi 


a  hy  1. 


I'll  1. 
levai^a, 


V,  ho  exjjlaiiis  tliat  one  of  tho  iusiirirents  procured  a  eopy  of  the  picture  fro!. i 
'  iViiia  Kaiiioiia  \.  (pio  vivia  idli  eoiiio  otras,  eon  el  iioiubro  tic  lieatas,' and 
t'.iiit  it  was  hoisteil  ui>oii  a.  clothes-i-"  le.  The  eiitlmsi.ism  it  I'oiisccl  eansrd 
tie  leadi'i's  to  adojit  it  as  a  Ir 


/; 


/,',v/; 


'A. 


Ali 


's  stateii.eiit  on  the  streui'tli  ot  Jiiila 


declaratie 


inaeois  siiiiports 


//; 


J/' 


III  niihhz  }i  JjiirnliK.  Col,  /.>i; 


:!. 


*otl 


ers  with  ii  like  ilisiirii  were  iu  ti'iie  ]irficiired  ;ind  lioriie  ali>'.i.; 
Ill  existe  eii  jioder  (\  1  liijo  di  1  deii.idalo 


ia  all  piirts  of  Jlidaliro's  army.  '.Vuii  existe  ( 
iiKUi'i.fiite  X'l'etor  lio.sah.s,  el  diseflo  iiriLjiiial  dt 
1]  ;    I'  Ilia  la  forma  do  v.ii  estaiidarte,  ciiie  file  i 


jiriiiivra  hiimlera.  cle 


Jli 


leeno  eon  Kiio  i 


I'l. 


pMlos 


I'lii  .jiiiii  tie  iJolures,  y  tsobre  v\  ciial  .so  puso  uu  esoiulo  iiiuy  parecido  al  luiup- 


120 


oiT.xixc  OF  TiiK  WAR  OF  ixdep:;xdi:nce. 


]\[(';ui\vliil('  iiitollin'ciicu  of  tliL!  uprisiiiiL>-  liad  rcaciiofl 
Sail  ]\IiL;u<.'l,'^'  and  the,  Spaiii.'^h  I'esidt'iits,  aware  that 
they  eould  not  rely  ajxtn  any  creolo  or  native  servant, 
and  iid'ornied  hy  Colonel  Canal  that  no  dei)endeiice 
coulil  he  placed  on  the  reginii'iit,  assembled  in  arms  at 
tlu!  munici[)al  huildinu's  for  self-defence.  As  the  dusk 
of  evening  fell,  Hidalgo  entered  the  town.  The  ex- 
citement was  intense;,  the  j»()[)ulation  cheering  the  in- 
sur<j^ents  and  liiirlinL;  hitter  denunciations  aij^ainst  the 
Spaniards.  Alleiide  placed  the  prisoners  brought  from 
]Jolores  in  the  college  of  San  Francisco  <le  Sales,  un- 
der the  guardianshi|»  of  Aldama,  while  he  ])roceede(l 
to  arrest  the  S[)aniards  of  the  town.  Through  the 
representations  of  Canal,  after  soim;  pai'ley  tlie  latter 
Vvere  induced  to  yield  without  opposition  and  surren- 
der their  arms.  Allende  assured  them  t'.iat  while  he 
livetl  no  harm  should  Ix'fall  them,  and  thereupon  they 
w-ere  removed  to  the  colletife. 

riie  Si)aniards  having  thus  been  secured  without 
bloodshed,  no  ditliculty  was  found  in  winning  over 
the  soldiers  of  the  garrison.  The  otiicrers  and  troojis 
of  the  (pieen's  regiment  of  provincial  dragoons  wer(! 
already  predis[)osed  to  sui)port  Allende.  In  \ain  Ma- 
jor Camuhez  en<leavt)red  at  tlu;  barracks  to  hold  theia 
to  their  loyalty  by  representing  that  the  rebels  were 
j)artisans  of  the  Fi'ench.  His  woi'ds  were  received 
Avith  an  ominous  silence,  and  when  two  of  the  olHjers 
raised  a  clKJcr  for  Allende  and  indej)endence,  ( 'amuhez 
was  made  captive,"'  antl  .'ic  whole  regiment  joined 
the   insurgents.     A  })ortion  oi'  the   Celaya   infantry 


III: 


tado  (Icspiuy  (lu  la  iii(li'pcii(UiiL'ia  y  era  Jo  papel  iiegio  rocortiiilo.'  ilaUo,  Jlmii- 
brex  //lit/.,  liT-. 

•""  Autlioi-i  (lillur  with  ivgard  to  thi.s  .stateiiiciit.  >[()iu  as^scrts  that  tlu' 
authdiitii'!!  WLTO  ciiiupli'ti'ly  surpriscil,  ami  knew  nothing  of  the  iiiovement, 
until  Jiidaliio  was  at  their  (lnor;  Imt  Jjeeaya  iiiori'  reasimaiily  ailirins  that 
liewn  of  what  hail  taken  ])laee  in  DoIoivh  reached  San  Miguel  early.  1  have 
accepted  his  vei'sion  as  hiini,'  tlie  iiicire  jacihalile.  lie  j^ives  a  list  of  tiic  plin- 
cipal  Sp.iinsh  lesidents  in  S,in  Miv'iiel.   Ailir.  1/  l,'<rHiic..  ."jS-OO. 

''  Culonid  Canal,  if  he  did  not  actually  favor  the  niovenunt,  was  indillei- 
L'lit.  llo  hail,  howovci',  licrn  succeeded  in  the  coniiuand  hy  Caiuuuez  tiiat 
morning.  Jjiod'ja,  \\t  sup.,  til. 


riLLACE  A\D  MUi{D;:n. 


121 


l;(1   without 


iiniiiL,^  over 


o.'  Galln,  Jliiiil- 

isserl-s  that  tlio 
tlio  inii\oiiu'Mt 
ly  iiilirins  that 
(■ally.  I  lia\c' 
list  of  the  jiriii- 
». 

it,  M"as  iiulillor- 
Caiuuuoz  that 


■;t;iii  'lied  tlicro  iil.so  tlrclai'i'd   for  the  cause  of  iiulo- 


lil'IlilcllCC 


l)uiiiii;'  the  nijj^ht  and  om  tli:'  i'ollowiiig  inoniiiin'  the 

j)(i[ni!ace  bep;an  to  exliihit  sN'niptom.s  of"  violence,  which 

alti  r\\ai(l   b(>eanie  uucoutrollahle,      J  laving'  hherated 

tin'  piisoiier.s  in  the  jail,  with  much    U[)roar  and  crie 

if  "J)eath   to    the    j4achu[)ine 


t" 


th 


•y 


asseml) 


led 


ni 


delist'  tlii'oni^s  before  the  houses  of  the  Spanish  resi- 
dents, intent  on  pillage  and  destruction.  Stores  and 
]iilv;ite  dwelling's  sliai'ed  a  like  late.  Doors  wci'c 
1   in  .'>nd   the  rabble  ransacked  and  robbed  ad 


alterei 
hitiuii. 


H.  ' 


i'''o  endeavored  to  moderate  these  \vi 


hi 


las.sions,  ac" 


(le,  swo 


rd  in  hand,  rode  through 


er 


the  crowds  th.reaoenin!''  their  death,  until  the  disord 
was  stopped. 

Our  stand|)oint  of  moi'ality  depends  on  our  tearh- 
in.U',  if  we  still  hold  to  our  teaching's,  or  to  our  line  of 
independent  t1ioUL>'ht,  if  we  hav(>any.  The  merchant's 
iii'irality  is  d liferent  from  tliat  of  the  doctor,  the  priest's 
i'lnin  tliat  of  the  military  man.     While  ilidalno  had 


much  c()nscience,  as  mueli  iK^Jcrt  anc 


I  hu 


nianitv,  as 


Alleiide,  whose  [trofession  was  that  of  man-killer,  lu 
was  now  out  on  the  woi'k  of  an  avenijfin<>'  an'>'el,  in  si 


as  it  was  nec'.ssary  ;or  his  W(»rk  ti>  assume 


that 


Icnn. 


nianv  vears. 


The  Spaniards  iiad  robbed  and  insulted  these 
ears.      Tl'is  W;-.  'v-v.    !;(v  be   sto[)|)ed,  whatever 


the  cost.      If  the  pi  'iL.-s'ia  of  ]>illa!j^e  would   add  ti 


t!ic 


power  o 


f  1 


lis  cause 


we 


)Ul 


small   (liiterence 


■11  the  demon  of  mur 


(I. 


w 


as  abroad.      ^  )ur  most 


iclnicd  and  christian  civilization  will   kill   human  bc- 
iii  battle  b}'  the  hundred  thousand,  will  commit 


111'. 


liorijblc  and  wholesale  butcheries  without  justice  and 
without  mercv,  emnloviu'jf  all  the  arts  and  ailvantaLCes 


tl 


ic  nmid  can  invent  lo  iniui'e  and  (h.'strov  the  enem\- — 


I'lit 


r  the  cause,  '.  'liiii;'  to  prevent  i'urtlu'r  kiliiic^- 
ivt'i'  s(jmo  fe-"   (i'inor  and  cttmparatively  iiisi;^- 


''  .Vccdiiliii;;  to  Torrcnte,  //'.■..  /.Vr.,  i.  li;{,  not  cvcu  crcolci' houses  wore 
spiiicil.  'So  hin/.an>n  cuitio  loho.s  rahiosos  ooutiti  toilns  los  oui'opcod  i  couti'ii 
siiti  [iri  ;iii-Lulos,  .sill  ^lorduiiar  li  sits  iiiisiiios  coiiiimtiiotas.' 


IJi 


()i'::xi.\'o  OF  Tii!':  war  of  ixi)i:pi:::r;E:;cF.. 


iii;ic;int  injuries  it  raises  its  liancls  in  holy  lioiTor, 
and  ci'Il's  out  a^'ainst  thoni  as  barbaric  and  savage. 
Sfutrand  huinbuL;'!  Savag'o  warfare  is  no  worse  than 
ei\ilized  warfare,  no  less  necessary,  no  less  rii;liteous. 
It  may  be  a  little  less  decent  and  refined;  but  what 
are  leliiieinent  and  decency  beside  butchery  and  body- 
n.anulin'^'  machines!  xVll  is  as  bad  as  it  can  be;  the 
civilized  men  ai'e  the  more  to  l^lanie,  however,  for  they 
should  know  better. 

Jlidal_!.;'o  was  a  I'ar  more  \iir-sacriiicint:,',  honorable, 
and  humane  man  than   the  igc  military  leader. 

Butlu!  was  not  hy])ocrite  or  fooi  •  jugli  to  ])i'eteiid  th;;t 
it  was  worse  to  take  a  dead  man's  goods  than  a  living,' 
mans  lil'e.  ]]ut  the  killing  in  war  is  done  i'or  the 
cause,  'i'rue;  and  now  jiillago  is  })ermitted  for  tin; 
cause.  Jt  was  not  that  he  was  in  favor  of  robbciy. 
But  sacking  a  town  he  regarded  as  no  worse  than  kill- 
ing the  ])eople;  and  in  liis  present  emergency  ho 
deemed  one  as  much  a  matter  of  necessity  as  (he  othei'. 
Ill  any  event,  he  would  win  this  cause  if  within  his 
pov.'er  to  do  so. 

Allende  thought  difleri'ntly.  He  was  a  man  of  nai'- 
rower  mind,  oi"  more  restricted  ideas;  he  was  a  soldier, 
and  felt  bound  by  conventional  rules  and  the  regu- 
lations of  his  cral't.  He  urged  that  they  ought 
not  to  rely  upon  the  couuuon  pco]>lc,  who  were  ad- 
dicted to  pillage,  but  u[)on  disci[)lined  troo^js.  The 
discussion  was  continued  with  considerable  warmt'i, 
until  it  became  evident  that  two  leaders  at  discoi'.l 
nngld  ]»rove  fatal  to  the  cause.  Hidalgo,  therefori', 
suggested  that  his  own  and  Allende's  authority  shouid 
be  delined,  ill  order  that  each  should  act  within  th'' 
limits  of  his  own  [)owers,  and  Allende  at  once  otfere  I 
to  surrender  the  supreme  command  to  the  cur;i, 
M'hosi;  ability  and  inlluence  he  very  sensibly  deenii'  I 
•superior  to  his  own.  Ho  expressed  the  determi- 
nation, however,  to  se[)arate  himself  from  him  it' 
tlniy  should  be  unable  to  act  in  harmonv,  J>ut  all 
thought  of  independent  action  on  the  part  of  .Vilendo 


HH 


i)\y  lioiTor, 
111(1  sava;j;c'. 
worse  than 
s  ri^'litcous. 
I;  but  wliat 
y  and  l)ody- 
caii  \n):  tlu' 
►  cr,  iVir  thvy 

,  liDiiorabU', 
tary  loader. 
prctLind  tJu'.t 
liaii  a  liviii  ;• 
[one  for  tlii' 
ttcd  for  Hm' 
of  robbery, 
i-st!  tbau  kili- 
icr^eiicy  b.( 
as  the  other, 
if  withui  his 

man  of  nar- 
vas  a  soldu'i', 
d  the  re;4'U- 
tliey  ou,L;"ht 
lio  were   a;'- 
roo[>s.     Thi' 
i)le  warint'i, 
s  at  dis('or>l 
>,  thi;refor  ■, 
ority  shoui  1 
within  th  ■ 
once  olfei't  I 
o   tbo    eiira, 
ibly  deenii'.l 
le    detenu i- 
roni    him    il' 
ly.      J  Jut  ail 
t  of  Alien  io 


MILITATIY  AXD  POLITICAL  OnC.\XIZATIOX. 


12a 


v.;v>  sft  at  I'Lst  by  tbo  arrival  sonic w]iat  later  of  a  de- 
>j:;it(li  from  lliano,  the  intendeiite  of  (uiaiiajuato,  ad- 
dressed to  the  subdele'gatlo  J-Jello^in,  who  was  a  jirison- 
vv  at  the  time,  and  orderiiiL;'  the  immediate  arrest  of 
Allende,  Aldama,aiid,  if  |)ossi!)le, of  lliilalgo,  "Ixjcauso 
i:i>  taKiits,  fharacter,  and  reputation  would  render  the 


)v\  ilution  iii<)re  vi<''orous  and  foriiiK 


dabh 


ue 


post- 


i.iaster  liavinu'  been  also  matlo  ca})tive,  the  letter  was 
drliveretl  to  Allende,  wlio,  recoL^nizino'  tlie  truth  of  its 
cuinmnts  on  llidalLi-o,  insisted  that  the  oura  should 
retain  supreme  command,  whieh  he  d 

Th(>  suddenness  with  whieh  the  insurijents  bad  been 
iK'lled  jirematur-ely  to  ])roelaim  tlieir  pur[)ose  had 


C3 


ciini 


liitirely  overthrown  their  previous  [ilans,  and  their  fu- 
ture f)perations  would  in  a  yreat  measure  have  to  bo 
led  by  cireumstaiii'es.      To  diseij)line  overwhehn- 


iruK 


M'''  iiunu)ers,  ])rovu 


de  tl 


leii 


n.ih 


owers   witn  arms,  aiK 


I 


institute  some  dei^ree  of  military  tactics  was  now  their 
iihjcct.  In  order  to  provide  for  public  traiKpiillity,  a 
ciinlerence  was  lield  in  the  eveiiiiiL;',  to  which  the  prin- 

1  citizens  Were  convokesl,  and  a  junta,  presided  over 

A 


cipa 


(lama. 


was  establislied.'^'^  On  the  tbllowing  day 
t!ii'  work  of  or^'anizin^'  the  forces  was  comnuMiced. 
Oiiiccrs  from  the  ^'rade  of  corporal  to  that  of  colo- 
nel were  appointed;  recruits  were  obtained  from  the 
sui'i'oundin<''  haciendas,  and  lances  constructed  with 
thi'  i^i'catest   diligence.      A  quantity  of  u'un[)owdcr, 


>it,  w  liicli  was  being  convoyetl  Irom   Mexico 


I  b 


:m. 


nmi'. 


•lit. 


f  Guanajuato,  fell   into  tlie  ban 


OS   01 


to  tl 

th 


10 


On  the  morning  of  the  ISth  Hidalgo  led  his  forces, 
iii»w  counted  by  tens  of  thousands,  out  of  San  Mi'j;'uel, 


iter  1 


lavuiLi"  ai)!)roi) 


ppro^ 


iriated   what  money  there  was  in 

1  cap- 


t'li'  treasury,  and  some  belonging  to  the  Spaiiisl 
ti\i's.'"     ]\Iarchin'>'  throui>'h  the  towns  of  iSaii 

''/,;■'((,/;,  Jilh:  y  Ri'rfijir.,  (J" 


J 


1 

uau 


'"  I  ill-  nllllT  lllcnil)i 

ML'aL'l   VaUo.ji.,  iJo.iii 
ti'iu  of  till 


rs  Wire,  I'ailro  flannel  C;istill)lanquc,  F'Vlipo  Oonz.iluz, 


uiLfo  liiz.iu'a,  am 


1  V 


ana  and  of  the  loliat'co  n 


tmi  ill'  Lartienili),  and  t'lat  of  tlio  )) 


.iUk 


ito  Ui 

>i"'iy 


Til. 


10  adniinistra- 


v'ivi'M  to  Ant< 
i^ro  llcbel 


/(/.,  (is 


.1/, 


J-l/' 


■i  liLV.,   •J.Z. 


Mariano  Jlidal 'o,  biolhcr  of  tliu  cura,  \va.j 


124 


ori:xi\f;  of  tiif-  war  of  indkpkxdenx'E. 


(1e  la  V('<Tfa  and  Chainacuoro/''*  lie  moved  toward  Ce- 
laya,  and  a[)j)roa('l)ed  the  town  on  t'u;  evenin<.^  of  the 
I'Jtli.  Tile  officers  in  eonnnand  of  tlie  troops  stationed 
tlieie,  deeming  resistance  useless,  retired  at  ni^lit  with 
some  C(nnpanions  of  the  provincial  re^'iment  to  Qui'- 
retaro,  accompanied  by  the  European  resi<,lents.  On 
the  nio'ht  of  the  l!)th,  Hidaljj^o  and  Allendc  conjointly 
addressed  a  letter  to  the  ayuntamiento,  summonini;' 
the  town  to  surrender,  and  threatening  to  i)ut  to  deatli 


'''  UUdi.a"'     ^  y^ 


Sol      *>       t\     r  Vs-^      '■•A.'^ 


-J  •    ..X.,     %'  ^  l*™r        '<Z\ir. 


S.    I.  r  18      P  «  T  O  S  I 

lis  de  la  ray^    ^  Ifx^ 

..-'  ■'-'V  /sTRfii*nillera     / 


tpatilluii 


14 


■-.,   Jalpa/ 


,sv' 


:it..Rui>ii 


i^n^nillera 
^fti^'  Casas  VKjaa 


Silaol^    XW^'-'^^^Vo" 


Ira| 


I  X    lii  PitilaJ  \  ^^      2^    G  UW  N  A  J  I 


Nstoa 


'y*-*  ^^  naravattlloa    (' 

oS.Mip,,!  f\  Orandu  lYiimanejo 


'\\('  ^-<^jo  lis  Agua  S^      1?         ^ 


S.A' 


1^  Chauiat:uuru   ft^**iL 
?lDio  "^ , 


"^.Jlian  de  la  V 


ot 


_X'^"QUERETAHO 
Kstaucia 
— (.Tpi*    'V      -  ^  ^S.jiandelKlo 


''••lava 


fo     -J 


Baton 


/..;. 


So5'"^ 


w  Vall.J 


jitiu^u 


ZAMOtM_. 


SalvatlciTa 


y*Coroneo    Amealco 


Y,.ri  iaimnii/iii?;'W       \*v  l'a«#uaro '^  ^MoHnos  de  Caballe 

ijo^jArambaro 
_-^_    .-    J — ^^i     ,      "s.lsid 


PliltVINCE  OF  GDANAJIATO. 


their  prisoners  to  the  number  of  sev^enty-eight  if  o})- 
positioii  was  oft'ered, 


07 


iippr."'"utc(l  treasurer.  One  iloUar  a  day  was  paid  a  cavalrvnuui  and  half  that 
S'.iiii  to  a  fnot-s(p|(licr.    Afamaii,  ///.<  Mr}.,  i.  381. 

''''  At  this  last  |)kue  ho  made  captive  the  ciira,  who  was  a  European.  Cc:. 
ilv  M,:,:,  IS  10,  811. 

•■'"Tlie  captive  Spaniards  had  heen  hroiiaht  with  them,  siu rounded  by  tlie 
dragoons  of  tlie  (lueeiTs  re^imeiit.  The  following  is  a  translation  of  the  dn.  - 
unient,  a  copy  of  vliieli  is  to  be  found  in  Ahnmni,  Hi<t.  M<J.,  i.  app.  oO  I; 
'  We  liavi'  appidaehed  this  city  with  the  ubjict  of  securing  the  persons  of  ::'.\ 
t'.ie  JMiroiicaii  Spaniards.  If  tlii'V  surrender  at  discretion,  tin  ir  iiiisons  wi  1 
be  treated  with  humanity;  but  if  on  the  contrary  resislauco  shouKl  tie  mad  , 


ENTRY  IXTCl  CELAYA. 


123 


Aniealco 
J  Molinos  lie  Caballero 


111  ivnil  half  tliat 
Eur(i]iLiui.    6'":. 


A  ni.Mii  is  nuvrr  so  old  as  to  cease  to  be  an  eniLijiiia 
111  liimseir,  ])rovi(le(l  lie  coiitiiiucs  to  ])laoe  liiiiiself  in 
iiiw  jind  untried  lields,  and  lias  sense  and  patience 
(•ii(iii'4]i  lully  and  i'airly  to  i-egai'd  hiniseli'.  The  bur- 
glar (joes  not  know  how  he  would  behave  as  a  baidcei'; 
^  thi'  merchant  does  n(jt  know  what  his  price  would  bo 
were  he  a  politician.  Ho  the  lately  humane  man  may 
iHTdUie  a  bloodY  fanatic,  and  the  soft  radiance  of  char- 
i(v  iiiitv  make  tender  the  heart  of  the  cruel,  Men 
jiriilc  themselves  upon  their  character  as  somethiiiiL? 
adauumtine,  when  all  the  time  it  may  be  but  l>utty, 
never  having  been  tiied;  were  it  so,  it  would  cliange 
111  white  or  i)lack  twenty  times  under  as  many  and 
Weighty  iniluences. 

The  man  of  Ood  behaves  badly  in  the  livery  of  the 

devil.     J le   behaves  worse   than  the  devil.      War  is 

Satan's  en^dnerv,  and   he  is  the  onlv  one  worthy  to 

■nipl(»y  it,  the  onl}' one  who  seems  to  win  at  it.     Ood 


1i'''l)ts  his  enemies,  we  are  told,  and  vet  his  enemies 
e\frywhere  abound;  he  does  not  wholly  ovei-come 
tljeiii.  Till'  sterner  (pialities  of  the  soldier,  resolved 
til  win  at  all  cost,  were-  bi'ing  develo[)ed  in  the  parish 
jiriest  of  Dolores.  Ha[)|iily  for  these  unfortunate 
S|iaiiiartls,  no  event  occurred  to  cause  the  leaders  to 
put  tlieir  dreadful  threat  in  execution.  A  copy  of  the 
(ies|iateh  v.'as  sent  by  the  a3'untamiento  three  hours 
alter  niidniu'ht  on  the  20th  to  the  municipalitv  of 
(^Hieretar-o,  and  on  the  same  day  Hidalgo  was  iidoi'med 
that  no  resistance  would  be  offered  to  his  entrance. 
On  the  "Jlst  the  insui'ii'ents  marched  into  the  citv. 
At  the  entrance  of  the  plaza  a  spectator  had  stationed 
liiniself  on  a  house-to[»  to  witness  the  marshalling  of 


II 


itl 


i:>  inotlev  armv, 


Tl 


le  man  w 


as  shot  dead;*''  and  a> 


iuiil  tliL'  iinli'i-  tl)  lli'o  upon  lis  be  given,  thoy  will  lie  trwitod  with  ii  cori'i'sjionil- 
iii;,' ligcir.  May  <!iiil  jirotoct  yonr  lionnrs  in:iny  yi'iirs.  Field  of  liatile,  Sep- 
lomliJr  I!).  ISii).  Miyjuel  Hidai^.'o,  IgiiauioAliomlc.  P.  S.  Tlienicinienttliat 
t':(Mii(lir  is  given  to  open  lii'c  npon  our  trodjis,  tlie  peventy-eiijiiit  J'^uicjpeans 
V,  hum  \vu  lave  ill  our  power  will  he  bchcaileil.  lliilalgn,  Allemle.  Srea.  del 
.VyiiiitMiiiienti)  de  (''elaya. ' 

'- Alaiiiaii  folates  that  he  was  the  coaehman  of  Maiinel  Tiomez  Eiiiares,  and 
(imii  *  Aha.-.ulL>"ri  bla.eiiiciit  iluriir'  his  tii.,1  that  tho  iiuin  fir.-it  lired  at  the  iu- 


120 


oi'i:xiX(:  OF  the  wa«  of  iXDEp::x:)T:xcr':. 


li'  the  ivport  of  this  imirdei'ous  <^iiu  wcvc  the  pivcoii- 
ct'i'tc'd  si;L,nial  lor  onshuiglit,  the  woi'k  of  \  iolunco  be- 
wail/'' Jitiuod  Ijy  the  populace,  the  insurgents  rushed 
in  excited  hands  through  the  city,  and  eitdeni^  the 
liouses  (»f  the  J']uroi)eans  were  hroi^en  into,  their  I'ur- 
niture  battered  to  [)iei'es  and  cast  into  the  streets, 
and  ever}"  article  of  clothinpf,  of  common  i'e(j[uirement, 
or  of  use  in  \\:\v,  was  carried  oil",  and  the  rest  was 
v/antonly  destroyed.  Ag'ain  rcnionstrances  were  laid 
belbi-e  Hidalgo;  but  he  maintained  his  previous  views 
that  numbers  v/ould  insure  success,  and  that  a  svs- 
tern  of  plunder  would  both  weaken  their  foes  and  at- 
tract jiai'tisans  to  their  own  cause.'" 

In  taking  this  ground  Hidalgo,  as  patriot  and  rev- 
olutionist— for  he  was  both — has  been  severely  ce:;- 
.■■urcd.  JJut  there  is  much  to  be  said  in  extenuation. 
Hidalgo  claimed  that  the  Indians  had  been  wrong- 
I'ully  dispossessed  of  their  lands,  property,  and  right-i 
in  the  ilrst  instance?,  and  conserjuently  the  wetdtli  th  j 
Sjianiards  and  tlieir  descendants  had  thereby  accpiire  1 
was  not  theirs,  but  belonged  to  the  aboriginal  occu- 
p.ants  of  the  soil  and  their  descendants.  Hobberv 
and  murder  had  been  emjJoyed  by  the  Spaniards  i,i 
wresting  the  countr}'  from  the  Jndituis,  and  thi  y 
would  adopt  the  same  measures  to  win  it  back.  Fui'- 
tlier  than  this,  he  argued,  it  was  jns  onlv  resovnvc 
lie  had  but  few  trained  soldiers,  and  he  had  no  money 
to  pay  these  except  what  he  could  take  from  the  en- 
emy. If  war  is  ever  justifiable,  this  one  was;  theio 
is  no  more  sacred  cause  man  can  fight  Ibr  tlian  jxr- 
sonal  and  political  independence.  If  it  is  right  li 
wage  war  and  aft'.'rward  force  the  Losing  side  to  })ay 
the  cost  of  all,  as  the  groat  nations  of  the  earth  seeii 
agreed,  it  is  equally  right  to  n)b  and  [>lunder  as  hoslil- 


surgpnt  troops,  fd.,  .3^4.  This  incident  is  not  nccoptcil  Ly  sonic  autlic  s. 
Kf.'ifi'tc,  Mcx.  Shjlo  XIX.,  ii.  "24. 

^"Moiu  8;i}'s:  'La  SLUiil  (le  poaesion  que  so  dic>  nl  vecimlario  fno  una  il  - 
carga  general  tic  todas  las  annas  tlo  fuego  verifK'ada  en  la  plaza,  y  (jiie  fii.  1 
torpic  do  Ham  imiento  para  el  destro/.o  y  el  saqueo.'  Jfcc.  ;/  /mn  Iter.,  iv.  '.  i. 

''^ ZamucoU,  IJist.  M(j.,  vi.  -JSS;  J krnaiuhz  y  Ddvaloi,  Vol.  Doc,  i.  llj. 


CAITAIN-GEXERAL  OF  AME^HCA. 


the  jirocon- 
,  ii)l(.iice  1)0- 
onts  rusliL'd 
•rrli)iii>'  tlu' 
),  tlu'ir  IVir- 
tlio  stivets, 
L'Ciuirt'iiR'iit, 
u;   rest  ^v:l^ 

L'S   \\\'iO.  hii.l 

ivious  views 

that  a  svs- 

toes  and  iit- 

i()t  and  rev- 
cverely  ee;i- 
L'xtenuation, 
jeell  Wion;.;- 
•,  au<l  li'^lil  s 
J  Y/ealtirtlii 

•liv  a('(iuir>'  I 

lo'inai  occu- 
i.  ll()l)l)erv 
•^j)aiiiards  ia 

,  and    tb<y 
ck.      Fur- 

ly  resoiirv';". 
ad  no  money 

i'om  the  en- 
was;  thero 

ii'  than  iiei- 
is  ri^'ht  I'l 

side  to  pay 
earth  seeia 

er  as  hoslil- 

ly  sonic  authc's. 

irio  fill'  una  il   •• 
lii/.a,  y  (juu  t'li  ■    1 
1/  .<//,-(  Hi  r.,  iv.  ■-  i. 
oL  Dui:.,  i.  10. 


i'lies  jiroc'oed.  AH  war  is  murder  and  rohher}';  it  is 
ia  order  to  murder  and  I'ob  each  otiier  tliat  men  go 
t  I  wai-.  I  do  not  attempt  to  justify  this  course;  I 
(lulv  say  that  sucli  wcvv.  the  oi^iuion  and  custom,  to  a 
oieat  extent,  in  ]\[exico  at  this  time,  and  were  held 
;ind  jiractisecl  alike  by  both  sides  throughout  the  war 
1'  ir  iadej)endenc(\ 

iM'ibre  ilidalgo's  entrance  into  Colaya  his  iollow- 
I  i>,  who  now  amounted  to  iifty  thousand,  proclaimed 
liliii  (  ajitain-general  of  Ami;rica,'^  and  he  had  con- 
lei  red  tlie  raidv  of  lieutenant-general  on  Allende,  and 
c:ine.-p')nding  grades  on  Aldama,  Abasolo,'and  other 
jeadei's.  ]  [ere  also  he  was  Joined  by  Ca|)tain  Arias, 
wlmni  the  reader  has  lately  seen  playing  the  role  of  in- 
I'-niier,  wliile  cautiously  scheming  for  his  self-protec- 
tion.'^ 

The  rci'ognition  of  Hidalgo's  rank  and  authority  by 
the  avuntamiento  mii'iit  be  benehcial;  he  theref'M-e 
called  a  session  of  its  members  and  the  principal  citi- 
zens on  the  2'2d.  Oidv  two  rcgidores  iiresented 
tlieuiselves,  the  rest,  being  Europeans,  having  lied  to 
()ueretaro,  whereupon  the  captain-general  a[)[)ointed 
others  to  the  vacant  oiHces,  nominating  Carlos  Oamar- 
go  sulnlelegado."*    The  new  municipality  acknowledged 

'■  III.,  ii.  1(17,  100.  See  his  summons  to  siiiTcndcr,  addressed  to  the  inteii- 
(leiitiMjf  (luMiiajuuto,  in  A/niihui,  ut  «up.,  4l?l.  Mora  cniiiinont-i  cm  tlic  ii!)- 
.si;nlity  ni  liiis  title.  'J'ruo,  it  smacka  s:inio\vlKit  of  worldly  vanity;  Imt  aft;T 
Jill,  1  do  not  .see  \vliy  it  ii  U'lt  a.s  ,i,'()otl  as  aiiolIuT.  Mi.v.  ;/  ■■■>(<  Hoc,  iv.  '27. 
Tu  o  eoiiijiaiiii.'.s  of  the  (Jelaya  regiment,  wliieli  had  failed  to  uniic  with  tlie 
li'Dopii  that  fetired  to  Quefetaro,  joined  the  iiijurgents. 

'-' .Nhiriaiio  AI>aso!o  was  at  thi^j  time  '1~  yraf.s  of  ai,'e.  He  was  a  native  ul 
I'olores,  and  the  .son  of  a  wealthy  Spaniard  wh<j  left  him  a  hiv^o  forte ii', 
\v!iicli  was  .still  furtlier  iiiereased  liy  marriage  with  the  heiress  I'oua  Mi',;i,i 
Mamu'la  'l'al)o-ida.  At  his  trial,  .some  luonths  later,  he  deposud  that  he  had  n  't 
been  ennneeted  with  the  revolt  ]ii\'vions  to  the  grito  de  Dolores.  The  in:!. l- 
eiiee  of  lliilal;,'o,  and  hi.s  frieudshii)  for  Allemle,  jieiii,;^  a  eaptaiu  in  tiio  Kai.i  : 
ii'L'iincnt  with  him,  appear  to  have  iiidneed  him  to  join  llieir  eause.  His  .'^r- 
jii'aiit,  .lose  Antonio  Martinez,  afterward  exeeiitcd  in  Mexieo,  decland  tli  it 
Ahasol )  coniiiianded  him  to  deliver  up  to  Hidalgo  the  arms  in  the  harraelvS 
at  San  Mi;j;utd.  Aliniiaii,  Ili^t.  Mij.,  i.  3o(J-7;  Dice.  Unii:  lli^t.,  i.  Vl-\?,. 

'■'Alaiiian  states  that  Arias  was  always  regarded  with  siispieioii  liy  the  iii- 
.siu-fient  leaders,  while  Zamaeois  allirnis  that  he  wasreeeive  1  liy  llidal;j;o  Mi.'.i 
di!i;;ht,  and  repudiates  the  charge  hrought  against  Arias  of  having  given  i.i- 
forination  ahoiit  the  revolt.  lliM.  Mij.,  vi.  •2'.)2. 

''(."ainargo  did  not  .sympathize  with  the  iiinvomeiit;  and  hi;  advised  the 
viceroy  of  the  circumstances,  protesting  his  lidclity.     Veujgas  ordered  lain  Lo 


1 23 


OI'KXIXO  OK  TWA  WAIl  OI''  iXD.'lI'JlXDr.XCi:. 


till-  authority  of  Hidalgo,' "'  wlio,  liaviiiL;-  llius  arrani^-cd 
matters  in  (V'laya,  and  trariii;;"  that  QiU'rc'taro  \\a:>  t'») 
well  dctbiidcd  to  ho  s'R'cossl'ully  assailed  mnk-r  tli  ■ 
|truscnt  conchtioii  of  his  ti'oo|)s,  luarohod  <i!i  the  iiiorn- 
iiij^  of  tliu  23d  ill  the  dire(-tioii  of  (jriianajuato/^ 


was  iiiiiuiiito  with  Ciiuiaigo. 

'■'i>v•^  lli(ljilgi)'.s  \vUvv,  Doc.  ,'{,  in  l.h'fdin,  Ailir.  i/  /^  .■//>•■.•.,  ilJ.  Alan.m 
ciToniDUsly  states  that  the  iiiiiiiii'i[)alil,y  uuiii'onxd  tin;  laiik  of  oaptaiii-ueueral 
111)1)11  lli(lal'.;().  Licuaga  coii't^cts  tliis  iiii.stakc.  'l"ho  luiuiicipality  lia:l  u  » 
])o\vtr  to  ai)pi)iiit  military  ('(miuiaiKh'rs:  it  was  by  the  iin)cl:iiiiatioii  i»f  Lis 
tl'ooi)s  that  Jiiihilgo  was  inado  cai)Laiu-;,'(.in  ral. 

^'' Aihlitii)iial  autlioi'itics  consnltcil  Idi'  tlu'  i)rL'i'uiliiig  chapters  are:  DuAf't- 
-iimnli',  JJrjl'iisn,  27;  CukI.  //isf.,  i.  l-l  i,  X\,  and  iv.  40,  S7-11I,  l;{S-4iJ; 
i'aiiijiiui't-i  ill'  Cdl/iji'i,  1-8;  Miif/ifolii'/ii,  l;  M,iliiln-'  I'lt'-'iji'fi'-inn,  MS.,  ii. 
45-.")!!;  Ml  III.  pa.  hi  JJi-/.  Mix.,  MS.,  i.  47-!l:  Alinnnii,  I  Hit.  Mi}.,  i.,  |>as.~iiii; 
JjUi  rtii'-ioii,  iii.,  ap.  8(i-7;  Zamlu,  I'l  v.  .Mix.,  iiassiin;  Torn  ii/i-.  It.  JH-i/i.-Ani., 
i.  r)S-(i4;  Ziri'iTro,  llii\  Mix.,  passim;  lli  riKinib  z  ij  ])iiiiilij<.  Col.  Uor.,  i., 
passim;  also  ii.  .")-4'J,  ami  v.  dO-I},  .s;>7-:iS,  S.'i.'J-liO;  Caureliula,  !'<  r'luil  .•sii'i'rhi^ 
passim;  ('oinliuia  Jliirriij'irrti/,  '21-\',i'>;  Til.  Mix.,  413-'J0;  Unina  ilf.  hi  S. 
I'Jsiiiiii.,  jiassim;  (laz.  Mix.,  xi.-xvi.,  ]iassiin;  hiar.  Mix.,  i.  IM-"_';  iv.  •>">;  al.-i^ 
V.  14!t,  .").•!.■{;  vi.~ix.,  passim;  xi.   ll'.)--_'(»,  .'U),  ami  xii.   IS.VIt,  -JHl;  Cnliihin'i, 


(Jui-ijio,  ('n.'ioii.  J'eiiiliii.,  passim;  Col.  AWri/oi,  70-i;}l;  Lii/i,  l!ii'>ii'irioii,'l\: 
Ji'ev.  Vrrilnit  Orli/.,  no.  i.  ()7-S4;  no.  ii.,  passim;  L'lznna  ;/  lliinnitont,  CrrK 
Paxt.,  pa.ssin  ;  I'rwit,  J/isf.  Ihvul.  K>:/iaii.,  41)  1;  I'n  ti:ii.s/ii>ii.i  Anijlo-Ainfr.,  •_'; 


I' 
^oncijit, 

Viriij,  no 


ii,ilicar/o)l,   passim;    UrruHn  Jmuho,    I'ohi,   passim;   Uf/ir' «■»'-  I'i 
i.  li;  no.  ii.  o-S;  FruM,  I'hI.  Jl'ixt.   Mix.,  I4!»;  Iiidii-ful,):  iii.  '2rl\- 


i.  •J7'>-1;  /'"'.  -V.  Esjtann,  passim;  I'arz,  /'ror/innn,  passim;  < Pr'r.rirn,  Oriirr., 
M.S.,  l-;{;  M'ii-liih'ii:t,  lidw'inii,  ii.  7;  Miu'lhuz,  llir.  Mix.,  i.  "Jl.")  17;  M'ljr'.iK, 
Exjihirit'iwi  ill',  i'Ori'ijoii,  i.  1-158;  Moih  ni  Trin  !■■<,  Mix.  anil.  C  I'O.,  i.  l(t|-'J; 
Li:rilo  ilr  Ti'jiiihi,  Apiuit.  I  list.,  no.  v.  .'UiJ-l;  L  is  <  'hi^rs  Pro  I.  (Juinln'nj  .  S.j  ■ 


Di-mor.  /'ir'rir,  i.  "JOS-'J;  Urtiiiai-oin,  J/i-if.  Mix.,  vi.,  passim;  viii.  app.  7'''. 
7(1S-!);  ix.  Sli4-r);  x.  i:i.".')-84,  14-_'-_'-8;  xi.  i\V,);  i)iil,ltni  ij  Lozmio,  Li ij  M< x  , 
\.  .'}_'i)-7;  l)inTi-iioi>',  Frduz'i.  Iii!ervvn.  Mi.v.,  18-'_'l;  Doiiiinivh.  IP---'.  Mfx.,\. 
;il-_>-5;$;  ii.  \\  VI;  J)/.i/io4c.  Vartns,  i.  i;j');  X'llL  Dun.  Quur'.  Jluri'tr,  ]bi}>, 
2:V2-:i;  Pin:  Piih:  1PM.  O'ln;/.,  x.  oOl',  !)()!}-1  I ;  app.  i.  10:5-.">:  f'aro,  Tr  ^ 
S'njlos,  viii.  •J-2")-(i4,  -21)8;  Comln;  Mr. v.  cfid  Cvn'.  1(X)-1;  lirlt.  ijonrt.  /.'>• 
view,  vii.  24"J-8;  llmncij'ortc,  fiislnirrioii,  MS.,  passim;  Atnhjo  iM  Pui-b.,  ii.. 


us  arranj^C'il 
MVi)  \va.>  too 
uii(hr  til  • 
•I  the  iiioMi- 
ato."" 


I'lit.     'llic  insur- 

)ii  u.mI  a.'iitii.i  '1 
L'i'U'/a,  Ail'c  •! 
!)'.•*  faiiiiiy.  '.vhii-ii 

•.,  -IVl.  Alan,.-i-i 
t  Lajitaiii-uenei;.  1 
L'ipaiity  liasl  n  > 
claiuation  of  li:-! 

Dters  are:  Dn^i'i- 
ST-Ill,  |;{s-}!i: 
i'-arioii,  MS.,  ii. 
M'J.,  i..  ]ia*>iiii; 
'-,  A'.  IIl^/i.-Aiii.. 
'o<,  Cof.  Dor.,  i., 
l'<  I'llml  Snhhin, 
Riiuifx  lip.  In  S . 
M-1;  iv.  <j5;  ii!-  > 
,  IV.y,  L'r.l.ih,,:.. 
h.r.  Az/.,  i.  I_'7- 
7;  AVr.  ,V.  A',-. 
JVxi  d^.fl'ia  t'lj-i 
•r  'jfti-'.iif,  jKiisiiii; 
,  U'jii.f'irioii,  "J!: 
lii'iiiinoi't.  ('•■r'. 
A^i'llo-Ainfr,,  ■_'; 
11 ;  liciifcuni .  id 
Ui'ftil.r,  iii.  -J-Ji- 
T^siiii;  I'l  r,i-iuih-., 
jia.ssiiii:  L-'i'-i"', 
.  vi.  3:{7-'^:"«'.'  ■ 
,  pas>iin;  /'ri  ■'• 

Kill  IIK'lif,     J  (i"'(  -. 

Ori'.ar'i,  Orvrr., 

■_'|.-,    17;    J/-//-,.. 

ri  in'.,  i.  |(tl-J: 
Oii'iilii'''j  .  ^>\  I. 
):J:  J/o;.  J/',",/., 
"Cvi.  .t',j7f',  Arf'  • 
t,  E^mi  /v..  i:. 
i..iJo.  7t>,  94V"; 
-r,n;  XV.  1(51  -.': 
i;  viii.  app.  7'''. 
:inio,  Li  1/  .!/■ ,  . 
h.  //v.  JA..-.,  .. 
■'.  Uirhw,  1m;'», 
)."5-.">:  I'avo,  Tf  i 
'!rif.  Oiirirt.  l:<- 
jo  ihl  Pu<-h.,  ii., 


AUTHORITIRS. 


129 


ti'i. 


.  '20(W2l,  Cnn--,";  110.  8,  23r>-r).".;  ,|y(»«/v  Covrirnfo,  lSOO-7,  013-2(5;  /f/rr/- 
/■((y^,  ii.  .->■*! i-li'.t,-|,  7!1S-S()4;  xii.  l-:?-J7,  SSS-J.-rj;  Anur.  Ih'iihUr,  i.  71-3; 
ii.  7!l-.s;;;  /;;/).  Mix.  Tm/.,  i.  49(1;  lipnllin-h,  M,x.,  i.  xx.-.wxv. ;  Ca>i,/,iflo, 
M<i,i[iiido,  7;  Citrliro,  /'roiluiiid,  pnssiiii;  C/irni/in;  Erjui/,  .l/c.f.,  4-5,  17-40; 
.M.  r,ipi(',  ,S;!!-iS;  l'/i(ifi-mi!,iiaiiil,  t'diiiji-i .^s  i/f  \\r.,  ii.  •j;{0-4M;  ('nmon.  Slut'- 
/.'■'jllcr;  Ci'lv,  Aiiimh-.i  Ili4.,  vi.  ll-:{4;  Yin-ntdii,  JJlrriun.  J/is/..  i.  2!)."; 
)  '/.;/,  //'■-'.  Mix.,  7.'{;  ]\'<t//oil'/i  Kx-iiom;  iil-p.  7-10;  IIV«/-«/,  J/.r.,  vi.  l.">,'>-(i; 
\',,:uri'~nin,  i.  70-7;  Sitiinz  y  X'lvnrm,  J/i.f.  ihj.,  ;t;  Strir/.rr,  Jlihlhilhih, 
\V\-W\SqHki;  Trnrels  ('.  A.,  ii.  ;i71-.');  Sur.  Mix:  '/<";/.,  ii.  Ol'  7,  HCid  7.');  ,SV(/o, 
y>.'/-.  ';//'•.,:>:  ,SV-«,  Ki.Urop.  Mix.,  212;  Jrinra,  </«/»'.,  i.  I27-.S;  //;.>/'.  Juln/jii] 
i,  I'.iS  2(iS;  l!ii-iil<t,  J)irr.  Uiiiri'i:,  v.  42!);  Mdi/n;  .MS.,  no.  II,  jia.ssim; 
V  •'/■/■/.  /.'</•;,»•,  vii.  248-0,  2.")7:  x\  ii.  r.:!0-40;  xxx.  171-2;  /'orti/h,  K.sj,;„apn 
.I/...'.,  117-O.S;  l'}h',  L'.c/Jor.  Ti(tri/<,  ;i70-i,  .SSO-KiO;  I'hib  rtmi.  Moil.  <;ro,t., 
iii.  I,')|l-(l(l,  174-0;  <>iiinoi)i'-<,  Ihn'Tiin-'mti,  ]iassim;  I'ulii/ox,  Itiirriijnrnij,  21-2; 
Ciii.i/.iHo,  K.ilioi-livioii,  passim;  'J'd/iiri,  A'.c/wrfiirioii,'  ])as3iiu;  J'lnz,  Orw. 
fiiiiih.,  iiiis.  ii.  and  iii.,  passim;  liohi  r.'m)i,  Jli in'inisri'nct s,  1-4,');  Ji'ol,ini:vi, 
.i/..-.,  11-20;  Iliiri-'[i„r(t;i.  i.  18-20;  lliv.  ifi-.n  Deux  Mondes,  1S(J2,  510-32; 
(inbnisCoroii'i,  .MS.,  iii.  141,  ITw;  v.  CO,  128. 
Uisi.  Hex.,  Vol.  IV.    9 


CHAPTER  VI. 


THE  ALIIUXDIGA  OF  GUANAJUATO  TAKEX  BY  STOUM. 

ISIO. 

Local  IIistohv  of  rir'ANA.ji'ATo — .\i,ai:m  in'  tiik  City— Defknsive  Meas- 
iiii'.s  di'  1nti;m>i;ntk  ]Jianu — Tiik  Ai,ji6.m>1(;a  dk  (iuANAMTAs— An  Jn- 
tki:f.stin(;  MANrscitii-r— HiaSo  Kktikks  to  tiif.  ALiio.vuiaA— IIidai.ch 

Sf.M.MiiNS  lilA.Ni)  Tit  SlllKF,NliEU— 'I'm-;  AXTAfK— A  MlKDEIHHS  C"<>NTi:.M' 
—  IvlANii"s  DkaIJI       Ills    1)I(U;UA1M1Y  — CdNFISIUN    in    THK    AlIIONllIHA  — 

'J'liF.  l>\i;ui(Aiii;s  Won  1!V   tiik  iNsriniKSTS — 'J'iiky  (Iain   Kntiianck-- 
15i'.i;/\i;ai,'s  I''ai.i. — lli.s  l>i()<;KAriiv — NtjiiiEU  of  the  Killed — Acts  hf 

IIeKOIS.M  — I'lLLAUE  ANlJ   DEVASTATION. 


Ti[E  i^rovinco  of  Guannjnato  was  tlic  tlioatro  of 
the  first  ti'aLjic  ovuiits  of  the  revolution,  and  no  city 
ill  the  kingdom  of  Xow  Spain  sutt'crcJ  more  criu.Hy 
in  loss  of  life  and  ruin  of  jn-osperity  than  its  eapit.il, 
Santa  F6  de  Guanajuato,  ircjni  which  the  province 
derived  its  nanu\^  -Vt  the  time  of  the  con([Uest  this 
tei'ritory  was  inhahited  hy  barbarous  tribes  living'  (»ii 
the  pro(hice  of  the  chase,  and  tiie  tirst  S'paniai'ds  who 
])enetrated  it  were  the  conquerors  of  Acandjaro,  in 
which  exploits  joined  the  cacicpie  of  Jilote})ec,  Nico- 
Itis  Montahez  ile  San  Luis,  a  near  relative  of  ]Mon- 
tezunia.  l\i  la^l)  these  adwnturers  ai)i)ortit)ned  out 
amouL?  themselves  the  districts  of  Acambaro,  Jeie- 
cuaro,  and  Coroneo.^ 

'  The  word  is  of  Tiirascaii  oripin,  and  coiTupted  from  Qiianashuato,  mean- 
in};  rfrm  ilc  rttiirti<,  or  frouhill,  a  iiiiinc  <;i\\'U  to  the;  sito,  liccaiisu  of  Ji  ro.k 
sliiipcd  like  11  fi'og  wliicli  was  au  olijcct  of  worsliip  to  tlio  natives.  J/('(//»", 
C/iroii.  (Ic  iS.  J)')<<io,  2.")7-S.  '''he  capital  at  an  early  date  was  known  liy  tiu) 
fcinglo  appellation  of  Oiianajuato. 

*'Segun  apaieee  de  la  rehicion  incTdita  escrita  por  Montafiez  que  copia  In- 
tegra el  P.  Fr.  I'ablodo  la  Coucepcion  Ueaumont  en  sn  iustoria  nianuscrita  '\<>. 
\a  provincia  de  Franciscanos  do  Michoucau,  que  existe  en  el  archivo  general.' 
lloiiiero,  Mich.,  IVJ-oO. 

(130) 


Y  STORM. 


3FE.SS)VE  MeAS- 
.MHTAS  — An  1n- 
;i)HiA— IIu>Ai.(;ii 
DEiiorsCiiNTKsr 
E  Aui6mh<;a— 

,IN    ESTIIANTF.— 

Billed— At  Ts  hk 


theatre  (^f 
and  no  city 
loro  rnu'lly 

its  capitiil, 
lio  |)rc)viiici' 
•U(|ucst  this 

s  livinu;  oil 
auiards  wlin 
cauibart),  in 

ej)oc',  Ni(*(i- 
vo  of  Mon- 

rtioned  out 

baro,  Jeic- 


mashuato,  mcnii- 
ircMUse  i)f  ii  I'lRrC 
latived.  Mi'dlii'i, 
IS  known  by  tho 

"luz  que  copia  i.i- 
i-iaiiianuscrita  'U: 
avchivo  genera!.' 

(130) 


GUANAJUATO  HISTOnV. 


181 


111  Ifi.".!  Xuuo  do  (iiizmaii  passed  throuuli  Pt'iijatno 
1(1  the  vieinity  of  the  site  <»t' (luaiiajiiato,  and  added 
thr  tciTitory  to  liis  coiKiuests.  l"\)i'  seventy  years  tlio 
( 'hichiiuees  dispnled  with  ])ersisleMt  hravery  tlieir 
ii'4h1  to  the  soil,  until  in  la'JH  peace  was  I'staMished 
hv  L'lithiLjo  del  Iiio,  who,  in  the  name  of  the  Uiiiii;'  of 
S|iiiii,  promised  to  supply  the  Indians  with  food  mid 
(•|ntirm<j:on  the  conditions  that  thov  should  tender  alle- 
oiiiiict- and  keep  in  siihjeclion  the  i-efractory.  At  the 
same  time  the  viceroy  caused  to  settle  there  some  Tlas- 
caUecs  and  Aztecs,  who  instructed  tin;  Chichimecs  in 
a^rlcultuial  and  mechanical  iii<lustries,  all  undi'r  the 
niiiilaiice  of  missionaries.  Theiirst  settlements  in  thi  i 
jii(>\ince  t_;rew  out  of  the  estahlishment  hy  A'ieeroy 
A'clasco  the  iirst,  of  the  presidios  at  the  places  iiow 
kiKtwn  as  San  bV'li[)e  and  San  ]\[i;j;'uel,  as  a  frontier 
|ii'(.tectiitn  a'^'ainst  the  Chichimecs;  Imt  on  the  diseox'- 
jiy  of  the  Guanajuato  mines,  as  narrated  in  a  previous 
xnlunie.^a  small  fort  was  erected  in  lao-l  on  the  site 
where  Marlil  stands,  and  was  called  a  real  dtj  minas. 
A  few  yeai's  later  another  real  de  minas''  was  estah- 
Ii>licd  at  'l.Y'[)etapa,  wliieh  is  the  name  of  (»iu,'  oftluj 
Wards  of  (luanaiuati)  citv.  I^'oi'  manv  vears  this  lat- 
tei-  settlement  was  a  place  of  little  iin])ortanee  an<l  few 
iiihahitants,  and  was  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  al- 
calde mayor  <.)f  Celaya.  At  the  ehjse  of  the  sixteenth 
(viitury  a  curacy  was  founded,  the  populaticju  at  that 
lime  heiiig"  about  four  thousand.  From  this  date,  ow- 
Iiil;'  to  the  richness  of  the  mines  in  the  vicinity,  the 
]i|Mspeiity  of  Guanajuato  increased  ra])idly,  and  in 
Iii7',)  the  kin<^  of  >S[)ain  i^ranted  it  the  title  of  villa  y 
real  do  minas  de  Santa  Fo  de  Guanajuato.^ 

^  ll'<t.  Mi'.r.,  iii.  HSS,  tliis  sorics. 

*lii  the  times  of  tliocoiKjUost,  the  site  on  which  .i  Spanish  army  ciieanipel 
v.ns  calk'il  'I'cal,'  anil  nut  nnlVequently  was  partially  f'irtili<->l.  Jlcal  ilo 
laia.is,  therefore,  nieauM  a  military  station  in  a  mining  district. 

Tlio  nanio  of  Santa  J"o  had  liL-en  f;iven  to  the  |)laee  in  l(i."iS  hy  the  oidur 
Aat.iuio  do  Lara  y  Mogrovejo,  who  had  lieen  commissioned  liy  Vicoroy  Alhur- 
<1U'  r(|iu!  to  preside  over  the  e'laboration  of  the  silver  accruint,'  to  the  crowii  in 
that  distriet.  Miilhid,  Ih.;  IJuitum,  Mich.,  l.")7.  '  Kile  reyut  le  privih-ge  roy.il 
ilu  villa  ill  lOl'J.'  JJumboldt,  Esuai  Pol.,  i.  '21'.    This  date  must  he  a  mi.sprint. 


132  TAKING  OF  THE  ALIlONDlGA  OF  GUAXAJUATO. 

From  Uiis  tiiiic  the  district  remained  under  the  rule 

of  the  ayuntaniiento  and 
subdele^'udos,  suhjoet  to 
the  audieneia  of  Mexieo, 
until  178(5,  Avhen  the  in- 
teiideneias  were  estab- 
lished," of  which  Guana- 
juato became  one  of  the 
])rinci])aL  In  the  mean 
time  tlie  town  had  been 
raised  in  1741  to  the  dig- 
nity of  cit}^,  an  appro- 
priate coat  of  arms  Ijcin;^^ 
i^rantcd  it/  At  the  open- 
in'4  of  the  nineteenth  cen- 
tury, the  progress  made 


bv    ( 


I    it.- 


Chat  of  Aiols  of  the  City  or  Gianajvato. 


y  (jruanajuato  un( 
prosj)erity  were  ahuo.st 
unprecedented. 
The  reader  will  be  able  to  form  .some  idea  of  the 
wealth  and  activity  of  the  district  at  the  time  wIhh 
the  revolution  broke  out  from  the  fact  that  in  the 
year  ISOO  th.  mines,  ineiuding  tliose  worked  and  tho>o 
eKhaustetl,  numbered  1,8  IG,  emjiloyiny;  1  IG  mills,  1,898 
arrastras,  and  oOG  establishments  for  tlie  elaboration 
of  the  metal.  '1  Jiere  were  crushed  daily  11,500  rpain- 
tales  of  ore,  and  i),000  operatives  employed.  At  this 
lime  the  po[)nlation  of  the  city,  inchulin[4'  those  oceu- 
]:ied  in  the  mines,  ^vas  GG, 000.  Xor  were  the  aix)'ieui- 
tui'al  industries  of  the  province,  whieh  embr;iccd  about 


1 ,750  s([uare 


leagues,  less  thrivinii';  the 


numei'ous  do]) 


idous  towns  were  smro'inded  by  rich  ])astures  and 
lands  covered  with,  maize  and  other  g'rain.  But  now, 
like  a^'ail  of  destruction,  war  falls  on  the  unha])p3'city, 
and  at  its  conclusion  the  population  has  diminishe 


(l   I: 
CoV 


■;ix  thousand  souls,  the  uniVequented  streets  are 

"('onsulfc  II'iKt.  Jfc.r.,  iii.  4r)'2.  this  scries. 

"  'I'lio  C(i;i|-,  (if  iifins  c'(iiisis!;<  <it'  ii  ili'aiicil  fcnialo  li'^iiro  liliiiilfohloil,  lidlilin^' 
in  her  ri'^hi,  hnim  .i  chalico,  and  t^iippurtiii^'  a  cross  -.vitli  her  li'ft  arm.  Tuo 
dosigu  id  syinlio'.iual  of  faith. 


JATO. 

(lor  the  rule 

Linioiito  uvid 

sul>joi't   to 

of  Mcxic-o, 

hull  the  in- 

,ei'o     cstab- 

lich  Giuiiiii- 

oiio  of  the 

I  the   menu 

II  luul  bcvu 
L  to  the  dii;- 
,  an  appro- 
'  arms  Lvin;^' 
Vt  the  opoii- 
etoenth  con- 
xvrcss  iiuulo 
ito  and  its 
,'cro  ahnost 
>d. 

idea  of  the 
tune  wli'U 
that  ill  tlio 
|L(l  and  tho->o 
mills,  l,S<);-i 
('lab'.'i'ntinu 
1,500  «iui!i- 

d.  At  tills 
those  occii- 

theaijfi-'^ii- 
jr;ic-cd  ahoiit 

UK'l'OUS  pcji- 

a^tiirus  ail  I 
But  now, 


iliajipy  city, 

uluisliL'd  lii 

;cts  are  con- 


11 


Ifnl.lod,  luil.lii:,' 
r  Irft  iinii.     'iuo 


TIDIXCS  OF  RHVOLUTIOX. 


isr? 


( iv(l  witli  grass,  and  the  abandoned  iiouscs  are  offered 

The  lirst  church  established  in  the  city  \v;is  tlie  edi- 
fice known  (o-dav^  as  the  chapel  of  the  colleu^e  of  La 
l^in'siiua  C'oncciicion,  and  in  it  llivera  ])laced  the  im- 
n'4-e  ol"  the  santisima  vi'rgen  in  1  .kIZ.  A  few  j'ears  later 
iuiiiilier  chapel  was  erected  near  by,  and  these  two 
liiildiiigs  were  used  as  hospitals,  the  lirst  one  for  tho 
Tiii.iscaiis  and  the  second  for  tlu.^  Otomis,  a  third 
being  built  ibr  the  l)ene!it  of  the  Mexican  settlers.  In 
l('.7l  was  commenced  the  jiarish  church,  which  was 
completed  and  dedicated  in  IGDO,  and  thither  was  con- 
vi'ved  in  the  same  year  the  inum'o  of  our  ladv  from 
the  church  of  the  hospital.  The  parish  church  of 
( biaiiajuato  is  one  of  the  finest  edilices  of  the  kind  in 
tlie  Mexican  republic.  The  ecclesiastical  government 
III"  the  province  is  under  the  bishopric  of  .A[ichoacaii. 
Ill  I  Gt!;]  Viceroy  Serda  and  Jjishop  Ramirez  del  I'rado 
granted  permission  to  found  the  Franciscan  convent 
et' San  Diego,  but  the  work  was  stopped  by  ordi-r  of 
tlie  council  of  the  Indies  in  the  following  ^  -.'ar,  because 
it  had  lieeii  begun  without  royal  license.  In  HW)7, 
hnwL'ver,  the  king's  permission  was  granted,  and  the 
(•'invent  was  erected  into  a  guardiani'a  in  IG71).  This 
church  and  convent  were  almost  destroved  by  the  in- 
undation  of  1780,  but  were  restored  by  the  coiido  do 
A  aleiiciana  and  some  nienib(!rs  ol'  the  brotherhood  of 
(.1  Cordon.'' 

On  the  18th  of  September,  Iiiteiidente  Iviano  rt^- 
ccived  intelligence  from  Iriarte  of  the  occurrences  in 
1  >nlni'cs  and  San  ^Ii<>-uel.  He  immediatelv  ()r(ler(>d 
the  call  to  arms  to  be  sounded,  believing  that  Hidalgo 
was  already   on    his    march   au'ainst    the    citv.      Th.e' 

'  After  the  imlepeinlcnco  Ouaiinjnnto  lyjtnin  riipiilly  .■ulvanci'd,  aiiil  in  I.S'J.l 
till'  lily  ii:ul  11  ii(i]inlatii)ii  uf  over  .'!:!, OIUI,  aeonrdiii:.'  to  the  census  talioii  liy  Uu! 
g'lveriior,  Carlos  Moutesdeoea.  ,Sur.  Mr.v.  (lifnj..  i>;.  !i;{. 

"Aeecnliiij,'  to  l''eniaiulo  Xavarroy  Xoriei;,i,  the  iii'-"nileneiaof  ( liianajiiatj 
ciiiiipiised  ill  KslO  tliree  eities,  four  villas,  ami  (>_'  towns,  the  total  pupulaiiou 
aiiiuuutiHo' to  070,000  souls.  *'oc-  ^Vft-'-  OVo^., '_'■' cp.,  \.  -"JO-1. 


134         TAKING  OF  THE  ALIl6XDIGA  OF  GUAXAJUATO. 

guards  aiul  l)attn]i()ii  of  provincial  iiifautrv  were  has- 
tily fbriued  into  line,  whilo  tlio  principal  citizens  and 
tho  coniniorclal  class,  hurriedly  seizing  their  weapons, 
rusluMl  witii  crov.cls  of  the  populace  to  tho  building's 
cS  the  intendencia.  All  was  confusion  and  terror; 
the  stores  were;  closed  and  house  doors  barred;  tlio 
j)]azas  were  descirted  by  the  hucksters;  frightened 
women  hurried  along  tho  thorouo-jifares  for  their 
lionies;  Avhilo  horsemen  at  full  speed  spread  wider  tho 
consternation  as  they  galloped  in  different  directions 
tin'ough  tlu;  streets  with  orders  from  headquarters.^" 
lliano  explained  to  tho  assembled  throng  the  cause  of 
the  alarm,  and  the  populace  expressed  a  desire  to  en- 
ii'age  the  enemy, '^  believinnc  that  the  insurrection  was 
a  demonstra.':ion  in  favor  of  the  French  z*'-^  At  two 
o'clock  in  the  ai'tornoon  the  intendentc  convoked  a 
junta  of  the  ayvuitami(mt(.»,  tlio  prelates  of  the  relig- 
ious orders,  an<l  \h('.  principal  citizens,  at  which  he 
expressed  his  ap|)re]jension  that  the  danger  was  great, 
l)ut  declared  that  he  was  determined  to  take  every 
defensive  measure  ]>ossil)le.^'' 

After  some  consultation  it  was  decided  to  defend 
tho  city,  and  (hiring  tlie  da}^  barricades  wore  thrown 
up  at  the  entrances  of  the  principal  streets.  Spaniards 
and  Americans — as  the  Creoles  and  Indians  are  now 
called" — were  assembled  in   arms,  and   outlviuL!:  de- 

^"  Ifcrmniifr::  )/  D:ira/o.'i,  On/.  Doc,  ii.  277. 

"  '  Jjos  ([lU'  seirun  cl  ^cuei-ul  outiisiasnio  si  eutvai-oii  cu  aquol  dia  hubicrau 
pornciilo  sill  iviUL'dii).'  JJiisfrnntiii/c  t'liad.  Ilisl.,  i,  'Si. 

'•  Liir/nia,  A'Hr.  y  /^i  rfijif'., 'J3~4. 

'■''I'lio  iiyiiutaniic^iiLo  ol'  (Juaiiajnato  in  Fcljruai'v  1811  states  to  the  vicemy 
that  scvt'i-al  of  its  mumhcrs  jiroposcd  to  I'iailo  that  liu  should  imnu'diatuly 
march  au'aiiist  llidalt^o  wich  tiic  provincial  Ijattalioa,  which  numliercd  nunc 
than  KK)  uien,  and  wiln  such  anncd  citizens  as  coidd  bo  mustered;  and  th:it 
liad  thisHieusuro  liocn  ailn|iti;d  (ho  revolution  would  have  licen  nipped  in  tho 
l)ud.  (liKiu.  I'lih.  Viihl.  Ai/inif.,  10-11.  ]Jnji;adicr  Mii^iiol  ('o-stiinsi),  thu  com- 
missioner  appointed  to  i-eport  on  the  matter,  ajiprovcd  of  IJiafio's  action  in 
refusing;  to  accede  to  tho  proposal,  hy  doin;^'  which  he  would  have  left  tlic 
capital  of  his  pi'ovinco  <lcfcnceless.  Id.,  71--.  Liceaga,  with  tedious  lcn[_,'th, 
also  suiiports  the  intemlente.  ^Ulic.  y  I'vdijir.,  71- "^'J.  Alanian,  on  tho  con- 
trary, considers  that  the  ])ro|)oscd  movement  wouhl  have  boon  tho  best  that 
could  1)0  adopted,  and  supplies  tho  additionnl  infiu'mation  that  Major  Uer- 
/lilial  was  one  of  those  who  proposed  it.   Il'txt.  Mfj.,  i.  407. 

"We  liav(!  hero  the  most  ])ropor  use,  except  fis  applied  to  the  alwrigiues, 
of  the  many-sided  and  generally  misappropriated  word  Americaus.    lu  treat- 


'ATO. 


ACTION  OF  RIA!sO. 


in.j 


1  were  lias- 
itizens  and 
ir  weapons, 
3  buildings 
ind  terror; 
)arred;  tli(^ 

frightened 
5  for  their 
d  wider  the 
,  directions 
dquarters.^" 
he  cause  of 
esire  to  en- 
rection  was 
-  At  two 
convoked  a 
f  the  relig- 
':  which  he 
■  was  great, 

take  every 

to  defend 
3re  thrown 

Spaniards 
IS  arc  now 
Litlving  de- 

icl  (lia  luibici'iui 


;s  to  tlio  >-ici'r>iy 
lUl  iimiii'diuti'ly 
numhiu'cil  moio 
ti'i'od;  ;iiiil  tluit 
'\\  nipped  ill  t'lo 

.st,lllSI»,  tllU  CI  111  I- 

iiiirio's  action  in 
(I  iiavu  left  1 1n; 
tcMJimts  lcii;;tli. 
mil,  on  the  con- 
en  tlio  liest  tli:it 
;liat  Major  Dcr- 

)  the  nlxM'lgines, 
leans.    lu  treat- 


tnilinients  posted  on  tlio  Santa  Rosa  and  Vilhdiiando 
lii'ihways  wliich  lead,  to  1>t)l()r(!S  and  San  Miguel. 
A  thiiil  body  of  troops  was  stationed  on  the  jMarfil 
road.  Squadrons  of  the  cavah-y  regiment  del  }*rin- 
rinc  wiire  ordered  in,  and  advice  asking  for  aid  sent 
to  Ih'igadier  Feliz  Calleja,  in  eonnnand  of  the  troops 
iit  San  Luis  Potosi.  On  the  following  morning  a 
i'.ilse  alarm  was  raised  that  the  enemy  was  approach- 
ing on  the  ]\Iartil  road;  and  the  tardiness  of  the 
inwtr  orders  to  assemble  for  defence  amounted  almost 
lo  indiiference — a  state  of  things  significant  of  im- 
pending misfortune.  For  six:  days  these  defensive 
iiuiHures  were  maintained,  and  still  no  enemy  ap- 
peared.'*' The  intendente  displayed  an  energy  and 
eiiihu'ance  which  only  the  conviction  of  his  [)erilous 
p(i-.ition  could  have  called  lorth;  but  day  by  day  ho 
liecame  more  certain  of  the  disaffected  inclination  of 
the  lower  classes.  "The  seeds  of  rebellion  spread," 
he  writes  to  Calleja  on  the  2Gth,  "security  and  confi- 
dence are  gone.  I  have  neither  rested  nor  undressed 
myseir  since  the  1 7th,  and  for  the  last  three  days 
have  not  slept  an  hour  at  a  time."  Indeed,  he  could 
no  longer  rely  rpon  the  fidelity  even  of  his  own 
troops.  The  responsibility  of  saving,  if  possible,  the 
royal  treasury  and  archives  increased  liiaho's  anxiety; 
find  deeming  his  present  arrangements  defective,  since 
lie  could  avail  himself  neitlier  of  the  barracks,  the 
]i!a/.a,  nor  any  of  the  churche.-s,  owing  in  part  to  the 
tliieatening  attitude  of  the  populace,'"  o!i  the  "J :3d  he 
decided  to  retire  to  the  alhondiga  de  gi'anaditas,  or 
government  <xraii''^ry — a  building  which  I'rom  its  si/e 
and  strength  would  afibrd  the  advantages  of  a  foriilica- 
llon. 

in,'  (if  the  aborigines  the  term  properly  fit  all  races  imli^'enous  to  America. 
Xc\t  it  may  ho  employed,  as  in  tlio  present  case,  to  designate  a  mixed  mass 
(ii  liiilians,  Creoles,  and  mestizos  as  distinguished  from  Kiiropenii  Sjianiards 
with  whom  tlioy  are  at  war.  But  when  we  coino  to  use  the  word  Americans 
as  o[ip(i3od  to  Canadians,  or  still  worse  as  in  California  to  Mexicans,  it  is 
ri'iliieed  to  an  ahsunlity. 

^''  If'  rsmiiihz  y  DdiHilos,  Col.  Doc,  ii.  277-8. 

"' '  Manifestandoso  eon  chistes  y  eon  burlas  coutrario  4  la  causa  do  gobicrno 
espuuul.'  Licewja,  Ailk.  y  Rectijic,  89. 


m 


136 


TAKING  OF  THE  ALIl6XDIGA  OP  GUANAJUATO. 


The  A]li6iidii,^a  do  Granaditas,  as  famous  in  tlio 
liistory  ol"  Mexico  as  is  the  IJaslile  in  that  of  Franco, 
had  boon  erected  by  lliano  for  the  purpose  of  storing- 
in  it  a  quantity  of  corn  sufficient  for  one  year's  con- 
sumption as  a  provision  against  faihire  of  the  crop. 
During  such  periods  of  scarcity  not  only  did  the  lower 
orders  sulfer,  but  the  mining  industry  was  seriously 
in  orrupted  through  want  of  food  lor  the  mulo-traius 
em])l()Vod  at  the  mines.  The  buildins;  was  boLjun  in 
January  1798,  and  finished  in  August  1809.  It  is  a 
massive  oblong  two-story  structure,  80  by  54  varas, 
and  cost  !?- 18,200.^"  The  exterior  is  void  of  ornament, 
and  its  lofty  solid  walls  pierced  by  windows  opening 
into  the  numerous  store-rooms  give  to  it  quite  a  I'oi- 
midablo  appearance.  In  the  interior  a  portico  of  two 
stories  surrounds  the  spacious  patio,  or  open  couit, 
the  lower  colunms  being  of  Tuscan  architecture,  and 
the  uj)per  ones,  between  which  a  balustrade  of  stone 
extends,  of  Doric.  Two  magnificent  ilights  of  stairs 
connect  the  stories,  which  consist  of  independent  btoro- 
rooms. 

On  the  northern  side  is  the  principal  gateway,  and 
another  o|)ens  at  tlio  eastern  <^nd  of  the  building, 
adorned  with  two  colunms  and  a  Tuscan  entablature. 
It  stands  at  the  south-western  entrance  of  the  city,  on 
a  rising  ground  which  terminates  the  height  called  tlu' 
cerro  del  Cuarto  by  which  it  is  dominated.     Stored 

^'Liceaga,  followed  by  Zaniacois,  here  falls  into  several  crrnrs;  but  I  am 
cniiblLMl  to  rectify  their  inistiilvcs  k'oin  the  original  Rtatemcnt  of  Marcli  ISli) 
))as!5ed  )jy  the  intcnilento  and  andioncia.  This  dociuuent,  which  i.s  in  my  j)i's- 
Kc^sion,  i.s  inirticidurly  intereisting  as  bearing  the  autograpli  .sigualnri'  of  the 
unfiirtiinato  lliaiio,  as  well  as  those  of  the  uiendjers  of  the  aynntaniiento:i  fur 
lSOi)and  ISli).  Aniung  these  I  niayniention  Maranon,  Septieni,  .lose  Igiiaiio 
Koelia,  Martin  Coronel,  and  (iiuori,  all  of  whom  signed  the  Pi'ildi-a  Viirii'-n- 
cio'i  (hi  J/iislrc  Aiiiiiituuih'tili)  lie  Simla  Fe  lie  li'iiaiinjiuilo  JitslUifdmhi  sn  ( 'uu- 
ducta  Moral  y  Puhlicu,  a  representation  addressed  to  the  viceroy  in  Janur.iy, 
1811,  relativo  to  tlio  oceiu'rences  at  Ciiianajuato,  and  printed  by  pernii.-'ni' ii 
the  same  yiar.  The  inteiidente".s  and  above  mentioned  names,  with  the  e\- 
ce])tion  of  (iinori's,  appear  twice.  'J"he  building  acc')nnts  oceu]iy  nine  folios, 
and  aro  preceded  liy  the  order  of  the  nuinieiiial  junta  on  .'scaled  paper  fur 
their  examination  by  ^Martin  t'oronel.  'i  ho  document  is  inclcjscd  in  and  at- 
taclied  to  a  jiortfolio  of  native  leather  on  which  i~i  engrossed  :  Toiiio  o\  1S0',<, 
Cuiilk'HC  la  Cueiita  O'eittr'd  lie  la  Fuhrica  lie  la  lainunu  AL'tOuiliya  de  Gniiac- 
dilun. 


DEFENSIVE  MEASURES. 


\\\i]\  maize  and  supplied  with  water,  the  alhoiidiga'^ 
\v;i>  l!it^  oiil}^  place  where  the  intendeiite  could  h()[)e 
to  liold  out  till  the  arrival  of  Callcja,  whom  he  ex- 
pected within  a  week.  Aiiticipatini;'  that  the  move- 
iiKMit  would  meet  with  oppo.sition,  on  the  iii^'ht  of  the 
i:itli  lie  caused  secretly  to  be  conveyed  thither  all 
the  royal  and  municipal  treasures,  amounting  to  over 
!:<(J'JO,000  in  money,  bars  of  silver,  and  jjfold  ounces,^^ 
the  archives  of  tlie  government  and  ayuntamiento, 
and  eventually  the  treasures  of  many  private  persons, 
esliniiitctl  at  three  million  pesos.-^  Thither,  also, 
were  removed  the  arms  and  ammunition  of  the  bar- 
racks, sacks  of  tlour,  and  other  provisions.  In  the 
(lead  of  tlie  night,  too,  the  barricades  were  taken  down 
iiiid  tlie  material  carried  to  the  alhondiga.  Then  the 
troops  were  withdrawn  from  the  barracks  and  out- 
lying posts,  numbers  of  the  Europeans  mustered  to- 
gether, and  soldiers  and  civilians,  in  one  common  lot, 
tool;  I'efuge  within  the  walls  of  this  building. 

When  morning  dawned  and  the  city  was  astir  the 
ii(\\>  ^;] tread.  The  unguarded  streets,  the  disappear- 
iuue  of  the  barricades,  and  the  silent  barracks  pro- 
cl.iiuied  to  the  ])opulaee  that  their  reluctant  allegiance 
iiad  l>een  recognized,  and  that  they  were  left  to  choose 
between  loyalty  and  rebellion.  Fear  fell  on  all.  The 
ayuntamiento  in  great  excitement  requested  the  in- 
tendente  to  preside  over  a  junta  composed  of  its  owji 
members,  the  curas,  predates  of  the  religious  orders, 

'''All  iinonymoiis  corrcspomlciit  in  a  letter  to  the  intcntlcnte's  brotlicr, 
(lilted  (luiiiinjuiilo,  Octubcr  "J,  ISIO,  saj's:  'E.itc  cditicio  c.i  luiu  vcnladcra  f(jr- 
taluza,  y  acasi)  la  I'lniua  ([uc  hay  en  ol  reino.  El  Sr  lliafio  cuando  Ui  lii/o  so 
jiropusi)  fiHinar  un  castillo  para  difensa  del  lugar,  dandolc  el  uoniliro  du  Al- 
ii.iiiili.u'a.'   Zircrcro,  Dixr.  Clcic,  150. 

''•"'Sl-  pasai'on  de  las  rualcs  caxas  ;'ilaalh6ndi,f;a  trcscientas  nucvu  harrasdo 
jiluta,  ii<'iitu  (<L'tenta  y  (|iiati'()  mil  pesos  efectivo.s,  trchita  y  dos  mil  on  onzas 
dciiro,  tieinta  y  oeho  mil  do  la  ciudad,  ([V.c  estalian  en  las  areas  do  pruvineia, 
y  ti-ciuta  y  tres  mil  que  sc  hallaban  en  las  del  caliildo;  veintc  mil  do  la  min- 
I'lia  y  depusitos,  eatorce  mil  dc  la  rcnta  do  taliaeos,  y  mil  y  pico  de  eorreos.' 
(liiaii.  I'll!,.  Vinil.  Ai/iiiif.,  14-15.  A  bar  of  silver  weiglied  liio  marea  and  it.i 
standard  value  was  1,100  pesos. 

''  liustamante  states  the  value  of  property  in  the  precious  metals,  jewelry, 
mid  vala;d)Io  inei'chandiHo  that  was  removed  into  tlie  allu'iudiga  during  tho 
iii  lit  and  t'ollowin.,'  days  amounted  to  o, 000,000  pesos.  Tlierc  were  also  700 
iiaiiiLalea  of  ipiclisilver  deposited  there.    Cuad,  Hid.,  i.  2o. 


138 


TAKING  OF  THE  ALHOXDIGA  OF  GUANAJUATO. 


and  principal  citizens,  in  the  municipal  hall.  Iliano 
(lecliiied  on  the  plea  of  weariness,  but  expressed  jiis 
willinj^ness  to  attend  a  jinita  in  the  afternoon;  hut  it 
must  be  held  in  the  alhondiga  de  jjjranaditas,  and  not 
in  the  munici[nd  hall.  The  mectinLj  took  place;  but 
civil  officers,  priests,  and  prelates  in  turn  vaiidy  en- 
deavored to  induce  liiaho  to  change  his  purj)ose. 
The  iiitendente  was  inflexible,  and  according  to  the 
representation  of  the  ayuntamiento  to  the  viceroy  a 
few  months  later,  he  bluntly  dismissed  them  with  the 
assurance  that,  in  the  interest  of  the  king,  he  should 
remain  with  the  troops  where  he  was,  and  that  as  for 
the  city  it  might  defend  itself  as  best  it  could." 

During  that  and  the  two  following  days  the  inton- 
dente  devoted  all  his  energies  to  the  defence  of  Ids 
position.  Additional  pnn'isions  were  introduced  into 
the  alhondiga;  strong  barricades  were  thrown  up  at 
the  only  three  points  by  which  attacks  could  be  made 
through  the  streets;  the  eastern  gateway  was  closed 
with  solid  masonry;  the  iron  quicksilver  ilasks,  cjiarged 
with  gun|)owder,  were  converted  into  grenades,  and 
further  information  was  despatched  to  Callcja,^^  set- 
ting forth  his  want  of  arms,  and  the  doubtful  iidelitv 
of  his  troops.-^ 

In  order  that  the  reader  may  understand  Riafio's 
position,  and  the  mode  of  attack  adoj)tetl  by  the  in- 
suigents  in  the  ensuing  engagement,  a  brief  descrip- 
tion of  the    city  of  Guanajuato  will    be  necessary. 

'^^  Guai).  Pub.  V'lnd.  Ai/iinf.,  I'-IO.  Bustamanto  also  afTirms  that  tlic  iu- 
tendcnto  thus  oxixx'sscd  Iiiiiiself.  Cuad.  Jlist.,  i.  "24.  Consult  al;«)  Ihriuiiulvz 
y  Jjdviilox,  Col.  J)oc.,  ii.  L'TS. 

^^  This  was  sent  on  the  '.'(ith.  The  bearer  of  the  first  rlespatch  left  (luaiia- 
jiiato  at  1  r.  :m.  on  the  'J.'M,  and  on  his  return  left  San  Luis  at  1  i  v.  M.  of  tlio 
'J4tU  with  Calleja'a  reply  enjoining  Itiano  to  hold  (Uianajuato,  and  proniisiiij,' 
to  ))e  before  the  eit}'  duriui,'  the  next  week.  Witli  regard  to  the  speed  (jf  tliu 
courier  Dustainaiite  remarks:  'Que  activos  andaltan  estos  hoiubres  por  sal- 
varsc!'  Vnad.  //is(.,  i.  '2').  The  distance  from  Guanajuiito  to  >San  Luis 
Potosi  is  sonic  .52  leagues. 

^  'Tengo  poca  p()lvora  porqnc  no  la  hay  absolutamente,  y  In  caballeria  mal 
montada  y  armada  sin  otra  anna  fpic  espadas  de  vidrio,'  tliat  is  swoi'ds  lirit- 
tic  as  glass,  'y  l;i  infanterfa  con  fusiles  remendados,  no  sieudo  imposiblu  el 
que  estas  tropas  scan  seducidas.'  /(/.,  'J4-5. 


TO. 


SITUATION  AND  SURROUNDINGS. 


139 


.     Tviauo 

csso'l  his 
11 ;  hut  it 
,  and  not 
ilacc;  hut 
;^ainly  cn- 

puri)oso. 
liX  to  the 
viceroy  a 

with  tho 
ho  should 
hat  as  I'or 
ld."_ 

the  intcii- 
lec  of  his 
hiced  into 
wii  up  at 
I  he  made 
vas  closed 
s,  cliarged 
lades,  and 
leja,^'-'  set- 
ul  iidelity 


d  Riano's 
}\  the  in- 
:'  descrip- 
lecessary. 

19  that  tho  ii'.- 
lno  //( niamli  - 

h  left  (liiaiui- 
l  V.  M.  of  tho 
mil  iiroiiiisiiiL,' 
c  spooil  of  tlio 
iihroa  i)oi'  sul- 
to  Sail  Luin 

caballorla  lual 
•swonls  biit- 
imposiblo  ol 


I 


Situated  at  tlie  hottom  of  a  deep  and  narrow  liollow, 
loiiiid  which  on  all  sides  rise  lofty  mountains,  its  p(j- 
silioii  in  a  military  point  of  view  is  one  of  the  worst. 
Oil  the  south  side  rises  the  hill  of  San  Miguel,  while 
fimn  the  north  the  cerro  del  Cuarto^*  extends  like 
a  wedge  into  the  city.  So  irregular  is  the  site  that 
it  might  well  he  deserihed  by  crumpling  a  sheet  of 
paper,  (^n  tlui  plaza  itself  but  few  level  spots  can  be 
i'lUiid,  and  lew  of  the  streets  accommodate  carriasfes. 
Most  of  the  houses  occupy  slopes  so  steep  that  in 
many  cases  the  floor  of  one  is  on  a  level  with  the  roof 
ol' another.  An  extension  of  this  rugged  hollow  runs 
otf  in  the  form  of  a  rocky  valley  south-westerly  to 
Marlil.a  leat>ue  distant,  and  known  by  the  name  of 
tlif  Canada  de  ^lartil.  Its  whole  length  was  occupied 
by  workshops,  mills,  and  other  buildings  connected 
with  niining.  Formerly  the  only  carriage  entrance 
into  tlu;  citv  lay  through  this  olcn.-"  To  the  east 
of  tlu;  cit}^  rises  the  river  Guanajuato,  here  a  mere 
iiioiuiiain  torrent,  which  sweeping  in  a  winding  course 
tlii'ough  the  city  unites  with  the  Rio  de  la  Cata  iiow- 
'm<X  iVoin  the  north-west.  Althou^'h  situated  on  a 
lisiiiuf  o'round,  the  alhondiu'a  was  so  close  to  the  cerro 
del  ( 'uarto  that  the  houses  built  on  the  steep  of  that 
bright  were  only  separated  from  it  by  a  narrow  street 
and  a,  small  [)laza,  not  more  than  tweiity-fivo  yards 
wide.  On  the  south-east  of  the  alhondiga  was  tho 
lonvont  of  l^elen,  from  which  it  was  separated  by  the 
ilcsceiit  of  ]\Iendizabal,  and  on  the  south  and  west 
were  the  extensive  workshops  and  premises  of  the 
liacienda  de  Dolores  where  the  precious  metals  were 
ilea  tod.  On  the  north,  extending  east  and  west,  was 
tlio  street  of  los  Pozitos  in  a  straight  line  with  the 
(Irscont  to  the  Rio  de  la  Cata,  which  was  spanned 

"'Sooalloil  because  on  it  was  exposed  in  early  times  one  ^-  .Lion  of  tho 
b'l'ly  of  :i  inalefautor  who  had  l)eeu  quartered.  Alanian,  Jlist.  Mcj.,  i.  408. 

■The  ditlicidtieM  of  this  road  were  siicli  that  in  18:22  a  new  one  was  coin- 
iiioiiced  over  tho  hills,  and  thia  required  a  line  bridge  to  be  built  across  tlio 
river  Cata,     It  m\is  completed  in  18^5.   Lkewja,  Adic.  y  lieclijic,  7-8. 


110 


TAKING  OF  THE  ALIlOXDIGA  OF  GUANAJUATO. 


by  a  wooden  bridge.     Herewith  I  give  a  plan  of  the 
alhondiga  and  vicinity  with  explanation."** 

From  this  description  the  reader  will  observe  that 
the  only  three  directions  from  which  an  assault  couM 
be  made  upon  the  alhondiga  were  from  the  street  of 
los  Pcjzitos;  up  the  cuesta  de  Mendi/.ubal;  and  u})  the 
ascent  from  the  Rio  de  la  Cata.  These  approaches 
were  obstructed  by  the  barricades,  already  mentioned. 
Riano  did  not  confine  his  defence  to  the  alhondiga, 
but  included  in  his  lines  of  fortification  the  house 
owned  by  Mcndizabal  and  the  hacienda  de  Dolores, 
which  were  surrounded  by  strong  walls  and  separated 
from  the  alhondiga  by  two  narrow  streets. 


SCALE   IN   MEXICAN   VAIiA. 


/t     T r/^ 


PliAN  OF    Alu6nDU1A. 


''A.  The  Alli6ndiga.  B.  Convent  of  Bclen.  C.  IIouso  of  the  hacicii'ln 
(Ic  D.jlorea.  DDD.  i'l'cmiscsainl  work-sliopsof  tlio  sainn.  ]■;.  TliowcU.  I'. 
Ijiiriicadc  at  the  foot  of  the  hill  of  .Mciuliz;il)cil.  G.  Jliil  of  .Mciuliz;il)al.  11. 
House  of  Meudizabal  whence  the  hill  derivuil  its  name.  I.  Ijanicadc  in  tliu 
street  of  los  rozito3.  J.  Street  of  los  Tozitos.  K.  As<ceut  to  the  mines.  L  [.. 
iMitrances  to  streets  which  Riailo  elosed  with  masonry.  M.  Descent  to  the 
lliodo  la  Cata.  N.  Barricad  preventing  approach  from  the  river.  O.  IViii- 
cipal  entrance  of  the  alhondiga,  the  only  one  not  closed.  P.  Eastern  cntraiico 
closed  with  masonry.  Q.  Opening  on  to  the  Oat  roof.  R.  Window  from 
which  Riafio  was  shot.  S.  Cemetery  of  Belen.  T.  Street  of  Bclen.  U  U. 
liridgo  and  causeway  of  Our  Lady  of  Guan:ijuato.  V.  lUo  do  Guanajuato. 
X.  Ri(}  do  la  Cata.  Y.  The  wooden  bridge,  Z.  Workshop  of  Granaditas 
and  ward  of  Tepctapa.  Z'  Z'.  The  cerro  del  Cuarto  covered  with  houses  cum- 
manding  the  alhondiga.     *  Spot  where  Berziibal  fell. 


ADVANCE  OF  fITDALCO. 


141 


]\rcanwliIlo,  Hidalgo,  marching  through  Salamanca, 
lnii»iuito,  and  other  places  \vliich  voluntarily  joined 
his  cause,  approaclied  Guanajuato  in  the  early  morn- 
iii'^r  (if  the  "JSlIi.  He  was  well  ini'ornied  of  the  [)()sition 
of  ailhirs  in  the  city.  Arrived  at  the  hacienda  of 
]]ai'ra:s  ho  sent  forward  Ignacio  Camargo  and  ^[ari- 
;in<)  .Vbasolo"'  with  a  communication  to  lliaho  inform- 
ing' liim  of  the  proclamation  of  independence,  and 
Uigiiig  a  peaceable  .surrender.  The  letter  terminated 
with  a  declaration  of  war  to  the  uttermost  in  case  of 
rt'lasal.'' 


'-'"  Licu.iL'a  WHS  a  relative  of  A1)asolo,  and  being  in  Guanajuato  at  the 
time  ti'ioil  to  sfc  lain,  but  was  prcvciituil  by  tlio  douse  crowds.  Adk.  ij  Ufi;- 
tijir.,  xi.  Jinil  iO;]. 

'-'I  tinnsliite  the  document  and  a  private  letter  which  accompanied  it; 
also  Ki.ifiii's  ri'iily.  The  orij^inals  remained  in  possession  of  Iiiuuci.)  (_'iiuiiir,L;o, 
mill  were  g'nou  liy  liiui  to  Jjii,'eaj.'a,  who  was  ids  ,«chi)(jl-fellow.  I'lio  olHcial 
coiMUUiuiiatiDn  of  llidal;^o  is  the  more  iuijjoitant  as  it  nfutcs  Ahmian, 
ulio  misk'iuls  rogardiny  tlie  proclamation  of  independence,  lie  erronecjusly 
cliiirges  liustani.-uite  with  interpolating  expressions,  cl  lindng  that  ho  Idiuself 
liiul  hfc-n  supplied  with  a  correct  version  by  iJenigno  Jlustaniaute,  ono  vi  the 
Kunipe;ins  ]iresent  ill  the  alhondiga,  and  remarking;  '  J^a  sola  jialabra  inde- 
jiijuilt.ueia  basta  para  demonstrar  la  inexaetitiul  do  este  rclato,  pucs  Hidalgo 
ocuitaha  este  inteiito  cuidadosamcnte,  y  iiuuca  t(jmaba  en  boca  publicaniento 
csta  v,)i:.'  J/isl.  Mcj.,  i.  4"il.  Liceaga  rightly  points  out  the  inipossibility  of 
Uenigiio  IJastuDianto  being  able  to  obtain  a  correct  copy  of  the  eoninniuica- 
tiuu.". I '//'••  // A'rc/ ///(•.,  l();T-4. 

Hidalgo's  despatcli  to  liiano.  '  Ileadipiarters  at  the  Hacienda  do  Pairras, 
■JStli  of  Stpteuiber,  ISIO.  The  minierous  army  which  I  coniniand  ilectod  mo 
Captain  (I (ueral  and  I'lotcctor  of  the  nation  in  the  Holds  of  (Jolaya.  Tho 
Siiimc  city  in  the  presence  of  lifty  thousand  men  ratdied  this  eleelion,  as  liavo 
also  all  the  places  through  which  I  have  passed;  which  will  make  your  honor 
cogni/aut  that  I  am  legitimately  authni'i/.ed  by  my  nation  to  uu(l(.Ttake  tho 
biiielicent  jirojects  which  have  appeared  necessary  to  nic  fur  its  welfare, 
Tiiese  projects  arc  of  equal  utility  and  advantage  to  the  Americans  and  tliuso 
Kurojieans  who  are  disposed  to  reside  in  thiskingdijin,  ;ind  tluy  are  reduced  to 
tlic  [)i  oclainatioii  of  the  indepcnidence  and  liberty  of  tho  nation,  t 'onse(|Ucntly 
I  do  Hut  rog.'ird  the  I'^uropeans  as  enenuos,  but  only  as  an  obstacle  which  em- 
barrasses the  successful  issue  of  our  enterprise.  Your  liouiu'  w  ill  lie  pleased  to 
iulorm  tho  I'juropoans  who  have  united  to,-'etlu.r  in  the  idhondigaof  tli''se  ideas, 
in  order  that  they  may  decide  whether  to  declare  thenisehes  as  enenuos.  or 
agree  to  remain  in  the  quality  of  prisoners,  meeting  with  humane  Jind  kind 
treatment,  such  as  those  whom  we  bring  with  lis  have  ex]ierii;nccd,  until  the 
lilicrty  and  indopendenco  indicated  shall  be  aciiuired,  in  which  case  ihoy  wiil 
ho  iu'luded  in  the  class  of  citizens  with  the  right  to  the  resiitnlion  of  tluir 
liroperty,  which  for  the  time  being  wo  shall  make  use  of  for  tho  uivenciea  of 
tliciiiition.  If  on  tho  contrary  they  do  not  accede  to  this  demand  1  shall  nso 
al!  fnrce  and  stratagem  to  desln  y  them,  without  leaving  them  the  hope  of 
quarter.  May  (lod  protect  your  Honor.  luiL^ucl  Hidalgo  y  Costilla,  Captain 
Ueueral  of  America.' 

Tlie  ]irivate  letter  from  Hidalgo  to  Riano  runs  as  follows:  'The  esteem 
wliich  I  h.ive  over  expressed  for  you  is  sincere,  and  1  believe  due  to  the  high 
qua.iues  which  adorn  you.     The  dilTerenco  in  our  ways  of  thinking  ought  not 


148 


TAKING  OF  THE  ALII6NDIGA  OF  GUAXAJUATO. 


ii^i 


Before  nine  o'clock  the  messengers  reaclictl  the  bar- 
ricade at  the  foot  of  the  cuesta  do  ^[endiziilnd,  and 
Cauiartjo  was  conducted  bhndfuldcd  into  the  alh<>n- 
tliya,  lliano  on  receiving  liitlalgo's  comniunication 
assembled  the  Europeans  on  the  flat  roof  of  the  buii<l- 
ing,  a[)urt  from  the  troops,  and  having  read  it  tu  them 
asked  their  decision.  For  some  moments  there  was 
a  mournful  silence,  till  finally  their  cajjiaiii,  Bernardo 
del  Castillo,  after  a  few  brief  remarks  declared  ibr 
war.  He  would  fiLjlit  till  he  died  in  maintaininij-  tlie 
right;  and  thereupon  raised  the  cry  of  "Death  or  vic- 
tory I"  in  which  tlie  Europeans  now  joined.^  liiaho 
tlien  descended  to  discover  the  intentions  of  the  troops. 
"And  my  children  of  the  battalicni,"  he  asked,  "can 
I  doubt  about  their  resolution  to  do  their  <hity.-'' 
Whcreu[)on  Bcrziibal  raised  the  cry  of  "Viva  el  rev!" 
and  the  soldiers  vociferously  responded.  Xeverthe- 
less,  before  sending  his  reply,  Riaiio  considered  it  right 
to  communicate  with  the  ayuntamiento,  and  sent  by 
the  i)rocurator  Pedro  Ct)bo,  who  being  a  Spaniard  had 
taken  refuge  in  the  alhondiga,  coj)ies  of  Hidalgos  let- 
ter and  his  intended  reply.^*^     Much   delay  was  oeca- 

to  (liiiiinish  it.  Yon  will  follow  the  course  wliich  may  aectii  most  ri^ilit  .'iiil 
piudt'iit  to  you,  but  that  will  Jiot  occasion  injury  to  your  family.  We  shull 
light  as  cnuiuios,  if  so  it  shall  be  ilecided;  but  1  herewith  oiler  to  tlie  Sefiori 
Intciiilenta  au  asyluui,  and  assured  protection,  in  any  jilace  .^he  may  selct 
for  her  residence,  in  consideration  <jf  the  ill  health  to  which  she  was  sultject. 
1'his  otl'er  does  not  spring  from  fear,  but  from  a  sensibility  which  I  cauu": 
discard  from  me.' 

i!i:ino's  reply:  'SrCuraof  the  town  of  Doloroi?,  I).  Miguel  Ilidalgo.  I 
rccogni/e  no  other  authority,  nor  is  it  evident  to  nic  that  any  .siieii  has  liei  i 
established,  nor  other  Captain  (lenerai  in  the  kingdom  of  \ew  Spain,  than 
His  I'iXcelleney  Sr  Don  Francisco  Xavier  do  Venegas,  its  Viceroy;  nornio:-; 
legitimate  refoi-ms  than  those  which  the  Nation  at  large  may  ado)>t  at  t!i.; 
general  Cortes  to  be  held.  My  duty  is  to  tight  as  a  soldier,  wliicli  nolde  senii- 
ment  animates  all  those  around  me.  Guanajuato,  "JSth  of  SeptenilK-r,  IMi'. 
Juan  Ant -uio  Kiauo.'  And  to  the  private  letter:  'The  exercise  of  arm-  is 
not  ineompi'tible  with  sensibility;  this  demands  of  my  heart  the  tjratitU'li; 
due  to  your  oilers  for  the  beneht  of  my  familj',  whose  lot  does  not  disturb  ).;'; 
on  tlie  present  occasion.'  Id.,  '212-14. 

'^'^ IlcriKuidn  y  JJdca/on,  Vol.  Doc,  ii.  279-80.  Mora,  wii)  gives  a 
slightly  dill'erent  version  of  this  proccc<ling,  insinuates  that  the  Kurojwans 
WHO  inclined  to  yield,  and  passes  a  rellcetion  upon  the  indiscretion  of  Cas- 
tillo, whom  ho  describes  as  'inio  do  aqucUos  raptos  indiscretosj'compr.iint  tr- 
dores  que  no  faltan  en  semejantes  ocasioncs.'  J/'./,  j/ .<«•■)  Ii<v.,  iv.  '.i-2.  Tlii^ 
author  states  that  Camargo  read  Hidalgo's  conmiuuicatiou  to  the  troops,  a 
most  improbable  procei  ling. 

^''J/erHaiiUczi/  Ddculos,  Col.  Doc,  ii.  117. 


DISPOSITIONS  FOR  DEFKNCE. 


143 


was  occa- 


sifii\t'(l  in  .isseinltliiii^  tlio  iiicinljcrs,  who  liad  retired  to 
tlicir  houses,  and  wlion  they  met  tiiey  liiul  no  advieo 
to  olK-r.  Callinuf  attention  to  the  tact  that  they  had 
iicitiier  troo})s,  arms,  nor  funds  any  lonj^er  at  tlieir 
disposal,  they  said  that  it  remained  with  the  inten- 
dente  to  act  under  the  circumstances  as  itseemeil  hest 
to  him.  lliano's  reply  was  at  last  written  and  C-a- 
iiiarj^'o  sent  back,  but  the  long  delay  had  caused  Aha- 
^oIo  to  leturn,  and  Hidalgo  was  already  aj)])roaching 
up  the  Martil  road.  The  intendente  then  wrote  (.'a- 
llcja:  "I  am  about  to  tight,  tor  I  shall  be  attacked 
iiumediatelv.  I  shall  lesist  to  the  uttermost,  because 
1  ani  honoiable.     Fly  to  my  succor." 

liiauo  now  disposed  his  forces,  which  consisted  of 
four  companies  of  the  provincial  infantry,  commanded 
by  Captain  Manuel  de  la  Escalera,  in  the  alxsence  of 
the  lieutenant-colonel,  Quintana,"*^  and  scarcely  num- 
bering 800  men.  Besides  these  was  a  company  of 
armed  ICuropeans,  which  raised  the  number  to  about 
aUO,  and  two  troops  of  dragoons,  not  mustering  more 
than  seventy,  under  the  conmiand  of  Captain  Jose 
Castilla."^  A  ])ortion  of  tiie  infantry  and  of  the 
I'^iU'opean  company  was  stationed  on  the  roof  of  the 
alJii'tiidiga,  and  detachnumts  of  the  ])rovincial  battal- 
ion Were  posted  at  the  three  barricades.  The  cavalry 
Were  drawn  up  inside  the  barrii'r  at  tlie 'lescent  to  the 
Rio  de  la  Cata;  to  the  remaining  armed  ]^^uro}>eans 
v,as  assigned  the  defence  of  the  hacienda  de  Dolores, 
wliile  a  bodv  of  reserves  was  retained  witliin  the  al- 
luindin'a."''^  While  these  i)rei)arations  v.'ere  n'oinu;  on, 
]t  was  noticed  that  the  surroundinu-  heiLi'hts  were  oc- 


^'  Taet>iu'ii  states  that  Quintana,  tliu  Condo  <lc  Vcror.  flalvcz,  colonel  of  tlio 
(TinLroi)ii  iTuiiiieiit  tk'l  J'lincipc,  ami  a  iiuiiiber  of  EiU'u[.L'ans  liad  siidiloiily 
Kit  t!ic  city,  wliilo  otlicrs  diil  not  cuiiiK'nito  with  tlioso  in  th'j  allu'iudiga,  Imb 
n'lniiined  in  theii-  lioiises.  He  gives  a  list  of  'JO  names  if  these  latter.  Adlr. 
y  Ri'lifu:.,  '[).     This  is  confirmed  in  J/eniumlez  y  Duvalo-t,  Cul.  JJoc,  ii.  "27',). 

■' -'  .Mora  says  .si.\  hundreil  in  all.    Ut  n)q>.,  '20. 

''  .Vlaiiiaii  eonjceturcs  that  lliailo  intended  to  sally  uitli  the  reserves  and 
c:vv:diy,  and  attack  the  enemy  at  tiio  most  assailahle  points,  'plan  eierta- 
iiKutc  de  niuy  aventiirada  cjecueion,  con  cl  corto  m'lmcro  dc  tropa  do  qua  so 
liudia  disponer.'  Ut  sup.,  -424. 


Ul 


TAKING  OF  THE  ALIIONDIOA  OF  GUANAJUATO. 


fU|)i('(l  l)y  ci-owds  of  llic  jiopulaeo,  who  soatod  on  the 
^TKiiiul  t'iiliiily  looki'd  on  as  if  at  a  laill-lijjflit. 

Slmrlly  Ix'loiv  midday,  llidaltjjo's  army  ai)j)t!arod  in 
siiL,dit,  a})[)roacliiii!^'  by  the  Marlil  I'oad.'"*  Advanciii'^' 
uloii;^  the  causeway  of  Nuestra  Senora  do  (iiianajuato, 
the  van,  composed  of  a  stronL;"  hody  of  JniHaus  armed 
with  lances,  chdjs,  and  hows  and  arrows,  cross(;d  tlio 
)»iid_^e  an.d  arrived  in  Iront  of  the  hairicade  at  tlie 
loot  of  the  cnesta  de  Meinhziihal.  Gilhertotle  lliano, 
son  oi'  tlie  intendente,''^  who  was  in  command  at  this 
j)oint,  opened  fire  on  them  as  they  continued  to  ad- 
vance, when  or(U'r(Ml,  in  the  name  of  the  kinj^",  to  liidt. 
Several  Indians  I'ell;  the  rest  reti'eated,  and  ouided  by 
a  native  of  tlio  pUice,  took  u[)  a  position  on  the  cerro 
del  (Juarto.  Tlu3  main  body  now  formed  into  two 
divisions,  one  of  which,  making  a  detour,  ap[)roach('d 
by  the  cerro  de  San  ]\Ii_i^uel,  and  enteriuLT  the  city  by 
the  causeway  of  las  Carreras,''*^  liberated  he  jail  pris- 
oners, and  then  occupied  the  cerro  del  Venado.  Tlio 
other  division  made  a  detour  by  the  hacienda  do 
Flores  in  order  to  oircu[)y  the  cerro  del  Cuarto. 

The  city  was  now  in  possession  of  the  insurnjcnts, 
and,  as  they  marched  through  the  streets,  tliousauds 
of  voices  raised  the  dreadful  battle-cry,  while  they 
waved  hundreds  of  diftereiit  colored  banners,  on  whicli 
was  depicted  the  sacred  emblem.     The  minei's,  a  bra^'j 

"The  niunbcr  of  nrmeJ  men  in  Hidalgo's  force  is  not  exactly  known. 
Robinson,  Mcni.  Mix:  Ikr.,  i.  27,  says  that  he  left  Colaya  with  nearly  'JO.O  ) ). 
Biisluinantc,  Torrontc,  Alanian,  aiul  others  also  place  the  nuinlier  at  '2i>,(JiKI. 
Liceaga,  A<l!c.  ij  licclijic,  82,  raises  it  to  'IT^fiiAQ  men  of  all  classes,  --^O!):)  if 
Mlioni  were  regular  troops  of  the  San  Mignel  regiment  of  draguuiis  do  la  Uciiii, 
and  of  the  ]ir(.'vincial  infantry  regiment,  companies  of  which  joined  the  iii- 
eiuyeiits  at  (jelaya,  Salamanca,  and  Irapuato.  Mora,  on  the  contrary,  giv.  s 
14,(100  as  the  estimated  numljcr,  liesides  400  regulars,  'sin  coutar  cim  h 
tropa  leglada  quo  no  pasahan  de  cuatrocientos,  y  so  hallabau  conio  pcrli- 
doa  y  absolntaniente  ombara/ados  para obrar  entro  esta  multitud  disurdcn.uia.' 
Altj.  1/  .IKS  Nil'.,  iv.  3.'5-4. 

'•'■'  ( 1  ilberto  was  a  lieutenant  of  the  line  regiment  of  Mexico,  and  was  stay  in ,' 
vith  his  fatlicr  on  leave  of  absence,  lie  was  a  young  man  of  consideraMo 
military  ability.  The  construction  of  the  barricades  was  intrusted  to  his 
direction,  and  he  devised  the  plan  of  converting  the  (piicksilver  llasks  into 
grenades.    Alainan,  Hint.  JfcJ.,  i.  417. 

8" On  the  summit  of  the  cerro  do  San  Miguel  was  a  small  plain  where  the 
people  we;c  wont  to  attend  horse-races  on  days  of  festivity.  Hence  ita  iiaino 
of  las  Carreras.  Id.,  408. 


VTO. 

:o(l  on  the 

it. 

jjjK'urcd  in 
\(i\aMC'iii;4 
uanaJLUilt), 
iaiis  ariiK'il 
crossed  tin; 
xdr.  at  till! 
odeHiauo, 
uid  at  this 
ucd  ti)  ad- 
no-,  to  halt. 
1  ouided  hy 
in  the  corn) 
d  into  two 
aii[)roaclK'd 
the  city  hy 
ho  jail  pris- 
na(h>.     Tho 
lacicnda  dc 
larto. 

insurujcnts, 
,,  thousands 
NvUilo  they 
■s,  on  Nvhic-li 
icrs,  a  bi-a^'o 

exactly  known, 
th  neai-iy -JIMH  >. 
iml.ci-  iit  2i>,()'.i,). 

flussos, -j.yoij.f 

loiisik'lii  lioiui, 
li  joiiiL'il  tilt;  i'l- 
u  coiitniry,  r;i^''  -^ 
111  colltiU"  cnii  !i 
bull  coiiio  pii'li- 
;ud  disorden.uUi.' 

,aml  wasstuy'ms' 

of  consiilcnil'l'! 

iutrustea  to  liii 

lilver  ilasks  into 

i  plain  where  the 
Hence  its  luuiio 


R 


THE  ATTACK. 


143 


au']  hai'dy  ^•la^■■s,  and  llic  populace  joined  llidalo-o, 
and  siKJii  all  the  heiohis  which  connnaiKU'd  the  al- 
L('.ii(liga  were  occnpie(h  Soldier.s  ol'  tlu'  ( '•,  lava  reo'i- 
ii' 'Ut,  ai'inod  with  niuski't.s,  and  a  he.-^t  of  Indian 
^lin,L;eis  were  postetl  on  the  corro  del  C'uarto;  a  .simi- 
lar disposition  was  made  on  tlu!  cerro  del  A^eiiac'o. 
The  houses  in  front  of  the  allnMidiga  on  the  north  sivle 
wei'i!  iiiled  with  shai'p-shooters,  and  swarms  of  In- 
dians in  the  river  bed  broke  stones  lor  the  slinL;'ery, 
ot!iir>  eari'vin!^' them  up  the  heights,  llidali;-!),  |>is- 
tnl  in  hand,  at  the  he.-d  of  about  two  thousand 
nii'unted  men,  amoui^  whom  were  the  dra^'oons  of  the 
re:;in!ent  de  la  Reina,  hastened  I'rom  point  to  point, 
( iiii-nrauinii:  his  men,  i;ivin!jr  instructions,  and  makinef 
III  >  (lis[Misitions  for  the  as.sault.^'' 

At  length  the  performance  bt\iL>ins,  Hidal^-o's  sol- 
(liris  .>pen  tire  on  the  besieged,  while  from  the  h<'ights 
ai!*'  hou!^  J  roofs  a  furious  discharu'e  of  stones  is  r.iined 
(lev.n  on  the  alhondiga.  Dense  masses  of  Indians 
as-^ault  the  barricades,  and  though  the  slaughter  from 
l!ie  <'nemy's  volleys,  fired  at  close  range  intt)  the  com- 
pae!  mass,  is  terrific,  it  fails  to  repel  the  assailants. 
As  the  front  ranks  fall,  others  su})[)ly  their  j)laces, 
I  iessed  onward  by  those  behind;  and  thus  over  the 
liodios  of  tliG  dead  and  dying  the  contest  rages  unin- 
teiruptedly.  For  the  besieged  the  position  is  terrible. 
The  repoi'ts  of  the  nuiskcts,  the  hiss  of  bullets,  the 
hiar.se  hum  of  the  jagged  stones  as  they  whirl  through 
till'  air  and  fall  on  the  roof  as  from  an  emptying 
volcano  is  worse  than  the  infernal  din  of  Satan's  en- 
ijinerv."^ 

For  half  an  hour  the  battle  rages.  The  assailant.^ 
sliow  no  intention  of  ceasing  their  eflorts  to  storm 
the  barricade.s.     The  carnage  among  the  assailants  is 

'■  Liceaga  pointa  out  a  flaj^rant  misstntement  of  Alam;)ii'.s,  to  tlie  efTcet  that 
IT;  liL'o  leinaiiiitl  diiriny  the  vliolo  of  the  contest  ia  the  cavalry  banaeks  at 
tl.o  hiitlur  end  of  the  city.  Adir.  y  Ih/ijic,  108-10. 

■'"So  furious  and  continuous  ■was  tlie  di.scliargo  of  .stones  that  after  t!io 
actiiin  tlie  lloors  of  tlu;  alli(')ndij^a  roof  and  the  oi^eii  court  wei'o  found  to  be 
1:.  >^  1  eight  or  nine  inelies  above  their  prosier  level  liy  the  aceunndation. 
iito'amuiiff,  Ciifiil.  nixf.,  i.  37. 
Uisi.  ilts.,  Vol.  IV.    10 


140 


TAKING  OF  THE  ALHOXDIGA  OF  GUANAJUATO. 


fcnrfii],  but  to  sec  their  comrades  shot  down  bv  their 
hide  only  the  more  enrages  them.  The  defenders  of 
ilie  banier  at  the  street  of  los  Pozitos  are  being  hard 
pressed,  and  Riauo  saUies  with  twenty  men  to  tlieir 
sii[){>nrt.  His  courage  outstrips  his  prudence;  yet, 
si  itioniug  the  men,  lie  returns  to  the  alhoiidiga  un- 
f.Ciithed  through  a  storm  of  missiles.  He  mounts  tlio 
steps  of  the  entrance  and  turns  round  to  see  how  tlie 
battle  goes— then  he  drops  dead,  struck  through  tlic 
brain  bv  a  bullet.  A  soldier  of  the  Celaya  regiment 
had  marked  him  for  his  own.  The  body  is  draLifued 
Avithin,^'  and  the  hearts  of  those  present  sink  as  they 
gaze  ou  tlieir  commander's  lifeless  form. 


Thus  fell  the  first  man  of  note  in  the  revolutionary 
war,  a  man  whoso  death  was  much  lamented,  liiaiu) 
was  an  incorru[)tible  and  just  but  merciful  magistrate 
He  was  headstrong  and  rash,  yet  he  was  honest  and 
humane.  The  beneficent  measures  adopted  while  lie 
was  intendente  of  Guanajuato  raised  the  province  to 
its  highest  prosperity.  It  is  claimed  for  him  tluit 
liberal  and  enli'ditened  views  led  liim  to  recoLi'uize  tlie 
bk'ssings  of  indei)endence;  and  to  his  friends,  ol"  whom 
Hidalgo  was  one,  he  did  not  hesitate  to  ex})ress  liberal 
opinions.  It  is  further  urged  that,  had  the  declara- 
tion of  inde])endeiicc  come  from  a  more  legitimate 
source,  had  it  been  proclaimed  by  the  constituted,  au- 
thorities, as  might  have  been  the  case  if  IturrigaiMv 
had  not  been  deposed,  Iliauo  would  unhesitatingly 


fli 


'^Hu-tainiintc  givns  a  (lifTcrriit  version  of  tlie  ^ntcnllc'nt(^'(■'  fall.     He  stat 
that  Ixiau.i,  lia\'iiig  ulisorvoil  that  the  sentinel  at  the  gate  had  ;iJjaniluncil  Li 
poofc  and  mu-ihi't,  tunic  up  the  pieee  and  eunnneiiceil   liriD.,'  at  the  enemy,  iiu- 
tiiat  he  was  killed  while  so  oecupied,  Cuad.  Hut.,  i.  ;.{S.     Mora  gives  a  sii.  i 
lar  aeeouiit,  M<j.  y  x>is  lt<  c,  iv.  ;i4-.j;  and  sa  does  an  anouymuus  nari'ati.i, 
iu  llcriuuiih'Z  ij  Duralof,  C'll.  J)oij.,  ii. 'JSl.     Alanian  witiu'eaoii  points  out  in 
iniprnlia'iiility  of  the  intendente  aeting  tin      wh.en  the  serious  duties  of 
eouiniaudei'  leouired  his  atieuliou.     Moreover,  IJustamante  states  that  a  e'l 
jioral  who  vas  standing  e'  isc  liy  was  wounded  in  the  head  by  tho  same  luil.i 
w  hich  ]iassed  through  Riano's  skull,  proving  that  if  the  sentinel  had  dcaev' 
liis  jiost  there  was  another  to  take  his  ]ilaee.    Alanian  asserts  that  the  shot  w  ■! 
lii'eil  fiohi  the  window  of  oneof  the  hoiisesi>pp(isite  thcalliiindiga.    ///-/.  J/','. 
i.   ti-'ii-V.    l.ieeaga,  followed  liy  Zanmciis,  eonsiders  that  it  was  lircd  from  li. 
ceiTo  del  Cuarto.  Adk.  y  licet ijk.,  IM-lo, 


DEATH  OF  RIA5ro. 


147 


]iA\'o  suj-)portcd  it;  but  he  could  not  countonanco 
what  lio  decincd  a  lawless  movement,  a  movement 
whose  oiiii'm  was  so  liumbl(!,  and  whose  atjents  wei'o 
,s(»  ig-uohle.  ]3ut  we  may  well  doubt,  if  the  independ- 
ence of  Mexico  had  been  left  wholly  to  Spanish  oitt- 
( inis,  the  ci)irupt  and  mercenary  min'.ons  of  a  corrui)t 
;ih(l  niercenaiy  monarch,  tlu^t  it  wouh,,'  ever  have  been 
achieved.  New  Spain  was  in  no  sense  a  confederation 
of  states,  like  the  EuL^'lish  colonies  in  Amei'ica,  with 
iin.n  at  the  helm  native-born  and  of  independent 
tiiouc;ht  and  action.  Conditions  were  different  here, 
and  the  desired  results  must  cime  throu^'h  dilfcrent 
iiicai.is.  1  believe  this  upi'ising  of  the  native  and  mixed 
luces  to  have  been  one  of  the  inexorable  dispensations 
in  tlio  case.  It  was  meet  that  a  remnant  of  that  peo- 
jilc,  who  had  suifered  so  u'ross  and  lonyf-continued 
wrongs  at  the  hands  of  Eiiropcans,  should  be  the  first 
t  I  rise  in  rebellion  against  them,  when  onco  opportu- 
nity olfured  a  reasonable  ho[)(^  of  success. 

liiauo  was  a  better  man  than  the  average  Spanish 
ofiicial  in  America;  but  it  was  not  at  tlie  individual 


LUior 
tlie  blow  was  aimed.     \ 


dl 


Ve  all  recou'iuze  nis  .simpio  ant 


.k 


d 


inoilest  dej)ortinent,  his  kindness  and  accessibility  to 
the  poor,  his  ])leasant  companionshi])  and  literary  at- 
l;iinnicnts,  which  made  him  alike  Do'pular  with  hi'di 


ai 


u\a  low 


■II 


The  death  of  the  intendento  carries  confusion  ami 
ihsor(k,'r  among  tlie  besieged.  A  dispute  r.rises  be- 
Iwcen  Manuel  Perez  Valdes,  ascsor  of  the  intenden- 
cia,  and  ]\[ajor  ]]erzabal,  each  claiming  the  right  to 
t!ie  chief  eoumiand.  Tliere  is  no  time  to  settle  it; 
the  assault  is  ccjiitinued  with  increased  obstinacy,  and 
lor  liours  ;.he  iierce  contest  raijfes.  Heavier  I'alls  t!ie 
t>':'i'e  deluge,  and  liercer  is  the  rush  at  tlie  barricades. 
aU  disci[)lihe  is  lost;  as  first  one  and  then  aiu-»ther 

'"ilo  w;i3  burn  on  Uw  IGtli  of  '>r,iy,  17">7,  in  I'l^"  town  of  T.i(i'a::'.nf-'.  in 
S:>!r;:iiiilc'r,  S|;;iia,  lieiii;^  in  hi.j  lil'ty-ioiu'tli  your  when  ho  met  liia  dcalU.  Ala- 
iiMii,  llUi.  mJ<j.,  i.  127. 


us 


TAKING  OF  TIIK  ALTTONDIGA  OF  f'.UAXA.JUATO. 


issues  orders,  the  soldiers  of  tlie  line  oidy  obeying' 
tlieii-  reMicelive  officers.  The  defenders  of  the  barri- 
cades can  hold  their  positions  no  longer,  and  arc  or- 
dered to  abandon  them  and  retreat  to  the  alhondiga. 
Tlie  pondci'oiis  doors  are  tlien  hastily  closed,  leaving 
th(;  cavalrymen  outside,  and  cutting  off  from  })lace  of 
I'cfuo'c  those  in  the  hacienda  de  Dolores.  The  former 
are  instantly  surrounded,  and  Castilla,  their  captain, 
and  many  others  slain;  of  the  I'est,  some  few  escajx.' 
in  the  crowd,  iuul  some  take  part  with  the  insurgents. 
The  roof  of  the  alhondiofa  is  no  longer  tenable,  and 
those  posted  on  it  retire  below.  Surrender,  however, 
is  not  thought  of;  and  in  the  dense  masses  of  the 
revolutionists  as  they  throng  in  front  v)f  the  building 
the  slaughter  caused  by  the  lire  of  the  besieged  from 
the  windows  is  fearful.  Presently  miners,  partially 
[)rotected  by  huge  earthen  vessels,"  creep  up  to  the 
building  ami  work  with  crow-bars  at  the  wall,  trying 
to  effect  a  breach.  Jjut  the  walls  are  thick  and 
strong  and  Hidalgo,  seeing  that  the  door,  though  of 
massive  wood,  can  be  nioT'e  <]uickly  broken  thi'ougli, 
orders  crovv-bars.  jV  more  ready  way  is  l(jund,  how 
ever,  by  a  young  miner  standing  near,  who  offers,  if 
provided  with  })itch  and  combustibles,  to  set  i\vr  to 
it.'-  These  are  procured  from  a  neighboring  stoic, 
and  the  intrepid  y(tutli,  under  co\er  of  one  of  tlu; 
earthen  vessels,  makes  his  v.a}'  up  to  the  entrance 
and  accomplishes  the  daring  feat. 


■"  'CuliiiTtos  I'oii  cu.'utoiios  (Ic  lozas,  coiiio  Ins  roniaiios  con  la  t(f:ni(Jo.'  J'- 
awfiii,  ut  sup..  4.'iO. 

'- Uustaiiiautt'.s  accdiiiit,  wliicli  is  ivjuidiatc  1  liy  Alama'.i,  is  that  Hiiliilu'i 
aililifssLil  lino  <it'  till'  ii'DV.d  8tall(liIl^^■  near  liiin,  ami  a;  kid  iiiiii  if  he  IkhI  thu 
coll  ra  ire  ti)  >^rt  tlu\L;ati.' on  liro.  'J'Ir' man  saiil  '^^s.'illlll  ilid  it.  '  Ksto  li'|iiio 
C'oinparal.lo  enn  cl  cailii>iii.i'0  (|iic'  ataiii  la  lUistiila  en  Fiaiicia.  .  .i.iii  titniieir 
ilijo  <jlio  si.'  L'f  xiiji.,  .')!).  Ill  tlio  tuxt  I  have  IoIIdwciI  Licoaya's  vorsiim,  vl.u 
todU  j,'i't'at  i>itiiiM  to  ai  rivi' at  tlu' tiiu' aLtouiit  '  f  tliis  t'\(iit.  See  liis  paLin 
11:2  It.  Ik' states  that  tl'is  Joiiiil;  liinc.,  well  luiowii  in  (liiaiiajiiato,  was  a 
miller  iSor  '20  years  of  nye,  ami  named  Aiariann.  lie  left  (iiiaiKijiinto  the 
i-aliiC  eveliiiiu,  in  tlie  dili'etion  of  Jlellado,  where  lie  li\ed.  aeeoiiijiaiiied  l> 
several  others,  eari  yiiiji  lia^s  of  money,  and  under  the  ;;iiaid  of  some  insili'i;'  I't 
8oIdi(  I's.  As  he  vas  never  .leen  a.y.iin,  Lieea^'a  I'onjeetures  that  ln'  was  iiiui- 
deiid  for  ills  money.  I')i;t-tainai.U!  ejves  to  tiiis  jo'i^l'  t'"'  a|'|rellatioii  of 
r.^iila,  a  name  iii.l%i,o\Ui  in  Ouaniijuato  aeeording  to  Alaman  and  Licea^ja, 


TO. 

'  obey  i  11  u; 
the  bani- 
id  arc  ov- 
ilhuiKliL^a. 
d,  leavi nu- 
ll place  ot 
he  fornur 
r  captain, 
cw  cscajic' 
isurgeiits. 
liable,  and 
,  liowcvci', 
SOS  of  the 

0  buildin;^' 
egcd  from 
i,  partially 
up  to  tlio 
all,  trying 
thick  and 
tlloUU'ljL  of 

1  tlll'oUgll, 

)und,  liow- 

lo  offers,  il 
set  tire  t'> 
•ing'  stort', 
(lie  of  tliv.' 
D  cutraiu'.' 


la  /r  ,>■/«(?().'   -I- 

s  ruatlli.liil,-. 
if  !,L'  1i:m1  til..' 
'Ksti'l.'p.i  1 
.;.in  titnl"  ill' 
I'.-i  version,  vl" 
Si'o  iiisi  i»ii,->  i 
iKijiiato,  wa--  a 
lluaiiajuato  t!;i' 
ci'Diiiiianii'il  1  > 
sdiiiu  in»iuv<  I't 
at  111'  \\;is  infi- 
ll.pullaliiiii  I't 
lUil  LiocUi^a. 


ROAR  AXD  RAOr:  OF  BATTLE, 


149 


"VVIm  n  tliev  see  their  barrier  vieldiii''-  totlie  ilanies, 
(Miistcriiatioii  falls  on  the  besieged.  As  the  tire  eats 
its  wa\'  into  the  wood,  the  impatient  assailants  rush 
;it  liie  door-.  It  does  not  yet  yield.  I]erzai)al  draws 
lit)  in  line  before  the  entrance  sui-h  soldiers  as  he  can 
cullect,  to  resist  th''  .'ttack.  The  deadly  grenades  are 
ln'oiiglit  into  play,  and  the  havoc  they  cause  is  terrible, 
((ilberto  Riauo,  maddened  at  his  lather's  death,^^ 
lliiiiks  only  of  revenge,  and  the  infernal  engines 
which  he  had  contrived  are  hurled  rapidly  through 
111'  v.ind(,\vs  upon  the  multitude.  I^ach  bomb  as  it 
explodes  .sows  the  ground  with  dead  and  mangled 
liiuiies.  But  like  the  rushing-in  of  miglity  waters, 
eveiT  s|)ace  thus  cleared  is  (piickly  idled. 

The  Euro])ean  civilians  in  the  building  are  dei.ioral- 
izcd  l)y  panic  fear.  Some  shower  down  aiiKJiig  their 
\'-H'>  money  from  the  windows.  Vain  effort  I  As  well 
llii'DW  crumbs  to  hungry  wolves.  Are'  not  all  the  treas- 
ures of  the  alliondiga  theirs?  Some  thr^  av  a^ide  their 
;ii'msiii  des[)air  and  seek  to  disgui;.e  themselves;  otheiTi 
\.ih!ly  shout  out  that  they  will  capitulate,  and  others 
lii'talcc  tlieinselves  to  prayer.  \  few,  brave  to  the  last, 
resolve  to  die  rather  than  vield.  Finallv,  confusion 
increasing  and  all  hope  abamloned,  th(^  asesor  \"aldes 
( ;iuses  a  white  handkerchief  to  be  hoisted  as  a  signal 
n|"  surrender.  In  denser  crowds  the  besiegers  surge 
firward.  Ihit  Gilberto  liiaho  and  others,  ignorant 
if  what  Valdes  has  done,  still  cast  their  destructive 
1  :.itil)s."'*  Whereat  the  besiegers  in  fury  are  beside 
tlieuiselves.  llie  roar  ofthe  multitude  as  they  raise  the 
eiy  of  Treachery !  treachery  I  is  heard  all  over  the  city, 

^''r)iist:\iiiaiit('  I'L'latcs!  tliat  Oilliorto,  liaviii!:,' cmlifaccd  liis  ffitlicf's  limly, 
sii/iil  a  pistol  w  itli  tho  iiitcnlioii  of  taking  liisown  life.  Those  ]irescnt,  liow- 
i-\i\;  cau-eil  liini  ti>  desist,  l)y  oU'eiing  to  post  liini  at  the  iiost  i!aii'_'e'-oiis 
point,  that  he  miglit  have  an  opportunity  of  avenging  his  father's  death.    It 

■-"Ji.,  oS. 

"I'loth  ^lora  and  I'ustaninnte  state  that  the  mistake  was  ennsrd  by  tho 
liring  from  the  hacienda  de  Dolores,  the  defenders  of  \vl:icli  could  iKit  ]iossilily 
n-y  tile  signal.  ]iut  as  Alaniaii  and  Lii'caga  were  hotli  in  ( liianajuato  ;it  tlio 
iiiue,  I  p re f CI"  to  follow  the  account  adopted  in  the  text,  and  in  which  tliey 

iiL'iee. 


ISO 


TAKIXG  OF  THE  ALIIONDIGA  OF  GUAXAJCATO. 


and  the  ()i\l'-i'  is  i.ssued  to  kill  and  spare  not.'*'  Against 
tlie  l)urninL'-  door,  although  not  yet  consumed,  tliev 
tlirow  themselves  until  it  yields,  and  the  maddened 
cTiiwd  nisli  like  a  torrent  of  llanie  over  the  burning 
(I^'lii-is  through  the  entrance.  A  deadly  voile}'  at 
]'ointdjlank  range  is  })Oured  into  them  by  IJerzabal  and 
liis  men,  strewing  the  ground  with  the  dead.  But 
their  imnetus  is  irresistible.  Suru'inij:  onward  over 
the  fallen,  the  human  wave  overwhelms  or  drives  1)e- 
i'lro  it  the  defenders  at  the  entrance,  ami  Berzab;;! 
v/ilh  a  few  survivors  makes  Iiis  last  stand  in  a  corner 
of  the  court. 

The  struggle  is  brief.  His  soldiers  are  soon 
sti'etched  upon  the  pavement;  the  standard-bearei's 
fall;  Ijut  Bei'>:;ibal,  supj)orting  the  colors  with  his  left 
arm,  for  a  while  defends  himself  with  his  sword,  till 
jsierced  by  a  dozen  lances  he  sinks  lifeless  on  the 
)und,"^  still  clinging  to  the  standard  in  his  death 
gony.  The  victors  now  rush  forward  irrto  every  part 
f  the  buildin<«-,  killing  witliout  mercy  and  without  dis- 


gr( 


o 


crimination.     Surrendered  soldiers  are  cut  down,  and 


! 


I      >1 


■•^ 'Gi'itarnn  todos  coino  si  lo'<  iiiflaiii.T^e  un  misiuo  cspiritu,  traieioni  ti';i!- 
cion  !  y  los  fri'fo.s  ilim'oii  (irdcn  do  no  otoi-j,';!!' la  viila  A  lunlic!'  r>n>i(imrn,iU\ 
( 'ii'itl.  Hist. ,  i.  40.  '  La  alj,'a/.aiii  ora  cspaiitosa,  y  so  oia  cu  toJo  Guaiiajuati), 
imiltiplii-riiiilDsr  sii  ooo  \»>r  la^  (^  lii-'liias  y  oafi^iilas.'  Ih. 

■'"  .'vicordiiii,'  to  Ijiistaiiiaiito,  ])or/rd)al  fell  IkTchv  tlio  allii'mdi^'a  was  pained. 
hi:i  doath  lioiiig  attribntud  to  one  of  his  ,s(j!dieis.  wlio  slu^t  liini  l)OLauso  of  a 
rcpi'iii.ai.d.  I!i.  'I'ho  fatliorof  1  >ii'go]Joiy/djal,  l>on  Iialtasar,  anivcdin  Moxii.'(i 
in  I74;{  and  niarriod  Dona  .Juana  IJuai'ti;,  a  lady  of  iiolilo  family.  Foiii-  .sons 
i.iid  two  danyhloi'B  were  the  robult,  Diogo  lioing  l)orn  in  Oajaca  in  XovomliLi' 
17()!',  thus  boiii^'  fi  cvor)lc.  Atlhoagoof  t\vi'l\o  he  was  sent  to  ^^paiIl  a.s  a 
cadet  in  tiio  roLMUient  of  Granada.  J  laving  vcturnul  to  Mexico  in  17HU,  lie 
reci'ivcd  an  appointment  in  tliu  rey;inient  of  Xueva  Jvspana,  and  ser\eil  in 
Santo  Domingo  dni'ing  the  rcvohitinn  in  that  island.  Having  obtained  the 
j^radc  of  captain,  he  wa.s  ]ivon)oted  to  the  rank  of  .saigcnto-niayor  of  the  pro- 
vincial battalion  of  Guanajuato.  As  already  n.oticcd  in  the  last  chapter,  it 
uas  to  Major  lierzabal  that  (larrido  denotnieed  Hidalgo'.s  consjiiracy.  JSer- 
S'.abal  was  forty -one  years  of  a;-c  at  the  time  of  his  death,  twenty-eight  of 
■which  ho  passed  in  cxcniplai-y  military  seiviee;  'sin  liaber  sufrido  jamas  un 
nrrcsto  ni  tenido  una  nuta  en  sus  liojas  de  scrvicio.'  Aliinimi.  Il'i-tf.  Mij.,\. 
!ipp.  i)\-l.  He  left  one  .son  and  three  danghteis.  lleiyaijal  was  a  zi'dlous, 
loyal,  and  well  edueated  oiiicer.  In  ISI 1  his  wiilow  cau^(d  twoollieial  invi.^ 
t'gations  to  bi- made  of  lnr  lati' husliaiui'.s  conduct  a.s  a  niiiitaiy  oflii  er,  tli' 
depos'tions  in  which  constituted  high  tcslinioiiials  of  his  merits,  and  i  u- 
tirely  refute  lUistainantc's  account  of  his  deatii  as  given  alioce.  .\l:unanoli- 
tained  tlio  particnlava  from  the  documents  in  possession  of  JJcniabal's  fiiUiiiy, 
and  ^^  hicli  were  placed  at  hia  disposal.   Id.,  ap[>.  uI-4. 


.TO. 


SPOILS  OF  WAR. 


151 


[lied,  tlu'v 
iiiiuklciiod 

0  buniiiii;' 
voile}'  at 
fi^abul  ami 
3a  d.  But 
vard  ovei' 
drives  !)< - 

Uerzab;;] 

1  a  earner 

are  soon 
rd-bearurs 
Lli  his  left 
sword,  till 
ss  Oil  till.; 
his  death 
J  very  part 
ithout  dis- 
lown,  arid 


(■!\I;ians  \vh  >  have  secreted  tlicniselvcs  anionn:  tlie 
stiiri's    ai'e    (h'a'4'<2fcd   forth   and   I'uthlesslv  butchered. 

CT'^nJ  t,' 

Ah'ive  the  din,  shots  still  are  heard  in  diiFerent  ])arts 
(if  ill"  alhondiga,  as  here  and  there  some  one  still  un- 
(laaiited  dearly  sells  his  life  and  kills  as  he  dies.  But 
i'ainter  and  fainter  j^row  these  sounds,  which  presently 
(•(•aso ;  then  {\)r  a  brief  space  the  dull,  heavy  thud  of 
till'  death-blow  is  heard;  and  then  all  is  still;  resist- 
nncf  is  at  an  end. 

]MI!a'j:e  is  next  in  order.  From  tlic  ]ivini>\  tlio  dy- 
Iii^',  and  the  dead,  the  clothes  arc  torn.  The  store- 
inoms  are  ransacked  and  the  treasures  carried  oft^',  the 
])!i;iidcrers  fighting  among  themselves  for  the  spoils. 
Vriiat  a  sight  is  here,  oh  God !  and  all  for  liberty,  all  for 
tyranny;  liberty  or  tyraimy  among  some,  with  others, 
•ilorv,  ''-old,  or  phmder — unioiigf  all  with  more  or  less 
of  that  liori'id  gratification  a  bloodhound  feels  as  it 
ti;iis  its  victim  limb  fnjtn  limb  and  scatters  around 
the  liloody  fragments.  Blood!  Wood  and  mangled 
hinnanity  everywhere.  Nude,  distortetl  forms  lay 
strrtched  on   hea[)S  of  maize  saturated   with  Ijlood, 

1  en  i)iles  of  silver  bars  dyed  crimson;  blood-stained 


r> 


jiillagers  bear  off  their  blood-bespattered  plunder  over 
the  pavements  slipi)ery  with  gore;  while  the  wild  ges- 
tieulations,  tlie  exultant  shouts,  and  the  savage  oaths 
of  the  frenzied   victoiv.;,   would   put  to   shame   hell's 


)at!q'U 


ters ! 


V 


W  hen  the  Europeans  who  were  in  the  hacienda  do 
Diihires  saw  that  the  revolutionists  had  ])ossession  of 
tile  aih<')ndiga,  they  meditated  escape  by  a  side  door 
<tn  the  norlh-west,  which  ope?ied  to  the  v.-ooden  bridge 
e\(r  the  llio  de  la  Cata.  It  had,  however,  already 
hem  broken  open  by  the  insurgents,  who  were  ])our- 
iii.U'  in  in  overwhelmin<jf  nund)ers.      11ie  doomed  band 


aiiionuf 


wl 


lom  was  Francisco 


[rlart( 


Wlio,  f)s 


tl 


le 


reader  is  aware,  had  been  connnissioneil  by  the  inten- 
(leiil,;  to  re])ort  to  him  Hidalgo's  jn-oceedings  at  ])o- 
hnv^ — then  retired  to  (he  well,  which  was  situated  in 
aa  elevated  position.      There  they  defended  them- 


1.V2 


TAKIXO  OF  THE  ALIIONDinA  OF  GUAXATUATO. 


solves  till  their  last  cartridge  was  spent,  inllictiii'j; 
lK'a^ y  loss  upon  their  assailants,  Iriarto  alone  killin.;' 
eighteen.  ])iit  the  ei'owd  now  closed  in  upon  them 
in  ovt'rj)o\V(ning  nnnihcrs,  and  the  ground  was  (luiekly 
covered  with  the  slain.  It  is  said  that  some,  to  avoi;! 
death  hy  the  hands  of  the  merciless  victors,  threw 
themselves  into  the  well. 

}->y  live  o'(;lock  in  the  afternoon  the  contest,  which 
had  lasted  for  four  hours,  ceased,  and  orders  weie 
given  to  take  the  prisonei's  to  the  jail  from  which  tlic 
criminals  had  heen  released.  Naked  and  M'oundiil 
and  hound  with  coi'ds,  the  wretched  survivors  wer  ■ 
dragged  and  driven  along  with  insults,  blows,  ami 
threats  of  death,  many  of  them  dj'ing  on  the  way. 
Othei's  pei'ished  in  tiie  prison.  Gilberto  iiiaho  and 
Bernahe  Ihistamante,  hoth  badlj'  wounded,  were  ])('i- 
mitted  to  go  into  a  private  house,  but  died  a  few  days 
afterward.  Among  the  slain  were  sons  of  the  first 
families  of  Guanajuato,  and  many  of  the  principal  citi- 
zens.     With  rcLTard  to  the  number  killed  nocertaintv 

CD  t 

can  be  arrived  at,  but  it  proI)ably  amounted  to  over 
six:  hundri'd  men,  soldiers  and  civilians.'*' 

Of  i\\o  insui'ijents,  exclusive  of  the  reijular  soldiers 

'"  Aoi'Divliiig  to  BustaiiiaiitL',  10.")  Spanianlsaiul  an  djiial  lumibcr  of  Kolilicis 
peiis!i<  (1.  /(/.,  41.  Alamaii  say.sahaut 'JDOsoldiLTsaiid  10.")  Spaiiiarils,  foUnu- 
iiu;  riu-itamaute,  ))iit  remarking;  in  a  note,  'Crco  ijuo  niurii)  mayor  nuiiioro  ilo 
ispafi  ili-s.'  //(,•*/.  J/i,/.,  i.  4IU-.").  Zainacois  I'on.siilers  that  umi'e  tliau  "2') 
yrjicliu-  v.iT'j  Klaii),  ami  not  loss  tliaii  l.'iO  Spaniard.-*.  Ifisf.  MiJ.,  vi.  .'!!i4. 
]jut  J..iL'c'aj^'a  cxaniiui's  the  (jui'.^tinn  with  .sonic  clo.si'nu.ss.  Hi'  argiu's  tli.it 
the  nunilicr  of  .luuMpt'aus  iis  given  l)y  Ijii.stamante  only  inelnded  known  iii- 
liahitaiit  -i  iif  till'  city  whose  diaths  were  notieed  at  the  time.  A  larger  iuim- 
lurof  Iv.ir'ipeans,  estimated  hy  him  at  not  less  tlian  .'il)0,  had,  howi'Ver,  lloek-  1 
into  thi'  eity  a.s  a  phice  of  refnge  from  the  .■^arroundiir^'  towns  as  sonn  as  lli'.' 
new.sof  tlie  rehelliun  reaihed  them.  The  givater  part  of  these  wire  iinknou  ii, 
tlieir  airixal  even  heiiig  iinni)tieed.  Most  of  them  perislu'd;  and  he  eonsiili'i-i 
that  400  F.iiropeans  fellas  well  as  nearly  all  the  sohliers.  A'Cir.  if  ]}( dijlr.,  1 17. 
Although  l.ii'eaga  has,  jierhaps,  overestimated  the  numher  of  Kiiropeans, 
liearini;  in  mind  tiie  exterminating  eharai'ter  of  the  eontest,  I  tliink  it  ])riilii- 
l)Ie  th.it  the  survivors  bore  a  eomparatively  .small  iimnei'ieal  proportion  tot'i.' 
slain;  and  as  there  were  many  I'^iiropeaiis  in  the  alhijndi'^a  other  than  tlin-i! 
who  lioie  arms,  I  thiul;  the  niimhers  given  by  the  three  lirst  named  anth'iis 
underrated,  I  may  add  that  Torrente,  mIioso  immiligated  ])artiality  to 
Sjiiani.sh  domination  in  the  eoloniea  leads  him  to  make  assertions  whieh  I'lii 
only  be  elassed  as  meiulaeious.  boldly  states  that  '2,000  loyal  victims  w, n; 
killed  and  "J, 000  more  east  into  iluugeons.  llisf.  Idr.  //!.</>.  Am.,  i.  1  I'l. 
Kobinsoii  says:  'The  nnfrntunate  Spaniards,  and  all  who  adhered  to  them, 
were  sacrilicuJ  by  the  iufiiriateil  Indians.'  Mem.  J/ex.  lie  v.,  i.  "JS. 


ATO. 

,  iiillif'tiii'^' 
ono  killiii-' 
nj»on  tliciii 
^ascniic'kly 
.0,  to  av()i;l 


rs,  thi'c\ 


() 


est,  wliicli 

"(Icn's  wt.'ic 

wliicli  tlin 

wouiidi'il 

Ivors  Wrl'  ■ 

jlows,  and 
the  w;ty. 
liiaiK)  and 
,  were  ])ri'- 
a  lew  (l;iy.s 
»f  the  fli'st 
iieipal  citl- 

0  certainty 
ed  to  o\rr 

lar  sold'u  is 

uhlT  of  SoMiiTS 

.•lui.nds,  fiii|i>\s- 
iiyor  luimci'o  ih 
iiiirc   tlmii   '-'iiJ 

J/.j.,  vi.  .'!:m. 

lie  argUL's  tliifc 

iiloil  known  iii- 

A  hii'go  iiuiii- 

owiiver,  lliii'!;.  1 

as  Koon  as  tlio 
wriv  unknuwii, 
nil  lio  considi'i'.i 
//  /lift in',-.,  117. 

(if  J''iin)jit'a:n, 
think  it  jiimIii- 
iH)|iui'tion  ti)  ihi^ 
till')'  than  till  ISO 

nniueil  ant!i"i-i 

1  jiartiality  di 
ions  wliicli  r.iii 
1  victims  win; 
).  Am.,  i.  I  I'l. 
Iierccl  to  tliLiii, 


THE  FinST  VICTORY. 


153 


vdio  (V'll  Oil  their  side,  at  least  two  thousnnd  Indians 
|!i  rished,  the  wounded  heiuL?  in  .small  |>ro}>orti()n  to 
the  dead,  having  been  trampled  to  di^atli  by  their  in- 
furiated comrades  as  they  rushed  forward  to  aveuij^o 
theni.^^ 

The  victory  was  dearly  purchased,  the  loss  sus- 
t;iiiifd  bcinu:  Ko  heavy  that  the  revolutionarv  leaders 
(Ict'Uied  it  ])rudent  to  conceal  it.  Durinuj  the  ni^'ht 
u'l-eat  trendies  were  duii'  in  the  dry  bed  of  the  river 
and  into  tlieni  the  dead  were  tlirown.  Some  of  tho 
slain  rovalists  were  drai^ued  bv  their  arms  and  le<jfs  from 
the  alhonihti-aon  tho  foUowiiiijmornin'jf  and  east  naked 

'- '  Scgur.aniLntc  pasaron  do  trcs  mil  niuci'tos  los  <[nc  iuibo,  aunquc  procu- 
rai'im  iicultai'  esta  pi'Tiliila,  enterrandolos  secvetanii'ntc  cu  zanjoiu's  inii'  liicic- 
lull  en  L'l  rio. '  Gnaii.  Pah.  Vimt.  Ai/init.,  '22.  Licoagii  con.-iilors  that  tiio 
;i,Ol)0  slain  as  reportcil  by  the  aynntaniiento  to  the  vieei'oy  leinesint  nearly 
accurately  tlie  total  luiinlier  killed  on  both  sid(^^.  Alanian  regards  the  nnin- 
hcr  as  greatly  exaggerated,  nustainaiite  states  that  it  was  not  known,  on  ae- 
luunt  of  tlie  ludians  having  buried  their  de.ad  in  the  channel  of  the  livi'r  by 
night.     Zainacoi-s  places  tho  numlier  of  victims  at  not  less  than  '_',."'"'•• 

Tlie  action  of  Itiafio  in  withdrawing  to  the  alln'indiga  and  leaving  tho 
city  defenceless  has  been  severely  censured  by  some,  who  regard  it  as  tho 
cause  of  the  disall'eetion  of  the  populace  and  the  future  disasters  which  be- 
fell. The  nyuntaniicnto,  in  its  I'l'ihlint,  Vimlh'iu'luii . .  .nhwidy  (nioted  in 
ii'ile  \',\,  mges  that  but  for  the  abandonment  of  tho  city  the  jiopulace  would 
have  leniaineil  loyal;  ))ut  that  when  they  perceived  that  the  troojis  .and  Imu'o- 
pcans  had  retired  to  the  alhi'mdiga,  they  considered  Iheniselves  deserted  by 
tliein,  'coiiienzij  ;1  decir  [jiiblicainente:  (pie  los  gachupines  y  sefiores.  .  .(pie- 
rian  ilefendcrse  solos  y  dexarlos  entregados  ;i  eleiiemigo,  y  (pie  ami  Ins  viveres 
lisipiitaban  para  (juo  pereeicran  do  banilirc.'  diein.,  nt  sup..  i(i.  'i'liere  is, 
lijwevcr,  little  doubt  that  the  lower  orders  would  have  joined  the  insurgents 
in  any  case  as  soon  as  they  a))[u:'ared,  .and  Riano  was  well a\\ar(^  of  t'lis.  Coin- 
liiissioner  (Jiinstansi')  in  his  report,  already  mentioned  in'  note  l.'{  of  this  chap- 
ter, entirely  exonerates  Riaiio  from  blame,  considering  his  action  'eonformo 
al  (lictaincn  (le  la  sana  ra/.oii  y  il  la  nnixiina  de  siibios  niilitares.'  /./.,  7-1-."). 
Lice.itra  also  .argues  in  exculpation  of  the  intendente,  and  asserts  that  it  is 
falsely  stated  liy  the  ayuntaniienlo  that  the  populace  only  e\hibiti!il  .syinp- 
tiiiiis  of  ili.v,atreotation  after  tho  removal  to  the  allu'indiga.  (Jne  of  the  prin- 
cipal cau.ses  which  influenced  Riauo  in  his  decision  M.as  tlio  contemptuous 
iiruiner  in  whicli  the  abolishment  of  tributes,  published  by  him  on  the  "Jlst, 
hail  been  received;  the  proclamation  being  made  a  subject  of  ridicule,  and 
tlie  unf.ivoralilu  feeling  toward  the  government  lieiiig  apparent.  The  samo 
authiir  refutes  both  Alaman  and  IJiistamaiite,  who  state  that  the  abolishnient 
of  tiilmte  was  proclaimed  on  the  'Jtith.  Adk.  >/  Iii rlijir.,  ~l  .">.  r>iMring  in 
laiiid  the  re-iponsibility  of  Uiano  for  the  iirotection  of  the  roy.al  treasures  and 
aivhives,  his  knowledge  that  tho  i)opulaco  of  all  towns  which  llidaltfo  had 
aii[iiM;iclieil  had  enthusiastically  declared  for  the  revolution,  his  d.iulit  .about 
the  lidility  of  his  own  troops  who  had  already  been  tampered  with;  .'11111 
hearing  in  iiiind,  .ilso,  the  insolent  liearing  of  tho  populace  of  ( iuaiuijuato,  and 
the  inteiideiite's  conviction  that  Calleja  witiiiii  a  week  wfiuld  arriv  e  to  his 
6iip[ii)rt,  I  cannot  but  indorse  Liceaga's  views,  and  consider  that  tho  re]ire- 
sciitatii'iis  of  the  ayuntamieuto  were  warped  for  the  purpose  of  palliating 
tile  political  outbreak  which  involved  a  fearful  chastisement. 


lot 


TAKING  OF  THE  ALIIOXDKiA  OF  GUANAJUATO. 


i 


into  tlic  hiiriiil-j^i'ound  of  I>eleM,  the  body  of  tlio  iu- 
t(Mi(l<iit(^  alone  being  covei'cd  with  a  miserable  shrou.  I 
sup])lie(l  by  the  friars  of  the  convent.''''  Any  mani- 
festation of  pity  for  the  tlead  was  dangerous/'^ 

The  c'a[)ture  of  the  alliondiga  was  ac-com])lished  by 
no  regular  military  tactics.  Hidalgo's  disposition  ■; 
were  only  general,  and  confined  to  directions  given  t  > 
occupy  the  connnandinn;  heiLrhts.  After  the  h'rst  at- 
tanl:  the  leaders  had  little  control  over  their  followers, 
who  W(!re  little  better  than  a  mob  of  ill-armed  and 
unorganized  Indians.  Yet  there  was  courage  amoni'' 
them,  and  love  of  country,  self-sacrifice,  and  true 
heroism.  AVith  all  the  valor  of  veteran  wairiors, 
they  here  fought  for  the  first  time  in  their  lives. 
Hidalgo's  followers,  united  with  the  populace  of  the 
city,  once  launched  against  tl  <;ir  oppressors,  moved 
onward  with  irresistible  force.  At  the  sight  of  blood, 
their  own  blood,  that  of  their  comrades  and  of  their 
enemies,  they  became  demons  infuriate.  Bustamanlc 
relates  that  an  Indian  seized  a  bomb  thrown  at 
him  and  vainly  strove  to  tear  out  the  fuse  with  h\< 
teeth.  The  bomb  exploded,  blowing  him  to  j^ieces. 
"It  matters  not,"  cried  his  comrades,  "there  arc  other;; 
behind." 

Sucli  were  the  first  men  who  shed  their  blood 
in  the  cause  of  independence.  On  the  side  of  tho 
loyalists  also  individual  acts  of  bravery  wore  fre- 
quent, which  bring  to  mind  the  dauntless  bearing  of 
the  conrpierors.  Conspicuous  among  the  cavalrymen, 
uhen  thev  were  surrounded,  v\'as  Jose  Francisco  Ya- 
lonzuela,  who  three  times  charged  up  and  down  i]\v 
hill  alone,  clearing  his  way  with  his  sabre.     When 

^'Alanian  relates  that  the  body  of  Riafio  was  exposed  for  two  daj's,  to 
Eatiffv  the  curiosity  of  the  popuhice  as  to  whether  he  had  a  taih  It  is  t^iii  I 
that  the  helii  f  prevailed  aiiioiii;  some  of  the  lower  oi'ders  that  all  Spaiiiurils 
had  tail.s.  ,'iitif.  Mfj.,  i.  ■l']o.  Jews  were  thonglit  to  have  tails,  and  as  tin; 
Indians  were  taught  to  hclieve  that  the  Spanisli  authorities  were  inihiu  1 
with  the  anti-catholic  doctrines  of  the  Frcncii,  they  placed  them  iu  the  c;;t<' 
gory  wi'.li  llie  Jews.   Zdmacois,  lti»t.  Mcj.,  vi.  394-3. 

•'"  'A  una  nuiner  le  dieron  una  cuchillada  eu  la  cara,  tan  solo  ponpie  a  \-\ 
vista  de  un  caddvcrgrito  dcspavox'ida. .  .;Ay  I  ;  pobrecito !'  Buitamuntc,  Ctuul. 


Hid. 


•14. 


JATO. 


r.-LLAci:  AND  di;unki:nxi>s. 


135 


:  of  tlie  iii- 
al>lc  shrou.l 
Any  maui- 

il>lis]ie(l  l)y 
lispositioii' 
US  ijfivcn  t) 
ho  lirst  at- 
V  followers, 
arino<l  and 
'ago  ainoiii;' 
,  and  true 
II  wairiois, 
their  lives, 
lace  of  the 
lors,  moved 
bt  of  blood, 
1(1  of  their 
Bustamante 
thrown  at 
0  with  his 
to  pieces. 
)  arc  otherij 

heir  blood 
iJo  of  t!i-' 

were    fre- 

boariuL!'  of 

avalrvuieii. 

nciseo  V;i- 

down  11  li- 
re.    When 

31-  two  (lays,  to 
:;iil.  It  is  .-ai  I 
it  all  Spuiiuinls 
-ils,  .'liul  IVi  tin: 
a  woic  iiiiluii  1 
lem  ill  tlio  c;!t< 

iolo  ponjuo  ;'i  la 
damuiUc,  Ctuul. 


diMuued  at  last  from  his  saddle  ou  the  points  of  laiici  s, 
lie  still  fou^'ht  and  slew  his  iocs,  sliouting  with  his 
dving  breath,  A'iva  Espaiia!'"'^ 

A\'!ien  victory  had  declared  for  the  insurgents,  those 
V,  lio  IkuI  remaine<l  inactive  on  the  surrouiKhnij:  heiudits 
swnnnetl  into  the  city  to  join  in  the  plunder.  As 
soon  as  the  alhondiga  had  l)een  stripped  of  its  treas- 
iit'es,  a  general  assault  was  made  on  the  shops  and 
houses  of  the  Europeans.  During  that  night  and  for 
several  succeeding  days,  pillage,  devastation,  and  riot 
irigMed.  Above  the  noise  of  human  voices  were  heard 
the  hollow  sounds  of  axe-blow  and  crow-bar  on  the 
doors,  the  rending  of  timbers,  and  the  crashing  of  fur- 
niture wantoidy  destroyed.  From  the  commercial 
stores  merchandise  of  every  description  was  seized. 
Dales  of  cambric  and  of  cloth,  sacks  of  cacao,  and  bar- 
irls  of  Spirituous  liquors  were  rolled  into  the  streets, 
and  sold  to  aii}^  who  would  buy  for  anything  that 
coidd  be  obtained. ^^' 

])nnikcn  Indians  arraved  themselves  in  stolen 
clot  lung,  and  staggered  along  barefooted  in  bright 
liiiifornis  and  embroidered  coats.  The  iron  railings  of 
the  balconies  were  torn  from  the  houses  and  the  u'rat- 
nigs  h'om  the  windows.  At  night  the  streets  were 
illuuiined  by  smoking  torches,  around  which  weinl 
liuuiau  forms,  in  every  stage  of  drunkenness,  yelled 
and  gesticulated.  The  mining  establishments  in  the 
city  and  iu;igliborhood  were  ransacked,  the  precious 
i.ietals,  <|uicksilver,  and  implements  carried  off,  and 
the  niachinerv  destroyed.  In  vain  Ilidali^o  souo'ht 
to  arrest  the  depredation  and  disorder.     A  proclama- 

*'  V.i.liMizucla  was  a  native  of  Irapuato  find  lieutenant  of  tlio  cavalry  tronp 
of  that  town.  ^MeniliL-rs  of  lii.s  f;niiilv  still  lived  there  wlicii  Alaniau  wrote. 
//(V.  J/./.,  i.  4-2!), and  app.  77. 

'''-A;,'i'ar(litnle  wag  sold  for  five  dollars  a  barrel,  a  sack  of  cacao  or  al 
inoinU  Inr  two  dulhus,  a  liale  of  eanilni  ■  for  four  dollars,  and  liars  of  silver 
lii-DU'rht  from  the  nllioiidi'^a  fur  five  dulhir.i.  So  if^noiant  of  values  were  the 
ciiiiiitry  Lillians  that  they  sold  tluir  trold  ounces  for  three  or  four  rcalcs  to  the 
iiioi  (if  (iiiiuiajuato,  who  told  them  that  tliey  were  copper  medals.  'xSothing,' 
s.iys  It  jl.insoM,  'can  more  stroniily  eliu^idate  the  wretched  ij,'noraiice  and  pov- 
erty ot  the  f:rcat  mass  of  Indians.'  Man.  Alex:  A'<  c,  i.  '2J.  Consult  Liccwja, 
Ada:  ij  luclijk:,  Vll. 


l.VJ 


TAKl.NC  OF  THE  ALHOXDIOA  OF  fiUAXAJUATO. 


tion  issued  l)y  liim  to  that  cftt'ct  on  tliu  OOtli  was  un- 
liccdud,  and  the  I'iotors  oiil^  ceased  when  llieir  \vi>il{ 
was  fiiiislied.      The  scene  in  Guanajuato  was  jiitiahh  .'• 

'^  Iliilulgi)  has  boon  greatly  blamed  for  tiic  friglitful  excesses,  a;*  if  it  L.i  I 
bc(!n  in  lii.s  power  to  prevent  tliern.     Roljinsoii  liolns  that  it  wa.-*  not  cxtnu/r- 
(liiiary  lie  .slioiiM  permit  tlio  Iiuliuns  to  enjoy  the  first  fruits  of  their  e.\<r. 
tinus.      III!  oonsiilurtd  it  pulitie  to  let  tlieni   have  palpiiMc  proofs  that  t!iiy 
voiiKl  profit  by  the  revolution;  and  with  rt.'gard  to  the  slaughter  of  the  .S|'.;n- 
iards,  it  was  impossible  f(n'  him  to  prevent  it.     ?  overtheless,  many  Ku:o- 
]ieans  and  ereoles  owed  their  lives  to  his  proti.'ctioii,  members  of  the.-c  la;".'  r 
incurring  the  same  danger  nud  violence  as   the  former,  their  liousos  Lei'i,' 
sacked  and  tiieir  persons  cxtjosed  to  continual  pei  il.     Tlie  historiau  Alani.ia 
narrowly  es(  aped  ill  treatnjcnt  if  not  ileath,  and  llidalgij,  in  person,  with  'J.i! 
sacred  banner  went  to  tlie  succor  of  liini  and  his  family.     Even  his  authority 
failed  to  dispense  the  erijwd  bent  njiou  plundering  thy  wealth  I'f  a  Spauia.  1 
that  had  bciu  secreted  in  Alaman's  house,  and  it  was  only  by  Alhnile  Ire.'y 
Using  his  sword  that  the  moi)  wiia  driven  back.    //(</.  JliJ.,  i.  4I>">— 41.     Tim 
main  HUtiiorities  consulted  for  the  above  account  of  the  taking  tf  t'.ie  alli.'n- 
diga  de  granaditas  have  been  Alaman,  Liceaga,  and  IJustiimante.     The  tc-u- 
niony  <jf  Liceaga  is  of  especial  value,  since  he  was  a  witness  of  the  whole  ;;!• 
fair  fiom  the  balcony  of  a  house  which  commanded  a  view  of  the  alhondi..i, 
find  which  ho  gained  at  the  risk  of  his  life.     The  (object  of  his  work  A'li- 
chines  y  Itcct'ifuivioMS  a  In,  llliloria  de  Jlixicn  que  (srrViiij  /A  L'iras  Akiiitan, 
published  in  Guanajuato  in  1SU8,  was,  as  its  name  implie'*,  to  correct  mis- 
takes which  apjjcar  in  Alaman 's  history,  and  lill  up  vacancies  in  thci-ei|Ueiice 
of  events  by  iuforniatiou  which  Alaman  could  not  obtain.     Liceaga,  wi.:!.; 
comiilinicnting  Alaman  for  his  diligence,  cU)se  research,  good  judgment,  an  I 
learning,  and  pronouncing  his  history  the  most  comph  te  of  the  kiml  i.vA 
worthy  of  all  appreciation,  points  out  that  in  many  portions  of  his  work  lio 
had  to  depend  upon  the  accounts  of  previous  wrileis,  which  hcliinisclf  asstrtT 
to  be  full  of  errors  arising  from  the  Avant  of  knowledge  of  some  authors  a;i  1 
the  prejudiced  views  of  others.     Alaman   conseipientl}',   with   all  his  c-.w, 
could  not  avoid  falling  into  mistakes  which  Liceaga  felt  himself  able  to  ( or- 
lect  from  personal  observation  aiul  contact  with  eye-witnesses.     The  addiii'  iis 
and  corrections  supplied  by  Liceaga  do  not  form  a  connected  history  of  tlie 
)(!Volution,  but  they  constitute  a  valuable  supplement  to  Alaman"s  work,  i\n\ 
throw  light  upon  many  points  previously  obscure.     Many  of  his  details,  hoiv- 
evcr,  arc  of  minor  importance.     His  conmients  are  generally  sound,  and  i.is 
arguments  commonly  lead   to  correct  conclusions,   though   more  lately  i  li- 
t:iincd  evidence  shows  that  occasiontdly  his  deductions  have  not  hit  the  n;;  :1c. 
With  regard  to  the  author  himself,  he  was  born  in  the  city  of  Guanajuato  .a 
the  4th  of  Jul}',  ITSj,  his  parents  being  Ramon  Guillcrmo  de  Liceaga  MuI 
]>oria  Ana  Catarina  de  ICspinosa.     His  early  education  was  received  in  die 
colleges  of  la  Furisima  Conccpcion  and  the  convent  of  San  Francisco  in  t  jat 
city.     In  1803  ho  entered  tlie  college  of  8an  Ildefouso  in  the  cit^'  of  Mexien, 
where  he  studied  jurisprudence  until   1800,  when  he  commenced  practical 
Avork  under  the  llcenciado  Jos(5  Domingo  Lazo.     In  1810  he  received  his  di- 
ploma f r.  'Ui  the  colcgio  de  Abogados,  and  during  the  period  of  the  rcvolutiuii 
followed  the  legal  profession.     After  the  independence,  he  tilled  s-evcral  iii^'li 
ollic's  in  Ilia  State,  being  appointed  magistrado  decano  of  the  Suprcma  Tii- 
bunal  de  justicia  del  I'^stado  in  1S2I-,  and  district  judge  in  IS'27.     In  181)4.  lif- 
ter  several   changes  of  position   in   oflicc,  owing   to   his  ad  .'.nceil   age  i.ijil 
infirmities,  he  retired  from  public  life  in  the  nomuial  enjrjymeut  of  his  lull 
salarj',  lint  of  which  he  succeeded  in  obtaining  only  a  small  portion.     Licea:.:is 
volume  covers  the  historical  epoch  of  1808  to  18"24,  and  tiie  work  whicli  lie 
performed  in  its  production  extended  over  a  period  of  lifteen  years.     He 
penned  his  final  remarks  on  the  'JTth  of  June,   1870,  exactly  one  week  bcfue 
tiic  completion  of  his  Sotli  birthday. 


ATO. 


A  PICTURE  OF  WOK. 


1-7 


)tli  was  iin- 
llicir  \Y(.i' 
IS  pitiable."' 

<ses,  as  if  it  ii.il 
iva.-*  not  cxtniDi-- 
i  of  tlicir  \:\i-v- 
inxjf.s  tliat  t!i(  y 
iter  (if  the  Siiaii- 
:.s.s,  niiuiy  Kuiu- 
.s  <•{  tlie.'-c  latter 
ir  houses  bciug 
istoriuu  Aluiiiau 
persidi,  with  the 
en  his  authority 
li  >A  a  Siiauiu;- 1 
v  AU'ii'le  fre.ly 
i.  4:>.!>-41.  The 
11^'  of  t!io  alh'''i- 
•iite.  The  tc-".i- 
iji  the  whole  .m'- 
'.  the  alhoixli  ..1, 
f  hi.s  work  A'li- 
/,«'•«.*  AkiiiMii, 
to  correct  iiii.s- 
i  ill  tlicbeijUc'.iice 
Liccaga,  wi;;!.j 
1  juilguicnt,  an  1 
if  the  kiixl  ivA 
;  of  his  work  lio 
c  himself  asscrtT 
iirie  autliors  aal 
th  all  liis  <.;.:c', 
aelf  alile  to  cor- 
The  addiii'iis 
1  history  of  tiie 
man's  work,  and 
liis  (l(-tails,  huv,- 
,•  souii'l,  anil  Lis 
more  lately  cb- 
ot  hit  then:;  ;k. 
f  Guauajuatooii 
lie  Liceajra  aiul 
received  in  ilie 
■'raiicisco  in  t  jat 
city  of  Mexicci, 
lenccJ  practical 
received  his  di- 
jf  the  rcToliition 
lied  t.everal  iiigli 
le  Suprenia  Tii- 
27.  InlSlU.af- 
V'.nccd  age  aijil 
mcut  of  his  I'ill 
•tion.  LiceaLa's 
!  work  which  he 
teen  years.  He 
one  week  befi  re 


Tiu'  strct'ts  wore  ciiii'l)oro(l  with  tlio  wrocks  of  fmiil- 
turr,  (lel)i'is,  and  dustroyod  goods,  ilimdrt'ds  oi"  lliui- 
iiics  wci'c  liopulcssly  ruined.  Siloneo  ivigned  within 
till'  hiU'c  walls  of  the  deserted  jiouses,  ami  the  cui'se 
(if  tlio  (lestr()ying  angel  seemed  tu  luive  liulen  on  the 
fe  )  lately  thriving  city. 


C [[AFTER   VII. 

IlIDAL(iO'.S  .MAltClI  TOWARD  THE  CAPITAL. 

1810. 

Mir.inr.v  Piir.PAnATioN  of  Vkniuias — Actidm  or  tiik  Ciirncii  and  Isiy  [• 
siTiiiN — MiDAUio's  Uki'IA" — Hk  Aiiolisiies  Slavkuv — His  Admimstih- 
TIVE  MliASrUEH  AT  GUANAJUATO — A  Kkfkactoky  Ayuntamu;.ntii - 
IflDAUiO  EsTAIiLISlIKS  A  MiNT  — MaUCIIKS  AGAINST  VaLLADOLU) — Al'l'I- 

TioNAt-  i;i:i':Nroi;ci;.Mi;NT&  -IIidaujo's  TiiKA.sruv  —  Tiiio  iNsriiuENis 
^lovi;  TowAKi)  Mexico — Tur:jiLL;>  Despatiiied  to  Opeose  tiieiu  A;- 

VANCE — ThiJIELo's     ClIAl'.ACTEK — ItCIIBIDE's     IJlOCiUAI'IIY— Tl!rJi;.!.u's 

MovEjriiNTS — The  IUttee  of  Las  Citrci:'^— TiiEliuvALisTs  Force thi.iii 
AVav  Out— Tiii;iu  Defeat  li,;iiAUUED  as  a  Tiue.mpu— Alauji  in  tiii; 
CAPEfAL — Anotueii  Sacked  Lanneu — IIidaujo  rEUPLEXED. 

AViiKN  Viceroy  A-^cncgas  discovered  liowrajiidly  tJio 
rebellion  was  spreading",  as  day  alter  day  intelli^'encc 
e.uiie  of  Hidalgo's  progress  and  the  defection  of  pr;)- 
vinclal  troops,  lie  saw  that  the  afl'air  was  of  a  more  s  ■- 
rious  nature  than  he  had  su})p()sed  j)ossible.  Witlui-it 
any  definite  knowledge  of  the  country  and  its  inha!»i- 
tants,  he  had  not  the  experience  of  even  a  few  months 
of  (]uiet  administration  to  enable  him  to  gain  an  in- 
sight into  ait'airs.  His  position  w('s  a  difficult  oii"; 
but  he  a|)plicd  himself  with  energy  to  the  task  (f 
holding  New  Spain  to  its  allegiance.  The  dispcivvil 
of  the  army  concentrateil  by  Iturrigaray  now  provr;l 
j^'.'ejudicial  to  liis  purpose.  Scattered  as  the  trodj^- 
Avere  in  provincial  towns  widely  separated,  it  was  ii  t 
only  a  difficult  matter  to  collect  on  the  moment  any 
considerable  force,  but  an  o[)portunity  of  spreading' 
disaffection  in  the  ranks  had  been  afforded  the  iiisrr- 
gents,  and  the  military  were  already  widely  infert  aI 
with  revolutionary  sentiments. 

( 158 ) 


vici:i;f.(;.\l  MEAsrnr.s. 


1.-9 


AL. 


nni  ANT)  Tsi.i'i- 
.IS  Admimstiia- 

YUNTAMIK.NTii  — 
,AI)OLIl) — Al'M- 

im  iN.sntuts.s 

I'OSE  TIIKIIl  A:'- 
IIY— TkIMII.:."'-; 
st.sFoiu,'i;tiii:iii 
-Alarm  in  tiii:; 

KXED. 

rapidl}'  tin' 
iiitclligcnco 
;i()ii  ot*  piM- 

a  more  s.'- 
Witho'.it 

its  inlui!)!- 
f'uw  months 
jfaiii  an  in- 
fficult  oins 
ho  task  «'t' 
.0  dispcivvil 
low  provid 

tlio  trooj'-^ 

it  vvas  11! 't 

.ouiuiit  a:!)' 

spreading' 

the  iiisr.i- 
;ly  infect  vl 

(138) 


At  (!iis  period  there  wire  no  l''uro|)ean  troops  in 
Xi  w  Spain;  and  thouj^liat  alati-rdato  Spanish  Inrcrs 
\, (If  :ient  into  the  eountiy,  their  nund)i,r  was  always 
Micatlv  exei'i'ded  by  that  of  the  native  ri';^inicnts. 
Thus  the  coniliatants  on  either  side  were  sons  of  the 
^  li!;  and  it  is  necessary  to  bear  this  in  mind  in  oidtr 
to  aji|ii'('(  iatc  the  critical  ]>osition  in  which  the  \  iceroy 
Inuiid  himself  at  the  outbreak  ofthc!  relx'Uion,  as  wdl 
as  tin,'  political  division  which  existed  in  the  ranks  of 
th(;  (ipj)ressed  portion  of  the  population.  The  total 
iiiiiiihri-  of  men  which  Vene^'as  could  count  upon  did 
iKit  exceed  ten  or  twelve  thousaiul,  the  ranks  and 
liwci-n'rade  ofKcers  of  which  were  drawn  almost  exclu- 
sively Irom  the  mestizos,  mulattoes,  and  other  i-astes, 
the  Indian  element  being  small,  since  that  race  was  ex- 
tiu[jt  iVom  m!'itary  service.  These  troo[>s,  comjxjscd 
(if  rcL;'in)euts  of  the  line  and  the  provincial  niilitia,  al- 
th<iii_li  commanded  by  S[)auish-Kuropeau  chiefs,  were 
(iliiccicd  to  a  great  exteiit  by  Creoles.  It  is  not,  there- 
fiirc,  a  matter  of  surprise  that  the  viceroy's  anxiety 
v,as  extreme,  in  view  of  the  doubtful  loyalty  ol'  the 
iiiilltai'v  and  the  smallness  of  their  number;  althounh 
ill  this  latter  respect  less  fear  was  entertained  by  rea- 
M'li  dl'  the  excellence  of  their  oru^anization  and  arms. 

The  lirst  measure  ado[)ted  by  Veiiegas  was  to  es- 
tablish at  Queretaro  a  foi'ce  suflicient  for  the  [>rotec- 
tioii  (if  that  city.  For  this  purpose,  he  ordered  the 
I'loviucial  draii'ooii  rei^fiment  of  Puebla  to  hasten  to 
the  cajiital  by  forced  marches;  and  on  the  2Gth  of 
September  the  Mexican  inlantry  regiment  of  la  Co- 
1'  'iia,  under  the  command  of  INlanuel  Fk)n,  conde  de 
la  C'adena  and  intendente  of  Puebla,  was  despatched 
fioiu  Mexico  for  Queretaro.  A  battery  of  four  can- 
iien,  under  the  direction  of  Colonel  Kanit)n  Diaz  de 
t)rtoga,  was  sent  with  these  troops,  who  were  joined 
a  lew  days  afterward  by  the  Mexican  dragoons  of  the 
line  a!id  those  latel}'  arrived  from  Puebla,  with  two 
haU.dii)ns  of  grenadiers,  each  seven  companies  strong, 
ihe  gvePiadiers  were  conunanded  by  Jose  Julon,  an 


I  TO 


IIIDALCIOS  MARCH  TOWARD  THE  CAI'ITAL. 


'i 


ofTicor  \vh()  ]i;i(l  a('coin});ii:i('(l  Vcno^'as  from  Spain,  llu 
Avlick'  I'oi'co  bc'iii'jr  under  the  direction  of  Floii  as  com- 
]!inndei'-in-eliier.  In  order  to  provide  for  tlie  security 
of  tlic  cai»ital,  now  almost  without  garrison,  tin;  in- 
fantry ret^inicuts  of  ]*uel)la,  Tivs  Villas,  and  Toluca 
werc^  witlidi'awn  from  those  towns,  antl  two  battalions 
fornjcd  IVom  the  crews  of  tlu;  frig'ate  Atocha  and  otli- 
ei'  \e:-s.ls  at  Vera  Cruz,  and  placed  under  the  com- 
niand  of  the  nava.l  captain  IJosendo  Porlier/  Several 
battalions  also  of  tin;  volunteers  of  Fcrnaudo  Vil. 
wei'e  aL;'ain  raised  in  the  city;"  and  Yermo,  in  lii> 
patriotic  zeal  for  the  mother  country,  e<ju:[)[)ed  and 
maintained  at  his  own  exi)enso  live  hundred  cavahy- 
inen  drawn  iVom  the  laborers  on  his  estates.^  IMo)'!'- 
over,  Colonel  Dicij^o  Garcia  Condei  was  a})polnte(l 
comandante  of  Valladolid  and  sent  thither  without 
delav  in  com])anv  with  3Ianuel  ^Merino,  the  intepidento 
(if  that  ])ro\ince,  and  the  conde  do  Ivul,  colonel  of 
the  jirovincial  infantry.  ^leanvvhilo  the  comandantes 
I'^elix  3.1arfa  Calleja  anel  lloquc  Abarca,  of  San  Luis 
]^>tosI'  and  (j!ua<lalajara  res[)ectively,  were  getting 
theli'  bri<''ades  into  etlicient  conditiim. 

]{iit  military  «»])erations  were  not  the  only  me;iii> 
cniphiVt'*!  to  crush  the  rebellion.  Prices  were  jiut 
U'pon  ill''  lu'ads  of  ]Iidalgo,  Alhnde,  and  Aldama  by 
tho  government;^  the  cluuvh  exeouuiiunicated  thei;i,' 

'Tlioso  troops  caused  general  ilisgust  1)y  tlicir  unclcanliiioss  an<l  want  <if 
solilitily  <lii>i.i  liiK'iit,  ami  uspeiially  I)y  tlii  ir  dlisccsio.  and  blas[*l)oiiuiiri  lni- 
{'ua^'c.  TliL' coiiiiast  liutwcLii  tlioin  and  tlie  pnjN  iucial  tniops  was  inark' 'I. 
llttliiiiia  ilr,  C'ikkI,  JJ'i^f..  i.  ;{");  Aluiimn,  JH.it.  Mr/',,  i.  tis~. 

2^■'^:. '/"  JAv.,  IS!!),  i.  s;!S-40:   /)iitii<>  M< :,:,  iUi.  WJi)--2. 

'^  III  nxiwlv::  y  Ddrnlos,  Cal.  Jkir.,  i'l.  105.  .Iusc'  Maria  ]\(anzano  also  .s  i;i- 
pliod  fi'oni  lli^^  liacuiidas  lior.soincn  ti)  tlio  liuiulx.'r  nf  lifty.   /''. 

*\'irii()y  VoiR'ljriS,  hy  pniclaninticm  of  Sr[it('inl)i'r  '_''  Ii,  uiri'i'^d  a  ruwini 
cif  10. (too  ]ii;s(ia  tor  tlu'  capture  or  death  of  tliuco  lea  ier-i.  7..'  /'0.s'.  I'liriu' 
ii.  f.  .">;  ^Vr.  </-'  M<v.,  ISIO,  7'.H)-7.  At  a  later  date  tlii  •  sum  was  o^'cred  f" 
tin."  iiead  cf  any  one  of  tliein;  and  Oiiei-ra  ;(;ites!  that  ntoney  and  arms  'uo 
ndvanced  to  a  j,'ainlilinL,'  ollieer  who  enL;aj,'ed  to  a-sa^-'i'iate  l!iil;;!,;o,  '|  -.i') 
csto  ]('.  recil'iria  >'\n  reeelo  ennio  (pie  era  su  eoinpadre.'  //<.-/.  //<  '■.  A'.  £sji.,  i. 
3vJl-"J;  H/sjHtx.   Wiring,  ii.  f.  S. 

'^  Maniiel  Aliail  y  Qneipo.  lii-;!iop  elect  nf  Mielio.acan,  piiMi.>hed  lii.-i  cxi-oin- 
tiiunieation  li_s  edict  of  Sejiteiulirr  '2lth.  Aliasolc  wa.s  also  included  in  i!. 
1'he  e\coniiiinnic:ited  were  declared  to  l)e  '.sacrilego.s,  jierjuro',  y  que  li:iii 
innirrldo  en  la  cxcomnnion  mayor  del  (''anon,  .'^iijiiis  s.  dciitc  I)ialieIo.'  All 
wlio  aided  or  Buccored  them  were  threatened  with  the  .  unu  puuiihmeiUof 


m 


HIDALGO  anatiikmatiz;:d. 


161 


pain,  tlio 
1  as  coiii- 
;  seeuvity 
1,  the  'lu- 
ll Toluca 
)attuli<)iis 
aiitl  "(li- 
the  Colii- 

iJo  Yil. 

lo,  ill  lii> 
[)p(.;el  and 
I  cavalrv- 
:■'  3[<.iv- 
appi/intcil 
(•  witliout 
ntoiitkiito 
colonel  of 
nandanti'S 
Sail  Luis 
0    veiliii''" 

ily  jiieans 

were  ]iut 

Lldania  liv 

ed  them,' 

^s  aiiil  \v:iiii  "t 
il^>liciii'iiio  !  Ill- 
s  was  iiii 


irU.-.l. 


i/.:uio  also  !<'.ip- 

■mI  a  i'i'\v;iri 

/KW.    I'lirin- 

wa.-i  t)''eivil  f" 

ainl  anus  "  iio 

!i,Uil-».  'I   ■•■» 

,-.  X.  i-^t'"'^- 

k.mI  his  cX' "in- 
iiiliKk'il  in  It. 
,  y  (i\ii'  li^ia 
!>i;il.o!o.'  \U 
ji',;uic.iiiuiui  ut 


ailfiiiii;'  tlu;  usual  anathouias;  the  inquisition  eited 
Hidalgo  to  a[)])ear  bui'ore  it,  eli;  •g'inLf  him  with 
li.iov  and  apostasy,  -•^nd  raking  \ip  old  aeeusations 
Id'oiiglit  against  him  ten  years  j)i'eviously.^  From 
{\\r  pulpit  he  w-'is  described  as  a  djinoii  of  impiety,  a 
iiiniisti'r  of  hane;  and  the  royal  university  of  Mexic-o 
t^hiiitd  in  the  I'act  that  he  had  never  aequiretl  the 
(K'gi'ee  of  doctor  in  that  institution!' 

Every  means,  in  fact,  whicli  woiud  tend  to  jirejudice 
the  cause  of  inde[)endence  was  employed.  The  bi>h- 
(i]s  and  the  higher  elei'gy  issued  e.\h(trtations  to  loy- 
alty, ifprcsi'nting,  in  the  darkest  colors,  the  object  of 
till'  insurgents  as  sclHsh,  and  tin  ir  intentions  as  im- 
jii.ius.  The  arehbishoj)  published  edicts  and  ])ast>  - 
i;.U:'  politicians  and  oHicials,  barristers,  learned  loc- 
t'lix  of  theology,  and  scribl)lers,  heaped  execrations  on 
t'lr  authiu's  (jf  the  revolution,  and  the  press  teemed 
wlih  loyal  j)roduetions  in  ))rose  and  doggerel  verse, 
li 'aj.iii^'  abuse  upon  Jfithilgo,  and  jirinted  by  p(;r- 
iiii>-iun   of   the   supreme  government.''     TJie  viceroy 

f/reator  oxconinuuiioaticiii.  The  valiility  of  t!iis  oxooiiimnnication  v/as  ([\kh- 
tioiicil  \)\  luaiiy,  on  tiio  f.'1'ouiul  tli;it  <,>ui-iiio  iuA  nut  yut  Ih'cu  coiisod'aLi^l 
ljisii<i|i.  Jii  oilier  to  tei'iiiiiiato  tlicso  doiihts,  .Xrihliisliop  Jazaiia  y  Iifauinoiit 
i:ililii'.l  it  liy  (jdict  of  tiio  lUli  of  ()it')ln.r  following,  ^lura,  .l/ry.  >/ .■^ns  A'lr., 
iv.  ."iJ-S,  siippliuH  a  copy  of  tliu.se  (-■tlict.-i.  (iueri'a  niaintii;!-.  tl!;it  (^>lleipo  huil 
I'l  I  iwiT  to  cxeoiLinunicate.  /li"/.  lit  r.  X.  L'-'/\,  i.  'l!l  llj.  'I'll'!  lii.slio|)s  of 
I'li'l'l.i  and  tluii(lal;ijara  al.-io  fillinin.atud  o.vcomnmniijations.  Z'fc-cru,  Mini. 
Un-   M<x.,VA  Tk 

*'' /ji.^jiO!'.  Viirirt.-<,  iii.  fol.  1.V2;  vi.  fol.  t")!);  J  >:<irio  dr  Mir.,  xiii.  4'_'.'')-7. 
The  (.■ilift  of  the  inipii.-ntioii  wan  ib>;ne(l  o'.i  the  i;it!i  of  ()i.tiilier. 

'  I  iie  reetnr 'jf  tile  iini\ersity  adilre.s.sed  an  oiiieial  i'oniiiiauii.'iitiou  to  thu 
vi.'ciipy,  re(|iii'stiiiu'  him  to  make  |ml]li.;  the  faet  t!i;;t  lli(!;il.;o'.-;  na;no  ili'l  not 
!il';ii:u'  in  imy  of  the  hooUs  ia  whieh  were  iv.ristered  the  hiu'lier  degree.-i  eoil- 
trinl  in  it.i  inemhei-.s.  The  I'equ 'st  wa.s  niade  hecan^e  the  title  of  doctor 
v.as  hein:;  .ou.stantly  given  to  Hidalgo  in  the  ]iaper.s  and  ]>ul)!ic  slieets  uf  the 
iliv.  /'/..  .'180 -7.  According  to  the  citutinii  rif  the  iiupiis'tion.  thu  cinvi  of 
l'"l(iK's  eiitei'tained  a  supreme  contcmiit  for  the  iinivcr,sity  faculty,  which 
I.  ■  iv_"irdud  as  a  body  of  ignoramtisi'.s,  'y  linalnieiite,  <|ue  suis  tan  .solierhio 
'H'.c  lleri^,  (pie  no  os  Iiabci:)  giaduado  tie  L)i-  eii  e^ta  uuiversiilad,  por  .ser  ^a 
chuistni  una  (piadrilla  .le  iLinorantcs. ' 

('uiLsiKt  7'/.,  4,):i-(J;  //■  riKtii'liz  1/  iJiirn/o.-:,  To/.  Dor.,  ii.  100-4,  "(17  !); 
.lifiii.~:  I'lir'iiK,  ii.  fol.  7;  JJvmn  //  liiiiinnui  t,  Eiliortd'ioii, .  ..yivx.  ISIO; 
l'l..i',rla  Ui-'iliil.,  Mex.  ISiO;  (JiiAjm,  Eitirl.  J i^s/rif'.,  Sep.  .'ID,  ISK);  /,!., 
I'.'r'i.,  Oct.  S,  ISIO;  l.iiin,  I'J  rum.. .a  xiix  jii /m  huhit.,  Qucietaro.  IMtl; 
.l/o/'/'-.(/,n/,  ,iV/wo/(,  Mex.  l.slO. 

'tJ'iiiriult  a  Mcries  of  lettcrH  written  liy  a  Mexican  doctor,  a.s  a  Kpeciini'.i  of 
tlir  .liyle  of  abuse.     They  aro  tliii-^  addies.-;ea  to  Hidalgo:   'I'arta  jiriniera  /> 
Uii  I)r  M  ■.!•:,■' I  IIO  I  I  111'.  />.  .Miijiiil  Walal'ja  Covfilia.  e.c-Cuntdi  JJolnnn,  i  .'J-.Vh- 
llixr.  Mrs  ,  Vol.  IV.'   U 


i02 


IIIDALriO.S  .MARCH  TOWARD  TlIK  CAriTAL. 


i'i 


issiiod  procl;iin;itioiis,  nnddciioiinccil  tluu'iiinors  which 
jJiwailcHl  of  tli(;  cession  of  ^klcxico  t(>.  Fi-aiicc  as 
oTouiullcss,  attributing  tlicir  oi'i;4iii  to  llidal^^o.^"  At 
tlio  same  time,  town  otlicers,  governor^^,  and  other  aii- 
tlioritirs  were  urged  to  express  tlieir  (idelitv  to  Spniii, 
tuid  their  detestation  of  the  revolution;  while  in  oruir 
to  conciliate  tlie  Indians  they  were  relieved  from  (!i:' 
})aYnient  of  tribute,^'  and  measures  taken  for  the  iiu- 
])roveinent  of  their  condition. 

This  action  at  lirst  was  not  without  eifect,  and  the 
ca[)ital  and  many  other  cities  i-emained  loyal.  Tlio 
lieaA'iest  blow  sustained  by  the  revolutionists  was  that 
dealt  by  the  cluux-h  and  inquisition.  The  awful  do 
nouncenient  of  tlie  leaders  as  heretics,  their  terrible 
jtunisliment  of  greater  excommunicaiion,  and  the  drc'i'l 
ol'  the  s:inie  appalling  fate  i'alHng  on  them,  woi'kinn; 
upon  an  ignorant  twA  sup(>rstitious  p(M)})h%  decidrl 
fir  a  time  the  vacillating  and  deterreil  the  disailectet. 
llida]<>:o  fully  reco'jjuized  that  he  had  to   ti'i'ht  witli 

c<r<hjti'  tie  Crista,  ex-Cr'intimxi,  cx-Amero'cmo,  rx-Hnmhn',  //  drnrnilWimo  (' <• 
jiHi.iz  <!<•  Sdlfendorat  y  ^'Inci/^o.^.'  Ih rnnmhz  y  l>anihy<,  Cnl.  Dw.,  ii.  i,2')- 
!! ').  Oiit  cif  tlic  iiiiiunioriiljl(!pu1)Hc.iti(iim  issued  iluriiiu'tho  tirst  iiiontlm  of  t!i9 
revolution,  I  rotVr  totho  few  follow  iiiu',  iUioiivnious  iiiul  othtu'u  i:ic,  nil  lnjiiing 
tlic<Ui.l.oof  ISIO:  S.iiiSn'nf/or,  lirjli-7:.  Put.  A,,,.;  Id.,  Mem.  Crist.  l\,l.:  1,1., 
<  art  I  df  nil  padre  d  sh.h  hijiht;  Cidrlllo,  l)i-<eiir.'<(>  Kolira  Ijh  wd(!<,  etc.;  (I'nn'ia 
y  (I'drc/a,  Pro-jx  r.  Union;  Comolo,  JUfCiirso  Puiri.;  Ih /fcrraiii,  Ex/iorf.  In- 
••ilrnc/.;  Camiio  1/  I'irn-i,  Jfruilf.  Fddut.;  Moid''rdc,  /■'rorlfiniafjin-  d  liitcudenti', 
<'''■. ;  n'nrii,  Mmiif.;  Exhort.  l)ij>i(tiir.  Cortes;  Moii/ai'in,  Ui;J<x.  Alhorifoa; 
M,x.  AInriir.  P,':il  Col.  Ahnijudos;  Exhort.  Col.  AIio;i'i  !  ■-;  Criollo  Si'iisih'", 
J'lOc;  Pro-laniti  (si/^'iicd  L.  1'.  J.  (t.);  Exhort.  Putri:jl.  Ani.;  Cridiml'i  i:,ii- 
fni.  loa  Srdiirtort'ti.  Amoiir;  siu'li  ox])rc'i;siouti  of  loyalty,  I  liiul  aiiapjiciil  iiiaile 
to  Iiiclal','o  by  0110  of  lii:4  fellow'-i.' )llei:iaiis  in  tlio  lli'iil  y  rriiuitivo  diloLrio  <la 
S:'.n  Nicoh'iH  Oliispo  do  Valladolid.  it  is  (-i.u'iied  Dr  ISlas  Abailiano  y.Ja^o, 
AftiT  lirioUy  caliii);^'  to  mind  Hidalgo's  oolle,'.;iato  sncoe.ss,  tlio  lii'.,'h  rt'imi:!ti>'ii 
lie  h:id  aci[uired,  and  lii.s  iirofenm-iits  to  tin;  hcnetiiVM  of  S:ui  I'clipo  and  P.)- 
lorc',^  till!  writer  lnMii'fs  to  noticL'  his  liaekslidiii;,'  from  the  <;lnir('!i,  an  1  in- 
doisos  the  action  of  the  innuisition.  'Ah  y  con  ijnanta  lazon  el  Santo 'I'lliiii- 
n.d  do  la  Inijilisieioii  o;i  ha  deelarado  ]ior  lieiv,!io  formal!  puen  csta  ei  una 
pruelia  na<la  oipiivoca  do  ipie  pretondeis  ajia.j;/.!'  la  Inz  del  Esangclio.'  lie 
then  pi  lints  (lilt  the  irreparal  lie  harm  douo  by  J  fidid;,'o,  and  implores  him  to 
oast  aside  his  apostasy  and  rely  upon  the  mercy  of  tlio  impiisitioii.  i'ar'i  '''■ 
VII  I'oiiroliija  d  Don  ^f/'jucl  /lidrdi/n. 

'"  V,uf<i<t^,  Mauiiii'sto,  '21  Oct.'  ISIO. 

"  The  (irder  for  the  remission  of  tribute  had  boon  isnnrd  by  tho  regency  on 
the  L^Ulii  of  May  preoedin,',',  negroes  and  mul.ittooi  boiui.;  inoiuded  witii  l::l- 
i-'.ns.  Vonotras  pubHslicd  it  on  tho  otli  fif  Ootol-.in'.  Di-<j>o!^.  I'ari't^,  ii.  I  '1. 
(i;  Z<'rv;ro,^l!n'.  M,x.,  17.'?,  1>0-I;  ^njr'ir,  ]l\^i.  Mil.  .S';/.  A7A'.,  i.  1"">- 
'.!i)').  Tho  ]vool:iniation  was  iniluishod  in  the  Spani-sli  and  Aztec  languages. 
Jltr'Hiudc:  1/ D^'u'ulo-f,  Col.  JJoc,  U.  U17--H. 


I 


)i':-;  wliich 
raiico  as 
fo/"  At 
)tlioi'  ;ui- 
Lo  Spain, 
•in  o\\\rv 
IVom  t!i:' 
V  llio  inl- 


and V 


iij 


was  that 
iwt'lll  dc- 
L-  terriMo 
tlu' dread 
,  worl^in-^^ 
,  <1c(M;'k1 
sailoctcl. 
^■lit  wiih 

rrnlisiiiio  ''^ 

l)i)'\,  ii.  i:..'.")- 

imiitliH  lit'  t!i'! 

ic,  ,ill  lii'ir.iii^' 

~f.  I'ul.:  hi., 

etc. ;  (I'ltri'i'i 

Exhort.  I.I- 

!  Illhililijr, 
:.  Allj.u:  '.'S' 
)//()  (Sr ;,,<;'.'(', 
t.ifiild'l  I  ./'■ 
ii]i|ii'ill  lliailo 
I)  ( 'olcL'i'i  lis 
aiii)  y  .Jm;?o. 

ipi)  iiiiil  I')- 
iifc!i,  mil  ill- 
Santo  Trilm- 
C'sta  (•<  in::i 
nu-oli.).'  l!c- 
liiro-i  him  li) 
on.    Cur'  I  "'' 


I'.o  rPLr(-'!ii.\'!;i 

1  Willi  l;l- 

'(//•r(J,  ii.  I  il. 

\l\.,  i.  1"V 


i.ir.EH.vL  Mr..\suRi;^  of  iiid-Vlho. 


IG3 


v.capDiis  oilici'  tl;.:n  tlio.-c  used  on  llic  battlo-fitdd; 
xn\  soiiic  Wfcks  l;ii(  r  \\v  ran.-^cd  to  be  |Uil)]islicd  in 
(inadalajara,  wliicli  li;id  IJdk'n  into  iiis  ]io\v<.'r,  a  rtplv 
to  tlu'  citalion  of  the  iii<|iiisili()n  and  il.s  cliai'Li.'cs 
a 'ainst  liini.  In  tliis  n!o(  :,'iination  he  soloinidv  de- 
ilaivs  tliat  lie  had  iicvcf  <lc{);ii't('d  iVoin  (he  holy  cath- 
olic I'aith  ;  lie  ri'hiits  tlic  accusations  of  hciv.sy  1)\'  call- 
iaif  attention  to  ilag-irint  eontrndici i(t:s  in  tlieni;'- 
jinints  out  the  evils  witli  which  the  pi'ople  of  N(.'\v 
Spain  Avere  op[)ressc(I,  and  calls  on  them  to  hni'st  tlnir 
I(m!i''s  an<l  estiihlish  a  con'^i'ess  that  sliidl  dictate  be- 
i.ciicciit  and  discihjiiiKitino'  laws  suited  to  t!ie  several 
!■  ■ij'iireuients  of  the  dilferunt  districts. 

i!ut  other  measures,  also,  wvrc  ado[>ted  I)y  Jlidal'40 
v.lii -h  ius[)ired  conhdence  in  the  upri^^htness  of  his 
iiu'tives,  and  a;!'>u<''Ml  pal[)al)le  illustrations  of  the 
l;;'iiefits  to  he  del  ;v  "!  from  independence.  1  le  ordc'red 
t!ic  eiiianci[)ation  of  slaves,  under  penalty  of  death 
[>  tlich- owners;  he  released  Indians  and  persons  of 
all  castes  irom  the  payineut  of  tributes;'^  and  ou  the 

'-'So  ino  iicus.a  do  quo  iiio;,'o  la  oxi-itoiioia  dol  iiifionio,  y  mi  jiiion  antes  so 
n.'' liaro  oir^M  do  hn'ior  aseiitad')  uno  al;,'un  p'lutilicc  do  tn  oanoiiizados  iior 
>::ut  I  cstd  on  osto  lujiar.  ,;(  'dhio,  imos,  omiOMrdar  (pio  iiii  ponti'lico  ost;i  en  v\ 
iniionio,  no^;andi)  lii  cxistoncia  do  o.sto.'  Aiidai'ain:  'So  mo  inipiita  tandnou 
(I  lii.lior  iic_L;:'.do  la  iir.trntioidad  do  los  ha'.jradcis  lil)i-o'^,  y  so  iiic  aciisa  do  ko- 
j;uii'  li;:i  poi'voiwis  d(i;,'nias  do  l.iitero:  ^i  ].,iitoio  doduco  sua  crroro.s  do  loa 
hiiV'-i  (iiii!  oroo  inspiradiiij  jinrDios.  ici'iiiiu  ol  ipic  iiioLa  osta  inspiration  sos- 
tciiili'd  lo.s  suyo.s  doduoidii^<  do  ln.s  iiii.-inios  liljfo.i  fjno  ticno  por  falndnsu.^V  Dol 
ifiisiu'i  modi)  .'51111  todas  las  aousacioiios. '  liiiMiniumlf,  I'liml.  IHkI.,  i.  4',V^. 
'J  !;is  writor  iilitainod  an  oiigiiial  oopy  of  this  dooiiinont  fioiii  tlio  lieontiato 
M:M-iani)  Otero,  ulio  assurod  him  tliat  it  Mas  imo  of  \t2\y  few  wliioli  liad  Ijovn 
i-Mvi'd  ill  tho  town  of  'I'izapani  in  dali^ioo.  Ifidalu'n's  I'oply  was  so  convinoiii'j 
thif  till!  iiii|iii.sition  felt  oniiipollcd  to  is^.siic  allot iior  odii't  in  dofousc  uf  tliu 
('■iriii'.' coiitradi'ii  iiii!  ooiitainod  in  tho  lir.'^t.  In  this  it  ^\a3  stated  tli.'st  al- 
tii'iM  !i  tlio  hcre^ie.s  iniputod  to  Hidati^D  were  enutiaiKotory  in  tluniisilvos, 
tlay  had  not  hueii  dovolo[iod  in  him  at  tho  saiiio  time,  hut  in  di.stiiu.'t  ipoili.-!. 
y.rrfi^rn.  .]/i  m.  Ii'i  >:  J/- .r. ,  li.").  I'.y  tho  detractors  of  Hidalgo,  his  d.'feiiwMif 
his  I'lnitation  i.s  rugardod  as  tho  adiiiissinii  of  woahnoss.  It  was,  however,  a, 
p'lliiie.d  nooo.'^sity.  I'er.snnally  ho  eared  nothing  eitlier  f.ii'  tho  impiisili  m  or 
t!;e  lii>li(ipR,  l)iit  ho  well  knew  their  ])ower  over  the  pinijilo,  ii:id  it  was  in  t!:o 
lii'.;ue.-.t  degi'C'o  important  to  refute  their  .statements,  cspeeially  as  in  Auu'ii  t 


H'i^  tile  iiii(iiisition  had  eomleiiiiied  as  lierotii:al  the  prineiplo  of  tl 
li^lity  of  the  ]ienplo.   Copy  of  (diet  in  Jl'mrio  t/r  .lA.i-.,  i\-.  L'Tl-.'t,  '2i: 


iisorena  s  jiroelama 


tion   at    Valhidiilid    Oet.    lit,    ISIO, 


111 


ni|  Ilalirc    M-ilh    llidal; 


'o  s   onlers. 


//< 


<lz 


V 


]>>i 


cj.  n 


hi'.'-Tit.  On  tho  'Jllth  of  Nov.  Hidalgo  puhlished  a  deeree  euniniandini,'  tin; 
iM.niiiinissinn  of  slaves  within  ten  days.  This  was  conlirmed  l>y  another  of 
tin  liiili  nf  l)t,.(...     ISolh  these  il'Mjiiineiits  exist  in  the  ooUee.tion  of  I  h  riuiiulez 


104 


HIDALGO'S  MARCH  TOWARD  THE  CAPITAL. 


5tli  (>r  ])cci'inl)or  ordered  the  restoration  of  thv'w 
lauds  to  tlio  Indians  of  tlic  district  of  Cluadalajara/* 
l)y  this  policy  llidalijfo  succeeded  in  gi'cutly  counter- 
acting the  expedients  to  Vv'hich  his  opponents  resoitt 


Led 


When  sonic  <leL>Tee  of  order  had  been  arrived  at  in 
Ouanajuato,  ILidaigo  proceeded  to  make  arrangenieiils 
for  the  i'urther  progress  of  his  eiiter})rise.  Tlie  ni;)i(' 
giievously  wounded  of  the  European  prisoners  weic 
removed  to  tliealhondiga,  wliere  they  were  tluly  caml 
Inr;  others  were  conlined  in  the  infantry  barracks, 
wliile  some  few  were  allowed  to  return  to  their  h(Jiiu>. 
At  a  later  date  all  the  European  captives,  includinL( 
those  brought  from  the  dift'ereiit  towns  which  the  iii- 
stugiMits  had  j)assed  through,  were  collected  in  'ln' 
alli'.uidiga  to  the  munl)er  of  247.  Those  who  wi'ic 
a.llowed  their  liberty  were,  however,  required  to  sign 
a  written  engagement  not  to  take  up  arms  against  th'' 
independent  cause,  under  penalty  of  death.''  S[)anish 
ecclesiastics  of  both  the  secadar  and  regular  orders 
were  also  left  free,  and  Hidalgo  issued  especial  com- 
mands that  they  should  in  no  way  be  moK.'sted. 

Having  secured  for  administrative  expenses  but  a 
small  proportion  of  the  treasures  deposited  in  the  ;il- 
huiidiga,  he  ap]>ropriated,  as  an  unavoidable  necessity, 
considerable  sums  beloii<''in<4-  to  ])rivate  individuals." 
He  next  proceeded  to  organi/ce  the  civil  government 
of  the  province.  Having  summoned  the  ayuntamieuto, 
he  demanded  to  be  recognized  as  captain-general  "( 

y  I>;lv.^lo^';  <''>]iifs  of  thrtii  are  ti>  bofidiiiil  in  Sor.  j\[<x.  O'en;/.,  'J^op.,  iii.  ."  i -i. 
Alainaii,  ///"t.  .\hj.,  ii.  'S.S,  liiids  fault  \\\tW  lliilalgo  for  aholi.-iliint;;  .slaM'.v 
willuiiit  i'oiii|icii.satioii  to  tin:  owiici'.s.  Alfivilo  (JhavcM'o  remarks  Uiat  AIuimni 
coii-iilui'cil  tlio  i^iR'stioii  ilia  liiiancial  point  of  view,  liUo  tiiu  almHtion  of  a 
toliacoo  priviU'gi',  wliPioas  Jliilalgo  only  ruganliil  tlio  fniancipiitiou  of  lii^ 
liivllnvn.  .S'"('.  Mix.  O'i'^kj.,  nt  sui).,  ."jti. 

"Copy  of  onli.T  is  .-iuijplicil  in  ^L•.v,  I'rj'iil.  Art.  dc  Foiuhi,  '2(5. 

'•'  .\  ili.stinL'tion  \va.s  made  ln'twccu  Spaniai'ds  who  liad  ofiVTed  rcsistani''  i:i 
till!  allii>ndiga  and  tiioso  \\  ho  had  icniuine'd  in  their  lioiiscs,  thu  latter  hv  iii-' 
allowed  to  i-eiuain  at  lihi  rty  under  the  condition  nicntioued  in  tlio  t  xt. 
JJcim/ii,  Ailir.  II  I'l'CtijIc,   121-."). 

"'  l''rom  the  liou.se  of  Bernalje  Bustamantc  lie  took  40,000  pesos  wliieii  liil 
lieen  (.'nuccaU'd  in  tiie  wr,tci'-fistei'n.  liie  .secretion  of  wliicli  a  faithlos.s  ser\ mt 
revealed.   Alainaii,  //(.-■.'.  M<J.,  i.  4l_', 


of  tlu'ir 
alaJMi'ii.'^ 
couutcr- 
res()i't>(l. 


^'cd  at  ill 

lUXMueiils 
"he  m^MT 
lers  wxvc 
Lily  cari'il 
bai'iiu'l^s, 
ir  lioiut  ^. 
inclu(liii'4' 
li  the  lu- 
ll ill  <iu' 
rho  \\rvv 
lI  to  si:.!;! I 
gainst  til" 
Spanish 
ir  orders 


eoiii- 


cial 
ed. 

sc.-'s  but  ;i 
u  the  ;il- 
leeessily. 
|vi(Ui;il>.'' 
•ernuu'iit 
taini(,'Ut'i, 
eiieral  ^l 


pp.,  iii.  ."I-'. 

Unit  Alamni 

iMiUtion  I'l  '■>■ 

patioii  (if  liii 


rusistanir  in 
luttM-  li'  in-' 
in  the  t  \t. 

OS  wllii'll  'll'l 

:liloss  sei-.  lat 


REVOLUTIONARY  GOVERNMENT. 


165 


Ai.iirii'.'i,  ''IS  had  l)een  done  at  C'<l;i_va,  and  stated  tliat 
a-  it  was  liis  ]»i'ei'oL;'ative  lie  sliould  [uoeeed  at  (>\u-i.'  to 
till'  a|ii»()iiitni(.'iit  ofalealdesordinarins.  Thereuin^n  lie 
11  iiMi'd  Jose  Mii^'uel  de  liivera  Lh)rente  and -lose  NTaria 
jlri'iiaiidez  Chico.  A  low  days  latcjr  he  called  an  as- 
sciuhly  of  the  ayuntainieiito,  the  clerijfy,  and  j)rinci]);d 
cithceiis,  I'oi'  the  purjiose  ol"  aj)pointin,L,''  officers  of  the 
(•l\il  L^'overniiient.  The  ayuutauiieiito,  howevei',  was 
hot  well  disposed  to  the  new  order  of  thing's;  and  when 
IIi(l:il"'o  nominated  the  reu'idor  Fernando  l\'re/  ]\La- 
iiuinn  iiitendente,  he  ;lecliued  the  ])osition,as  also  did 
tlic  rc^'idores  Jose  j\Iaria  Septieui,  Pedro  de  Otero,  and 
.M.utin  Coronel.  liidalgo  now  became  irritated,  and 
when  the  re^'iilores  endeavored  to  ex|)lain  that  they 
(Mill:!  not  reconcile  ideas  of  indej)eiKlence  with  their 
(lalli  (if  alle^'iaiice  to  Fernando  \^1I.,  or  the  motto  on 
iii-^  own  standard,  he  ano;riIy  exclaimed:  "There  is  no 
loii'it'i-  a  Fernando  VII.  !"^'  Findini>-  thc^  avuntanii- 
eiilo  thus  intractable,  without  further  delay  Hidalgo 
ap[ioiiited  Jose  Francisco  Gomez,  who  had  l)eeu  ad- 
jutant major  of  the  provincial  infantry  regi'nent  of 
\':illadoli(l,  intendeute  of  the  j)rovince,  with  the  rank 
of  brigadier,  Carlos  Montesdeoca  his  asesor  ordinario, 
a  ad  Francisco  llobledo  iiromotor  liscal,  Li'iviii'''  them 
t"  understand  that  they  must  accept  the  a[)[)ointinents 
without  demur. 

The  captain-general  now  turned  hisattentioii  to  the 
organization  and  (;([uipineiit  of  liisarmy.  The  ca\'alry 
was  (juartered  in  th»!  mining  establishments  whitdi  had 
hrcji  sacked,  and  for  the  futures  protection  of  wliich  he 
;ijipointed  IVnlro  ^lariuo  as  overseer,  charged  with  the 
<  ■nvof  tlu}in.  Two  additional  infantrv  re<>-iiuents  were 
laiN.'d;  oiK}  at  Valeiiciana,  of  wdiich  he  ai)poiiite(l  ( 'a- 
siiuiroChovell  colonel.''  and  the  other  in  Guanajuato, 
tile  command   of  wdiich    ILidalgo  gave   to   JJernardo 

'  (I'liaii.,  Piih,  Vliiil.  Aii'dif.,  '^7.  .%<tcor(lii>>;  t>>  the  f^.inic  fiutliority,  tlio 
Stan  ln'il  hoiv  tlio  wiirds:  '  Vi\a  !a  lAC-.igiim,  xi^a  I'cniiuulo  \'II.,  y  vivii  hi 

.Vul    ri,>;i,' 

'" !  li>)\ (.11  was  tlio siipciiuteiuloiit  ol  tlic  V.iKik  . ma  i.uiio.   Alaniaii,  ut  sup., 


IGG 


IITDALCO'S  MARCH  TOWARD  THE  CAPITAL. 


(■" 


ri; 


Cliico."  These  ti-()(»j).s  wwc  urmed  niily  with  ];iii('( : . 
nil  atteinjtt  made  to  eonvei't  quick.silvei-  lia^ks  iulo 
l!aii(i-m(>rtar.s  luiviiig  failed.  Hithd^'o  also  endeavored, 
\vith  hut  pai'tial  siu-cess,  not  only  to  cast  cannon,  hut 
to  lahi'ieate  them  of  ^vood,  hotli  kinds  pi'ovin<^'  unsi;'- 
viceahle,  Numerons  were  the  military  aj)[)ointmeiu- 
made  by  revcjlutionary  leaders,  anion<^  which  may  ln' 
mentioned  that  of  Jose  Maria  Licea^'a  as  licuitenaiit- 
colonel  of  the  last-named  regiment,-^  who  jtlayed  a 
jjromineiit  jiart  during  the  course  of  the  I'evolution. 
.Vhlioui'h  I  lidalu'o's  treasury  now  contained  more  than 
half  a  milhon  pesos,  inconvenience  arose  because  si 
much  of  it  was  in  silver  bars.  The  establishment  '■( 
a  mint  was  tlicrofore  necessary,  and  on  tlu.*  5tli  '■{' 
Oct'jber  the  worli.  of  constructing  the  macliinery  an  I 
dies  W'as  commenced,  Joso  ]\Iariano  do  llobles  beiii^' 
made  su[)erintendent.  The  establishment  was  ahi!'i>t 
com[)leted  by  the  2r)th  of  November,  Vvhen  the  Sjiah- 
ish  army  under  Calleja  (jutered  Guanajuato  and  took 
possession  of  it.^' 

Hidalgo  was  fully  inf-.)'iii(  d  of  the  preparations  fur 
the  su[)p]vssion  of  tlie  rebellion  wliich  were  beiu;' 
made  by  (\dleja  at  San  Jjiiis  i'otosi,-'  as  well  as  >  I' 
the  measures  that  had  been  taken  for  the  protic- 
tlon  of  (^ueretaro,  and  therefore  decided  to  maich 
aiiainst  Yalladolid.  On  the  8lh  of  October  ho  sent 
forward  a  detachment  of  three  thousand  men  mii'i  r 
the  commaiul  of  Mariano  Jimenez,  whom  he  liatl  n 
colonel,  and  on  the  10th  iblhjwed  with  the  main  b<;(i\, 

'^8011  'if  a  European  of  tlu;  same  iuuir',  'I'mico  ilc  las  fainilias  rcsjn  !,.' 
do  thiaiiajiiati)  (juc  tinin')  jk'    o  vn  la  ivvoluciou.'  Ih. 

''^Tlii-i  l,i(X'a,Li;a  v.a;i  a  (.-oiuun  of  tin.'  aii'Jior  of  tlio  A(lh\  y  Rcclifi''.,  air. :. 
fro(|iK'iitly  (|Uiiti;(l.     Tlifir  cliristian  anil  Hninanico  binug  tlif  saine  lias  t:u.i;ici 
iwjiiu;  ciint'iision.     Soo  nolo  '1  on  pages  lol-.'!  of  LiL'(?a;^a"s  work. 

'■"Till' arti.-ans  (lisplaycil  yn  at  .skill  iu  the  coustniction  of  the  niacIiiiiriT 
and  imiik  iiK'Mt:j  ami  in  tliu  ciiyrav  in.;  of  tliu  die^i.     Tin'so  wurc  so  pi/vfec   :■' 
to  rival  tlio.so  in  tlio  mint  afc  Mexico.   Iju^hiitianU,  (Juti'l.  Ili<l.,  i.   IT;      ' 
viui),  J/lsl.  M,j.,  i.   IIS-O. 

'-"^Mnrli  alarm  i\as  eauscd  in  riunnajiiato  Oct.  '.'d  liy  tlii^  I'cjiort  tiiat  i  ;• 
lleja  wa.s  mareliing  on  tlio  city,  and  liail  ali'eaily  anivi'd  at  Val'iiciana.  Hi- 
<la!j;:o  Kent  ont  troop.s  to  verify  tlie  .staleiucnt,  AMania  goin^  to  San  Mi  :;i<.l 
and  C'elaya,  lint  the  report  proved  false.  L'fnnjn,  Aillr,  y  1,'rlijic.,  IJi'-l'; 
Dtisiamuiite,  L'luuL  Uial,,  i.  47-S;  Aliunaii,  lli-.l.  M<j.,  i.  ll'J-oO. 


VALLADOLID  AXXALS. 


107 


Iciviii';-  tlic  European  prLsoucn-;  isiill  In  the  alli^iuliga 
u;i(l;'r  guar;!.-'' 

The  I'cadi.T  will  recollect  that  when  the  hisliopric, 
ot"  },lich()ac;in  wa.s  estahlislied  in  lC)o(\,  'I'zintzuntzan 
\\;is  I'lceted  as  the  cathedral  town.*'  In  1.j54,  how- 
ex  'i',  (he  episcopal  seat  was  I'enioved  to  Ptitzeuaro,"'' 
whence  it  was  finally  transferred  in  1580  to  the  city  oC 
A'alladolid,  in  conl'oruiity  with  a  hull  issued  by  Pius 
\.  in  1571.^"  '^rhis  city  was  oriiiinallv  founded  by 
Cristobal  Olid  in  Uw  v.'dley  of  Guayangarc'o,  which 
iiaiuc  was  bestoW(  d  Upon  the  town  and  retained  until 
I, VI!),  when  it  was  rel'ounded  and  forinally  settled  by 
\  ii'cioy  ]\l('ndoza,  who  changecl  the  name  to  that  of 
A';ilhidolid  in  honor  of  his  birthplace^  in  Spain.  For 
t'i''  [lurpose  of  insuring  its  stability  and  })ros]ierity, 
3.Ieii(loza  sent  several  noble  Spanish  families  froi,! 
Mexico  to  the  revived  settlement,  and  among  the  lirst 
srtdei's  mention  nuist  be  made  of  Juan  de  A'illaschoi- 
("■'I'vantes,  from  whose  i'amily  Iturbide  was  descend(!(l. 
Ill  I  3 Jo  Charles  V.  ennobled  the  city  and  granted  it 
a  coat  of  arms. -'^ 

-^lliilal^fo's  rciiitc  lay  tliron;,'li  the  valley  (,f  SautiaL;fi  and  Ae:'iniL:ii(). 

'■'Sio  Jti'^f.  jl/(.r.,  ii.  ,')0J,  this  ai'i-icH.  'ry.iiitzuiitam  is  Tarascaii  for  lium- 
iiiiu  ,'-liinl,  a  luiiiic  wUivh  tlio  town  derived  Irniii  t!io  j^'ie.'it  miiiihcM  loiiiid  i:i 
du'  vicinity,  (lie  e.'H'Uav  ui  wliieh  and  the  nsc  of  t!ie  plumage  in  nrnanicntiiiL,' 
iiiM.-;iic  and  hierogl^vphicnl  desi^nn  eon.stitutetl  an  important  occupation  of  tlio 
inlialiitant.s.   li'oiin  ro,  Xu/ii'.  Muh..  7S. 

■'A.  A'v//.  /»)•((•.  /«\<.,  MS.,  ii.  'HI.  Ronioro  states  that  the  rmnoval  took 
Jilne  in  l.")-i(>.  Niiti<\  Mich.,  71.  IVifzcnaro,  before  the  eonfiuest,  was  a  .suli- 
iniiou  Ward  of  'iV.intzuntzan,  and  l)ee;.iue  the  pleasure  resort  of  the  iliilioaean 
iii'';i:ii-i'li.s  v.ho  limit  their  court  t!ii  re.  A<;cordiu;^  to  some  linguists,  the 
iiiiaaiu,'  of  the  word  is  '  the  ])lat.e  of  joy.'  Id. 

•'  .V.  Aw/,.  ISirv.  L'r^.,  M.S.,  ii.  '211.  ' 

■II'.:  \ill>u<rtr,r,  T,nt..  ii.  !S-0;  Cloir-lrz  l),n-;hi.  '/Vril.  1>I'..  i.  107; 
I'''  I  '  (■/,  Nolir.  .M'uh.,  4i).  In  (ionzalez  Davila,  pa'.'i'  Uiti,  is  {jiveu  u  wood-eiit 
<if  1  K  arui.s.  The  shield,  which  i.-*  .surroiuidi  d  I'V  a  eroun,  is  di'.ided  in 
t'ir.'c  pai'ts,  two  occupy  in;.,'  the  iip[.«r  portion  ami  tin'  third  the  lower.  In 
c:u  ,1  divisiou  ia  t';,  ■  'uresentation  of  a  erowned  kiui,'  ii'ldiii',' a  in-t'plre  in 
lii.-<  ridit  kind,  tlie  left  lieing  e.\teiided  with  the  j'ahn  open.  The  liold  ii 
»uniiiudtl  liy  a  scrolled  hortler.  The  arms  iirst  ;;ranted  in  l.V);i  wi'rc  dif- 
leiviif.  Tliey  CLiflsisted  of  a  plain  uni'rn.inwnled  shield,  surmounted  liy  ;i. 
CS'.nviiaud  divided  hoiizontally.  In  llie  njiper  half  is  a  lake  witll  a.  pefi.l  i 
la.'  centre,  on  the  sunnnir  of  whirh  stands  a  elmreh  of  St  IVter.  I'hre; 
6m:.ilcr  eminences  rise  fn>ni  liio  lake  at  tlie  liase.  In  t!)e  h  wcr  half  i  i  a  re;;- 
!■■  viuatiun  of  tho  cathedral,  whicli  was  dedicated  to  San  Salva<lor.  hi.,  1 !(). 
Ill  ■  tli'.eu  kings  aceordin;;  to  Ko'nero  were  intended  to  represent  Carlos  y., 
liii  I'li/uier  Ma.\imiliauo, laid  Philip  II. 


I'll 


II 

III 


108 


IIIDALOO'S  MARCH  TOWARD  THE  CAPITAL. 


From  the  tinio  of  the  removal  of  the  episcopal  seat 
toValladoHd  the  pron^ress  of  the  city  was  steady;  and 
t]iou<^h  not  situated  near  any  of  the  great  counuercial 
liighways,  its  popuhitioti  so  increased,  owing"  to  ilio 
general  prosperity  of  the  province,  that  at  the  hc- 
i^inninij:  of  tlie  eiu^hteenth  century  the  number  of  fani- 
ilies  there  was  some  live  thousand.  At  this  tiint; 
]\riclioacan  had  become  one  of  the  largest  and  most 
inniortant  divisions  of  Xew  Spain,  its  [irincipal  wealth 
buing  (h.'rived  from  its  prolific  soil,  which  yielded  twn 
ci'o[)s  annually.'^    It  was  during  this  century  that  tlic 


5.P.0  4F>  S.Vf 


/ 


Aims  01'"  Valladolip. 


Arms  Gkanti:d  ix  l')'>X 


]M'ovince  underwent  a  great  i)hy.sical  convulsion,  la 
the  de[)artment  of  Ario,  in  the  southern  portion  "f 
the  territory,  extends  a  vast  plain  of  wonderl'ul  fiiui- 
i'uhu'ss,  (jc^mpied  by  rich  plantations  of  cotton,  indi';^, 
and  sugar-cane  Jicre  was  situated  tlie  liacienda  <'l 
San  Pe(h'o  do  Jorullo,  famous  thi'oughout  Miclioacaii 
i'or  its  size,  value,  and  productiveness.     On  this  estate 


■■'It  is  rol.'itcfl  tliat  n,  fjivnior  iKimcil  Frnncisco  do  ToiTfS  liarvosfrd  im  cjo 
occasion  OOl)  l'ain"^:;s  of  wiiuat  in  ruluni  lor  lour  I'aiu'^aa  «uwu,  or  lo'.*  I'lld. 
Siiulwi  Ci'uii.,  ii.  IGCi-T. 


NOTABLE  EAnTIlQUAKR. 


I(i9 


iuuiu'iiso  liords  of  cattle   wore   raised,  and  exleusivo 
tracts  |»lanted  with  susj^ar-caiie  and  indigo.'^' 

Toward  tlio  end  of  June  1759,  the  |)eo[)lo  on  tlie 
hacienda  were  thrown  into  great  ahirni  hy  the  sound 
dt"  suljtei'ranean  lainihhngs  and  lieavy,  (hdl  reports. 
I^atcr  these  noises  were  accompanied  l.)y  shocks  of 
eartli([uake,  wliich  kept  increasing  in  number  and  in- 
tensity. A  [)i'e(Hction  was  curi-ent  among  the  lahor- 
cis  that  the  hacienda  wouM  hedestroyeil  hy  lire  issu- 
ing tVoni  tlic  bowels  of  tlie  earth  (.m  San  ]\Iiguers 
day,  and  wild  consternation  now  prevailed.  In  Sep- 
tember great  numbers  of  them  al>andoned  their  work 
and  tied  to  the  mountains  for  safety.  Spiritual  aid  was 
souglit,  and  on  the  21st  a  novena  of  masses  was  coni- 
Hicnced  and  confessions  were  heard.  ]^ut  these  cere- 
monies were  ineffectual  to  (piell  the  subterrancniu  thun- 
(lerings,  or  allay  the  agitation  of  the  Indians,  who 
continued  to  take  refuge  on  the  neighboring  heights. 
On  tlie  29th,  San  Miguel's  day,  with  fearful  uj)roar 
the  laboring  eartli  burst  open  at  about  a  mile  from  the 
Itiiildings  of  the  hacienda,  belching  forth  liames  and 
hurlinu'  burninuf  rocks  to  ])rodiLfious  hei<>hts  throuuch 
a  dense  cloud  of  ashes  rendered  lurid  by  volcanic  fire. 
A  new  volcano  hail  arisen.  The  ground  to  the  ex- 
tent of  three  or  four  stpiare  miles  swelled  up  like 
a  Itladder,  the  ('(.'utre  of  which  burst,  exhibiting  a 
tiei'v  abvss,  surrounded  by  thousands  of  small  cones 
(ii'  earth-bul)bles.'^'  Into  the  chasms  the  watt-rs  of 
( 'uitaniha  and  San  Pedro  were  precipitated,  increasing 
the  connnotion.  Deluges  of  hot  mud  were  hurled 
(>\er  the  surrounding  land,  while  cohnnns  of  tlamo 
lila/.ed  upward  to  such  a  height  that  they  were  visible 
at  iVitzcuaro.  The  houses  of  (^ueretaro,  distant  more 
than  fortv-eio'ht  lea<>'ues  in  a  straiu'ht  line,  were  cov- 

'-■' Tlic  ])ossossov  of  this  inii'^nilicout  estate  was  J.  Aiulri'.s  do  PinnMitvl,  ii 
liti/i  11 ,111(1  rui;iil()i'  (if  IVitzimaro,  according  to  an  ollieial  report  of  tlie  o';eiir- 
ivini'  ill  Sor.  M(x.  (.koij.,  "J"  G\i.,  ii.  iitil. 

■'('alli'd  by  the  natives  /loruiio.-:,  or  ovens.  IIunihoMt  vi-itcd  the  scene  of 
(liis  iataNtroi)lio  in  lS^)'^,  and  found  that  tlio  thermometer  wlicii  inserted  into 
civvicus  in  tliese  ovens  rose  to  'J'Ji'.  lAir  hi  i  accjuiit  of  the  occurrciice,  fico 
E.imi  I'oL,  ^iS-o-k. 


170 


: 


IIIDALfiO'S  ^rAPvClI  TOWARD  TllK  CAPITAL. 


vvvd  witli  Jisht'S.  Tlic  boiuitirul  liaclciiili  <>['  J(>nill'» 
v.a-i  (lostrojud,  ns  well  ;is  (idici'  ])l;i illations,  by  the 
voleaiiic  deposits  of  sand  and  mndand  sloncs.'"'  (jieat 
nund>crs  of  live-stock  jn'rislie'd,  and  linndrcds  of  fami- 
lies were  ri.'dneed  to  want.  In  tlu;  centre  of  llie  ovens 
six  enoimons  masses  wore  {)i'(>jecte<l  to  tin;  height  nt 
from  l,:]00  to  1,G50  feet  above  tlieold  level  of  the  j)laiii. 
1  he  most  elevated  of  those  is  the  volcano  of  Joiidio. 
T\h^  limits  of  ^lichoacan  were  not  di.stinctly  defined 
r.ll  1787,  when  the  intiMideneias  were  fonndeil,  |ii'evioi!s 
to  which  time  tlie  ])olitical  ,t;'overmnent  had  l»een  in- 
vested in  alcaldes  ma^'ores  and  cori'o^idores,  and  gov- 
ei-nors,'"-  The  extent  of  the  ancient  ]irovince  was  mncli 
lar^''er  tlian  the  state  of  the  present  day,  since  it  com- 
])rised  the  territoiy^  of  the  modern  state  of  Guerrero. 
Jiesides  this  reduction,  miiKjr  variati(Mis  have  heeu 
made  in  its  boundary  lines,  and  its  present  area  con- 
tains about  3,G20  square  leaijfues,  its  greatest  lengili 
bein;^  94  and  its  greatest  width  GG  leagues.  On  th^' 
.south-west  it  is  bounded  by  the  Pacific,  its  coast  line 
being  thirty-nine  leagues  in  lengtii.  ]Michoacan  is 
abundantly  watered  by  rivers  abounding  in  tine  lis]! 
of  many  varieties,  from  the  quantity  and  excellence 
of  which  the  state  derives  its  name,  which  means  in 
the  Tarascan  tongue  the  land  of  iish.^^ 

When  the  authorities  at  Valladolid  became  aware  of 
the  danger  which  threatened  their  citv,  thev  were 
greatly  disturbed,  the  more  so  because  they  fijuiid 
themselves  witliout  a  governor  or  military  chief.  They 
nevertheless  made  some  show  of  })reparations  for  Cic- 
fence,  beginning  to  cast  cannon  and  enlist  soLliers  un- 
der the  dii'ection  of  the  bishop  Abad  y  Quei[)o  an;l 
the    prebendado    Agustin    Lcdos.     News,    houever, 

"'■  The  v.iliio  of  tlio  ljuililin',:s  mid  woi'kiiv,;  c:-it:ibli.shmcuts  nii  tlw  liaciciis.i 
do  Jiinillo  were  iildiif  viiUumI  iit  .SI.")0,();)U.  »S'."'.  Mr.i:.  (Uoij.,  2^  i^ik,  ii.  .">.;.'!. 

^'  Uoir-n'i'-:  .hdrllri,  'rial.  l-J-li..-<.,  i.  107.  The  fir.st  governor  oi  the  priv- 
ince  warj  Colonel  Jliirtiii  Iteiiioso,  who  arrived  from  Spain  in  Docjinlier  I7"i'>. 
Caxlro,  D'.ario,  I!)!].  Jn;in  Antonio  dc  Eiafio y  lj;irte;Ki  was  the  lirst  in.ua- 
dcute.  <'vdnlurio,  MS.,  iii.  f.  'J. 

^^Floniicki,  Hint.  I'lOi:  C^iiqi.  ./('.■j.v.--,  "JIl!;  PiOiiiero  Xolic.  Midi.,  'So. 


PIIASE.^  OF  CIIARACTKR. 


171 


.Toriill') 

..  1)V    till- 

■■'  ihviit 

fl 

(if  faiiii- 

liu  ovc'iis 

ici^lift  ")f 

.ho  plaiii. 

JolMlllo. 

y  deli  1  HI  I 

]ircvi<)US 

lic'i-n  iii- 

and  gov- 

Kt 

\as  iiiucli 

e  it  coiii- 

j-iiern  ii >. 

Lvo    bei'U 

area  con- 

it  length 

On  t]io 

p(xist  lino 

loacan  is 

iiiic  fish 

xcellcncc 

means  in 

jircsciilly  arrixed  ol'  tlie  cajdun'  near  Ac;iinl)ar()  (»!'  tlu; 
i!ili'ii(Knte  ]\Kiiiu»,  the  i'oinandaiite  (larcia  (  \)n(h\  and 
(  i.loiiel  llul  by  the  giien'illa  cliiet'  J^nna,'"  and  this  so 
(hshe.'iitened  t  hem  that,  on  tlie  ajiproaeli  ol'  1  [idalgo,  all 
thouuht  of  resistance  was  lai<l  aside,  and  thi;  bishop, 
iiiusi  ol' the  chapter,  and  many  Knropeans  liastil}'  lell 
the  ca})ital  and  proceeded  by  dillerent  I'oiites  to 
M 


exico. 


Ill  loHowing  the  career  (»f  a  great  personage,  we 
cannot  Imt  note  how  easily  and  natui'ally  genins  falls 
into  any  position,  and  adapts  the  man  to  the  circinn- 
stanccs.  So  it  was  with  llidali'-o:  lately  a  Imnd>le 
iiii'st,   now  at    the  head    of   a    ]ar'>e  arniv,   li'-'htiii'. 


l);i 


til 


es, 


maKniLi"   and  unmauni''"   rniei's,  and 


with 


cahiuiess  and  I'acility  as  if  lu;  had  been  accustomed  to 
llie  woi'k  Irom  his  youth.  Xot  that  the  cura  was  by 
any  means  a  })roticient  soldiei*;  on  tlie  contrary,  he 
was  no  soldier  at  all,  did  not  jtretend  to  l)e  one,  and 
would  have  been  lilletl  with  joy  unb(randed  were;  there 
anv  other  means  at  hand  to  secure  his  sacred  cause. 


lie 


was  not  even  a  cunninij*  man  of  the  woi'ld.      II 


was  not  working  for  greatness  of  name  or  ambition, 
el'  for  money  or  power.  Ho  would  have  liis  couidiw 
ino\e  toward  independence.  The  full  glory  of  it  lie 
iiever  expected  to  see.  Yet  he  would  do  wliat  he 
could;  his  life  ho  would  cheerfully  give.  Such  was 
till'  (juality  of  his  greatness,  ])atriotic,  ])uro,  amiable, 
ethereal,  not  crafty,  not  subtle,  and  n(jt  always  the 
most  succcssfid. 

On  the  15th  of  October  the  van  of  the  insurgents 
aiiived  at  the  suburbs  of  Valladolid  without  op[)osition ; 

^'  Fill'  nn  account  of  oir  c.ipturc,  sco  (lavin  Cowlf,  Tiil'irmr,  vx  Hfritnii- 
(h:  II  J)  iruf(f,  Col.  Doc,  ii.  'J;18.  It  v.-ai  (lining  tlii  i  poi'iml  tliat  (Im  gucr- 
riik'iua  sprung  into  existence  iu  .Mexico.  IJ  ilJ  ami  lawless  men,  vhoii 
lli.hilgo'.s  army  liccanie  dispei'se  1,  carried  (ui  !iostiliti"3  against  the  roy  il- 
i  t.j  imlpcndeiitly,  yet  tliey  rendered  important  services  I'or  the  revolu- 
tiuai.sls  during  the  whole  course  of  the  war,  and  many  <if  their  lea  lers  v.erc 
tiinsj)icaous  for  their  heroism  and  noble  (nialities.  /'crcrcro,  Jhin.  A'  c.  M<\i;., 
iOU  II. 

"' i'ho  asesor,  Jo3(5  Alonso  do  Teran.  witli  many  others,  \v:\'.i  detained  ••vt 
lIinHaiii  >  hy  the  cura,  \vh  i  roused  the  people  of  the  town.  Tliey  were  scut 
b.uk  tj  N'ailadoiid  aud  delis'ei'cd  up  to  Hidalgo. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER, NY.  U5S0 

(716)  873-4503 


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ITi 


IIIDALOO'S  MARCH  TOWARD  THE  CAPITAL. 


niul  «ii)  tli('  l~th  Hidali^'o  c'.'DiHMip  in  person,  tlie  nuiii- 
Ixr  (it*  liis  t'oicos  now  aniountiiiii^  to  sixty  thousand. '' 
His  ivci'ption  was  not  wholly  to  liis  liUinj^;  lor  al- 
tiionnh  a  (■••niniission  camo  out  to  nmet  l.ini,  and  the 
l)clls  sonndrd  a  wclfonie,  when  ho  found  that  the 
cathedral  was  closed  t»n  dismounting  in  I'ront  of  it  ic 
lender  thanks  for  his  successful  entry,  he  was  veiy 
indignant.  Nor  was  his  a nj^tM- allayed  when,  the  ^-ates 
haviuLf  l»een  at  last  opened  bv  the  sei'vants  of  the  sai- 
risty,  he  was  r(.'ceived  only  hy  the  chaplains  of  tlic 
choir,  and  the  to  deum  was  badly  chanted  to  peals  ct' 
tlu;  orcfan  aboniinablv  iilaved.'*'  lie  resented  the  sli«'liL 
by  forthwith  proiujuncinj^  vacant  all  the  canonical 
seats  except  three.'" 

On  the  dejtarturc!  of  the  bishop,  the  canon,  conded  • 
Sierra  ( Jorda,  had  been  left  in  charge  of  the  mitre,  au'l 
Hidal'^'o  intimated  to  him  that  it  would  bo  well  to  re- 
move tlu^  excomnmnication  fulminated  aufainst  himsdt' 
and  his  followeis  by  the  fugitive  }>relate.  The  obsecpii- 
ous  canon  coniplicsd;  the  prodaniation  was  taken  iVoiu 
the  dooi"s  of  the  churches,  and  circulars  sent  to  the 
curas  in  the  diocese,  informing  them  tha'  k-adcis 

of  the  revolutionists  had  incurred  no  cccl  -lical  ctii- 
sur(>,  and  instructing  them  to  read  to  their  il(»cks  on  a 
feast  day  ^he  removal  of  tlui  excommunication.'" 

J)efoie  entering  the  «'ity,  Hidalgo  had  |>roniiscd  a 
commission  sent  out  to  receive  him  that  lights  >>[' 
property  should  bo  respected,  and  during  the  entiy 
no  violence  was  attemjtted.     But  the  taste  for  spoils 

""  -U'conlinj,'  to  Rnstaiufinto.  Mora,  however,  plticiis  tlic  number  nt  4(),<>:i;). 
^f</.  II  sKx  llir.,  iv.  (is.  lliiliilj.'!)  IkkI  with  him  two  hroiuo  caiiiiou  tiiul  tu  .» 
uixiih'n  ones. 

^'  Fortht'si-  j)articuhii'H  inid  aiiti'ccihnt  ovi'iits,  consult  Canon  RetanoiMU'i 
ri'iiort  in  Hi  riiinnh  z  ij  ninnlmt,  Cil.  Jhir,,  iji.  -I(M>  ct  si'ij.,  unil  the  maiiiioi'j 
of  the  ayuntamiciito  of  ^'illhlllolili,  iu  /(/..  v.  Sd  ~. 

"■*  iVccoidiiijj!  to  Jlctaiuoiirt,  tho.sc  nf  the  coiidc  dc  Sierra  (Jorda,  (Joii;o2 
Limou,  and  liis  own,  'iHiri|iu' fue  al  I'ailanicnto.'  'I'hc^  uyuntamii  nto  ^*l:iU■,^ 
tiuit  lliilal^^'o  sail],  'dar.'  ]ior  vacantcs  toda.s  las  ]ircl)cnda^  {lor  la  im)ioliii<':t 
eon  ijiic  M!  ha  |H)itado  el  <'al>ihlocii  mi  rccil)imicnto.'  Jli.,  and  A/.,  iii.  Jll. 

'"•'Il:'  coiidi'  de  Siena  (ioida  c\cu!|iattd  himself  to  th<'  viceroy  hy  die  !;ii- 
in;,'  Miiit  lie  lia<l  acted  undcii'<im]>ulsion,  'desdiciiiidose  de  lo  (^ne  haliia  cjc'"'!- 
tado  eon  |ii  udciicia,  im].ut:iiidol(i  ;i  ci^iu'cioii,  tcrr,)r  y  \ioUiicia.'  Jl"-i''iin:!iil'; 
(  nil./.  Jiisi.,  i.  .71!;  Jliriiiiiiih-  >/  JJitraluK,  Cul.  Due,  ii.  l(J(>-7,  inii-4. 


DisciPLix::  i;EQiTi!Kn. 


173 


i;t;ilieoiiii  -t 
iiiuiiiii  >t'J 


nmonL!^  tlic  iintivcs  oiuv  i^ratilied  wns  not  easily  coii- 
tiollcfl.  XfXt  (lay  sovi-ral  S|)ani>li  houses  were  as- 
s;iiilt<'(l  aii<l  sacked.  Ilanl  as  it  was  to  learn,  a  le>!S<m 
111'  (liscijdiiie  must  l)e  t^iveii.  AlK'ude  opened  fife  on 
his  nitii.  Several  were  killed  and  wounded;  theciowds 
«li>lM  rseil  and  the  disord«'r  was  Kto|>|)ed.*'  It  had 
hardly  ceased,  howevci',  l)etore  a  more  si'iious  tronhle 
occurred.  Tlie  Indians,  accustomed  to  simj)le  diet, 
liail  t;iven  themselves  up  to  j^duttony  and  drunkenness, 
o. ii'oiiij^r  themselves  with  sweetmeats  ami  Iruils,  aiid 
|iiinriii^i'  down  spirituous  litpioi's  like;  water.  Tlw  e<»!i- 
M  i|ii<iice  was  that  a  dt.'adly  sickness  broke  out,  carry- 


in  >   oil'  manv  in  a   tew  hou)*: 


Tl 


le   CIV  was  raise( 


I 


that  tlie  at^uardiente  had  hee-n  poisc>Med.  Alh-nde, 
\i,-  Ills  presence  of  mind,  however,  suppressed  the 
t'miuit.  J)rinkin<j;  in  the  presence  of  the  multitude 
a  I'Up  tif  the  condenmed  li(pior,  he  j»roved  to  the 
liniians  that  their  f'eai's  were  ufroundless.*^ 


i;ii 


At  Valladolid  liidali^o's  force  was  increased  l>y  the 
•  lortant  addition  of  well  armed  and  well  discii)lined 


t;<<:>p 


Tiiev  consisted  of    the  re<jiment  ot   ni'ovin- 


'3 


1' 


cial  inl'antry,  the  iv'iment  of  the  Michoacan  <lra- 
'4-1. HIS,  more  •jenerallv  known  hv  the  name  of  the  l*iit/- 
•  uaiit  ren'iment,  and  eiijfht  companies  of  recruits  lately 
raised  and  e(|ui[)ped  by  the  bisliop  and  chapter.  Ad- 
ililioiial   cannon    were  also  added   to  his   artillerv,  a 


IIK 


alls  of  warfare  which  the  first  leaders  of  the  rev^ 


litinii  I'eoarded  with  too  hi_Ljh  an  estimation,  direct- 
iii;!  their  [»rinci[)al  attention  to  the  castin::^  of  as  many 
and  as  lai'ge  j)ieces  as  possible.  l'iXi)erience  tatij^ht 
tlhin  their  nnstake:  for  to  unskilled  u'lumers  artillerv 


\V,1S    () 


f  littl 


e  service. 


Ilaviii!^   concluded    his  military  preparations,   and 


placed  Jose  Marui  Anzorena  at  the  head  of  th 


ov- 


"  1»vo)r,iK(,  Dr/cinn,  10.     l)u<itain;into  iiiakfs  tlic  as'Trtioii  thiit  tin- jirtil 
I'lyiniiii  liivil  without  onlois,  killiii^'  ainl  wouiulmg  II  of  tlic  liuUaii.s.   Ciircl. 

II'  I.,  i. :.-.. 

'  Ili'tiMicdiirt  naiTiiti's  that  iliiiiiiu'  with  Iliilul^o  lit-  was  (•oiii]i<'lhM|  liy 
.\ll(  ndc  td  (hiiil;  a  glass  nf  the  liini'jr  sappDiutl  to  be  iioijuucil.  U< riiawJi-. 
>j  JJ.'Citos,  Col.  JJoc,  iii.  413-14. 


174 


niDALOO-S  MARf'lI  TOWARD  Till':  CAPITAL. 


ormiio!ii\'-  Hidalgo,  wlio  liofl  already  dijcidod  to  niardi 
ntjainst  the  capital  witliout  <li!liiy,  left  A'allidolid  on 
t\n:  'JOth  of  ()('tol)oi',*'  takiii'Lf  with  liini  iicaily  all  tin.- 
climcli  funds,  and  tlio^^o  of  private  individuals  dc- 
posilcd  for  security  in  tlie  coffers  of  the  cathedral. 
I^M'sides  these  funds,  which  {unountcd  to  .^'_'00,00<», 
]\o  ohtaiiKMl  other  lai\iLje  sinus  Ironj  the  residents  of 
Valladolid.  Aware  that  Calleja's  pre[)arations  would 
soon  he  completed,  Hidalgo  hurriiid  forward.  At 
Ac;iud)aro  he  held  a  revii'W  of  his  forces,  now  nuni- 
iieriug  80,000,  an  unwieldy,  disorderly  mass,  which 


IIiu.vLGo's  Maucii  against  Mexico. 


he  divided  into  regiments  of  inflmtry  and  cavalry, 
(>ach  1,000  strong.  Here  he  was  proclaimed  genondi- 
simo"  at  a  council  of  the  chiefs,  and   he  conferrr  1 


♦'Anzorona.  as  the  si'(|ik1  will  show,  proved  himself  a  stanch  partis.".ii 
the  i'<'Viiliitioiii.sts. 

^■'Tlii-i  is  thi!  (latfl  ^.'ivcii  positively  by  Betancourt.     Bustainanto  gives  (!i 
I!)lh  of  0<'t.  as  tht!  day  of  Ilidalgi>'s  ilcparture. 

'^d'tirc'd  Contlf,  Ih/cdhi',  in  It' ni'ini/<  z  y  Dtivn1o>>,  Col.  J)nr.,  ii.  271^  ' 
llidal::""-!  iiiiifol'iu  was  a  lilue  cai  MitU  rod  elltrs  and  col'ar  l)ord('ied  v  i' 
^nld  and  silver  galloon,  liis  slu'iilder  l)elt  heiiii;  of  Maek  velvet  siiiiilai; 
lioltleiiMl.  Siiapended  from  his  neck  ho  wore  a  largo  gold  medal  hearing  tli 
iiiiaLjoof  the  virgin  of  (Jiiadalnjie.  The  uniform  of  AlUiidc  eoiisistcd  nf 
jacki't  i)f  liluo  ciotii  w  ith  red  euti's  and  collar,  the  seams  being  covered  wi; 
pilver  galloon.  Around  caehslioulder  wai  .a  siher  cord  v>i!Ji  penden*:'  butt"; 
Tlic  lieiitejiunt  general's  unifornn  were  di.stingiiiijhed  from  his  by  having  on 


-f 


TKU.J ILI.O'S  ADVANCE. 


173 


o  innrch 
lolid  (t!i 
y-  all  tlie 
l.'ils  (li;- 
itlii'.dral. 
l!00.00ii, 
dents  lit 
IS  wouM 
rd.  A  t 
)\v  imin- 
i,  which 


-i:-*-' 


avidry, 
nenih- 
jnllrrod 

partisan  'f 

f  gives  till" 

ii.  270  1. 
(IciimI  w  iili 
t  Kiiiiiliiily 
x'aiinu'  the 
■iistcil  lit  iv 
v-oi-c'l  \vi;'.i 
■n":-  liiiftoM, 


on  Allondo  thc!  I'iiid;  of  capliiin-gcniMid;  Aldaina. 
]5all'jr/a,  Jiuiuiioz,  and  .l()a([uia  .Vrias  buin^'  a[)- 
iHiinti'd  hiutcnant-n'cncrals.  From  Aci'u!d>ai»)  tho 
ui  n<  rail -Inio  directed  liis  nian-h  hy  way  of  ^lar.i- 
vati'i',  Teijcton^o,  and  IxUahur.ea,  and  rapidly  ap- 
jiruached  the  ca[)ital. 


When  Intel] iiTfonco  was  received  in  ^Fexico  of  IFi- 


(lal'4i>'s  coniin;^,  \'one«^as  lai<l  his  pUms  to  oppose  him. 
][('  had  already  at  his  disposal  forces  ann»milii!L,' to 
7,0U0  men,'''  and  desj)atehe'd  Lieutenant-enlonel  'i'oi- 
lualo  Trnjillo  with  a  portion  of  them  lowateh  llidal- 
j^fo's  movi.'miiits,  and,  if  possible,  arrest  his  advance.*' 
Tnijillo  liad  accompanied  Venegas  from  Sjiain,  and 
the  \  iceroy,  who  as  yet  had  but  little  conlidenee'  in 
^Mexican  commanders  in  spite  of  their  j)roteslalions, 
deemed  it  }»rndent  to  place  one  of  his  own  men  at  tho 
head   of  so   important  an   undertakin-. 


It 


was  not 


aiio'-e 


Her 


hap 


i»y 


clioice 


T 


ill 


rujiiio,    iiK 


leed, 


was 


I'aithful  enough;  but  he  had  one  I'ault,  he  was  a  foul. 
Conceited,  shallow-headed,  ho  soon  succeeded  in  ex- 
citing the  ])rofounil  disgust  of  all  around  him  As  a 
man,  liis  I'oUowers  hated  him;  as  a  soldier,  thev  held 


liiia  in  contemj) 


t.      11 


is  coi 


iduct 


as  a  imlitarv  com- 


)nllorcui(l,  that  on  the  riiht.  /'<. ;  diiprrti,  llUt.  lit  r.  X.  /.'>;),,  i 


J/i^t.  /y, 


\.  i: 


:Xi-{, 


'  JlllN 


■I'' 


ito  «iys  the  foivo  consUtL'il  of  the  infantry  iT'/iim-nt  of  Xiw 


N" 


,  li;.tlali(.'i  I'i  infantry  of  Mi'xici 


)tiu  r  callnl  tlio  Ciiahniitlan  liat- 


ti.hiii.  a  liattalJDU  ilil  liji)  ill)  Mi'xijo,  tlio  iiri)vini.'ial  miiitia  rcLriuu  ut  >if  I'li- 
ilila,  thu  city  liakc'i.i'  ilrau'iinns,  two  infantry  i)altaliiins  of  niciohan's,  thivo 
(if  tho  jiatriot.s  of  Fernando  VII.,  a  section  of  aitil'ery,  in  aililiiion  to  tlio 
votcran  ai'tillery,  a  troop  of  cavahy  of  the  patriots,  tho  militia  infantry  icl;!- 
iMcnt  of  Tohica,  anil  the  Tiilancingo,  and  various  oihci' pickct.s-  in  all  T.Hii'J 
lai'H.  ''»('!■/.  lliM.,  i.  7<>. 

'■'The  for.i.s  jilaccil  under  Truj'il!o'.s  coninianil  were  tin"  infantry  leuinKufc 
f  Ti'e  i  N'illas,  w  liicli  had  hitely  arrived,  a  iMltalion  of  the  provincial  nulili.i 

"lese  \\  ere  aticruard  ro- 


ot M 

fiifnrced  liv  ."lO  \ uliiiitei  rs  with  two  c 


exicn,  and  a  portion  of  tlie  dragoons  of  Spiin.     Tl 


annon,  euinnian 


led  I.V.I. 


i>autista  do 


I  ~^tariz,  . a  lieutenant  of  t lie  navv,  and  uliout  .'!ll!l  nun   ilrawn  from  the  haci 


Clli|;is  ( 


if  Y 


irnio  and  a  Mexican  n; 


d  M; 


Auth 


total 


lilier 


to  tir 


iiiiniber. 


All 


iinan, 


//; 


M, 


i.  47"'.  states  that  it  liarelv    reached 


1,111(1;  t  lie  author  of //(.sK/vv.  /!<<i(iii.  ///.>7.,  •»,  makes  it  amount  to-J,('.ll!l;  Mi 


.1/. 
i.  i:d. 


.'/  "'I- 


:/.'i 


aisesit  ti)"J,")tH);  while 'J'orrente,  //iv7.  /c 


Jli 


■/'■ 


A, 


l)laccs  tin;  numher  at  alxmt  l,"_'t)0.     IJuerra  niakci  it  l.oOO.   //(.•.'.  /.''*•. 
}'.,  i.  ;!•_'■").     Negrete  considers  thai  tho  iiunibcr  may  1)0  sufuly  ustiinulcd 


ul  -'.OUO.  JJUt.  Mil.  .Vy.  A7A'.,  i.  Joi. 


17C 


HIDALGO'S  MAROH  TOWARD  THE  CAPITAL. 


inandcr  was  marked  by  cruelty  and  trt'acliory.  In 
al'ter  days  the  sound  of  his  iianio  did  not  r'luyf  pleas- 
antly in  the  oars  of  the  revoluti()nists. 

Tlien;  was  at  this  tinio  in  the  eitv  of  ^[exieo  a 
y(jung  lieutenant,  who  had  lately  eonie  from  Valla- 
dolid  Hyinj^  bef<)re  Hidalj^o.  His  name  was  AL,ni>- 
tin  Iturhide.  The  first  historical  mention  of  him  is 
foimd  in  the  official  journal  of  Septtnnher  21,  I80s,'' 
where  he  is  connnended  for  his  zeal  in  otferini^  siip- 
jtort  to  tile  new  government  after  the  de[>osal  <»f  Itui  - 
rigaiay.     At  this  time  he  was  a   lieutenant  of  the 

Itrovincial  infantry  regiment  of  Vailadolid.  lie  was 
torn  in  that  city  on  the  27th  of  Septetnher,  I7H.!, 
his  father,  Joaquin  de  Iturhide,  being  a  native  <>[' 
I'amplona,  in  the  kingilom  of  Navarre,  The  fami- 
lies of  both  his  father  and  mother,  whose  maiden 
name  was  Josefa  do  Araiidnu'U,  were  distinguisiieil. 
Agustin  wliile  a  child  narrowly  escaped  deatli  ly 
fire,  ln'ing  rescued  almost  miraculously  from  his  burn- 
ing home.  His  school  education  was  limited,  lie 
having  a[t[)lied  himself  to  the  management  of  one  "f 
his  father's  haciendas  when  oidy  fiiteen  years  of  age; 
at  which  time  also  he  entered  the  regiment  of  pio- 
vincial  infantry  of  V^alladolid  as  ensign,  and  hcuf'- 
forth  ado])te(l  the  military  profession.  Jn  1.sOj  lie 
esj)oused  Dona  Ana  Maria  lluai'te,  a  creule  of  gon  I 
family.  He  was  present  with  his  command  at  the 
military  cncam[)ment  at  Jalajta,  and  in  1801)  assi.-.!,'  I 
in  sup[>ressing  the  premature  attempt  at  revolutii>ii 
in  his  native  citv. 

When  Hidalgo  took  the  field  be  invited  Iturhide  to 
join  him,  offering  him  the  rank  of  lieutenant-geiiei.il. 
'i'he  lattcir,  however,  refused:^-  and  when  Hidalgo 
drew  near  Vailadolid,  Iturbide,  seeing  no  pros[)ect  <'t" 

*'a<tz.(lcM>'X.,xv.  702. 

■""lliilalito  81'iit  t!iis  invitation  wiiilc  he  was  niiproacliiiiL;  Valiadoliil,  .lo- 
conliiii,' ti)  Iturbidi!  in  liis  nianiliosto.  Alainan  |)i)iiit.s  out  tliat  tlii:*  cvidtU'O 
rofutt'.'i  Itocafuertu'a  slatt'niout — pulilislic-d  in  his  j)ani|)ld(!t  diroitti-d  a'.';iiiit 
Itiiil)idc  under  tlio  litlo  of  L'l  Pi'jiniilinii  A merini no —Unit  ho  (Uclint d  t  >  t;d;o 
]iai't  ill  tho  rovuhition  hucausc  liu  could  not  obtain  the  suiuc  gi-udc  ud  in  tUo 
royahst  army.    JJist.  Mij.,  i.  403. 


MKKTINO  OF  TIIK  ARMIES. 


177 


a  successful  (K-lcncc,  rcjt;nic(I  to  tlu^  crt|Mtal  with 
seventy  soldiers  of  his  re^iuieiit  who  i-eiiiaincd  loyal 
111  tlic  service.  WlieU  Tiujilli*  was  sent  to  opjiost! 
1  liilaly<»'s  advance,  l(ui'l»ide  ohtaiucd  jursni^sion  to 
,1'  1  DiiipaMy  him,  aM<l  thus  he  foui'd  hiuiselt'  ailoat  on 
hi .  aiiil»itious  career. 

Meanwliile  the  two  armies  a])i)rnach,  and  one  must 
<-ive  wiiv  in'Tore  the  other.  Ihit  tirst  it  is  destined 
lliat  tliey  li^ht.  Ti'ujillo,  havinij  arrived  at  Tnlucii,** 
M  lit  I'lirwai'd  a  detacimient  to  occupy  the  bridt;e  of 
j)oii  I.eriiahe  over  the  River  Li-rma  and  intermediate 
liet ween  Toluca  and  l\tlahuaca  wliither  Hidalgo  had 
iiiii\t'd.  ( )n  the  27th  the  royalist  leadi-r  mo\od  for- 
w.nd  liis  troojts  with  the  intention  of  attackiiiii;  the 
iiiMugi-'iits  at  the  latter  place,  distant  nine-  leagues,  hut 


'V.  .11  'liii.iia 


i:rlilac  Iff  S.llemdlm  *      ••     *  .    "^  *    -      ^  ,  '" 

*'  -       ■ -'-.■•'■•■  •      -  •*.'*'  ■' 

.;•■■,■,'.  ■•).        v  ■_,   J     ..  •  -  •*     •■  _*  • 


l^TOLU 


,-11.  (.?",'..,., 


I'lAN    (IF   lUriLE-FIELD  OF  L.V3  ClirCES. 


"!Apl;inati<in  of  the  pl.-in. 
A.    Iiif:.iitiy  (if  till!  royal  army. 
!')    Iiifaiiti y  (jf  tlu'  iiisuru'cnts. 
(  .  C'iiViilry  (if  royal  army. 
I'.   Cavalry  of  1!r'  iiiMii_;('iits. 
1^    l\o\;.I  troops  on  llii'  inarch. 
I'    iiisurgtiit  troops  on  tliu  march. 
11181.  Mi:x.,  Vol.  IV.     12 


178 


IIIDALUO'S  MAIICII  TOWAIID  TIIK  (AriTAL. 


inoetiu'^^  liis  ndvanco  ju'iiurd  in  Tiill  llinlit,  and  Icarnini^ 
that  Ilidalifo  was  a|)|ti'<)acliinn'  with  ail  liis  lorcvs,  liu 
foil  l);ici<  to  tli(!  snial'  <<>\\n  ol' Lcnna,  wlim.'  he  1io|m'i1 
to  hold  tJK^  L-ntMny  in  cliuck  l»y  ha»  ricaiUni;'  and  do 
fcndiii'^  i\\v  lirid^c.  On  the  'J.stli,  as  no  enemy  ap- 
peared, 'I'liijilji*  susp(H;ted  (hat  llida]L;-o  liad  diivcttd 
his  march  to  the  hiid^-e  dl'  .Vtenj^o,  witli  tin;  ohject 
of  ttcciipyinf;'  the  SantiaLjo  road  and  attai'kin<^  tiie 
royalists  in  tin;  rear,  at  the  same;  time  eultiiiu^'  oll'theii- 
retreat  to  the  ea]>ifal.  lie  therefoi'e  sent  a  detaeli- 
mont  t()  del'end  that  point,  and  j^avt!  orders  to  the 
suhdele''a<lt»  of  Santiai'i)  Tiani'nisten'j'O  to  iN'stroy  the 


l)rid< 


'J'his   order,   however,  was   not   carried   out, 


and  on  (Ik-  'JDth  Allendi',  with  a  lar^tf  hody  of  troop-, 
forced  the  defendei's  from  their  po>itien  and  gain^  1 
the  Sanliago  road. 

INleanwhile  Hidalgo  with  the  jest  of  his  f(»i-<'is 
inai'clu'd  toward  Ijci'ma;  and  'J'rnjilli),  as  soon  as  ji-- 
learned  that  the  hiidgi;  of  Ateiigo,  had  heen  lost,  saw 
the  necessity  of  retri'ating  toward  tin;  capital,  and 
accordingly  withdrew  to  tlit;  numntain  pass  called  tin; 
monte  dc;  las  C'ruces,"'  leaving  Jose  de  Mi'ndi'vil  wi'Ji 
one  of  the  two  hattalions  of  which  the  reuiment  ef 


res 


Villi 


is   was    comnosetl 


an( 


1   ¥ 


rancisco    I^ringa 


with  a  troop  of  cavalry,  to  hold  the  ]jerma  hridg' 
until  the  tliil'erent  sections  of  the  arn»y  had  united 


las  C 


ruces. 


At  five  o'clock  in  the  al'teiiioon,  .Men<li- 


vil,  suj)j)(»rted  in  the  rear  by  Uringas,  conunenced  his 
retn-at,  Kiavini>'  onlva  small  forci;  under  Captain  I'ium 
to  delend  the  hi'idge;  and  so  well  did  this  tillicer  pi  i - 
form  his  duty  that  li(Mlid  not  retire  until  late'at  niglii. 
The  position  to  which  Trujillo  had  withdrawn  was  ;i 
strong  (»ne,  hut  it  had  the  disad'  mta'jfe  of  iKiin-';  com- 
manded  on  the  south  hy  neiijihoiing  hills  coveivl 
with  forest,  and  by  other  hei'>''i(s  on  tlu>  north  side  "t" 
the  Toluca  road.      Allende  well  knew  the  important  >; 


''"So  cnlli'il  liccnnso  (if  tlic  iiuiiii'roiis  cro.vsi's  crt'ctcd  thrrc  to  mark  tiio 
plaecs  whcic  travellers  liail  Ijctii  inurilcrcil  by  bamlits;  tliat  hill  btin^' a  i.i- 
voritu  resort  of  robbers. 


BATTLH  OF  LAS  CRUCES. 


i7i 


(if  tlu'  situalion,  jind  IkuI  iiiadf  all  liasto  to  (imijn'  it 
I'niiu  til*'  Saiilin-jo  j'oa.l;  Itiit  'i'lujillo's  march  IumI 
lucii  i(|uall_v  rai>i(l,  and  lh«'  royalists  ij^aiiuid  (Ik;  cini- 
iicnrr  first,  aiiticipaf iiig,  liowuvcr,  the-  iiisurgmt  I'uree 
niilv  liy  half  an  hum-. 

At  cij^ht  (j'clock  on  the  inorniii'j!'  of  tho  HOth,  tho 
nf'tinti  cnmnicncfd  l»y  li^lit  skiniiishiii!^  Itctwocn  tho 
I'ovalist  cavaliv  and  <>norrilla  hands  in  advance  of  fho 


main  hody  of  insiir<j^i3nts.  Opport.inioly  for  Trujillo, 
li'  received  at  this  time  a  rocnforccnu'nt  <»f  two  can- 
nmi.  with  an  escort  of  fifty  Spanish  volunteers,  under 


( 'aiitani 


Ant. 


1 


onio    l)rni''as.  an( 


]()  mount 


('( 


aiici-rs 


tVoiii  the  ha.-ii'ndas  of  Vermo  and  .fose  Mari'a  Man- 
/.:nio/'  the  whole  force  l>ein«^'  phuvnl  under  the  coni- 
iii.iiid  of  .luan  IJautistade  Uztari/,  a  ruaittMiant  i>f  the 
I  ly.il  navy.  Ahout  eleven  o'clock  the  attackin^j  col- 
umn of  tlu>  insurgents,  with  t\\'  artillery  in  front, 
came  in  sit^ht  on  the  road  I'rom  Toluca.  It  consisted 
el"  the  inlantry  provincial  rei^iment  of  Valladolid.  the 
(  'iiya  companies,  juid  the  ( Guanajuato hattalion,  which 
were  Hanked  hy  the  piovincial  drajfoons  of  I*;it;:cu;ro 
and  la  Itcina,  the  rear  heini;'  hiou^ht  up  hy  thi'  dra- 


j;iniiis  of  el  l*rinci[)e     a  force  in  it- 


atly  superior 


to  that  of  Trujillo,  hut  whii-h  heini^  without  elUcieiit 
ollicers  ha<l  already  lost  much  of  its  discijiline.  '^riiese 
v.iiv  pi'(>cedi'd  on  the  front  and  Hanks  hy  crowds  of 
iil-armed  Indians,  and  numerous  hands  of  hoi-semen, 
who  streamed  ahniL,^  the  Toluca  road  or  wound  round 
the  sides  oi' th<^  hills  wherever  the  !_;round  was  jjracti- 
cihlc  for  horses,  '^i'rujillo  now  made  jirc[iarations  to 
iv.ijvc  the  coming  attack.  His  two  field-pie;'e>  were 
placed  in  position  so  as  to  enfilade  the  road  and  ad- 
jacriit   ground,   and    were;    hidden    from    si'^lit,    with 


Tlie  stniicli  loyalist  (i.ilirii'l  Vcnno,  who  liail  ilisjilayi'il  siu  Ii  tact,  in  tli 


rlriHi.,:il  i,f  Itiin  iiraray,  sii])plii(l  ;it  iiis  nun  iMst  li'il  laiicurs  Iron 


I  Ills  iKii  icn- 


nas.  Willie 


his  lirolluT  .Inaii  Antonio  furni>hi'il  lOK  niire.  Tlu;s(!  ti(«/]n  wcro 
kimwii  hy  tl;o  iKiino  ot'  the  uc'.;ros  ilo  ^  (  rnio,  ami  ilnl  ;,'ooil  scrvit'i;  iluiiii'^'  tli(3 
wnp.  Oi  tlit'sc  laiicLTS  '_'7((  wtro  wnt  to  Tnijillo,  aoronlin;,'  to  Vi  inio's 
stati  nil  lit  of  Services  rcinlort'il,  J'cr.  X.  Kkik  I'l  rdft'l.  Or'nj.,  no.  ii,  ."(i-7,  iil- 
tliiiii_!i  Tnijillo  in  Iiis  ollieial  report  to  the  viceroy  states  that  tlicro  were  only 


IJO.  ( 


ik  M,x.,  ISIO,  i.  'J-'o. 


180 


IIIDAUJO'S  MARCH  TOWARD  TIIK  CAPITAL. 


ln'UMt'lies  (if  {r<'t's,  in  (trdcr  to  iiicrtiiiso  tlic  conrulenci! 
(•  (1. 


4) 


<•  enemy.  The  <';iv;ili  v  uas  ni-defed  t(»  lull  )»a('k 
ujxui  tile  line  witliout  eni;aL,Mn,LC  in  jietion,  iiml  tlie  (ilty 
Vdlunteers  lately  aiiived,  with  the  lancers  <»!'  Vei'ino 
eoinnianded  liy('a|)tain  Anto'iio  JJiinijas,  sM|>|>(nLei| 
l)y  two  companies  of  the  Tres  Villas  re;L,dtnent  nnder 
the  command  of  Ijieutenant  llam«)n  liev«'s,  weie 
j)la(U!(|  in  anihush  on  a  wooded  heii^rlit  at  some  distan<c 
IVom  the  left  llank.  '^rrujillo  commanded  the  ci-ntrt; 
in  person,  occupyinLC  ^''*'  levi-I  smnmit  which  over- 
looks the  pass,  and  on  which  was  planted  ont!  of  tlu' 
iii'ld-pieci's,  while  ^Tendi'vil  with  tlu;  other  <K'cnpie.l 
th(!  iVont,  covei'iniLj  the  main  a|)proach. 

IIi(lal;j;'o  had  left  the  loiination  of  the  plan  of  hat- 
tlu  to  Allende,  and  that  ollicei"  made  pre[)aralions  t) 
HUiTound  Trujillo  while  tht*  main  attack  was  hein-jf 
VMuUi  in  front.  For  this  ]>urpos»!  stron;^  detachments 
of  thc!  hettei"  arnjed  Indians,  hoth  of  loot  and  horse, 
\V(M'e  sent  hy  lonij^  detours  to  take  possi'ssioii  of  vari- 
ous heii^iits  connnandinL,^  Triijillo's  llanks,  and  a  foi'cc 
of  t5, ()()()  foot  and  horse  was  despatched  to  occu])y  tiic 


i"oad  to  Mi'xico  in  the  rear  of  the  enoi 


"}'■ 


]\I 


or»'ovc 


a  select  body  of  I  ,"J00  of  the  best  discipliiK-tl  nicii  •>( 
all  arms  was  thrown  <»nt  on  the  rin"ht  llaidi,  and  (onk 
up  a  position  out  of  ran^'e  of  Trujiilo's  art  illei-y,  and 
opposite  to  i\n:  place  where  Jh'in-^fas  was  aml)Ur^h''i|. 
The  connnand  of  the  inl'anti'v  was  oiven  U)  duaii  A  I- 
dama  and  Luis  ^[alo,  and  that  of  the  artilk'ry  1  > 
JMariano  Jimenez,  while  iVllendu  himself  commandid 


th 


e  cavahv 


At  eleven  o'clock  the  attackini^  column,  ])rece(l(  I 
by  the  lour  pieces  of  artillery  already  mentioned,  ap- 

•''-' A/'vr/'/",  Aifir.  y  ftcrfhJ,:,  l.'iO.  Aci-onliii','  to  Mora,  Alleinlc  tli<iiV4lit 
the  iiiuli  Hi[]liii('(l  iiiassca  .slimilil  not  fiili<^  )iait  in  tin'  gi'iici'iil  ailioii,  l'i:t 
kUdhIcI  Ii(!  ])(>.sti'(l  IIS  nar-triiarils  to  tlio  ilillcii  iit  (li\  isioiis,  wliiiu  tliiy  ini:;Iit 
1  riivc  (if  si'ivici!  as  (icuasmii  dll'i  ri'il.  'I'lic  Indians,  iiowcvi  r,  wcrc!  (ili'cniiu  I  at 
li..in\'M>  (ilacoil,  ami  JlidalgD  insistcil  tliat  AlKinlu  .sliuiiM  assign  to  llioi/i  jiluns 
i.i  tlio  Inint.  Tliuugli  AUindo  irpii'scnlol  .strongly  tlio  (langtr  uf  .so  il.iiiiu', 
lliilal;;)  t~o  pri'.sscd  the  niattuf  that  Alk'ndo  was  oldigcil  to  yield.  .'/('.  '/ 
«.v.<  l.'ic.,  iv.  i27.  Moni'a  statuiucuts,  however,  must  bo  taken  with  uUow- 
anee. 


DKATII  OF  r.IIIXfiAa. 


ISl 


I  iKirk 

fen  no 

uiidt  r 

stanco 
roll  t  IV 

I    uVcl- 
ol"   tlir 

of  Itat- 

;   l)ci:i;j; 
luiu'tii  s 

)!'  vaii- 

a    I'dl'IM' 

ipy  1  ii<' 
I'V,  ;iM  I 

)Ur.ll'  'I. 

uii  Al- 
IKtv  1- 
liiainl'  I 

:'(M'i'il<'  I 


|,.  tliouulit 
.■liiiii,  ''"t 
lluy  iiii.;!'* 

lll'l'll'lo  1  ilt 

Ihi.i  i.1:"«» 

i.  .1/'  ■  ■  ,'/ 

Ith  allow- 


jifoaclKMl  witliiii  close  raii'4»'.  Triijillit  now  <)|>('ii('(l 
lii-r  uitli  |i;ra|>»'aii(l  caiiistt'r  IVoiii  liis  masked  l)attiri('M 
w  itli  such  dciidly  elli'd  iipun  tlic  crowded  masses  in 
I'l'iiit.  Ili.'it  they  were  soon  (hi'own  into  conlnsioii  and 
tl!i\en  hack,  causing'  some  (hstnrhance  to  the  disci- 
jiliiied  troops.  These,  however.  Iield  ( heir  tjrouiid,  and 
ii  |.li(  d  with  their arti!lery,  while  a  hrisk  tire  was  niMin- 
t;iiiiiil  idl  aloiii,^  tin'  fronts,  with  no  little  loss  on  hoth 
^jili-;,  the  insnriL''i'nts  snlh-rini;  most,  'rrnjillo,  j)ercciv- 
ii:'4  that  he  could  hold  tin.' iMieiny's  centre  in  check, 
iiM\\  (ii-(lered  l)rlni;;is  to  cMiiLi'aLje  their  ri^ht  wini];'.  and 
s'  III  a  detachment,  of  thi'ei;  <'omj>anies  <»r  the  'I'res 
X'illas  intantrv  nndi-r  the  <'ommand  of  Jturhide  to  oc- 
i|iy  an  almost  inaccessihle  heij^ht  coviMvd  with  pino 
v^•-^.  at  a  considerai>le  distance  on  his  i-i;4ht  tlank. 
Ilriu'^as  now  cliari^'ed  with  nr»'at  impetuosity,  and 
ili'ja_;cd  with  the   I.JOO  picked 


(1 


men  o[n 


>OSl'( 


I    to  1 


inn. 


The  contest  w.is  loiii;-  and  fierce,  hut  eventually  ter- 
liiiii  led  in  lavor  (tf  the  insurujents.  These,  encoi.ir- 
;i';(  i|  hy  the  hravery  and  exain|tlc  of  Aldama  and 
.M.iKi,  who  connnanded  in  person  in  that  j»;nt  of  the 
111  !d,  maintained  their  uround  with  unllinchiuj;-  lirm- 
iir.-.,  in  s])ite  of  the  Iknmw  loss  intlicted  hy  tlie  loyal- 
i>is:  hut  it  was  not  until  Hrinnas  fell  mortally  wound- 
cil  thtit  they  succeeded  in  rc'pulsiiiM-  his  troops.'^  Xor 
w.is  Trujillo  more  successful  in  his  niaiKuuviv  (»ii  the 
ri-ht.  Alleiule  also  had  marked  tho  importance  of 
the  position  which  Jturhide  had  heen  sent  to  occuj)y, 
and,  tumoticed  hy  the  royalists,  had  already  jtiocei'ded 
ill  person  with  .'JOO  of  the  inl'antry  and  one  piece  of 
iiitilhry  to  take'  possession  <>f  it,  ap[)roacliiii'4'  unseen 

Mi'.iiiL'iis  jifttT  liciiii^  wouikIciI  WHS  liftcMl  ii|ioii  his  lior-ic,  .•nut  with  {jrt'ut 
intii  piditv  •-'till  ('iii-'(>uiii'_'('<l  his  nun,  cIl'i'i'tinL;  his  rctrciit  in  is'i'nl  niilij-.    /'m- 

ty  ut 


;;// , 


in  '.((,■:.  < 


/.  M. 


Is  10. 


J)!'.').     Jlu  .Hut  on  llw.  :M  cf  Nov.  in  t 


{>'  <i 


Ml  \iiu,  unit  was  lionKrod  hy  oonnnand  of  the  \  icciuy  with  a  nML'uilii'int  In 


A  fi'W  (lays  after  ii  crciile  ollicer  d'wil  of  tho  wouiuls  tic  had  i 


and  was  huiiud  without  disjilay.     As  liringas  was  jv  Spaniard,  this  was  nut 
uiuioticod,  and  tho  viceroy  was  satirized  l)y  the  following  ei)igram: 

I  Itrintr.H  era  parlni|iiii? 


Ala 


man. 


J  list.  Ml  J.,  i.  482. 


Su  i'tni('i'iv>l'iiv'  uii  S.  Qiuiitin, 

I  N,  iiiiaim  licanoy 
Su  fUtiurro  I'uo  lino  y  lluuo. 


182 


IIIDALGO'S  MAIlCn  TOWAIU)  TIIK  CAI'ITAL, 


ill  fi  (llftit'tioii  opjiosit".'  to  Hurl  (ides  lim'  of  luarili. 
Wlicii  tin;  iityalisL  olliccr  liail  inisliod  fnrward  liali- 
\\i\\  iij)  to  tli(!  smiiiiiit,  la;  sikMciiIv  caiiic  in  coiitacf 
\\  itii  AIIi'IkIc'n  force,  and  a  Krislc  cnnaLjfiiu'nt  lollowi d, 
wliiili  irsiiltt'd  in  the  rcpMlse  of  Allciidc.  'riic  disas- 
tci- sustained  i)y  iJiiii'^as,  liowewr,  and  tlKM-xposiir.' 
<o  the  enemy  of  Tinjillo's  maiKi-uvre  Itv  lliis  skiiiiii>-!i. 
iMUsed  tlie  royalist  leader  to  recall  Itnrhide.  Wlieir- 
uiion  the  insni'i^feiits  rallied  and  took  jtossession  of  the 
hei-ht.' 

Trnjillo's  jtosition  wasH  now  hopelessly  exposed ;  in 
tad,  he  was  completely  surrounded.  On  his  ji^-ht  tlu; 
piece  ot"  ait  illery  j)lanted  l>y  .Mleiide  on  the  aliaii- 
doneil  height  was  in  a  jiosition  to  eiililade  his  I'anl^-; 
a  l,irL,^e  I'licc  of  the  enemy  lay  Itetweeii  him  and  thi- 
capital;  on  his  left  was  Aldama  now  strone-ly  ri'eii- 
l'oree(l,  and  with  tw(»  pieces  of  artilleiy  inouiite(l  in  ;i 
conmiaiidiiii,^  position;  whilo  in  front  Mendi'vil  was 
not  <»nly  himuli'  severely  wounded,  hut  many  of  his 
most  eliicient  men  wei'c;  slain  or  hors  de  comhat,  and 
liis  artillery  annnunition  was  exhausti'il.'^''  It  w;is 
now  about  threo  (/dock  in  the  aftei'iioon,  and  the  iii- 
sui;n'ents  had  pushed  on  down  the'  ii^hts  on  Trujillo's 
left  so  near  that  the  comhatants  wei-c;  at  speakinn' dis- 


te- 


tance.  At  this  juncture  the  royalist  leader  per| 
trates  an  act  which  jtluces  him  before  the  world  for- 
ever in  his  truo  character  of  villain,  and  enshrouds 
liis  memory  with  lastini;'  infamy.  Tlio  insur;L!;cnt;-;, 
masters  of  (he  position  as  tiny  I'eel  themselves  to  he, 
invite  the  royalist  troops  to  join  their  cause;  and  so 

'■'  Lici;;i'_'!i  ■att("tn])ts  to  hIihw  tluit  Itiiilii'lc  iliil  wt  c'ii,'^;agc  with  tli'?  cni'iiiy; 
Imt  line  \vii:,'lit  iiiiisL  liu  ;.'iviii  to  Tiujillo's  own  .stiitt'iiuMit.     'Sc  ciicoutnn'.!! 


ton  Im  ciicmii^os  (|;k)  siiIh.iii  y  roiui)iLToii 


I'l  f 


1U"'0    CD 


iiti'a  fUon,  icclia 


1< 


mil  after  locomitin;,'  tliu  I'rjjulsu  of  r.iiiiL;a.s,  ilc:irly  cxjihiiii!)  tlu;  rc:is m 


ol   Miirliidf's  recall. 


'L 


)k'L;'ii' 


A  la  li 


IS  ili'iiia.s  coini)aiiias  do  ml  tli'rc'clia  ki 


V,\ 


viiidii  a  r<'- 


iiica,  imi's  el  gniii  iiuiiiiTo  dc  <iii'migos  y  lu  dilatado  tl.!  cciT' 


I 

tiar  mi  Iliiua  en  I'l  jieijiiefio  j)lauo  <|UC!  Iiay  solno  el  eamino  real  i'l  ilomle  ti;- 


laeiii  entrasen  liasti  mi  eentn>,  por  lo  i|iie  mo  vi  en  la  jireeision  <lc  rec 


oUl'i'U- 


Ilia  eoloeail)  iin  canon  ^,'iratc 


Gu 


ih-  M, 


I  SKI,  i.  {)_>»-.->. 


'  Mendivil  ilcfeiidod  his  post  witli  excmiilary  liravery,  and  after  his  licM- 
pieeo  wan  no  longer  of  service,  held  his  ground  with  the  infantry  under  liis 
command,     lli.s  wounds  were  so  scrioua  that  it  was  long  before  ho  recuvereLL 


AIo 


M, 


J.  y- 


tiO. 


Tni:.\f'ni'i;v  of  Tni'.ni.LO. 


1» 


fivnralily  arc  llitir  prnpo'^als  i'(".;ai'<lf<l  Ity  sonic  of 
Ti'iijillo's  ol1i<*('is,  thai  tlitv  iiidiu-t'  liiiii  no  less  thai! 
tlii't'i'  liiiK's  to  Imlil  a  pall'  v  willi  the  i-iicMiy  in  I'vnwl 
^>\'  Iil>  liiic  of  iiilaiitrv.  Hostilities,  iMcaiiwIiilc.  Iiavi' 
n;i-..|.  l''fi<'M(||y  aixl  s|uri..'is  aiT'  tin-  words  w  liicli 
TiiiiilJo  uses,  and   at  carji  coiiK    <  iwc  tin'  iiiNUruiriils, 


itl 


icriii;^   111    ci-owi 


l.'d 


ran!;"*  ahon 


t  tl 


it'ir 


S    )(IU( 


Mian, 


•  li 


,i\v  near*'!'  and  iii-ar<  r.  At  tlu'  iliir<l  jiarliv  in-  lia-i 
ciitircd  the  unsns|M'c(in'n'  rcvolntionisls  close  up  to 
Ills  iiavoncts;  then  he  throws  oil'  Ihc  mask  and  oi'ticvs 


his  men  tt)  life 


'J'lie    volley  which   follows  stl-ctclx'S 


more  tliaii  sixty  victims  to  his  [x^-rlidy  dead  U[>oh  tl»( 


iirouiiil 


This  trcachoroMs  act  infnriafed  the  insni'Ljeiifs,  and 


the  hat  lie  wa.-.  i 


•we( 


1  witi 


1  MKTeased  Nl'^ol', 


Tniji! 


liov.cvrr  maintained  his  position  until  half-pa>;  1i\e 
ill  the  cvenin'H',  when,  havin^J  lost  one  third  of  his 
r-ce  ill  killeii  and  wounded,  ainoii'^  whom  were  many 
el  liis  hest  olllcers,  his  ammunition,  moreover,  he- 
i.vj;  wellninh  exhausted,  he  decided  to  force  his  way 
tliitiU'^h    the   enemy   in    his  rear.      His  position   was 


indeed  no  lou'ifer  teliahlt 


11 


IS  rallKs  Werc!  l)cUl>''  Heei- 


iiiat'd  iiy  the  iiisui'i^eiits'  artillei-y,  his  troops,  woi'u 
niit  with  lati_L(ut',  wuro  without  provisions;  whiU-  num- 
hers  of  the  eiiemv  wci'e  liasteniii'jf  to  reenfoi'ce  those 


w 


ho  Were  waitiii!^  iu  intercept  his  retreat.      Ahaiidon- 
iiiLj-  his  cannon,  therefore,  ho  put  himself  at  the  head 

'"His  nwii  wonls  arc:   'Ijos  acennu'  luintii  liicn  iiiineiliiiti)  <li'  mis  li.iyo- 
tiis,  y  ri'iM-'ii'iiilii  (1  loiiiiiito  cui'inicl  1).  .liiaii  Aiituiiin  Ijoj-c/  itii  i.s;.iiiilai-tu 


.1,'  X.  S.  .1..  ( 


iial.'liipc  inu;  Villi 


I  cii   las   s:irril('i.',i-t  inaiios  (l(?  cstm  i'lfaiiiis, 


liiaiuli'  I'l  vo/,  lie  fui'i,'!)  .'i  la  iiifaiitfiia  ijU"  t  iiia.'    (•'i~.  ili'    ^f•.l•.,  Isld,  i.  <)■_'!!. 


/llls/l\illlliif,' 


'I.  //isf..  i.  .S.». 


VccMriliiiL' 


t..  I, 


:a.  a  kiiiil  of  ai'iiiis- 


lail  ln'cii  csUiMi-licil.  (liiiiii','  wliicli  AMama  ami  .liiiiciic/.  sent,  in   pn 


Ji  isals  t  )  tln'  na'.ivc-linrii  sdldii  rs  aii'l  uliiri  is  t'l   join  t! 


ir  .ailii'  tllllL- 


ai'aiiti'i'iii'  tlie   livfS 


.f  ')' 


i'ii|in<i   an 


1   tl 


,1,1 


o- 


ciiiliiit  caliso, 


ii> 


"liaiiM 


■<U  wl 


lit  t. 

ii'>t   t  HJ   anti 

siiiiictiiiiis  tilt;  case  vitii  Iwse   iintnres,  instcail  iif  sciiii''  anvtiiiii',' ilis:.'raco 


with  liiin.      Wlic'lliiT  tiiis  wa.s  il'iiu-  with  the  approliatioii  of  Al'.i'iulf  or 
t  iij   anther   ihjcs    not    know.     Aili\    n    /,'' •■fiiir.,    I  Jo.      'i'riijillo,    an   is 


111  ill  his  lilt,  ^'lorius  in  it.     It  was,  however,  sevin  ly  - 


I'llllll'l    CNCll    III 


'  iiiniKifio  I'dfrioH'-o  ih-  i'.iili 


o.  4.-I,  of  I'Vl..   IJ,  isij,  in  till-  f 


liii;  Words:  'Ilaccr  fnt';,'i)  soKro  cstos  rel icicles  al  tieni|Mi  <K'  rstar  parlavicn- 
tciiijii  roll  ellos, .  ,  .ni  fiU!  jiisto,  Ili  lioni'sto,  ni  politico.'  Tlio  dtMVni'i'  uiL;iil  ia 
til. it  till'  iiisiiig  nt.s  were  not  t-iiicoro  in  tliuir  otlor.s,  which  wen!  niado  only  for 
the  purpose  of  Iictniniug  in  the  royaliat.s,  wliicli  id  pure  subtcrfujo.  Lldz.  d« 
Mcx.,  ISll,  ii.  31S-J>. 


1  = 


i 


1S4 


HIDALGO'S  MARCIf  TOWAItD  TIIK  CAITrAL. 


of  two  coinjijiuifs  of  tlio  Tri's  A"ill;is  rcgiiiuMit,  and 
f(»llo\\L'il  by  the  ivmaimlrr  of  liis  I'oivcs  in  closctl  col- 
uiiuis,  siK'ccssl'iilly  I'ou^lit  liis  way  way  out,  aiul  ar- 
livcd  at  C'uajinialpa  with  some  little  loss,  llriv  ho 
was  (•oiiij)i'lK'(l  to  make  a  stand  in  order  to  re[)i'I  a 
body  of  eavalry  which  was  harassing  his  march  and 
tampering?  with  his  men.  This  ell'ected,  with  the  loss 
of  some  killed  on  the  part  of  the  insnru'ents,  he  pin - 


OOl 


sui'd  his  way  nnmolested  to  Santa  Fe,  where  In;  t 
U}»  (piarters  for  the  ninht,  and  oi»  the  I'ollowinj^  day 


en 


tcr>  d  the  ca[)ital 


Tl 


len,  liavinuf  no  one 


to  d 


IS 


\n\U 


him,   \io.   made    his  defeat   iipj)ear  a  victory;    and    a 
medal  was  .struck  olf  in  connnomoration  of  his  u'loti- 


(.U 


us  achievements,  and  the  success  ot  the  roval  arms 


f  tlu 


il 


tf 


V 


I>iistamanto  statos  tliat  Tru  jillo's  retri'ut  was  condiictoil  in  the  grt  ati.st 
an  laras  Cunjimalpa,  and  that  tliL'ii','L'  'uscaiiiM'oiiio  jnnlmii  disjii  isioii 


Ml 


( ■iifi 


I.  IliM.,  SJ;  tli.it 'I'l 


11,1 1 1 


>  ciitiTi'il  thi!  (.'ajiital  w  itii  diilv  •"! 


ipital; 


.lint 


liiiati'.s 


siililicrs,  'ii'sto  uiiii'odi!  toila  la  fiiciza  (|iii'saci>  (liM.'.sta  ca 

tliat  till' iVf^iiucnt  i>f  TifS  N'illasliad  almost  cuasi'il  ti>  oxist.  Mora  also  as- 
sort.s  that  tliti  f^'i-cator  ]iortiiiii  of  the  snldii  rs  (If.si'iti'il  on  the  liti-iat,  sd  that 
Inn  'JViijilli)  iol't  Santii  I'o  hu  had  llttliioxiT   10  nan.  Mij.  i/  siih  J'cr,,  i\. 


dtliuui;h  it  is  jifdliahlo  that  sonio  of  lii.s  nu'U  dc.scrted. 


.smci' 


SI. 

himself  mentions  tiiat  attcnijil.s  wcic  niaiiu,  tosi'iliioo  thcni  from  their  allf,L;iani.u 
whiU;  irtivatiiig,  il  is  not  |)o.«silil(!  that  the  retreat  was  I'ondneted  in  di.sorder; 
hail  siuh  heen  the  ease,  none  wonhl  have  esuapi'il,  niiieli  leN-i  the  \\i)nniiid, 
who  were  lironj^ht  to  Mexieo,  as  .\laman  reasonalily  oh.scrves.  Ihit  thcaiijluu- 
whoadvanees  the  most  ineredilile  eoiijeetures  as  to  what  was  prohalily  Tni- 
jillos  al)ility  as  eonnn;iudi'r  .•ind  his  deiiortment  in  tlu;  lield  is  the  lii;en<  i.i  lo 
l)un  .Anastasio  Zereeero.      lie  t^ravely  iilates  that  Trujilli).  after  havinii  ,uiveu 


the;  order  to  lire  njion  those  witii  whom  he  was  holding  parley,  disapiieu 


dis 


as  it  wass.iid,  in  the  liahitof  a  friai  ami  hastened  to  Santa  K 


ail 


then,  lieeaiise  'I'rnjillo,  in  his  report  dated  Xov.  (itli — that  is,  seven  clays 
after  the  hattle  says  that  ho  oamiot  stato  the  oxaet  loss  sustained,  and  lie- 
oanse,  niori'ovor,  he  admits  that  he  was  the  tirst  to  leave  the  tiehl.  Zei-ee.  ro 
conies  to  thu  conolusion  that  everythiu;^  tends  to  justify  tho  opinion  that 
'"'rn  jillo  lied  at  tho  very  lirst,  and  did  not  oven  see  tho  liattlo.  writin','  his 

le  r.il- 


1 

ollicial  despateh  from  the 


it  snpi)lieil  him  hy  Itnrltide.     'I'ho  san 


thoi'  assorts  that  'rrujillo  had  3,(MK)  troops,  only  oOO  of  which  retiii-ned  t'l 


Moxioo.   Mem.   /'cr,   Sli 


,S(>- 


107 -S.     (iuerra.   I  list.   It 


\.  K 


states  that  'JOO  royalists  oscapod  to  the  capital.     Thou;.,di  a  eoxcoml),  a 


and 


\  villani,  I  rniillo  was  no  eowa 


ird  on  the  lield  of  battle.      No'roto  roasii 


ahly  comdudos  that  tho  viceroy  and  'I'rnjillo  woro  of  accord  that  it  Wnidd 
not  1)0  safe  in  tho  excited  stito  of  t'.ie  eonuuunity  to  pnhlish  at  once  ti 


oliici.'il  ; 


it  of  till!  action,  which  had  liei 


ited 


as  a  victory;  wluii, 

.1/. 


liowover,  tho  insurgents  had  retreated,  thore  waa  nodanj;erin  doiii'^  so.   //. 
Jill.  Shj.  A /A'.,  i.  .-{(il  •-',  MW. 

^"Tlio  medal  was  piosontodon  tlic".'?d  of  Fell.,  1811,  on  wliiclidnte  the  vie  ■• 
roy  issued  a  proclamation  in  prai.so  of  tlio  gall.int  conduct  of  tho  reirimeiit  of 
Tics  Villas,  and  tolls  them  to  assumo  Monto  do  lusCrnces!  as  their  futiiro 
biittlo-ory.  'Os  romito,' ho  .says,  'loscsciidos  do  distincion  (|iio  mcriH.is!cis 
I'l  dia  'M  do  oetnlire  por  vtiostra  hrillaiito  condueta  en  ol  inoiite  do  las  ( 'ruces 
, .  .4110  ol  mull  to  lie  las  Cruccs  .soa  vuostro  yrito  guurrero  cu  el  uiouioiitu  do 


A  COSTLY  VICTOIIY. 


185 


.\!tli()iiiv]i  I[i(lal;j[<)  thus  rnnaiiu'd  master  <»f  t  j 
li,  Id,  his  victorv  liad  hccn  dcaily  hoiiufht.  The  Iiid- 
i.iKs  \\(i\'  ten'or-strirkon  «)V(*r  the  dri'adlid  sUiuj^hter 
wliirli  had  hceii  inllictod  U[)()n  tliem  l)y  the  iii'e  oftho 
aililli  TV,  Ihe  deadly  cfVectol' which  they  had  witnessed 
Im  the  liist  time;"'  while  the  disciplined  ti'oops  were 
('ii-iii;iyed  at  the  loiiL*'  resistance  which  so  small  a  force 
li;i!l  hceii  ahle  to  make  aj^'ainst  such  overwhehnini;' 
iiimiln'i's.  'riius  on  the  lol!owin;jf  nioi'niniLjf  the  insiir- 
i;- Mil  army,  insti-ad  (»t'  hein^"  Hushed  with  victorv,  were 
(K -.iiondeiit;  and  llidalno  when  he  arrived  at  C\iaji- 
tualpa  halted,  althoui^'h  Allende  ur^'ently  pressed  u{)on 
liiiii  the  necessity  of  march inLj  upon  Mexico  at  ()ni;e."' 

Tlie  caj)ital  was  iilled  with  forehodiui^.  From  the 
time  iiitelliL^i-nce  arrived  of  lliiialj^o's  departure  l'n)ni 
\'al!.>!lolid,  fear  had  fallen  on  the  p(;ople.  And  now 
V  hell  Trujilli*  retui'ned  with  huta  inamiant  of  his  i'oree, 
iiiit\vithstandin<4  his  braij^L^adocio,  many  i;"ave  up  all 
(jiuannjuato   had    lallen;  A^alladolid    had   sur- 


1111  1, 


iculered  :  it  was  Alexico's  turn  next!  Ti'easures  and 
jewelry  were  carefully  concealed  or  confided  to  the 
sacred  |»r(ttcction  of  convents.  Women  souj^'ht  asy- 
liiiii  in  nunneries;  and  the  city,  which  lor  yi'ars  had 
heeii  free  from  popular  out!)reak,  presented  a  scene  of 
coiii'iision  and  panic.  Kven  V\!ne_L;'as,  taliuLj  into  con- 
sideration the  numhers  of  the  enemy,  the  distant  po- 

Mic-itiMs  futuros  (■(iiiihatcs,  y  liV  voz  <ni('  os  cniuliuca  ;'i  l;i  victiiria.'  (luz.   di: 
1^11,  ii.  I'j;!-!.     It  l)iii-f  tliL' iiiiiiii's  ul 'I'riijillo,  IJiiiii^iis,  iiiul  Mi'inlivil. 
■f,  lli'^l.  I,'<r.  X.  A'.s/).,  i. ;!;«). 

jilli)  cstiiiiati'il  tlio  iiitiiiluT  of  iiismneuts  killi'il   !iii(l  wouihK'iI   at 


•-'.OKI;    I 


u'catja  Si 


ivs  tliat  on  t!u'  two  si.lcs  iimrc  than  4, ((00  witc  kil 


•So 


t:ilr;ila  liahoi'  (|iu'(lailo  fii  I'l  oampo,  mas  tU'.  I'liatio  mil  cailav  tTcs  dc  uiio  y 
iit!M  li;iiiilo,  si>'iiilo  .sill  c'om|)arai;ioii  mayor  el  iiimirro  ilu  los  inio  pfiti'iit  riaii 
ii  I'M  iiivasorcs,'  AiVf.  tj  li<ctijic.,  MS.  .Viaiii,  l)ioi.'i>  ( iaivia  ( 'oiulc  in  liis  re- 
]i!ii!  in  the  viceroy  after  liix  release  from  'ai»ti\ity  states  tiiat  tlio  loss  to  tilt 


ill  ui:,'eiits  in  killcil,  wountled,  ami  desert, t*  was  mon-  II 


•JO. (100.    Ihninii- 


<l''.!i  llh-dhn,  (',il,  />iii\,  ii.  '27lt.  For  more  than  live  years  after  the  i'ML,'ai;<'- 
liuiit.  on  either  side  of  the  pass  of  Monte  de  las  (.'rnees,  botli  on  tlie  aseent 
mid  de-:ct'nt,  for  tlie  distaneo  of  over  a  league,  ^reat  heaps  of  human  liouis 
to, :ld  lie  seen  pileil  underneath  the  trei's.  Zinrcru,  Mtin.  I'ln,  M(.e.,  100. 

"  liie  diU'ereneeof  opinion  whieli  not  nnfrei|nently  occurred  between  theso 
liailciM  teriuinatril  in  unfriendly  relations.  SpijakiuL;  of  this  dispute,  IJiista- 
iiinihi-  says;  '  Uesile  estii  epoea  eoiuen/o  (Allonde)  ii  (lesabrirsc  eon  el  (lli- 
il:i!-'  il  ilcsa/on  (pie  se  iiuniento  cadii  dia  in;is.  y  (juc  tcnniiiu  cou  la  desgracia 
luiiuiial  do  cntuuubos  gefus,'  <huvd.  Jlist.,  i.  S7. 


ISG 


HIDALGO'S  MARCH  TOWARD  THE  CAPITAL, 


sitioii  of  Callejo;  and  (lio  want  of  spirit  observable  h\ 
his  own  troops,  at  iirst  nioditatcMl  tli^lit  to  Vera  Cniz. 
The  earnest  appe:.N  of  the  S[)aniar(.ls  and  i-oyalists, 
liowever,  induced  liini  to  ehanj^e  liis  mind,  and  take 
measures  for  tlie  defence  of  the  city.**'  Such  forces  as 
lie  liad  wei'e  placed  on  the  causeway  of  la  Pi('(la<l  and 
the  [)aseo  de  Jjucari'li.  Cannon  were  planted  at  Cha- 
jtulte])ec,"'  and  troojjs  of  cavaliw  detached  to  watdi 
tlu;  movements  of  the  enemy.  Internal  deft'iice  was 
intrusted  to  the  rc^giment  of  the  Comercio,  the  city 
s(]uadron,  and  some  newly  'evied  bodies  of  patriot-;.  ' 
When  the  news  of  Trujillo's  failure  reached  the  c;i]ii- 
tal,  Venegas  had  immediately  despatched  a  couriei'lo 
Calleja,  ordering  him  to  hasten  l»y  forced  marches  to 
the  (Kd'enee  of  the  capital.  Jle  also  sent  instructions 
to  Captain  Rosendo  Porlier,  directing  him  to  unite  ilw. 
crews  of  the  ves.sels  at  Vera  Cruz,  and  march  theia 
up  the  coimtry  to  his  aid. 

To  insj)ire  the  fainting  hearts  of  the  peo[)le  with 
some  oonlidence,  Venegas  caused  the  sacred  image  of 
los  llemedios*'^  to  be  conveyed  from  its  shrine  to  the 
cathedral.  These  were  the  days  of  signs  and  wonders, 
be  it  remem!)ered,  and  this  was  a  time  of  ijreat  trihii- 
lation.  The  viceroy  was  readv  to  act,  and  was  wdl 
up  in  his  part.  Betaking  himself  to  the  cathedral, 
he  threw  himself  upon  his  knees,  and  devoutly  ad- 
dressinj;  the  image,  meanwhile  invoking  its  aid,  Veiie- 

«AV7(V^',  Iflsf.  Mil.  S!:i.  XfX.,  Xu,  .'iO.'l;  Z-rcrfro,  Hr.  Mr.i:,  SS  !t. 

•"'•' Voiu'.t,';iM' (lispositioiia  in  ;i  iiiilitiiry  point  of  view  wei'c  extremely  Iml, 
and  placed  his  troops  in  a  position  wliero  it  was  iuipossiMe  tor  them  to  mi- 
ncruvro.  J5iist;ini;uite  statc;s  that  on  the  .S!)th,  in  coiniiany  with  a  niiiii.iiy 
friend,  he  visited  the  cnoain|iment,  and  that  tlic  oUieer  pjinled  f)ut  to  him 
the  want  of  iiiilitaiy  skill  displayed  hy  Venej:as  in  tluis  plaein,;^  iiis  tio, .j  ■;. 
'Miiy  lueLto  ine  hizo  notar  hi  ignoraneia  del  (pio  lo  hahia  .situado  en  atiiul 
jnmto.'  ''i(a>l.  //inf.,  i.  7S. 

••I  Aknnan,  basing;  Ms  estimation  on  the  enumeration  of  .ivailable  fojri's 
given  hy  liustaniantc— see  note  4."),  this  chapter — calculates  that  llieic  \mio 
only  "JiODOellicient  troojis.  IJat  he  iloes  not  include  those  stationed  in  tli  •  in- 
ten(jr  of  the  city,  which  he  considers  to  have  becu  of  little  use  7//^'.  MJ., 
i.  48r>. 

"'Tiiis  image  belonged  in  the  sanctuary  of  Totoltepcc;  and  on  seveml  no- 
casions  had  becnctmvoyed  to  tiic  capital,  during  whioli  vi-its  miraculous  p^v- 
crs  had  i)een  displayed.  It  was  greatly  vcuorateJ,  as  wo  know.  VaLcMo,  :Jir- 
mon,  Ca-lOC. 


MKXICO  FRIGHTENED. 


187 


SS  0. 
•III  t"  iii.i- 

;l  liiiiii.li'y 
;it  t'l  liilii 
\\i  tn>"i'^. 

(.11  il'llU'l 

,1,.    fnl-.-rS 
iJlcTi'  \M  TO 

ill  til"  ill- 


pns  ifl.K'cd  in  itsliands  lils  viccroi^al  staff  of  office,  and 
sdlriiinlv  Iiiiilcd  it  as  lady  c'ai)taiii-i>'oneral  of  thoaniiv. 
Tln'  rt'li!>ious  I'crvor  of  the  assembled  iiiiiltitudo  was 
uincst rained,  and  tears  of  thankfulness  i'roni  a  thou- 
.siud  <'yes  watered  the  cathedral  iloor."''  The  presence 
(if  lliis  protectinuf  inuiLTe  ^nvatly  allayed  the  panic, 
whili'  the  soldiery,  confident  of  victory  with  the  (jueen 
t<\'  heaven  on  their  side,  be^fufed  for  medals  stani[)ed 
with  hei'  likeness."'  The  royalists,  after  the  exam|)le 
(if  Hidalgo,  erected  a  f;acretl  i)anner,  which  l)ore  the 
vciHiated  I'orm  of  Xuestra  Senora  de  los  llemedios. 
Thus  on  the  I'uture  hattle-iields  durin<jf  the  war  of  in- 
(|r|i(  ii(Uiice,  oj)[)osing  armies  fought  under  eml)len)s 
(if  ihe  same  divine  interceder  for  mercy  before  the 
luavcidy  throne. 

The  excitement  and  apprehension  on  the  3 1st  of 
Octoix'i"  was  intense  throu'jfhout  the  citv,  antl  every 
cloud  ofdustscen  on  the  road  from  Toluca  was  thouirht 
t'l  prcsaiife  the  comin;^  of  tlu^  '^yc.  But  the  day  passi'd 
and  no  enemy  ji{tj)eai-cd.  llididi^o  remained  inactive, 
and  on  the  lollowini;'  day  sent  commissioners  with 
an  otlicial  communication  to  the  viceroy.  llaviuLT 
aiii\cd  at  Chaj)ulte[)e.',  the  envoys  sent  the  despatch 
to  \'(iiegas,  wjio  was  near  by,  but  he  peremptorily 
ivru->c(l  an\'  answer;  and  in  languacfe  bv  no  means 
rclincd  ordered  the  commissioners  to  lake  tlieir  de- 
pailure  iimuediately,  under  jiain  of  being  shot.''^ 

"'•Muni,  .Mi.v.  y  .^ua  lift:,  iv.  84.  Calvillo  gives  a  detailed  nccount  of 
tlii'WMy  ill  wiiiih  tiio  iiii;i;.'o  Mas  linm.L'lit  fioiu  'l"ol()ltt])oc.  It  heili'.'  llio  vIl-c- 
lny's  (Uv  i;_'ii  to  luiM'  it  iiitroiliK-cil  sceri'tly  into  the  city,  lie  sent  ii  e;iiTiii  ,'o 
fur  it ;  liiit  the  Jmliaii.s  in  the  iai;,'hliorliii(iil  I'f  the  siiiiiie  IteiMiiie  iiware  i^f  tlio 
iiittiitinii  t((reiiio\e  their  adoied  jiruteetress,  and  iisseinliled  in  ^;reat  ei'dwds 
villi  (!( iiidiititiatiiiim  of  surnjw.  With  niiKli  jh  rsuasion  they  were  ealincd, 
fiiiil  then  ill  their  veneration  aoeiiiniianied  the  eania;,'e  tu  the  capital,  eauisiiig 
II"  little  aii|ireheiihion  to  those  who  Mere  eondnctiiig  the  image,  that  they 
Muulil  lie  nnst.ikeii  fur  Hidalgo's  iiiiiiy  ami  lireil  on.   J<l..  ll.V'Jl'. 

"'  A  inivate  individual,  v  hose  name  ('alvillo  <loes  not  mention,  ilistrihuted 
.lOIil)  sitirli  medals  among  the  otiieers  and  soldiers  of  the  line  regiiiu  nts  vi 
.New  Siiaiii,  the  imivineial  regiments  of  Me.xieo,  Toliua,  (,!uautitlan,  Tres 
\  ilia  i,  and  Tnlalieingo,  antl  the  eity  sijuadron.   /(/.,  llM-'-'. 

^' l.iili.  lu/iii/ic,  11.  This  M  liter  states  that  the  eonteinptuous  beating  of 
^  i'iiei;as  iiiereased  the  hatred  of  tyranny.  AVith  regard  to  the  langnago  of 
tlic  viceroy,  lliistainante,  in  descriliing  it,  c.xpre.s.ses  himself  in  his  usual  rau- 
to'misway:  'Se  de.sito  en  ]ialalirotas  tan  groseras  y  torpes,  ((Ue  no  eslarian 
bicii  ni  m  lii  boea  de  uu  gmnicto  6  canoiuutcro  dc8i)ecliado.'  Cuad.  JJint.,  L 


1S8 


HIDALGO'S  MARCH  TOWARD  THE  CAPITAL. 


\» 


i 


TTi(l;ilu^{)'s  position  was  now  l)oconiini,f  serious.  Up 
to  this  time  his  success  luid  been  brilliant.  Forced 
prematurely  into  action,  into  tlie  pronuili^ation  and  di- 
I'ence  of  lonjL^-cherished  princijjles,  his  people  had  gath- 
ered round  him,  an<l  after  that  a  largo  army  had  come 
to  his  supi)()rt.  They  were  unletteretl,  untrained,  hut 
tiiey  were  trustful.  Thousands  of  them  had  already 
laid  down  their  lives  for  their  country ;  thousands  moi  e 
were  ready  to  die  rather  than  relinquish  their  hope  of 
liberty.  Here  were  many,  but  why  were  there  not 
niore^  Why  were  the  men  of  Amciiea  so  slow  to  move 
in  tliis  matter?  Here  was  the  priceless  boon  held  out 
to  them;  why  would  they  not  stretch  forth  their  hand 
and  take  it?  True,  fifty  thousand  had  come  forward — 
eighty  thousand;  but  why  do  not  they  all  come — livn 
hundred  thousand,  five  millions — -why  do  not  they 
come  and  be  free  ?  Oh,  base  apathy,  olfspring  of  iron- 
bound  ignorance! 

He  had  sent  agents  into  the  capital,  and  to  the 
neighboring  towns,  to  stir  up  the  people  and  niako 
them  ashamed  of  their  bonds.  Not  hearing  IVoni 
them,  he  had  sent  others,  and  these  found  the  first 
fallen  away  from  the  cause,  oomc  of  his  emissaries 
had  been  caj)tured.'"  Evidently  the  country  lu  rc- 
ai)out  was  not  i'i])c  for  revolt.  His  warmest  adher- 
ents a  little  distance  away  from  him  became  cold. 
He  had  no  helper,  no  one  with  whom  to  share  his 
heavy  load  of  responsibility.  Allendo  was  a  good  man, 
a  bi'ave  soldier,  a  faithful  adherent;  but  he  was  noth- 
ing more  than  a  fightinix  man,  and  like  fighting  nun 
frequently,  he  was  inclined  at  times  to  be  rash  and 
reckless,  and  then  to  be  angrv  if  checked. 

The  capital  city  was  the  tem]»ting  prize,  the  city  of 
jSIontezuma,  of  Cortes,  a  city  classic  in  the  annals  of 
America;  and  it  was  so  near.  But  ho  well  knew  that 
he  was  in  n(j  condition  to  march  on  JNIexico.     He  lias 

87.     The  envoys  were  General  Jimenez,  Abasolo,  Montemayor,  ami  aiintlicr 
iiisur;,'cnt  otliccr. 

'^•Ccuteuo  was  one  of  those  captured,  and  was  hanged  in  Mexico  in  IV b- 
ruary  follow  ing. 


AFTER  THE  BATTLE. 


ISO 


1)0(11  Llnmod  for  liis  tliroo  diu's  of  inactivity  liero ;  ho  has 
Ici'ii  lallc'd  too  slow,  too  carL'Tul,  too  fearful,  a  drcanier 
iiiii'  no  soldier,  and,  wlion  advised,  too  obstinate; 
!-iiine  think  Allende  shoidd  have  had  supi'enie  com- 
mand.    It  is  easv  to  criticise.      A  man  must  be  judufed 


accoi'flini;  to  m(\'ins  and  conditions.  His  associates 
wu'd  that  the  inhabitants  would  arise  and  assist  them. 
Some  had  so  arisen,  it  is  true,  but  there  were  lew  hopes 
lii'ld  out  thus  far  from  the  direction  of  the  ca])ital, 
and  these  verv  officers,  who  were  loudest  in  tlieir  desire 
ti»  advance,  railed  most  conteni|)tuously  of  all  aijjainst 


]Ii<hil- 


ibbl 


OS  rauole  army,  as  worse  tlian  none 


th; 


In  tl 


le 


capital  were  men,  money,  arms,  and  annnunition;  even 
if  I  hey  had  few  soldiei's  just  then,  the  whole  city 
would  tiufht  l)efore  they  would  see  it  sacked.  1  [e  had 
li'W  I'cal  s(jldiers,  few  men  who  could  be  relied  upon; 
111'  had  few  and  })oorarms,  and  his  st(H"e  of  annnunition 


was  w 


•llninh  exhausted.  He  was  still  further  di.^ 
couraujcd  by  the  contents  of  a  despatch  inti-rcepted  by 
Ills  I'oliowers.  It  was  the  duplicate  of  Venegas'  in- 
st  nut  ions  to  Callcja  to  hasten  to  his  support.  Ho 
was  now  fearful  of  beinuc  caui^ht  between  two  op{>osin;^ 
In  vain  Allende  advocated  an  immediate  ad- 


aniufs. 


Nance  on   the  citv 


Hi 


itl 


Kialufo,   witli  cooler  aiK 


I  t 


ruer 


jU.ln'Uient,  knew  that  it  would  not  do.  ])etter  iind 
iii'iiL"  soldiers,  drill  his  men,  and  practise  f>)ratime  on 
a  Ic-^s  fonnidabh.'  f  »e;  and  so  al'tei'  lin^'cring  another 
day  at  Cuajimal[)a,  lEidalj^o  movt>d  away,'" 

'Iliivnitli  I  giv.    •■  'k>r  refi'irncu  to  iiutlioritit's  on  tlii.s  I'lnly  eii<)<-'li  oi 


M 


l('.\k;i!i  tinii'|icnilea-. 


■  'fir. 


M'X.,  ii.    1(17,  V.  •2\1,  L'JS,  vi.   117.  ix.  ;!-J 


(i:i 


X.   4')l   :>,  48.>  H,  •i;>7-«.  ."lOS,   \i.   SI),  Mi,    l; 


i-M,  '-'71  •-•.  --'ss.  ■U\:\-'J2,  r>i\ ■:>:>,  i>i)J-!U,  xiii.  i:!  7»».  -Jt.")- 


ijiit  -Mi),  (;si-.i, 
:•_'.  :;(»ii  ;;so. 


ii-h;,  (i-.".i-;i!,  (iy»^!)();  (;<tz.  M< 


isio. 


.•r.>  111,  •_'i()-!)i,  :u;!  st.  4!)4-;!!), 


.^:io,  717-M»I,  871   :{,  !H)(>-.")4,  lOSS;  /-/..  ISll,  ii.  KK-J.Vl,  •J74-:;!»;i:  /-/.,  I7M), 

iii.  is  ;i;i7;  /./.,  i7!(o.  iv.  s)-'j:).  Ii»()-S!). -iivn,  ;u:{-si.  4-r.-:!:J:  /-/..  I7!f-'.  v. 


'.1-1').  M,  •j(;i--2.  ;ui 


/'/..  17!»4,  vi.  !-■_>.  :M:$,  :{41   •_'.  \\-2:  /■!.,  1711."),  vii.  i; 


^.  IV;  »:/,/.,  171)(i  7,  viii.  10,  ,■)!,  S."),  li)l»  !»ii,  ■iilS-MOl,  Him  s| ;  //.,  171IS.  ix. 

I  "I,  Ills  s(i,  :!•_".);  /,/.,  isoo-i,  X.  ■_'.  4!t--j(i!i,  'j.T),  '212.  ;iJ!i-:i(),  :t(;!i:  /</.,  iso2- 

;i,  xi 
;:i7. 


!»,  10.-)  i!)4,  •220-r},  •js,-i-:i:)0;  /./.,  iso4-.i,  xii.  17  SI.  \y.\  ii;t,  •_':;(i..-.4. 


I-'   I;  xiii.  (;:{,S.  (..-)(!-•>,  77!»;  /'/.,  IMHI,  xiv.  47,  ."0;  /-/.,  1S07 


;>ii:i. 


4111,  lij:;  (I,  (I'JK,  707  40,  1010-l-_';  /./.,  1S(I7.  xvi.  passim;  /)!.<iio.-<iii<>i!i"i  IVovVw, 
i-  i;!!  It.  ii.-2-lO,  iii.  \:>:\  vi.  ,-)S,  00;  Cnr/i'.-t,  JUiirin,  ISIO  II,  i.  y  ii.  10,  |-2- 
l.'l,  -1  ■),  4."),  vii.  7,  1S12,  xiv.  "205-!);  J)iurio  ('oiKjnso,  ii.  no.  .'U,  40i)-l,  4(!r>- 
b;  47'»-.i,  vi.  110.   143,  2So4-.")j  Col.  Doc,  i.  40-1;  C'aro,  Trc»  S'ujlos,  '208-72} 


190 


niDALGO'S  MARCH  TOWAIID  THE  CAPITAL 


('•<Ue,  Mem.  »/  Not.,  77;  Hrrimn.  y  Dm:,  Col.  Dor.,  i.  0  14.  17,  .'W-IO,  4")  T'2 
ii.  (i:i->S4,  S)2-4.  107-11,  ll(i--.V).  l"4-'-.".7,  17:.'-»-',  •-'1)7  14,  l'44,  •J7(>-!»1.  .'JJO  .>», 
,ns7-li>'_',  r><J.'J-4,  (i!).')-7;M>,  iii.  'JO.i-l  1,  vi.  :!.".;  L'.^/.liioK'i,  ( ■/iron.,  I •_•-•-'."><.•,  •JSii-:!(,H. 
.S.'O  1,   r,:]{l-i;   IhiKtuimnih;  Ciind.   Jli^t.,  i.    Vl-'IO,   :!()-(),   44  "     '       "" 


(/fV,-.vr.,piX  _      .  ,  ,  -   .    ;         • 

S::-1CC);  (Vo<«,  L'/i'scd/).  J/c.r  ,  'J07-l'>;  Strichr,  JJil'l'mi /i<h;  -ll-'.);  Tlinuiiisoii, 
Ji'eroll.  M<x.,  r;.')-7;  Ti.fidit,  /'ip.  M(.i\,  luissiin;  Tnrmi  >/  ManloU,  JJ<  ms  ili> 
iA./:>/Y,v,  I'p.  10,  VrhLifpu-,  (''ir/d  fil  /i'(;/' //^  /i'u;;(('(,  MS.,  oii;.'. ;  I'dii'ijU",  I'ro;/. 
J'llti:  Aiiiir.,  pp.  II;  Vahlui-UiO't,  CouUst.,  1,")-17;  \'i(i;icro  Univ.,  xxvii.  107- 
11);  \Va  Id  y  TUumiifuii,  l!(coll.  2l<x.,  iVi;  Walton,  L'xjmin^,  up.  '2-7;  W'T'I, 
m^t.  Mi:.v.,  10."),  vi.  IJi),  1-J  i  :!0,  l;{4-r»;>,  l.".(»,  l(JO-:t,  vii.  oS;  A'/wr/»r:,  //,. 
qvlsiilor  Fisral. .  .('oiiird,  y\>'\.  p]i.  "JSI;  Yninnj,  Jl'"!.  ,^/fx'.,  7o-S;  Zdiw, 
i.ruKliiiJiir,:,  1-2.")  ".:!,   171   •2;ir>,  -211:  Z^n-iiln,  AVr.  Mr.v.,  4:5;  l>j(.  CV.//./  ,V. 

Cir!r.,  19-2;);  /.V      ■' 


l!(.l)iiii;on,  Ml x\,   I3-'2I);  LI.,  i.  *21-7;  liiunin-,  Lcrtuni.-, 

wj.  Jlol.,  iii.  '231-.'53;  UobluK,  JJitirio,  in  J)or.  Hint.,  Mi.r.,  slt. 


FURTHER  refi:rexci:s. 


101 


Icaul  s(^' /•//'■•■■/o'"/r, '2lil-n'Jft;  I)«ni(ii<<-h,  II'i<t.  Mi.r.,i\.  13-1(1;  Ditf>„!»,  Mrx- 
tow.  U'l-IU);  Ju'rild,  M<:m.  IliM.,  jit  i.  :'.();  A/.,  CoiilUiiiwiini,  MS.,  f.  '.'lit; 
Ihrr.  Ciih:  llil.  O'xxi.,  iii.  4(i.'>,  r.JC  !),  Ti'O-l;  A/.,  vi.  l.">(!-7.  ."|-.'-i:!;  A/., 
vin.  IM,  '-'(!(i.  ;{''•■  .")i;!-H;,  04;!- »;  J<l.,  i\.  -Jss.  :i7-_'  .-{,  :177.  41 »,  4l.«.t,  41(i  s, 
:0:)-U»,  SUJ;  A/..  X.  N-_';  -JSl-G,  :(7;t,  7!»S,  Sl.'i-Ki,  ap.  i.  .'((I.  4I(»  ll 


iii;ii, 


,'/  A/  ■ 


M(.i:  llisl.  JJisn-ij).,  l-(i;  Ks'H,/,  ro,  .\(./.  y;.</a(/.  N'-»..  4;!; 


/•,i-iiii-fi!r.',  no.  i.,  /;•o.•.■^  /'(W/.  //;^^  ,iAj-.,  iis-(;4;  /■; 


.1/' 


i:!!>- 


4(i;  /.'iiMiOili,  U'lat.  Mix:,  i.  (Jll,  v.  ;!I.")-1(;.  :r,;\  (i.  (Ul-".',  tU.'),  vi.  J 


passim,  vM 


1'= 


.-im,  Mil.  _'.»-(. 


40-S,  ").",.  SiMlJ.  4!it)-4,  44s-.-,!»,  4(;t.  474,  4SS,  .-,I4-I.»i».  .■..M, 


iJ7,  ix.  ;!:!-'.>,  X.  .".7,  (i;'.-.">,  !•()."■-•_'•_',  !l«'.).  i:iU4,  i:iS7-it,  !:!!•_•  D,  I  lOJ, 


•i(j.'>,  .'j4.".,  (il;!;  A/diiKiii,  M<.r.,  i.  imssiiii,  :i.  4">,  57,  Sl-J.  8!»-'.l(),  |(»l.  110  14, 


■IDS  •_■(!,  .".IS  ',1.  .".s:?,  ap.  l!)--'(»,  "Jl  (i,  iii.  1-.')S,  ()!),  <ji;-,s,  lol   ;t. 


-C,  iv.  4.S0,  701-:!,  7J4,  ap.   I!)  '.V.;  A/.,  7' 


rt..  111. 


,',{).  Dl  -1;  .!/''((/  (/  'Jiiil/  o.  Col.  L'srn/i,.i,  1 1!)-.V.»;  A/.,  in  /.<uiinn.l<.  Hist.  M, 


SOI 


7t»-l.  .S7.")-(J;  J/'M/i,  (;,mt,i.i.  iv.  l-(i;  Allniitk  Jfo„//,h/,  i'vU.  ]SI\i); 


Aixlr 


Illiis.   IC.  /ml!, 


'l-.'t;   Ariilt'ii/ri.  Iiil'iin 


ill  i'l  iliilririo.  iv. 


f.  r.!i. 


iu>. 


i.;  Al'hol/,  Mu:  ami   U.  .V.,  4'_',  •Jl."!  (i;  J/yv./c:,  lli^t.   y  Croii.,  l(il   SO, 


(i;  Ai 


//lull'jc  Afiu:,  :i2-UK  l(!S-!»;  Anlhn.o,  On 


nh„i.  M,x.,   l-_'-l.'>,    Kss  !».-!,  •J.-J-J- 


A  rm 


Arnli'i'jc. 


J.\ 


<:}>. 


\j-,lnh 


ii'ion 


JA 


"     ip.    101; 


'il ;  Alrnrr<.  J-J-linlics,  iii.  4.')!l;  /'/'i 


4;i_'-l;  Jiir.iniroHrl,  ^f^.l^.,  ;!."i  71;  Hi  nihi si,  Znr.,  ',\;  Jl,  H,  (iiiii/.,  r)-27-'>V 


llln 


L-I'vl.  Ml 


tSl-!)0;  /; 
10,  "j:!;  III.,  /ii.ifihit. 


'if,  ('roil.   M'li'h.,  v.    1.")!;  Htilil,   (Intij. 


yv:,;  lias.L  Ml 


a: 


Jliirri  in. 


<'<!'.  nil!.,  ■6\-2\",;  A/.,  ill  Mix.  Man.  S'-.  Just.,  Is7:t,  •J_'7;  !'.■  r.jnsa  i/  ,l,,i-iln„. 


.S'l  ;•/(!'. 


])p.  .']4;  JJurri  ilo,  On 


<  h\.  PI).   1 1 ;  all 


lli<t.  Ciith.  Cliiinh, 


ii.  104;  O'l-cji.iy,  llist.  Mi.i:,  41---»;  Vullo,  J/'i,.tlin<  Ilii.<h-i^,  S.'A   C>,  ;il7  OJ; 


(;,('■ 


Ml 


scr.  ii.,  ill  /'o<-.  lli^t.  Miw.,  sur.  ii.,  iv.  l.VJ-iiit,  •_'()!», 


!IJ-:«, 


;4-S;  (I 


Jjiario,  111 


Ihji'.   Ilist.  Ml 


Vi^llnil,  MS.,  11-3.'),  iA AuV,  a 

Av> 


pt  i.  4,  .">:!.">;  ildlri-.,  Jn/uri 


ilfii,  ('ol.  X.  Lifii),  l.">.")-'JI.'i:  li'iniir.,  I'iila 


:<i;-h.  p, 


d'  S.  Jiiriiito,  pp.  (I'J;  (,'fin'iii  y  Vimin,  J'roxjiiriil.  (' 


S.  Ai>.,  115,  14.")-(i 


pp.  11; 


/insf.  ,/ii/inii,  ISoO-'J,  vi.-xxxii.;  Mu 


I'., 


S'rmoii  Paiicij.,  17S."),  p 


.lAi 


r 


'.'/";/• 


:'.).i 


liihn'if.  ol'/jfil.  (1  >r.  hitiririi  S/miii  ninl  hi  r  Am.  ('ol.,  MS.,  in  Min/i  r  .l/.V.V. 


11(1.  xwii.  'J;  Midliv,  1,'iiieii  .lA.c. ,  iii.  •J'_'7-44;  Mi' 


a  y  Lioiiijiuit, 


I,  Hill.  A I 


."),    1()S-'21;   Mixiijiie   J'lVol.,    l-l."i;   Miniijii slri,    i'oiilni  lli-^tr.,    p]>.    10; 


.Ui.ii-i)  y  yiqioli'Oii,  Pnir.    I' 


.!/ 


'.'/'  '■, 


J/f 


.1: 


pp.    14;   M,.c.   L'l/iif.   Art.    Jnmin,   1<U'2\; 


71),  'J7!l-!>l;    .1/. 


I'l-o'j.  ifAi,!.,  i.  .•)0:)-!l;  JA 


(■.'•.  jti><niii  lO  . 


I'O    ill  IS.', 
Mil 


\i  \: 


Ml. 


4:i;  Mu:  S-- 
T<xui,  12- V, 

rm:i%  pp.   7; 
I'jhorliirioii. 


Vhliiy  Ml 


•.7'' ;/ 


II- 


'•(tp: 
,     ■ 

L 


ii.  (il;  Miimn,  Mi.r.,  iii.  .'{J  7,  iv.  'JOO-IO;  Mnill ml,  ili<t. 
''no:  Mix:  divit.,  i.  S4-il!>,  10-_'-S;   Lojn-.  (./.).  J)li- 


Moilr 

O/ll 


•ii 


(S.),  J)i'<i>irl.  ('iiriit.-I'ol.,  ]ip.  ;>S;   t.'r.'iiin.  y  ]!i  'nnnoiil, 

pp.    10;  Miirr'li,  J'list.  A'of.  (Jrli.,  4l.'i;   /.(i/nn-jii:  Aim;/''  lii^t. 

I'iv'm  X,  -'):i-i;  L'iri-t,  JJisrnr.^n  Cir.,  jip.  1,");  Ofirihay,   \'.  I'l y,  Pruiliini.,  ]ip. 

Hi'-i,  (Jniiioii  L'ir.,  p;i.  4;  l.iij'imil,   Voy.  (int.  ilii  Momlr,  i.  I  " 


A 

i.  -JJ 


M;  A 


Vklii  Ovhdo,  •_'7o-3;  liar 


J)i 


Hist.,  no.  xxxvii. 


0;]ij-'j;  Lcmpricrc,  Xoka  on  Mtx.  4*J3-4.;  La  Cruz,  v.  *207-lo. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

PROGRESS  OF  THE  REVOLUTION. 

ISIO. 

Calleja's  Puepauatidns— his  Bioorapitv — Engagement  at  QrEittTAno— 
Callkja  Joins  Foik'ks  wnii  I'lun  -Cii  \vi:z  Kiu'ilsku  at  Qi  ei:i:tai:'i— 
Callkja's  Movk.ments— 'J'iik  Disi-kusio.n  df  Tin;  lNsriu;i-;NTs  at  Aci  ico 

— CALLEJARETrilN.STOQrKKETAIlO— GiIAUACTEUOFTkUKES— I)EFi.N>lVE 

Mi;AsruKS(iF  Abakca  in  Jalisco-Ism  i;(;i;nt  Otekations  in  J.M.isru— 
IvNiiAtiKJ'.EST  AT  La  IUkca-  Tim;  JJoy.-.i.ists  I)i:i-e\iki»  at  Zaciai.co  — 
(JrAUALAiAUA  SruiiENnr.r.s  to  '1"oui:i:s-Mei:caiio  (Jains  l'(issEs>inN  op 
Wan  15l.*s  — Ukvoi.i'tion  in  /AcsTKrvs  -  Fi.ichtof  tiif.  F,ri:()ri:\N^— An 

U.NFOUTl  NATE    LnTKNIjKNTF — lUIAUli-.    IInTKUS    ZaCATM'AS      'i'liE    ( 'oM- 

MISSION  OF  Doctor  Ojs — A  Daiiinc!  iSciil.me— San  Li  is  ]'(jtu>i  W  hn  iiy 
AN  Lnsukgent  I'liiAU— a  TiiKAciiiaiors  Visiiou — .San  Li  i.s  Sack:  d. 


While  tlio  events  luirratud  iu  ilie  two  jireeediir,' 
cha])ters  were  taking  place,  Calleja  iu  San  Luis  !'>- 
tosi  was  making  preparations,  with  extraordinarv  U!-- 
tivitv,  to  take  the  Held;  hut  at  the  same  time  with 
that  avoidance  of  unprotitable  haste  which  charactiT- 
ized  all  his  movements.*  The  comandante  of  San 
Luis  was  first  ai)prised  of  the  occurrences  at  iJolores 
on  the  19th  of  September.  He  had  a  few  days  hi 'lure 
received  warning  of  Hidalgo's  meditated  insurrecf  inn, 
through  information  supplied  to  him  by  Jose  (Jabiii  1 
de  Armijo,  and  conveyed  through  the  subdi-lcgnilo 
Pedro  (iarcia.  At  that  time  he  was  at  the  liaciiinhi 
de  ]>ledos,  a  property  belonging  to  his  wife.  Wliilo 
returning  to  San  l^uis  he  narrowly  escaped  capture 
by  a  troop  of  horsemen  sent  by  Hidalgo  to  make  him 

'  Aliad  y  Qiioipo,  iu  his  report  to  Fernando  VIL  in  l.Sl.'>,  says  of  ( 'a!!rja; 
'Sii'iiiprc!  ohn')  con  Icnlitud,  diiiido  nniclio  lu!j;ar  ;l  log  cncnigos  para  uuim.u.ar 
BUS  icuniouc3  y  dcioiisus.'  Iii/uruK',  iu  Zaiuucois,  Hid.  M(j.,  ix.  !S7L 

(192/ 


FKLIX  MAIUA  (  ALLIUA  DV.L  REY. 


103 


jirisr/Acr,  tlu' soldiers  MrriviiiLj  .-it  l])f  li.'icl<'ii<l;i  only  two 
lioiirs  al'tci'  his  departurr.  \\  itliout  waitiii;^'  lor  iii- 
>t;!utioiis  JV'oiii  t!i(3  \  iccroy,  ( 'allcja  issued  orders  to 
jihice  tlie  t\v<»  pi'oviiicial  dragoon  rcL^iineiits  of  Sail 
J. Ills  and  San  (  Virlos  under  arms,  and  to  di-aw  reci'uits 
IV '111  tlie  dill'erent  towns  and  liaeieiidas  ot"  his  district. 
Tiiis  could  not  !)(.:  very  (|uic]cly  done,  scattered  as  tix! 
tiedps  were  in  diH'ereiit  localities;  nor  was  it  a  matter 
iX  siiiall  fiiflicultv  to  t'onvi'i-t  into  an  otiicieiit  I'oi'ce 
i.icii  (hawn  IVom  tlii'ir  aL,''ricultural  pursuits.  Calleja, 
liAVevei'  was  aldv  seconded  hv  the  authoi'ities  and 
piMprietors  ol"  estates,  as  he  had  their  lull  conlideiitv. 

l'i'li\  ]\[aria  Calleja  del  Hoy,  the  futurt;  viceroy  of 
Xew  Spain,  was  a  native  of  Medina  del  ('ampo  in  old 
Castile,  andaniemher  of  a  distini,niishud  family.      Jle 


d  h 


ilit 


C'liuiieiicecl  nis   uiUitarv  career  as  an    ensiM-ii   m 


disastrous  expedition    ajjfam 


<t  Ah 


'lers  conclU( 


tl 
■tod  1 


tliccohde  do  O'lieily  in  the  reiufu  of  Carlos  III.  At 
;;  later  date,  he  was  a])pointod  captain  and  instructor 
t  r  eiie  liundred  cadets  at  tlu;  military  school  in  the 
ji  iri  ol'  Santa  jNTai'ia.  In  1  7SI)  he  came  to  Xew  S|)aiu 
with  th(!  vicoro}'-  IJevilla  (^i^^'edo;  and  with  tho  I'ank  of 
1:  ■iiti  iiaiit-colonol,  served  in  tho  frontier  states,  suc- 
(vssl'ully  lovyiiiu;  and  organiziuL,^  troo{)s  in  Nuevo 
Santandor  and  Xiievo  Loon,  tho  defoneo  of  wliichter- 
litories  was  intrusted  to  him  hy  tho  viceroy  JJranci- 
ti^rte.-  Wlu;n  tho  i>-()vei'nment  at  ^Madrid  adopted  tho 
.system  of  dividing;'  the  [)rovincial  militia  into  ton  hrij4'- 
iides,'  tho  command  of  that  of  San  Luis  Potosi  was 
hcstowed  liy  Viceroy  Azanza  uj»on  Calleja,  with  tho 
tiii'rrs])ondin<>"  rank  of  brie'adier.*     Durlu"'   his  resi- 


^  llr'ninfortr,  /;/.</r(/r.,  M.S.,  ."^l,  in  L'nian'it,  Tnsfruc.,  MS. 

^('■•iisult  Hi.<t.  Mc.c,  iii.  41."),  tliis  sorii,"3. 

'  /'. ,  ltd.  CiillejaM  military  .sprviccs  were  such  as  to  gain  fur  liinitlip  n-c- 
tMiiinciiilatidn  of  tlio  six  viceroys  wlio  pivciHlcd  Vcncj^as,  one  of  whom  s.Ty.s: 
Hallcja  era  luio  do  los  pocosoiicialcsih^  graduacion.  dc  (juicncs  jiodria  vaUrso, 
I'll  Fi-uriilad,  j)or  his  ocisionos  dilicilcs  ([110  jircscntaseii.  ])or  .su  intcliijcncia, 
iiciiviil.id  y  conocindcnto.'  Pniv.  lutrrii.,  Heal  Vnhn,  iu  Maijir  MS.,  no.  7. 
hi  17IM  lie  Mas  selected  by  the  viceroy  for  important  work.    1\.  Ktip.  Acuer- 

duS:   Ms,,    is,"). 

Uisr.  Mex.,  Vol.  IV.    13 


104 


i'Hor.rii:.ss  ov  Tin:  ni'-voi.rTio?^. 


I 


Wnict'  in  lii.it   <l(y  lie  rsijouscil    Doim  l-'rimcisci  (K'  l.i 
(j|;iiii!;ira,  «l;iM^rliler  »il'  llic  ali'ti*'/  rral,  wlm  |r)ssussi',| 


fOll.Sll 


Icrul 


)1('  Weal 


II 


IS  i»i  rsoii.i 


1  ii>;I 


U('1U'(!  (tViT  t  Ih 


i-(Hiii(iy  jx'opK'  was  txrcal,  ami  his  jiiiilitii-s  and  ciil- 
luit!  ur.iiicil  ailmiration;  Iml  In-  had  an  inoinniiat  ■ 
Idvr  of  llatk'iy,  and  was  ohsiinatc,  liard-ln-arttHl,  a.i  1 
r('Miiirst'li,-sslv  crui  1. 


In  order  (o  (h'ili  and   jilacc  \\\n>]\  an  cfllciiiif 


war 


(odlini^  tht-'  new  li'vi»'s,  Calleja  estahlished  ii  camii  at 
the  iuifienda  du  la.  I'lla,  situated  in  thv'  vicinity  of  Saii 
J.aiis;  and  si»  altly  was  he  s  eonded  l)V  the  aul  lioi'it  iis 
and  ieadin;^'  men,  that  he  soon  had  nioi'i-  I'eeruits  tliaa 
lieconld  I'm  iiish  with  arms  and  e(|ni|)nients.''''  X'arioiH 
urhan  comiianies  wvro  I'aised  lor  the  ])roti'c{i()n  of  t!io 
city;  olIieiTs  wen.'  apjiointed;  and  the  .I'iiu'opeans  who 
wi'rt'  llyinL;'  Irom  (iuanajnato  to  t!ie  eoast  w(-re  de- 
tained and  jM'essed  into  tht;  service."  As  Ihc;  troops 
consisted  jirincnpally  of  cavalry,  a  hattalion  ol"  li^ht 
ini'antry,  six.  hundred  strong',  was  or^'ani/ed;''  camiun 
weri'  ordere<l  to  he  cast:  in  the  cam;)  at  la  I'ila  ;i 
portiait  of  l'\'rnando  \'l  [.  was  put  up,  and  (  alKja 
issued  a  ])r()claniallon  to  his  troops,''  i'roin  whom  tlif 
oatli  ol"  alleL;'ianco  was  aufain  exacted."  Calleja's  nn  "iny 
was  a  i4'i-eat  help  to  him,  as  Ik^  was  onal)le(l  to  nn'ct 
preliminary  (.-xiJenses,  as  well  as  those  of  the  ensuiu. 
cam[)ai;j'n,  tor  a  considerahle  time 

''('ousp'n'Uou.s  iunoii'^  tlu)s<  \v!i()  roiuU'rc  I  liiiii  aM  was  Juan  Moncada, 


1) 


inanii'.r 


l.laral 


r>iTiu>,  who  aniU'il  ami  t  xil; 


llllllicl    cf 


tMiLsi'li'ialiii'  l)t"ly.     Ari'or'liii;;  t  > -\laiiiai\,  AUc.iih^  hail  iH'imrtpcl  to  Uiilal,^ 


tlia 


M. 
.\1 


)iRaila  Ma.i  (lisjiiLsi-d  to  .';ii])jH)rt  l!i''  r-'vo'.utioii,    /!inf.  M> 


mv  afuTwan 


•ami'  (iis.in-'UHiici 


I    1. 


t  h 


t!u'ii 


4-..i. 
M 


Armijo,  Dirauti.i,  Aijiiiriv,    r>.iria;j;aii,   tlio  lieistiguU,  ami    IJ:istaiii:iiiu'.    /  '., 


4:>4. 


'  Known  \i\  till-  iiaiiio  of  los  T; 


ulo-i,  from  the  color  uf  tlicir  uiiifonn, 


whicli  was  siiiiilar  to  that  of  tlu' tamai-iiiil  fruit.    Iil.,  4^t').     They  wi 
iiiaailcil  liy  .lu.iii  Xi  i)iimnfi.'no  Ovii'ilo.     Jil.,t\p.  ~S. 


IV  I'.llll- 


Tlio  pi'oi'hitmitiou  \ihith  is  ^'ivcn  in  full  hy  /iutlmnniitr,  Ckhiik  <''ii'-ji, 
1.'i-ir>,  is  an  c'vhortatiou  to  alk'u'iaiici.';  it  attiilmtcs  the  irvolutiouary  laovij' 
laoiit  to  the  iiiaehiiiations  of  Xapoleon.     It  is  ilat''il  the  'Jil  of  Oct. 

".V  (^aniulite  trial' with  a  ciucilix   in  his  hand  ailmiuistci'ed   the  oath  to 
eacli   Foldier.     Of   the   inlliience   which    tiic-^o   reli;nons  e\ei-cis(-d  over  the 


s.Mdlcrv 


r.ust; 


amaiite  reniarl 
ell 


'  I'rcvalido   del   a-;cemliente  ( 


!inc 


trozan  ai 


estos  relii^iosos  sohre  el  hajo  jiuclilo,  logro  entusiasniailos  de  tai  inancr.i.  ijue 
euandi)  niarclu'i  con  pus  trojias  crcian  estas  (|Ue  iiian  ;'i  mcdir.sehia  con  lu  ■.v_e3 
y  it  defender  la  reli^'ion  de  Jesucrialo. '  t  'tiiiil.  /li-ti.,  i.  4S. 

'"The  iutcudeute  of  ijuu  Luis  Totusi  placed  at  hia  dispositiou  3i'-,000 


Mr.Asrui'.s  A;;AiN<r  iiinAino 


IM 


A'c'M(\u'as,  hd'ori'  Iif  was  iiWiU'i'  il"  lln!  <)titl)ri>;i!;  uf 
1)  1  )r<s,  Jiiid  williDui  I<iio\vii)'^-  tin-  »\(i'iit  of  lIu;  rrv- 
I  liilioii,  Ii;i(l  liy  »li'-;]>;ilcli  til'tlif  I7tli  dl"  ScptiMiilfr 
(I)' li'fcil  ( '.illi'ja,  to  liastcii  to  ( Jui'i'.'taro  i'or  (he  |iii:'- 
])(),(•  <.r  |i;'cV('iitiiiL,' an  uprislii;^^  in  llial  citv.  Calli'ji, 
|iit\vi'V(  1-,  replied  that,  lie  liati  ali'cady  (liscovci'cd  ,i 
iinci  it  rd  |)lot<  ill  San  Luis,  and  lliat  it  \voiild  lie   im- 

]Mis>il)!e  (o  |ea\e  tllltil   lie  lia.d  coiiipleteil    liis    UI'IMD'^e- 

iiciits:  at  the  saints  time  exjilaiiiiiin'  to  tli(*  viceroy  Ids 
I'lMiiosed  ])lan  to  I'ai.-e  a  eonsideraltle  lorct*  and  taKo 
till' lield  ai;'ainst  I  }idal;;'M,  aflor  lia\in;;-  j»ut,  San  Ltiin 
i:i  a  state  of  defence.  l'i)on  i-ecciviiiM-  lids  infofina- 
{'.n]\,  \'ene;_;as,  |)ercei\in'4  the  prndelice  willi  wldeh 
('alleja  was  act  inL,' luide!"  t lie  new  aspect  of  all'airs,  \)<'i'- 
laiUcd  liiui  (o  <'ontinue  Ids  operations,  and  instruct.etl 
Mia  t'l  unite  liis  joi'ces  wlieii  in  ivadiness  with  thoij 
ef  l''lon,  now  on  his  march  to  (Jiiei'etaro. 

ner  hail    I'don  arrived  at  (}ueretaro  than  an 


\: 


o  soo 


c'l'Vi'^'emcnt  took  pla<'e  Ix  '  A'oen  ;i  di'tachnient  of  li".-» 
iar!i  and  a  hody  of  three  thousand  insui';4'ents  in  tho 
vicinity  of  tliatcity.  When  the  enoniy  appeared  i;i 
si;4'lit  on  tho  road  iVoni  San  Mi'^aiel,  I'don  sent  out  n 
firce  of  six  Inuidi'cd  under  the  command  <d'  ]\raj or 
l).'i'nai'do  Tello,  all  of  whom  exce|>t  ono  hundi'ed  and 
ci^Iity,  with  thesiu'i^lo  ollicur,  (_V[)tain  Linares,  hastily 
(li-persed   when    they   found  tlu;  enemv  to  he  mucli 


ia;>i'o  numerous   than   the}' 


had 


suunosed 


'I'l 


nare 


li'.)\ve\H'r,  made  a  resolute  stand,  and  the  division  n;- 
overiu'^'  its(df,  attacked  and  iiillicti^d  i^reat  slaU'^'hter 
u;io!i  the  Indians  with  th''ir  artillery,  tlie  elK.'ct  of 
Vwiirji  they  were  so  iLjuorant:  of,  that  they  attempted 
t )  protect  themselves   hy   j)uttin^^  their  straw    hats 


p(  ;m;j  from  the  royal  coIkth.  IV'siile^  this,  .is  sdom  as  ho  licarl  of  (ho  no- 
lisiiii;  ho  onlorcil  ji  conducta  of  kiIvct  \vliio!i  ha  I  hccn  (h-taiiicil  at  Santa 
Jhivi.idel  Kio  liy  tlic  .snl)(hl('L;ail()  (laivia,  to  iio  sent  to  San  i,ni-!.  1'iiis  (■•  i- 
f-i  ti.' I  of  an  in;,'ot  of  j^'olil  and  :{!.'>  \tavn  of  silver.  la  aillitioii  to  tills,  ha 
!•' cciviil  as  a  loan  fr.ini  wcaltliy  minin;^  spot;ul,it:i;--i  of  Zacatocas  i.'^oJlO'i 
l>i'si).s  on  veiilcs,  ill  liar^  of  jilata  (juintada,  and  •J.fiOO  niarksof  i)lata  lidsuw 
/'/.,. 'lO-T;  Alaman,  llitt.  Mcj.,  i.  4JG. 


100 


IMtOCKKsS  OF  TIIK  ItKVOLUTION. 


o\»i'  i]\{'  iiiontli  of  till'  (•.•iiinoii."  'IMif  result,  was  i!,.t 
IdiiLf  (loiihtriil ;  the  iiisiirj^ciits  wciv  dislodired  JVum 
lluir  r;i\  iiiiililc  |>(>>itii>ii  willi  ln'jivy  1<»«h,  tlio  royalists 
](lsill^•  only  diM'  man.'" 

Ou  llif  'JItli  ol'  ( )c{(»li(i',  Caljrja  l»n»kc  caiiij)  ai:(l 
procfcMlcd  ti>  l)()lii'('s,  wlicrc  lu'  hud  an'aii,i;'('(|  with  (ho 
cMiidi'  dr  la  ( 'adciia  to  uniti?  thi.-ir  forces  on  the  'J.'^tli. 
This  was  accordingly  done,  the  latter  haviii'^  left  (^iii  - 
I't'taro  i>n  the  'J'Jd.'''  After  lea\  inn^  an  ellicient  L;'a!ii- 
si»n  in  San  Luis,"  Calleja's  force,  iievei-lheless,  in;i- 
tei-ed  .■'.,()()i)  ca\alry  and  (lOO  infantiy,  with  i'oui'canjion. 
These  united  with  Flon's  troo|»s  formed  nn  army  it' 
altout  7,000  men,  with  v\>j;\\t  piect'S  <if  artilliTy,  an  I 
which  henci'foith  assumed  the  name  of  lyiercito  de 
o|teraciones  solire  los  insurLjentes.  .\s  j-'lon  pasil 
lhrou;4h  San  .Mio'iicl  cl  (Jrande,  ho  had  tin;  satist'ai - 
tioii  of  i»eniiittini^  his  soldiei-s  to  sack  the  houses  d' 
('ol(»nel  ("anal,  .\llende,  and  Aldauia,  while  a  siniiLii- 
ei-atiiication  was  indid^'(>d  in  hy  C'alleja  in  Dolores  ly 
thv)  sackin;;'  of  Hidalgo's  house  a)>d  the  ill  treatment 
of  the  inhahitants. 

TIk'  i)i'oject  of  Calleja  had  hoeii  to  proceed  to  tiio 
capital  hy  way  of  Celayn,  Acumharo,  and  Tohi<'a.  i'll- 
lowiu'j',  in  fact,  JEidal-^'o's  lino  of  march;  hut  while  at 
Dolores  he  received  ii  despatch  from  tlie  comandaiit'! 
of  (^ueretaro,  (jrarcia  llehollo,  statiiij;'  that  tin;  city 
was   threatened    with   the   whole   fc'ce   of  Hidalgo's 


"  Alainan  romnrks:  '  l',  o  hcclio  ft]ioii,'iscroil)lo,  inc  li:i  sido  aso^'urail'i  \v>r 
todf's  I'l.s  (Hie  li:iii  tciiido  ( i      jciiuicnti)  d'jl  succ'so. '   ///V.  J/f;/.,  i.  4.il). 

'- AriMi-.liiiL,'  til  Ti  lli)".s  siim,  "JiM)  Jiiiliuiis  wriv  JiiUcil;  llio  roy.ilist  s'.iin 
met  his  iKatli  l>y  iux'idt'iu  hilc  imssiiiLC  in  fniiit  o(  n  caimoii.  Ga-..  ilr  M'.c., 
LSIO,  i.  .S.")t).  'IV'llo  dot's  I  :  s;iy  aiiylliiii'^f  idmiit  lii.^  own  liuniid  di.'iKirt- 
lire  frnm  tlio  ilclil.  Tin;  tii'  i-uliable  piirtirul.u's  are  llindc  t,'i\'eii  in  tho  ti  xt, 
liting  till!  statonK'nts  of  Ijin  cm  in  a  i'i']ii'(>.<intation  sotting  lortli  liis  sorvi  ^ s, 
and  addri's.scd  to  Viceroy  .'  )udaca.  Alanian  obtained  a  eoiiy  of  tliis  il"cii- 
incnt.   /li^f.  MiJ.,  i.  loO. 

"  Ijitnre  leaving;  Qiiei'i'taro  I'^lou  addresaoil  a  proclamation  to  tlic  in!i;ilii- 
tants,  d'si'iiliin;,'  to  them  in.s;in','ninary  tci'nis  tliu  manner  in  wliieh  lie  intonlcd 
to  sniipiess  tlic  insurrection,  and  ci)nelndin'.;1>y  threatening  to  niaUc  tlic  stv'ets 
of  f^Viere'taro  (low  witli  l)lood  if,  during  liii  absence,  they  acted  dislovillv. 
/'/.,  4(10;  Xnink,  Hid.  Mil.  Sij.  XJX.,  i.  2'J_>;  lleniainkr.yDdvcdos,  CoLJ'"':, 
ii.   17:$  4. 

"  Tliis  consisted  of  .'l.^O  font,  110  horac,  and  three  companies  of  the  i  iban 
ti'oops.  BuMainaiile,  Cucul,  J  list.,  1.  55. 


CALLIvJA  A  I'  •jri:i:ETAKO. 


107 


jiiiiiy.  C';ill«'ja  ;icftii(|iiiMlv  iii.nrlicil  in  (>ui'i\'t;iri>,  Uiit 
f'liiinl  tli;it  ill)  iii>i^iii!iiMiit  attack  *<i\  tln'  citv  l»y  .1 
l;;iiiil  of  ill-aniu'il  I  iidiaiis  lia«l  I)<'''ii  all."  One  Mi^iiil 
Simht'/  liail  raisoil  tin;  cit  oI"  iiisurrection  ow  \\\i-  Ii.i- 
cirihla  do  Sail  Xicfiliis,  lic'.inii;'!!)!^  to  the  ;in'4iis(iiiiiiin 
111"  Miclioacaii,  occMjiit'd  I  Iiiirlinjian  and  tin-  iiii'jlihur- 
i:i4'  towns,  and  Ix'inLj  j^ini'd  l>y  .lullan  NilLi'^ran,  a 
(Mptain  dl"  tli(.'  militia  nf  I  Inicliapan,  alt('tn|>tcd  in  tl 


;ili- 


•llt'i! 


)|'    I'Mon    (1 


uani    1 11  »->,(■ 


n    'if  (.^mTv't.af'*. 


L.iiliiiijf  liis  ral)Mo  into  llic  town,  tiny  IiimLc  and  lied 
ill.  till'  liist  (.'aniion-sliot,  which  killed  a  considcrahh! 
ii'inihcr  of  Ihcni,"^  whilo  their  o|i|t(incnts  lo-,!,  not.  a 
>ii:'.;lc  man.  'i'hi~,  fiitik,'  inovi-inint  of  Sanclic/  wni 
iite'iidctl,  however,  with  most  impoitant  results;   ImI', 


as  wil 


^eell,  it  saVe( 


I  (.)u 


t-retai'o   IVom   hein;^'  occu 


|iic(|  hy  I  [i(lal;,''o,  ami   was  tho   indiri'ct,  cause  of  th 
ii'>!ii'3'nt  leader's  later  dcf -at. 


Calleia  arrived  at  C^ueretaro  on  the  1st 


01 


X 


oN'em- 


her.  the  en'4'aLC<'ment  liavin;^-  taken   place  on  ihe  ."totli 


iti 


Octohei',  the>  same  (lav  on  whicli   was   fought   tl 


hattle  of  the  nioiite  de  las  (  Vm 


(iiin"'cii 


to  a  PI 


)roac!i 


M 


eXieo    1)V  a  t 


{■'intliui;'  himself 
di'l'erent  I'oUte,  h'-- 


imw  directed  hi.s  ccjur.su  by  wa}' of  Kslancia,  San  Juan 


'■•r.illcja'.s  ropnrt  in  On-,  ih'  M,.r.  (ISIO^,  i.  m\ 

"Miy  .M)iui.'  tiiii  ili'l'ivit  I'f  Saiii'liez  \v.n  ciii'lilcrcil  ono  (if  tin' roasrun  for 
IIiil;il_'"".s  ivtrcat.  '  St'  tiivi>  [or  riiTt.)  cntniii-is  (|1K"  hal>i,i  I'l'ciliiiln  l:i  ii(itii.i;t 
(li>  li  (li'iidta  del  .!,'Pm;r;il  S.iiiolic/. cii  QiHTt'tar). '  I ii-^nrni'.  A'.  /.'•■,(.  !!■  <.  lli-l., 
111.  liiistaiiiiiiito's  ai.'iMiiiiit  of  this  all'iii-,  ihiiinil  iui|iiMli.ilpk'  liy  Alaiiiaii,  is 
in  inl!MU-,-i :  jiri'iailior  Sanclic/,  ;iftri'  laisiu^'  tlio  staiiilard  "f  ivvult,  uiari  lu.l 
1 1  San  .Fiian  ikl  Jtio,  wlicro  lio  oaiitiuvd  lliu  uiilm'  .Juan  ( 'i)llaili),  wIik,  liavin:^ 
ciiu'luil'd  his  ciiMMiiission,  was  rotiirniu'.;  to  Moxii'D.  ![(■  als  >  nuulo  inisnuri' 
.Vui'iuio  Aruna,  ' 'retiicnto  du  corto  di;  l.i  sala  ilil  cvinicn,'  wliu  liL-rnili'd  Sau- 
tli' /  iiit'i  liclievin;,'  that  if  lie  would  allow  liini  tort'tiiiiit  >  (i>:iiM>'tai'o  ln'conl  I 
I'V  his  iiilliicnco  sul'l'olvI  in  winning;  over  tliu  garrison  for  him,  tho  si,L,'ii  d  to 
ho  till!  lii'iiiL,' of  a  (.■aunon  from  tho  fort  do  la  (/'inz.  Sancluz  uon.suntc  1,  liiit 
A'jiii'adi-i.io^ed  tho  plot,  so  that  tho  city  ini','ht  bo  ])iit  in  (Irfcncc  Tiiu  f.i,'- 
r.il  wa.s  ;;ivcn,  novcrthek'ss,  and  the  crcdiitou.s  Sanciii,/.  entered  the  city  Villi 
tlif  ri-snlt  narrated  in  the  text.  TliJ  same  anthorstates  that  their  whi>l''  force 
vas  only  ,")0i)  men,  who  had  only  It  minket.-i  amoii'i^t  them,  and  that.'U  w.  r.j 
"Ullcd  tm  the  sp-it,  witliunt  coiintiug  the  wouiiilci  and  others  killed  in  t!n^ 
imrsait.  ('ii'id.  Ul'it.,  i.  SS-O.  The  version  of  (.'oniandante  UeUollo  i.s.  how- 
over,  very  diil'ercnt.  Ho  .states  in  his  vc|)ort  to  the  viceroy  that  there  weio 
4, <M:i  (ii- .-),().))  (if  the  insur^'ents;  that  the  cnga'-;em"nt  la.U.d  fioie.  halfoiast 
Iliac  in  t!ie  niorniii,' till  half-past  seven  in  tlio  eveniiii,',  and  tliat  .":).)  of  tlcj 
tii' !iiv  were  killcil  and  na  many  more  taken  prisoners.   Guz.  dc  Mlx\  (ISIOI, 


193 


rnoonn.^s  of  the  iievolution. 


del  Tiio,  and  San  Antonio,  arrivinLif  at  Arroyozarc-o 
ou  tlio  Glh  of  Xovcnibm'.  ]M('un\vhilo  llidal^'o,  iv- 
troatinL!;*  by  Hit.'  saniu  way  by  wliicli  \iv  liad  a[)[)roaflK'  I 
tlio  capital,  anivcd  at  Ixtlahuaco.  Unaware  of"  Ca- 
llrja's  last  movouient,  and  coiiiidcnt  that  Queretai'.) 
could  now  bo  takoii  possession  of  with  little  dilDcidty, 
lie  directed  his  march  toward  the  city,  and  the  two 
op"i)osi])<4'  commanders  were  tlms  approachin;^  each 
other  without  either  of  them  knowint";  it.  Hidal'''(/;5 
I'orce  was  reduced  to  one  half  its  previous  number, 
thousands  of  his  followers,  who  had  been  attracted  by 
the  prospect  of  sackin;^  the  ca[)ital,  having  I'oturncd 
to  their  homes.^'  iJut  what  is  more  sij^'nilicant  of  tho 
^\•anin,L,^  star  of  the  first  leaders  of  the  revolution  is 
the  disau^reement  which  existed  anion'-'  themselves, 
aiid  the  growing  jealousy  which  Allende  and  l,:s 
iViends,  the  Aldamas,  began  to  entertain  lor  -t'^-'kilgo.'' 
Where  there  wn.-,  so  nuich  fighting  to  be  done,  tl:e>o 
m-litary  men  did  not  like  to  be  led  by  a  priest;  Ihcy 
were  determined  to  submit  to  him  no  longer  than  was 
necessary, 


On   tlie   Gtli  of  November  the  advance 


I'-uav 


1 


( 'alleja'.'i  army  came  in  contact  with  a  detachment  of 
Hidalgo's  forces  at  ^Vrroyozarco,  and  [d'ter  a  sliarp 
skirmish  ])ut  the  enemy  to  llight,  killing  some  anl 
taking  others  prisoners.  From  the  ca]>tives,  and 
IViim  Colonel  Emparan,  whom  CalKja  at  once  s(M:t 
forward  with  a  strong  force  to  reconnoitre,  it  wwi 
discovered  that  the  insurijents  were  at  the  nei'dibiir- 
ing  town  of  Aculco.  Calleja  at  once  made  his  i\r- 
rang(>monts  for  battle,  takin'j,"  up  a  military  positi -u 


two  leati'ues  distant  from  that  of  Hidah. 


Tl 


ic  ;n- 


'"Tlic  captive  Garcia  Cnuili!  iiflcrwar.l  stafdl  to  l!ic  vicci-oy  that  .•illl'.iiii'-''i 
Ili.lali^o'a  loss  after  tlic  Ixittlc  <»f  lis  Crucos  ainMinitcil  to  4i),(l!):)  in  liili>.'il, 
w.)ii;iilc(l,  iiuil  deserters,  tlicro  still  reniaiiicil  to  liiiii  4;),().)0  followers.  //(;•• 
iia"(lrz  ij  ])itviilQ<,  ('ol.  Dim-.,  ii.  L'Ti.  tiiurra,  Jli-'t.  I!<  i\  X.  L'^/i.,  i.  '.'<'-A 
tiiiiiUs  this  ail  exaggeration  although  couliniieil  hy  CiiUeja.  Oaz.  ,/('  .'/'.i*. 
(I-.IO),  i.  907-8. 

"'Accoi-iling  to  Garcia  Coiule,  when  speaking  of  Hidalgo,  thcv  used  to  CiiU 
him  '  cl  Ijiiboa  del  ^ara,'  that  knave  of  a,  priest.  Alamuu,  Hist.  J1(J. ,  i.  up.  til). 


b 


ArFAIR  AT  ACULCO. 


100 


siivL-'iiitri  W(  r<^  ;!iMv.ii  u])  ill  two  linos  on  the  summit 
(){'  ;i  r'ctiin_L;'ular  liill  wliicli  overlooked  the  towii^' 
iiiiil  was  ul'iiost  surrouiKie!l  hy  hurraiicas  and  gullies. 
Vriliiiii  tlie  Inn  .;  numbers  were  di'awii  uj)  in  (he  l"orm 
(  fall  (ihldui;',  the  ailiii;'i'v  beiny"  stationed  in  the  li'ont 
;,iid  oil  Ihe  riL;Iit  ilaidc,  ^vhile  the  rear  was  occu[)i('d 
1  v  ilisorderly  crowds.  The  encounter  whi(.-h  lollowed 
\  a-;  not  projierly  an  en;.;'agement,  hut  ratlin'  a  i'eint 
oil  the  part  oi'  the  rev(jlutioiiary  leaders,  who  had  de- 


<  *    'V'TV^-'^  '■ 


1.1  ji,"""^-'*' 


ACULCO    'K""''»'-ti^_T=>^— ""'^ 


ii'"- 


....#*^^ 


^,',< 


."n-^-ja.. 


...  V  I        a.  I 


ft-j    JL^   I  .ra   104    vi\    v,H  \    •-  („  --  -  . 


1  ft  1  *y  I  •"'. 


V"   / 


i»A 
1; 
I 


!l 
1  » 


14 

h; 
1: 

IS 


i'l.AN    Ol'   JjA1TUM11.L1>   at   A'-t  LfO. 

Line  cf  Ijiittlo  iif  the  royalist  army. 
Talk  (if  arlilluiy  i;i  po^ilioL. 
Cavalry  on  tliu  left. 
Cavalry  <>i\  t!io  riiriit. 

jinily  of  i-avalry  covcnug  tlic  iliiiik  df  tlu'  iuf.aitry. 
lloiliis  (if  iufaiit\y. 
]ii-S(.'rvo  of  ca\aliy. 

(i    Cavalry  dii  Kftaiul  li^jHt  in  culiiiiin, 
Cinnpany  of  volm\l('i'r;:i. 
Cavali'y  on  left  I'.aiik  of  infantry  colnnuis. 
licsi'i'vc  (.av.ilry  of  saniij  (jolunni s, 
CiiliinnH  of  iui'antry. 
I'ark  (if  artilii'iy  in  pc^cond  ]iositiiin. 
I"J     I'aik  (.f  aitilk  ry  optniu;,'  lire. 
Coliunns  of  infantry  nionntin;^'  iIk;  kill  to  ;ittack. 
(.'avaliy  in  rcsiTvc. 
1.")     J'ositiou  of  the  int-urgoiit  avnij-. 
Insnrire'nt  artiilrry. 
Ili|ni]iaix(',  amuninition,  and  carria,"f-'-. 
Coiupaiii(;s  of  pairi(jts  of  San  Lui.i  iloin;^  pcrvieo  ns  11, "It  troops. 


20O 


rnoc;rj':ss  of  tiii;  kfa'olutiox. 


cidcd  not  to  j^ivu  battlo,  but  cUoct  a  retreat  under  cover 
of  a  show  of  rc.si.staiice.""'^  Calleja,  undeterred  by  the 
diiiiculties  })re.sented  by  tlie  onemy's  })()sition,  ooni- 
meiieed  the  attack  with  three  coluunis  oi"  infantry, -' 
on  the  morning  of  the  7tli  of  November.  I'or  some 
twenty  niiiuites  the  royalists  pushed  on,-"  ex|)0sed  to 
the  slnii'-'ish  lire  of  the  insuru'ents,  whose  cannon-balls 
Hew  hi,i;h  al)()VO  their  heads.  U nscatlied  they  reacln'il 
the  loot  of  the  steep  on  which  the  enemy  was  poste;!, 
but  when  the  stormed  colunms  had  scaled  the  hei^'hts, 
the  Ibe  had  iled.  ^Meanwhile  Calluja  had  marked  tlie 
disorder  in  the  revolutionar}^  ranks,  caused,  as  he  sup- 
]iosed,  by  his  well  directed  i\vc;  and  thereupon  m- 
tlered  the  cavalry  on  his  ri^'ht  flank  to  attack  the  cii- 
emy'sleft,  which  could  oidy  be  done  l)y  a  long  detour. 
J3oui)tless  it  would  have  pleasctl  him — as  he  ;dlii';iic  I 
that  hedid"^ — toconunit  u-reat  slaULjhter  bv  his  cav.ii- 
rymeii  who  pursue(l  the  enemy  two  and  a  half  lea^ir's 
over  the  hills  and  through  the  glen;  but  the  tratli  is, 
thev  did  not  kill  a  hundred."'*     lie  lost,  however,  onlv 

'"'llidal'-'o  pulili-^luMl  at  Celayii  (ni  tlio  l.'Uh  of  Xdv.  ;v  circuliir  j.'ivini,'  ;'.u 
art'omit  of  the  alliiir,  as.sigiiiiiL;  as  a  ivasou  for  liis  jidI  ciiLraL-'iii,:^  tiic  lacii.y 
Lis  want  (if  ainiiniiiition.  Ho  naysi:  'Solo  sc  i.'utretiili()  i;ii  fuut,'!)  knit^t  ya 
i.mclia  (lislaiicia,  ciitii)  tautn  hio  ilaljii  lu^'ar  ii  (jiio  so  ivtiiaia  la  ^icuto  bin  i\- 
]  rriniiiit.ir  ijuclnaiiti),  coiiii)  lo  verilico.'  J/i  niinnliZ  y  IhiviJu^,  I'al.  I  ):,■■. 
ii.  '2_'l.  A  i|uautity  of  caimon-lialls  ami  L'lapc-sliot  and  li'i)  cans  of  jiowd,  r 
wore  left  on  the  luld.  Jui'<fiiia(iiiti\,  ('(luijKd'id.-i  il'  ('(thjii,  'll.  Zcrcci'i'ij  ic- 
;:ani-!  til"  sndJm  lli_dit  of  tlie  insnr;,'ciit.s  Jii  a  sUill'nIly  I'Xi'cntid  iutrc;:t, 
whioli  tlio  luadii's  considered  necessary  in  the  present  eondilion  of  tiieir 
troojis,  and  to  elleet  which  they  were  willing  tu  saeriliec  their  artillrrv. 
M<„i.  l!vi:  M  X.,  II 4,  117. 

-'  C'allejii  l)oasts  of  the  coolness  and  precision  displayed  liy  his  well  "Iiilled 
ti'oop.s.  (iVc:.  lie  Mi  x.  (I  SKI),  i.  'J(JS.  At  the  same  time  /Vrccero  was  iiifnniicd 
liy  his  nnele,  .losi-  Azpeitia,  an  ollicer  in  the  regiment  of  la  Corona,  tluit 
those  troops,  and  a  ]iart  of  the  .second  iiattalion  of  la  Coiiinina,  were  waveria.; 
in  their  allejiianee  when  the  order  was  given  to  advance.  Mem.  I!(  r.  Mi  ■:, 
II.").  Jiuslamantc  inclines  to  this  opinion,  'lie  halilado, '  ho  say.s,  'conp>;' 
isona  piesi'ncial  do  esto  suceso,  la  cual  nio  ha  asei,'urado  ipio  los  ci;erpo3  [iri'i- 
eipales  del  ejercito  real  estuvieron  vacilantes  v  :i  pnnto  do  pasarse. '  Ciivl. 
His/.,  i.  ill  --j. 

--(Jareia  Gonde  timed  the  diir.ation  of  the  (irin;:,  ami  states:  'En  veint''  y 
dos  niiuutos  so><('i  el  fneixf). '  l[ifi>'iiidiz  ij  ]>dr,ili,.-<,  Cu!.  Ih.r.  Imlip.^  ii.  'JT'i. 

-'■'( 'alleja  estimated  the  entire  loss  to  tlui  insuru'onts  in  kilknl,  MdUiii'l, 
anil  prisoner.s  at  1(1,(1(10.  '  I'.isa  de  cinco  mil,'  lie  says,  "el  luimero  dv  los  I.  a- 
dido-i  en  I.1  taniiio.'  .Vnd  he  adds  this  jiions  rillt'ction:  '  l>cxando  el  eaiiip) 
lleno  do  cacl.ivei'cs,  y  el  espeet:'iculo  horrilile  (jne  ])resental)a,  y  de  (pie  ■■  'U 
res[ionsal)les  ante  l)io.s  y  Ins  houi'ores,  lo.s  traidoi'es  IlidalL,'",  Allcnile  y  sas 
sciiaaces.'   (Ac.  </.' .1/tM-.  "(IslO),  i.  !lo'.l. 

-'Manuel  I'en'eclo  Chavez,  the  justice  of  Aculcu,  in  an  uilicial  despatch 


NEW  COMBINATIOXS. 


201 


[or  cover 
I  l.y  llie 

)!!,    COIU- 

ifantry,-^ 
'or  soKic 
posed  to 
lou-balls 
J- read  led 
s  posted, 
I  liei^'hts, 
j'ked  t!u! 
S  he  siiji- 
upoll    dl- 
k  the  eii- 
rr  detour. 
'.  idlii'iuf  I 
his  caval- 
ir  lea;4'ii'.'S 
)  truth  is, 
pver,  only 

'  u-  ;:iviiiii  iui 
tiic  (iioii.y 
lout  1  y  a 

I'lltO    hill  l-\- 

,s',  Col.    /'"■'. 
/orcciia  ic- 

lt(.(l    IctlTit, 

IMU  of    tlnif 
.ir  iivtillfry. 

Nvoll  .l;ili"l 

a-!  iiif.ir;ufl 

I'orona.  t!i.!t 

,Ti'  wavrr;:!,' 

IVH,    'Cl'll  Jivl- 

jr.ci'lKis  I'vi'i- 
Isavsi'.'  (■('  '-'l- 

'  Ku  vc'int''  y 

/'.,  ii-  •■^■■;- , 

I'll,  wouu''-'  I, 
n>  <l("  I'ls  1   II- 

\-  do  (luo  ■  '^i 
Uloii.'.o  y  --.w 

oial  do-~i>a'.o'a 


01 

ol 


w  u:an  kilkxl  and  one  wounded,  while  lie  captured  all 


llidal-. 


foscaniH^n.'-'anniuinition.and  Ijau'u'aL'e.alariro 


h 


iiuiuljer  of  cattle,  sheep,  and  horses,  and  a  (piantity 
(if  nit.'reliandise,-'^  besides  rescuini^' the  ca])tives  Garcia 
('(»ude,  Hal,  and  ^Merino.  Thus  terminated  the  af- 
iair  au  Aculce\  which,  trivial  as  it  was,  re^'arded  as  a 
martial  achievement,  was  important  as  etfectin^"  the 
persion  of  Hidalgo's  forces  and  frustrating^'  his  di 


uis 


si'Hi  n'>'ainst  Queretaro.  Had  the  insuru'ents  not 
ahandoned  tlieir  position,  they  would  probably  have 
"aiued  a  victory.     Ijut  the  leaders  wer(_!  at  variance; 

.■—11/  ' 

Idiers  were  disheai'tened;  the  Indians  were  dis- 


(,'  so 


th 

ap|);>inti'd  at  not  liaviu!^'  1)een  led  to  the  ca[)ital ;  and 
all  wiio  ailected  by  the  demoralizinu;'  consecpienccs  of 
a  rrtr«'at.  As  it  was,  a  i^reat  victor}^  was  ci>lol)rated 
l.'V  tlie  royalists  in  the  capital,  and  solemn  tlianks'>'ivinLj 
ottered  to  their  diviiio  u'eueral,  our  lady  of  k)S  Itenie- 
dios.'-' 

Ahou.t  the  movement.:  of  the  revolutionary  chiefs 
dining'  the  ten  days  iollowini^  their  departure  from 
Aculcv),  historians  are  stran^'ely  silent;  l)ut  one  fact 
is  ciTtain,  namely,  tliat  they  eifected  their  retreat  t.) 


( 


ela 


va  witii  insiui'niiicant  loss 


2i 


Here  J  [idalv'o  and 


.\i!r:id(;  formed  new  combinations,  audit  was  dceiiknl 
that  the  latter  should  march  with  the  foi'ccs  to  (  uiana- 
jiiato,  whik"  the  former,  accompanied  by  a,  iV'W  fol- 
lowers, should  return  to  Valladolid,  and  tlicro  ]-ej»air 


losses  by  the  iiKiuufaeture  of  arms  and  the  levyiu''-  of 

lV'.>ii  lrooj)s. 

of  Ihc  ITitli,  ropi,>!'ts  to  Calloja  tliat  tlio  killorl  at  Aculoo,  tn.ri.thoi-  with  tlioso 
!>!  liu  ill  tlio  skiinii-:h  of  tlie  ilay  lieforo,  woro  .S."> — 'y  iiaila.  mas;'  ami  lliatof 
i");!  wnuiiloil,  ton  (lioil  .sulisoi|Hoat!y.    llii^ln iiviiifi\  Ciini/i'tiKM  ilf  Cnlhja,  "j;?. 

'■' I'u'olvo,  iaoliiiling  tlio  tw)  ahumloiiol  by  'rriijiiloat  l.;s  ( 'riioos.    1<I,,  'I'l. 

'■' ■i;(|uip:i^'ox,  ropa,  inipolo-s,  y...oc'iii>  ninoliaolias  Ijini  ]);irooiila.s  (quo 
Calloja  llaiuil  ol  serrallo  <lo  los  iii.sur;ioutor<).'    lb. 

-'■  S'il'-ivl,i\  Aci'wii  ili'di-'ir't-m,  1-S.  Tii'^  aocimntrt  of  tlio  liattio  ot  Aoiiloo, 
as  it  is  callod,  are  cxtivniely  coiitrailiotory;  lint  I  liavo  no  licsitatiou  in  ao- 
ccptiiii;  the  vor.siou  of  it  ii\\o\\  by  Nourcto,  lllxt.  Mi/.  Si'j.  A'/.V.,  i.  ;>7">-S,  as 
cuiToit,  iiiiij,  ill  tho  main,  I  ha\o  I'liliowod  it  in  the  toxt. 

'•Mliililj,M.  ill  his  ciivniar  ilatod  Cola ya,  Nov.  l.'?th,  statos  that  liif  forces 
had  1p,  (u  louiiiiod,  and  that  iii'  had  luovo  than  U)  piucos  of  artillory  alroady 
111  iiiU'o  1,  and  was  wM  piovidod  wiih  aniiiiiuiition.  Ilcraduiiz  y  IjckiIos, 
tW.  A".,  ii.  '221. 


202 


rnocjRESS  of  the  revolution. 


!Moanwliilc  Callt  j;i  retraced  ])is  steps  and  marelied 
toward  (.^)iieretaro.  As  lie  repassed  tlirougii  San 
Jiiaii  do  los  llios  lie  iiia<le  })r()c]aination  olieriiit^  ti'ii 
thousand  ])esos  i'or  the  head  of  any  one;  of  the  live 
leaders,  Hidalgo,  Allende,  the  two  Aldanias,  and 
Abasolo.^'^ 


m  ^ 


Thou'^h  the  revolution  had  apparently  received  a 
deadly  hlow  at  Aculeo,  and  the  royalists  conlideiilly 
exi)t'('ted  its  near  termination,  the  end  was  not  yet. 
]  iidal-'o's  au'ents  had  not  been  idle.  Thouixh  of! en  dis- 
appointed,  tluy  were  not  wholly  cast  down.  In  thi3 
noi'thei'u  provinces,  and  in  those  bordering  on  the 
Pacific,  the  revolution  had  widely  spread.  At  tlic, 
time  of  the  disaster  at  A.culco,  the  arms  of  th(3  iiuL- 
pendents  had  triumphed  in  Nueva  Galicia,  Zacatecas, 
juid  San  Luis  Potosi,  ansl  those  provinces  were  wholly 
in  llieir  jtower.  In  the  south  tlio  star  of  ]Morelos, 
Hidalgo's  worthy  sueces;;or,  was  just  rising  above  tlio 
hoi'izon.  At  ]lui(.-hapan  a  body  of  insiu'gents,  headed 
by  Julian  ^'illagran,''"  interrui)tcd  communication  oa 
the  highway  between  the  capital  and  Querctaro,  c;);!- 
tr.ring  convoys,  killing  royalists,  and  when  thi'e:;t- 
ened  with  capture,  escajjing  to  the  mountains.  Tlau 
it  was  that  a  movement,  ivgarded  by  the  govermiieiit 
as  an  ail'air  of  two  short  months,  now  about  endid, 
was  indeed  l)ut  begun,  and  was  practically  never  I  » 
be  extinguished.     As  the  future  operations  of  Ilidalg:) 

""ThoofTcr  was  ratified  liy  the  vit'croy.  Calluja  on  preWoiisly  passii:;,' 
throii  ,'li  San  .Tiiaii  do  l<>s  llios,  v>Iiith  luul  been  held  for  a  time  I>y  iSaiiclu-.:, 
dcinaudfd  all  iwnM  to  be  delivered  up  within  six  lu.nus,  extendiiiL,'  on  tiio^e 
eoniiirinns  a  panhju  to  tho^^e  wiio  had  aided  the  iiisur^'oiits,  addiiiL;  tl;atin 
case  cf  i'ui'ther  disobedience  the  iiihabitant.s  '.ser;in  tratadoHbin  eonnii^evain'ju 
{dj.'iiiia,  jiasadoH  i'l  ciu'hillo,  y  el  piii'blo  redueido  a  eenizas.'  'J'lie  viecroy  :i;i- 
jM'OM-d  ot  the  edicts  of  Callcja,  and  extended  tiic  imlnlto  to  all  towns  in  X'-.v 
S|;aiii,  iiriniiisin;^  ihat  if  one  of  the  Icader.s  would  deliver  u))  the  ri'st  lie  i^lioul  1 
lienelit  by  tlie  ]iaicloii.  JJispos.  \'(triai,  ii.  f.  S;  /Jcniaiui:.  y  Ddculi)i>,  <'u'. 
J)w.,  ii.  i'OO,  -Jl!)  -Jl. 

^  riiisniiivenientwa3  initiated,  as  before  atatcd,  by  !MiLruel  Sanchez.  \iV.:i- 
j.;ran,  wi»o  Mas  of  a  ferocious  character  and  addicted  to  drnnhenness  ami  all 
dtiiei'  vices,  ninidered  Sanclie:^  f(^r  Home  i^li^ht  oll'ence  .soon  afiei'  his  reiiulao 
iit  Qii'Tctaro.  His  sou  Franiisco,  kn(pun  by  tlic  name  of  Cidto,  and  as  ni>,.i. 
riou  i  tor  ids  ciinies  as  hii  fatiier,  was  also  ouo  of  these  iusuryeiiLs.  JjiiKlanMuie, 
Can  !.  Hint.,  Voo  Ii. 


AFFAIRS  IX  GUADALAJARA. 


203 


;i';.i  Vllonue  will  bo  iiioro  jiai'ticulariy  cojifliictl  to  the 
jtnivinoes  of  Nuova  (jralicia,  Zacatocas,  and  San  Jjuis 
J\)tn.-^i,  it  will  he  iiccessarv  to  give  some  account  of 
i]io  (.'Vuuts  there  occurring  during  these  h^auic  two 
luontli.s. 


U' 


ZACATECA3 


c,-'  ^tiliiia}! 


.** 


"1     V    =',  ""it- 

■^  -<,%••>     o  A)iii:iililcO 


t-?"" 


Ii/tjI,, 


:\ 


0 


ENTE3 


3%"  ^^'  ^*^--A  '   T^  JA 


IXIEXUENCIA  01'  (JtaUALAJAKA. 


V.'hile  Ilidalii-o  was  in  Guanaiuato,  Jose  Antonio 
lunvs,  wlio  liad  joined  the  revolutionaiy  stan  'ard 
villi  a  i'ew  followers  at  Ira[)Uato,  asked  for  and  ol)- 
1  uucd  authority  from  Hidalgo  to  oecup^vduadalajari. 
Tonvs  was  an  honest,  conscientious  man,  witliout  I'd- 
uca  ion,  being  a  peasant  of  San  ]*t3dro  Piedragorda 
ia  (luanajuato;  but  lie  was  not  without  talent,  and 


204 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  REVOLUTIOX. 


I ! 


possessed  unbounded  ontliusiasni  in  tlio  cause  of  indt'- 
pendonce.  Eneri^elic,  intelligent,  hr.ivc,  and  lioiioi- 
ahle,  he  was  nevertheless  modest  and  had  i;'ood  coni- 
i.ion  sense.  When  ho  entered  (Guadalajara  as  vii-t'  r 
ho  molested  no  one,  and  interl'ored  with  the  adminis- 
tration of  idlairs  no  more  tha)i  was  necessary. 

At  this  time  ]>ri^'adier  luxjuo  Aharca  governed  in 
Ciuadahijara,  holding  the  three-luld  office  of  coman- 
(hinti',  president  of  the  audiencia,  and  intendente.      A-i 
soon  as  he  received  intelligence  of  the  grito  de  Dolore-^, 
he  took  measures  to  exclude  revolution  from  his  [)rov- 
ince;  but  not  being  well  regarded  by  either  the  audi- 
encia or  the  l]uro[»can  connnercial  class,  on  account 
of  his  disa[)proval   of   Iturrigai'ay's  de|)osal,   he  w,is 
fettered  in  his  operations.      I'inally,  instead  of  asser^ 
ing  his  authoritv,  he  consented  to  the  establishment 
of  a  junta   (;oiuposed    of  lawyers,   ecclesiastics,  and 
others,'"  which  styled  itself  the  auxiliary  of  the  gov- 
ernment,^- thcMiiifh  it  seemed  satisfied  with  little  less 
than  supreme  [)ower.      By  order  of  this  junta  a  con- 
siderable military  force  was  collected.     The  divisions 
iVom   Topic,  Colima,  and  Colotlan  were  called  in  an  I 
tlie  pro\incial  militia  got  under  arms,  while  two  coiii- 
])am'es  of  volunteers  were  raised  from  the  connnercial 
class  in  the  city.^^     In  a  short  time  Abarca,  by  le\  v- 
ing  rcjcruits,  had  no  less  than  12,000  men  und(!r  arui>; 
but  being  of  weak  resolution,  and  wanting  in  military 
ability  as  well  as  in  courage,  his  action  benc'lited  tliu 
revolutionists  rather  than   the   royalists.     In  truth, 


I  L' 


"Wiir/a  lip  Ahnrrn;  Bus'nmante  C^impauas  da  CaUeJa,  fl7-S. 

■'■'Juiil.i  Superior  auxiliur  do  ( lubienio,  siyimida  1  y  i1'''l'1i^;i.  '  Sec  // 
vaiiihr.  II  JJiirftlo"',  <_'oL  J)iii-.  IiKlcp.,  iii.  (i'j;j-l,  wliuro  will  be  loiind  tliu  ii;iia 
of  tho  iiKiiihcrs  who  coiiiiidscmI  it. 

^^'I'lio  hiriliDji,  Jiinn  (.'rii/,  Ruiz  CalKifias,  in  liis  zeal  against  the  luTcti 
insurgents,  raised  a  reirinient  oomposeil  of  l)i)tli  the  seeular  ancl  ivi;ii: 
ch'riry,  anil  any  others  who  nii',fht  wish  to  join.  The  name  given  to  this  i 
'crai'idinary  l>i»iy  was  La  (^ruza.la,  anil  eacii  nieiiiher  wore  a  red  cros.s  on  i 
I'lrast.  Morning  and  evening  this  hand  u(  chureh  niilitants  issued  frmii  t 
e|,i.-,roiial  palace  on  liorsehack,  swcjrd  in  hand,  and,  aa  they  puiaded  tlii'i". 
till'  streets,  the  staring  rabble  raised  the  cry,  Viva  la  fi''  catoliea!  I'm  ; 
uianto  calla  the  regiment  '  una  piadosa  eoinpafiiu  do  asosiuos.'  Cuad.  JJi^!., 


Ml  '  ' 


MOVEMENTS  OF  TORRES. 


205 


Jill  of  his  iiowly  levied  troops  soon  deserted  to  tlio 
iiK'uiy. 

Ill  the  mean  time  Torre:-;  lind  raised  in  revolt  the 
t'lWiis  of  Colinia,  Sayula,  Zacoalco,  and  those  of  the 
(listiicts  of  the  tierra  caliente;"  while  other  revolu- 
lionarv  ehiel's,  (loiiiez  Portn^'al,  (^rodinez,  Alatoii'e, 
ami  liuidroho,  were  no  less  activi'  anioiiL^'  the  ])uehlo.s 
(III  the  lii()  drande,^''  so  that  l»v  the  end  of  Octoher 
i'll  \\\v.  districts  Ijordi'rin;^  npon  (luanajuato  and  !Mi- 
(•lieaeau  were  in  iiisnrrec-tion.  ThoaL,di  day  I>v  day 
the  (lanL;"er  became  more  iiiimim'nt,  the  want  of  har- 
iiKUiy  ill  the  city  of  Guadalajara  still  ]»revaile(l.  In 
\aiu  .Vharca,  in  view  of  the  continued  desertion  of 
troDjis,  represented  to  the  ]Curo[)eans  that  they  should 
take  arms  and  defend  themselves.  Tluy  would  not 
listen  to  him,  and  would  neither  iii^ht  nor  pay.'"'^  Xor 
v.T.s  the  action  of  the  junta  auxiliar  any  more  favor- 
able to  the  success  of  the  royalist  cause  in  Jalisco, 
licjj^ardincjf  as  traitors  etlicient  otKcers  in  whom  Al)arca 
had  conhdence,  the  memb<'rs  of  the  junta  a})[>ointGd 
the  oidor  llecacho,  and  A'illasenor,  a  I'ich  landed  |)ro- 
prietor,  connnandi  rs  of  tv.'o  divisions  to  be  sent  a^'ainst 
liie  insur^'cnts.  Guadalajara  was  by  this  time  threat- 
iwtA  on  the  south  by  Torres,  v-lio  had  occupied  Za- 
coalco,  and  on  the  east  by  liuidroho,  Godinez,  and 
Alatorre,  who  were  at  La  IJarca.  A'illasehor  com- 
luandiMl  (he  division  despatched  against  Torres,  and 
liecacho  that  opj)osed  to  Iluidrobo,  each  detachment 
hi hiL;'  live  hundred  stronjj^.  liecacho,  on  arrivinj^  at 
l/d  JJarca,  discovered  that  the  enemy  had  abandoncl 
the  town,  and  on  the  1st  of  Xovember  entered  it  with- 
out resistance.  On  the  od,  however,  Huidrobo  at- 
tacked the  royalists  with  a  laru'e  bodv  of  Indians,  but 
nas  repulsed  with  some  loss,  liecacho  havinu^  taken 
up  a  position  in  the  j)laza.     On  the  following  chi}-  the 


"Thus  it  was  charm-d  niiainst  him  in  the  sontcnco  of  death  proiiouneod 
ontlu'  iL'tliof  May,  KSll2.   A/.,  144. 

y_  KiiiAvii  !\ti  the  Kii)  do  Saiitiau'O  <lu  Lorina. 

'^''Curld  dc  Abaira;  Bastaiiiuutv,  (Jamihtuus  de  Calli'Ja,  9!)-100. 


208 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  REVOLUTIOX. 


' 


!    ( 


m 


iiisurf.rcnis  nLriiiii  assailed  tho  royalist  forces  with  •j'lvid 
intrepidity,  but  willi  no  better  success.^'  llecaeho, 
liowever,  I  laving  lost  several  ol'liis  best  otHccrs,  deeun' 1 
it  prudent  to  r^'treat  t:)  Sula  and  wait  for  rcjnfon-i'- 
nients.  'i'liere  he  received  orders  to  return  to  (hiada- 
lajara,  and  the  expecHtiou  ended  without  any  sei'ioi'.s 
blow  having"  been  inlHeted  uj^on  the  insurgents/^ 

Still  more  unsuccessful  was  Villasenor  in  his  opera- 
tions at  Zaeoah.'o.  Tori-es  was  a  military  man  by  in- 
stiiiet.  Jt  is  stated  that  before  tlie  engagement  lie 
showed  the  Indians,  with  a  stick  on  the  ground,  how- 
to  de[)loy,  in  order  to  suri'ound  the  eneui}'.''^  lie  tliis 
as  it  may.  Ids  maiuxnivres  were  so  successful  that  A'i- 
llascuor's  division  was  shortly  overtlu'own  and  ahaost 
destroyed,  no  less  than  127G  being  slain,"*'  So  great 
was  the  shower  of  stones  discllar^■ed  by  the  lud- 
ians  that  tlio  enemy  s  muskets  were  badlj' battered. 
Tlie  llov.'er  of  the  youth  of  Guadalajara  who  foruiel 
the  ncwvly  recruited  volunteer  companies,  deiicient  ia 
training  and  unaccustonu'd  to  hardship,  j)eri:died. 
\  illasehor  and  the  captains  of  two  eom[)anies  were 
made  pi'isoners,  and  (iSariburu,  a  lieutenant  of  thu 
regiment  of  la  Corona,  was  killed."" 

■'' Hccnrho,  ill  liis  I'oport  to  the  vi-vToy,  says  tluit  the  enemy  innrelicd  up 
to  tho  (.■aiiiiDu's  iiidiilh,  aiiil  wlicu  \'.i\:d  ii|iiia  with  L'l'apo  iiinl  canister  cluscl 
their  ranks  and  l)i*Mlv  iharguil  a;^'aiii,  'avaiizamk)  cou  una  tuniuriJinl  iiicrci- 
blu.'  a.iz.  (I,;  Jlcc.  (Itill),  ii.  I.".ll. 

^=*'JC1  do.stuo.iiaoiito  (It!  la  li:U'ca  \'o!vii)  lliMio  ilo  terror.'  Carta  <Jp.  Ahaf-", 
ntsup.,  10!).  Miira'rt  account  of  tliis  rULragcnioat  is  incorrect,  lie  statt.'.i  tJ.it 
Torres  was  camnKunler  of  the  insurgents,  iuiil  that  liecaclio  was  coiiiplcvcly 
beaten.   J\f(j.  »/ .v«.s  /i'<(>.,iv.  !)L'. 

-'^J!>iJit'iiia,if(\(:iinil.//!st.,i.]i-2. 

■"'Of  these,  100  were  Europeans,  the  remainder  Creoles  pressed  in  t!iy 
service.  Ojicio  il''.  Torres,  Alniiuiu,  l/isf,  J/(/. ,  ii.  ap.  oIMii).  In  an  accuuiitof 
thisi'ngagcment,  obtained  by  J.  llernandc/,  in  January  1SG7  from  tlirec  natives 
■\\ho  were  present  at  tlie  action,  tiie  lunnbur  of  killed  is  stated  to  have  hecii 
207.  Torres  instructed  tho  Indians  to  throw  themselves  upon  the  ground  at 
each  discharge  of  the  artillery,  and  then  Ueep  closing  in  as  (piickly  as  pos-ihle. 
These  tactics  were  "o  succes>ful  tliat  tlie  insurgents  lost  only  two  killed  a:i'l 
thirteen  wounded.   JIcnKiiidcz  p  JJiirri/o.-:,  CvL  J>of.,  ii.  '_'0'_'-.'{. 

^'  Daring  the  action,  which  took  jdace  on  the  same  day  that  Calleja  dis- 
persed the  insurgents  at- .Aculco,  the  militia  of  (Jolima  parsed  o''cr  to  l!ie 
enemy.  ]>'astamanto  relates  tliat  before  the  battle,  Torres  proposea  to  Villi- 
sefior  that  the  Americang  should  retire  and  leave  tlio  Europeans  to  cnga-'e 
with  him  it  they  wisiied.  Villasenor"s  reply  was  that  if  he  had  Tnr'cs  in 
his  power  he  wotild  hang  him,  'i^ue  era  ua  iudecento  mulato. '  Ciuid.  Hi'.,  i. 
U_',  145. 


IX  NUEVA  GALICIA. 


207 


"Ill.l 


WeTO 


rchi'.l  r,;i 
A  iucr.  i- 


■.1 

in  t 

'a- 

ICl 

mat 

«t 

ue 

will' 

T-< 

Ul 

-.;  1,. 

l'!l 

A''' 

,U!1  1 

at 

'  1' 

OS-ll 

[('. 

;U 

kd  : 

•A 

ill 

■ja  . 

\U- 

or 

to 

i!io 

I  t 

>Vi 

.!:i- 

to 

(UL- 

i:o 

T 

<\--v 

111 

'/. 

Jli  ■ 

,!• 

Ai'ter  {liis  tr;i:;ie,il  deiriit,  (•oiistcrualioii  |irevaik'tl 
ill  ( (iia(lalaj:ira.  Tliciv  was  no  thou^dit  ol"  I'iuIIkt  ro- 
!-lstaiici'.  The  bishop,  in  spite  of  his  prcAious military 
^'ncminiously  lleil  to  thcjioit  <  ('San  IMas.  I'ol- 
i_V  most  ol"  tlio  liUropcaiis,  who  canit'd   with 


l'.  .OiV 


.  iWi' 


ihtia  what  th(!y  conhh  The  junta  liastily  dissolved, 
;;:id  the  warlike!  IJeeaeho,  with  the  older  .Viva,  hur- 
lic  I  v.ith  all  s])eed  to  the  same  i)ort,  not  torj^'ettiuji", 
l,»\v  Afj'  to  eollect  on  their  wav  the  I'oval  re\enues. 
Al)ai!';i  (.-ndeavored  to  reaniniate  the  J'Airopeaiis  who 
ivimiined,  and  induce  them  to  take  uj)arms  indefcuec 
dl'  til"  city.  "We  are  not  soldiers,"  they  said,  "and 
o'ir  only  duty  is  to  take  care  of  ourselves."''-  The 
oiily  i")rce  left  at  his  disposal  was  110  raw  recruits. 
jii  tills  hopeless  condition  he  fell  o-rievously  ill,  and 
while  oil  his  bed  the  ayuntamiento  surrendered  the 
cii*"  to  Torres.''''  The  insuru^ent  i'orces  entere'l  (Juada- 
l.ijaia  on  the  11th  of  November.  Torres  ke[)t  I'aitli- 
tViliy  the  terms  of  the  capitulali;)n.  Jioth  the  proi)- 
crty  and  ])ers(jns  of  the  citizens  were  respected;  the 
iiialei'actoi's  in  the  jails  were  nf)t  leleascd,  and  to  pre- 
vent violence  he  wi)uld  not  allow  his  troo[)s  to  quarter 
tliemselw's  in  the  city.'" 

With  tlic  eX(.'e})tioii  of  Sail  Bias,  the  whole  ])rov- 
ini'f  of  Xueva  Galicia  was  now  in  possession  of  the 
iii.-urL;'ents;  and  the  ease  with  which  that  port  fell 
into  their  power  is  somewhat  remarkable.  Jose  ]\[a- 
r;:i  3,Iercado,  the  cura  of  Ahualulco,  obtained  from 
Torres  a  conniiission  to  ,u;'o  in  }>ursuit  of  the  fuL;'itive 
].uro])eans;  and  raisiuLj  I'onx'S  in  the  villai^es  on  his 
way  to  the  port,  he  entered  Topic  without  op[)osition, 
and  was  there  joined  by  the  ^'arrison  of  the  town. 
M(a'cado  then  hastened  to  lay  sieL;'e  to  San  IJlas,  and 
sent  in  to  the  coniandaute  de  la  plaza,  Jose  de  Lava- 


« 


■C'lrta  il'-  Ah( 


I'lio 


in  //'  rnaivli  -  y  D  h-'ihi^,  Col.  J)  t 


Ml. 


iiyilUtllimouti)    Jiotltl;)!! 


.1  tl 


10  UHar'cut  e-!i! 


t')  U'lMI 


t  A! 


inrea  re- 


I'asi;  tniiii  uoiiliaeiaoiit  in  cj.isiilciutiou  of  hid  ill  lioaKli  and  advanccil  n'e. 


II; 


n. 


-'JS-'J. 


il,  iliul 


Id  a!  Pnpcf,  10.     Tiiu  property  of  Spaniards  was,  however,  cm- 


nuudt::.  y  DdnUos,  Cot.  Do 


eoniiiiissionors  wcro  iippoui 


ted  to  attend  to  the  matter.  Her- 


208 


PROOItn^S  OF  TIIK  Ri:VOLUTTOX. 


IL'iij.i  f'oniial  sunniions  tosurroiidcr,  ;i<"<'<»"il'''iiiii'<l  Nvilh 
a  ill  rent  to  Imi'ii  tlio  town  in  cisc;  of  i-cl'iisal.  His 
\vliol(!  i'orco  did  not  L'xrccd  tliico  thousand  Indians 
and  a  lew  hundred  mounted  huiccrs,  whih;  all  of  his 
arlillcry  wn-e  six  cannon  brought  lV(»ni  Tenic.  The 
])()sition  ot"  San  Jilas  Nvas  such  as  to  ri-ndci-  it  most 
diliicult  »»t'  assault.  It  was  dcibnded,  as  well  as  com- 
manded,  by  a  castle  ujounted  with  twi-lve  'J-i-i'ounil 
l^uns.  In  the  hai-bor  lay  a  frigate,  two  bri^antincs, 
a  schooner,  and  two  i^unboats;  the  place  was  well  sup- 
plied with  ]!rovisions;  thei-e  were  forty  mounted  ]>iece.s 
of  artillery  and   800  able  men   in  the   j  lace,  and   yet 


sucl 


1   was 


.Ml 


)1 


ei'cados  cool   uni)U(U'nce 


that 


'iavallen 


sent  Aiiustin  l)ocaltui,  alferez  de  l'ra'''ata  of  tlie  roval 


navy,  to  ca[)itulati 


This  was  on  the  'iUth  oi' Nov 


ei  li- 


ber, and  liocalan  so  reported  the  numbers  and  stren,u:lh 
of  the  enemy  on  his  return,  that  the  comandante  sui'- 
I'endered  without  further  parley,"'  and  the  royalists 
had  no  loiiLier  a  foothold  in  the  intendencia  of  C!ua- 


•'J' 


ira. 


In  Zacatccas  the  news  of  the  revolt  at  Dolores  was 
known  on  the  '21st  of  Septend)er,  and  the  intendento 
Francisco  llendon  at  once  took  the  same  ]irecautioii- 
arv  measures  as  those  emnlovcd  bv  Calleia  ami 
Abarca.  He,  moreover,  ap[)lied  for  aid  to  those  in- 
tendentes,  but  without  success.  From  the  o'overuer 
of  Colotlan,  however,  ho  obtained  two  companies  of 
the  militia  dragoons,  which  he  stationed  at  Aguasca- 
lientes,    and    shortly    afterward    the    same    g'cn'ernur 


•••' '  Por  tantd,'  lie  says  in  his  ultimatum  to  the  comandante,  '  csta  os  !:i  ul- 
tima intiiiiacioii,  y  la  falta  tie  respuosta  ;'i  flla  scrd  la  sefial  st'giii'a  ikl  roiaiii- 
luiuiito;  |)eio  en  la  iiiti'llLjoucia  tic  quL'  cuaMilo  ixlfcn  do  osa  pa;t(_'  Ins  iiifins  y 
las  muycrcs,  los  tocar:iii  dioz  suldados  a  cailo  unn-,  ihto  dicz  siddados  di'cididus 
a  venct'i'  y  i'l  avanzar  liasta  la  misnia  boca  de  los  eaiumes.'  lJa>tamaiite,  <  'Htul. 
J/ist.,  l.-)b. 

■'"The  military  Inshop,  Rccacho,  Alva,  and  the  Europeans  went  on  hoard  tlic 
brigantine  San  Carlos,  and  steered  for  Acapulco. 

''  LavalKn,  ISocalan,  and  other  oliicers  who  signed  the  capitulation  wci'c 
afterward  tried  for  treasonable  suri'ender.  After  a  tedious  trial  they  v>''-'^'<^ 
aeipiitted.  An  almost  complete  copy  of  the  pntcecdings  as  will  ;i.s  other  docu- 
ments is  supplied  by  Hernandez y  JJiivalos,  Col.  Doc,  i.  •2olJ-4'27. 


IN  ZACATI'CAS. 


200 


nrrivnl  at  Z;ic;itei\'is  willi  r»iur  .uMilioii.il  coiuiKinirs. 
]>nt  Itciidoii's  jiositioii  was  uvun  woisi'  (liau  that  of 
Ali.ir<"i.  'PIio  ])n»viiico  was  almost  entirely  without 
mills,  and  lu'  had  to  ))rovi(lc'  with  lanros  even  the 
iiorsciiKii  who  aiTi\L'd,  His  call,  also,  ujion  Iho  dit- 
icmit  distiiitts  lor  recruits  was  alnio.-st  uiihcfdud.*^ 
^\'hiltJ  in  this  strait  he  i'eeuivt;(l  some  partial  relief 
hv  tlu!  arrival  of  the  eonde  do  Santiajj;!)  de  la  La;_;'inia 


willi  "JOO  mounted   men  and  some  arms 


19 


Tl 


I  esc 


tl 


le 


(•(Hint  i»la('(jd  at  the  disposal  of   llendon,  and  oU'ercd 
to  11.^'  all   his  inllueiiee   to,  maintain  order  amon!>'  the 


l'"l 


lUlace 


()n  the  (Jtli  of  Oi'toher  tlu;  inteiidento  n 


txivcd  a  des])atcli  i'rom  (,'alleja  infoi'iniiiL!;'  him  of  the 
(ajitin'e  of  (luanajiiato  l)y  the  insurLjents,  and  of  tins 
iiiiniodiatc  danger  which  threatened  Zaeatecas,  proha- 
hly  the  next  place  to  ho  attacked,  llendon  convoked 
ii  "general  junta,  at  which  it  was  declared  that  tho  city 
was  iidt  defensible,  surrounded  as  it  was  by  command- 
iiiH'  hills. 

Thai  same  afternoon  tho  Eurojicans,  tho  momhors 
of  tin;  municipality,  and  the  em[)loyes  in  the  dilfereiit 
^;i)Vi';'nment  oiHcesili:d;  and  on  the  followiiij;'  mornini^' 
the  L;'overnor  of  Colotlan  verbally  informed  tho  inton- 
(Iciite  that  his  trooj)s  had  intimated  to  him  that  they 
liail  only  I'ollowed  him  hocauso  he  was  a  creole,  but 
that  they  would  take  no  action  in  the  cause  of  the 


]•: 


nropian> 


II 


dl 


K-endon  allowed  tile  irovernor 


to  dc 


\)avt, 


hut  himself  remained.      The  same  day  the  populace 
Jiisi'  ill  revolt,  and  only  by  the  exei'lions  of  La_L>'una 


Wr 


they  prevented  I'rom  saclciiiL;'  stoi'os  and  murde)- 
iiiL;-  ohjcctionablo  residents.  8o  \iolt.'nt  wei'o  their 
(luiuiuir-Lrations,  thattlio  cura  implored  llendon  to  save 


''■  L.i.i  (li'iniis  cabeccras  ilo  partidi),'  In;  .says  in  his  np'^iit  to  tho  viceroy  of 
the '.'Till  of  Jan.  ISil,  'no  lac  ninilicron  \\n  »<>]'>  lioiiilnv,  y  ha.sta  el  (i  th.' 
octlilii'c  Silo  nie  Ui'ganiu  "Jl  do  ;i  cahallo,  j'l  fiuioucs  anno  ooii  otros  (.sic)  taut 
aslniiza-i.'  L'.iio.-ic.  Ihniloi),  llu-liuittintc,  Caniji'ii.nH  il''  Cullija,  Ai). 

■'■'riiu  conilo  Santiago  dc  la  La^iuia  wan  the  most  opalcnt  liaccndado  of 
tlio  jiroviiico,  and  mncli  respected  Ky  the  low  cr  order.-*,  over  wlioni  he  !i;ul 
great  coiiirol.  Al'tei- the  death  of  liidalgo,  ],;iL;uua,  who  had  hceu  ac'JUied 
ot  treason,  owinL;  to  his  action  iliirin'j;  th,'  I'vciil.i  ahout  to  bo  rtl:i..cd,  v.a.s 
allowed  !iie  bonHitof  the  indnlto.  Zaidurui^,  Ui4.  Mil.,  vii.  10,  "JoS. 
llr-r.  M];x..  Vo;..  IV.    U 


210 


IM:Of)Ui:sS  OF  TIIH  RKVOLUTION. 


1)  ■ 


liiiiisi'ir.  Lii^'uiiii  (ill'tTcd  to  escort  liiiii  hcyoiid  icidi 
ol' (laiiu^ci',  nii'l  oil  tilt;  iiioniiii'L,^  of  tlu;  Htli  tlio  iiitcii- 
(lijiitc  and  liis  jainily  Irl't  Zacatt-cas  lor  ( Juadalajur.i. 
( )ii  tlic  follow  iiiLi^  Mioniiiii^  |jaL;'un;i  ri'tiinifd  ti»  Zacatc- 
cas,  liaviiin'  hi'i'ii  aii[)ointL'd,  l>y  ;i  pojiiilaily  clcctcil 
avii!itaiiii(!iiti),  intc'iideiito  ad  iiitciiiii  of  the  i»i-o\  incc. 


lO    II! 


SI 


wliifli  ofHct!  liodceiiKMl  it  liis  duty  to  accept,  in  the  I 
(»f  [ii'eventini;' (.'xcesses.  He  K-lt  an  escort  of  twenty 
men  for  IJi'ndon,  who  continued  his  joui'ney.  On  t'lo 
2!)tli,  altlioUL^'h  reenforced  l>y  i\  troop  of  twi-nty-iivc 
lanceis  and  four  (h'an'oons  sent  to  his  assistance  h\- 
vVhai'ca,  Kendon  and  his  family  were  captui'ed  hy  ;i 
hody  of  insui'!4'eiits',  who  after  apin'opriatini^'  tlieii:' 
clothes,  conducted  them  to  (luadalajaia,  where  they 
arrived  after  thirty-three  days,  and  were  <Kdivercd  to 
Hidaliio,  who  in  tin;  mean  time  liad  reaclu.'d  that  city 

The  revolt  in  Zacatecas  was  sjiontaneous,  and  n^t 
allied  with  the  insui'i-ection  in  other  provinces.  The 
latter  were  directed  hy  the  leaders  I'ither  in  jiersoii  or 
l>y  at^cuts,  to  whom  Hidalgo  extended  commissions  of 
various  o-rados.  No  such  coumnssioner,  liovrever,  had 
app(!ai'(,'(l  in  Zacatccas,  and  the  outhreak  was  due  t  i 
the  excitiMnent  produced  by  news  of  the  grito  do 
JJolitres.  'Hie  people,  after  the  first  agitation,  wei'o 
moderate  and  tractable,  and  the  conde  Santiago  do 
Laguna  succeeded  iu  suppi'cssing  ))il]age.  About  tlio 
middle  of  October,  llafac!)  Jriarte,"^  styling  liinisolt' 
lioutenaut-general,  a[)peare(l  ;,t  AguascaJientes  at  tho 


r 


^"Rriiilou  os!ca])eil  tlio  innssacro  of  Iviuopcnna  at  nuadalnjara  in  Dcce!iilii.'r 
t'lillowiiiL';  and  when  C:)l!<'ja  cntL-rtMl  tliat  cily  after  the  liattlu  of  (.'aMcriiii, 
lio  appnintcil  liini  infcndi'nt'j  ilcl  ejuicito  <lcl  ccntru.   A/'dtidii,   iri<f.  J/'/'.,ii. 

i:?s. 

■"''  Of  Iriarto's  autoeoilcnts  Imt  little  is  know  n.  Acfonliiii,'  t(*  Mora,  lie  iiail 
prcvioasly  at  diUbrunt  times  hueii  knciwn  liy  the  naines  i>f  .Marline:',  ami 
j.aiton.  Ml),  y  snx  Ro:  iv.  Oi).  Zere'cei-u  and  Liccarra  slate  that  in  S:iu 
Lnis  ho  went  liy  tluMianie  of  Caho  i.eyton,  and  liad  heen  a  .scrivener  in  tlio 
secretary ":i  nlliee  of  the  eoniandaiieia.  M<  ni.  Iti  r.  .l/c.r.,  ;{S,");  Adic.  y  /''  '•!{lh\, 
l.")l.  His  lirst  coniniission  as  an  insnriiX'ub  olliecr,  Jrom  evidence  given  Liter 
by  IVdr.i  de  Arandaat  lii-i  own  ti'ial,  wa-.  to  r.rrest  and  ajipropriate  the  piop- 
crty  of  the  Murojieans  in  the  villa  of  l^'on,  sitnated  ilet^ve^•n  (Jnanaju.ito  ;ui<l 
Agna.soalientcs.  In  the  execntion  of  this  eoniinissieui  l.o  acted  with  meat 
crnelty,  '])r:.'ndia  :l  los  enrnpeos  de  atpiella  viiia,  ilevoralia  sua  blcucs  y  Jo- 
jaba  il perecer  sus  faiuilias.'  Akumin,  Jl'td.  Mcj.,  ii.  app.  GO. 


.Tosn  m.m;:a  cos. 


Ml 


b  city, 
iiid  ii'>t 
.  The 
rson  or 

rj.a.l 

lie    t  I 
to    <l'-' 

were 

ij'o   do 

ut  llio_ 

liiiisflt 

at  t!io 


T)c(T!iilit'r 

.1/.;..  ii. 


ilU/.  :!'i'l 
it  in  Niii 
UT  in  the 
,  /,',,■/;«.■., 
ivcii  l.;'.<-i." 

the  r'."P; 
ijiiati)  ;ui<l 

itU  jn'wit 
lies  y  ilo- 


lirad  <)?  d]:\v<j;o  Ixxly  <'l'  iii.s;ii'<;'ciits,  and  liaxin;'  lucii 
j  limd  l»y  the  diMi,»'0(iii.s  slatioiicd  tluTc.  [troccc  Ird  to 
takf  possession  ol' Zacutcras,  width  ho  ()ccii[)it(l  with- 

iillt    opjiositioM. 

1 1  was  whilii  Triartt;  \vas  at  Agiiascaliciiti'S  th.'.t 
L;i;;iiiia  tdok  a(!tion  whidi  I)r(mL,dit  Ids  loyalty  uikKi" 
sii-iticioii.  Ifo  convoked  a  jnnta  for  discnssini^'  the 
|ii-i)|iiii'ty  (tf  connniiidcatinL;'  with  Iiiai'tc.  ^\t  that 
.session  it  was  ducidt'd  to  send  Jose  ^faiiaC  'os,  cui'a  of 
Sail  ( 'osnie,  to  incjnii'i!  ot'tho  insui'Ljeiit  leader  whetlui" 
the  war  tlien   wa^'inLj  was  without   jn'cjiidice  to  I'e- 


l-l:)ll, 


;ni 


and    eounti'v;    and    wliether    any    e 


ni 


(•('jttions  would   bo  niado   in    case    they  .-ai'-eeiMled 
e\[>elliny  the  Kuro|)eans;  and  il'so,  what.     These  (|Ues- 
tions  were  asked  with  a  view  to  unitini^  the  pi'ovinees 
U!i(lt  r  an  aliianeo  in  peace  or  war, 


a'»-una,  ni  a 


lettv 


uarei 


1  the  'JOth  of  { )etohei',  reported  this  to  ^lanuel 
Acehedo,  intendente  of  Duran^o,  who  i'orwarded  it 
t  )  Calleja.  The  niei-e  fact  that  J^aj^'una  entertalnetl 
(Iiiuhts  was  enouii'h  for  C'alieia,  and  he  cautioned 
Acehedo  in  his  reply  to  avoid  all  exprcssi<nis  shov>- 
iii^'  want  of  conli(l(.'nco  which  niiL;'ht  drive  Lai^una  to 
csjiouse  the  insurj^'ent  cause. '-^  Cos,  win)  will  appear 
inoiiiinentlv  later,  was  received  hv  Jriartt;  with  marked 
(Icnioiistration,  but  greatly  against  his  will  was  coni- 
polled  to  carry  the  insurgent  standard  on  his  entrance 
iiite  the  town.  The  explanation  given  l)y  Iriarte  (»f 
tiie  iilijuct  and  plan  of  the  revolution  was  (Hjually  un- 
satist'aetoiy  to  C'os,  and  deeming  himself  coniprondsed 
liy  ilie  part  ho  had  been  obliged  to  play,  instead  of  ro- 
iiiining  to  Zacatocas,  ho  proceeded  to  San  ]^uis  and 
iiit'erined  Calleja,  who  listened  to  his  statement,  and 
advised  him  to  present  himself  before  the  viceroy. 
^\]|ile  en  his  way  to  the  capital,  Cos  was  arrested  at 
<'ii "retaro  bv  the  commander  Kebollo  and  imi)riyoned 


lii  the  convent  wf  San  Francisc 


[)rj 


o. 


3J1 


Instaniaiite  suiii)li('3  copies  of   tlio  corrcspondenoe  on    this  mutter  iu 
''t)i>ii.<u'iri.i  dc  Calleja,  51-7. 


21? 


IROnRESS  OF  THE  REVOLUTIOX. 


J 


lii 


Althoiii;'h  Call('j;i.  took  owi-y  jiossiblc  precaution 
before  liis  departure  friMii  Sau  Luis  Potosi  to  iiisnic 
the  preservation  of  that  province,  his  eltbrts  were  iin- 
availi'io'.  Wlien  I  fl(la]L>-o  at  th(;  opening  of  h.is  carrci- 
jiassed  throui^li  ( Vlaj'a,  lie  was  joined  by  Luis  de  IL  r- 
ici'a,  a  la}'  I'riai'  of  the  order  of  San  Juan  de  Dies  of 
the  jirovince  of  ^Mexico.  For  some  time  this  nuiu 
jbllowed  the  army  in  the  capacity  of  chief  surgeon; 
l)ut  being  com[)el]e(l  to  go  to  San  Luis  on  ])rivat!' 
business,  he  was  arrested  as  a  sus[)icious  person,  and 
imj)risoned  in  the  jail,  it  not  being  known  that  he  was 
a  IViai'.  Heavily  lettered  and  with  no  pros[)ect  of  re- 
lease, he  disclosed  himself  in  order  to  escape  from  du- 
rance, and  was  removed  to  the  Carmelite  convent,  in 
Aviiicli  Calleja  had  imprisoned  suspected  persons.  Ero- 
hfiig  lleri'(;ra  ]irevailed  on  the  comandante,  Cortina. 
to  allow  him  to  I'etire  to  the  convent  of  his  ordei'  in 
San  Luis,  the  prior  and  other  conventuals  bccominL;' 
his  sureties.  Having  thus  secured  (!omparative  free- 
dom, he  (.'oncelved.  in  conjunction  with  Juan  Villarias, 
a  lay  bi'othcr  of  the  same  convent,  the  daring  sclienuj 
of  getting  ]>os8ession  of  the  city  during  a  single  nigM. 
With  this  intent  they  instigated  Joa(j[uin  Sevilla  y 
Ohnedo,  an  otiicer  of  the  San  Ciirbis  lancers,  to  pLiie 
at  tlu'ir  disposal  a  f"W  troops,  and  some  arms  wliirli 
he  had  in  his  honse.  Sevilla  entered  into  their  il'- 
signs,  and  on  the  night  of  the  lOth  of  Xoveiiil»ri', 
meeting  a  [)atrol  >>{.'  his  own  corps  and  another  of  the 
cavalry,  he  called  on  them  to  assist  him  in  the  exci-u- 
tion  of  an  order  of  the  connnander.  With  this  sninll 
force  he  proceeded  to  the  con\'ent  of  San  Juan  ilo 
])ios,  where  he  was  joined  by  the  two  i'riars.  Tlu) 
re\olutionists  then  went  to  the  Carmelite  coiuriit. 
and  riuLiing  the  niLi'ht-bell,^'*  reciuested  that  a  prict 
might  be  sent  witli  them  to  conl'ess  a  prominent  citi- 
zvu  who  was  dying.    The  door-kee[)er  opened  the  gate, 

•'■' In  every  con vont  Mil s  ji  door-licll  c:!llr(l  ilic  c;iiii]i,-,iia  de  r.ii-.eriioi'(I'':i. 
\\!ii(!i  \\a><  I'tin;,'  hy  tluisc  who.  diiri.'i^'  the  iii^'hl,  soiii^'ht  tlie  assistance  ol  oou- 
fessor.s  I'lir  inT.-ons  (.l:in;.'eri.';::-!y  ill. 


IX  SAX  LUIS  POTOSI. 


•213 


nml  t'.if  insur^LMits  rushing  insfi;::*;*!  and  disanned  the 
^•uard.  'I'liry  tlim  ri'loased  the  prisont.Ts,  many  of 
whom    daih'    t^xDe'ctcd    death,    and    siinplvinLT    them 

«,  1  '  lit.  o 

with  the  weapons  tlius  ohtained,  [Ji'oceeded  with  the 
utino.-t  caution  to  the  city  jail,  luiving  first  secured 
IJic  Cai'melite  Iriars,  all  of  whom  wore  Spaniards. 
\\'itli  equal  success  they  sur[)rised  the  guard  at  the 
jail,  and  their  nuud.)ers  being  now  greatly  inci'cased 
li\-  tlie  pi'isoners  whom  they  liberated,  tliey  directed 
their  course  to  the  artillery  bari-acks.  llei'e  they  met 
their  lirst  mis]ia[).  ()[»[)osite  the  barracks  stood  the 
li()usc>  of  the  comandaute,  Cortina;  and  the  guard, 
laorc  vi'-'ilant  than  those  hitherto  encountered,  lired 
(i!j  I  hem,  killing  four.  Undeterred,  they  rushed  for- 
wai'd  and  (juickly  made  themsehes  masters  of  the 
bari'a<'ks.  Ten  cannon  were  iuuu(Mliately  brought  out 
and  planted  at  the  entrances  of  the  [)laza,  one  being 
trained  upon  Cortina's  house. 

The  desperate  design  of  Ilerrera  was  now  all  but 
iiv^'i-omiilished.  The  ivmaining  barrraks  of  the  city 
were  soon  in  tlie  power  of  the  insurgents,  and  Cor- 
tina alone  continued  to  oiler  I'esistance.  ]]eing 
wounded  at  last  in  the  jaw,  he  was  made  prisoner  l)y 
liis  own  guard,  wdio  had  hitherto  kept  uj)  a  vigorous 
lire,  killing  sixteen  of  the  assailants  and  wounding 
iiKiiiy  more.  Afte'-  the  insurgents  had  thus  gained 
jii'ssi'ssion  of  the  comandante's  house,  it:  wa;  delivered 
"Vcr  to  pillage;  likewise  his  store  and  .storerooms;  * 
I'Ut  tliis  appears  to  liavc  been  tiie  only  excess  com- 
hiitied.      llv  seven   o'clock  in  the  morninij:  the  all'air 


was 

llUUl 

aiiil 

<ilie 


over.     The  r.sual  arrest  of  Europeans — to   the 
her  of  forty — followed  their  tiium|ih,  but  oi'der 


an(iui 


llitv 


r  were   niauitamed 


:\i 


fill 


I  v\ 


ores, 


'1'  the   princi' -d   citizens   i)f  San    Luis,   was  ap 


'('  i!liii;i  w;is  ouu  K)i  the  ]iiiiiuipal  iiK'rcli.iut.-!  in  San  Liiir*. 

'  I'!k^  niilv  violonue  ocluii'liI  on  the  ni''lit  uf  tlio   IJtli,  when 


fr..| 


pianl  uiis  Ihvcl  on  from  tliu  h- 


T 


.f  .-1  ]•: 


luoiiciiu  iiiinii'ii  (tfi(iiiini')  Jjl'imkx. 


in  SI)  iiiiviiHL'd  t!io  ollirer  iu  uoinuKuul  tlwit,  lio  Imcililv  cntiit'cl  tlic  l.wii.jo 


iii"l-ta 


ly 


woiuided  Dciilioi;  wilh  liis 


a.  n 


'  'i-unuiili:,  t'u'td.  Hi  I.,  i. 


214 


PROGRESS  OF  T[IE  ItEVOLUTIOX. 


jxiiiitod  ])(ilitical  cliicfaiid  iiitciKlento,  and  tlioabscnr-c 
of"  }i()pnlnr  o^iiiniotioii  is  ,sutiici(.'iit  ovidcucc  of  thu 
prudciicu  wliicli  !4'ui(lc(l  the  revolutionists. 

]Jut  tlie  spirit  of  discord  was  at  Jiand.  Iriarti', 
who  was  at  tills  time  in  possession  of  Zacatecas,  niid 
liad  been  .')|)prised  of  the  successful  coup  d'arnies  ;it 
San  Luis,  despatched  a  courier  to  ITerrera,  proposiii;^- 
to  recruit  liis  forces  at  San  Luis  on  his  march  to 
(luanajuato  to  join  Allende.  Nt)  objection  to  llic 
i'e'ce[)tion  of  a  brotlier-in-arnis  could  be  made,  ami 
Iriarte,  with  a  disorderly'  rabble  of  several  thousand 
Indians,  armed,  as  usual,  with  clulfS,  slings,  and  liows 
and  arrows,  entered  San  Luis.  The  arrival  \v;is 
hailed  with  demonstrations  of  joy.  The  bells  v,xrc 
run"'"  and  cannon  iired.  Festivities  and  balls  lor 
three  days  celebrated  the  meeting  between  these 
champions  of  the  cause  of  independence. 

In  return  Ibr  all  this  kindness,  Iriarte  deemed  it 
Ids  duty  to  give  an  entertainment,  and  do  honor  t  > 
those  wdio  had  done  honor  to  hin).  So  ho  inviU'd 
]ierrera,  Villarias,  and  Sovilla  to  a  great  ball,  an  1 
v.hen  the  merriment  was  at  its  highest  a  troop  I't' 
fu)ldiers  rushed  in  and  arrested  them.  A'illarias  ma!)- 
aged  to  eseaj)0,  and  with  fifty  men  lied  to  (jiuanajiiato 
to  iidbrm  Allende  of  the  treachery.  Herrera  an  I 
Sevilla  were  thrown  into  prison;  the  barracks  wcrt' 
taken  by  sur[)rise;  the  artillery  was  seized,  an! 
Iriarte  was  master  of  tho  town.  At  dawn  the  cry 
Avas  raised,  "Death  Lo  the  San  Luis  traitors!"  Sack 
and  pillage  were  proclaimed.  The  public  treasury  was 
lansacked,  and  the  houses  and  stores  of  private  |k1'- 
soiis  were  iiroken  o])en  and  emptied. 

One  more  turn  of  the  wheel  comes  with  the  celel'ia- 
tion  ()f  the  occasion  by  a  baiHjuet  to  wdiich  Iriarte  in- 
Aites  hisca[)tives.  Attirst  he  gave  them  tounde-slaii'l 
that  they  were  to  die;  even  now  they  were  going  to  (  x- 
ecutioii.  After  thus  amusing  himself  for  a  whil''.  lie 
embraced  the  victims  of  his  sport,  and  seating  tlieia  at 
the  table,  informed  them  that  their  im[)risoniueiit  liaJ 


irJARTK'S  rACETIOUSNE.SS. 


215 


bt'cu  efTcctod  only  for  tlio  purpose  of  insui'ing  tlieir 
sjilc'ty,  as  tlicv  would  have  pr')\'u(l  mi  iiupodinicut  to 
his  iutuntioii  ofsarkin^'  the  city.  IIo  then  a[)poiiitc(l 
]  IfiTcia  llclii-iiiarslial,  aiul  raised  Scxilla  to  the  rank  of 
cdloiiel.  Durini^  Ills  occupation  of  San  Luis  the  wife 
of  Calleja  fell  into  his  power,  and  Iriarte,  the  treach- 
ciy  of  whose  future  action  makes  it  reasonahle  to  sup- 
p«i-i;  that  he  entertained  no  serious  intention  of  aiding 
Alleiide,  after  hjitering  till  it  was  too  late  to  do  so, 
leUinied  to  Zacatec.'as.^" 


'I'll  .iLovc  account  of  tlio  revolution  in  i^an  Luis  Potosf  is  derived  from 
Ihi.-'.:'  3' to,  ChiuI.  Jjif.,i.  '.I't-'J.  'I'luit  author's  iiiloi'iuation  was  suiniliuil  t  ) 
i.iii  li.,  .  ort  of  the  allair  ulitaiiied  in  t!ie  city.  Alauuiu  state-)  tluit  he  was 
i.iu'tul  !  •  verify  tlic  facts.   JliM.  M(j.,  ii.  -3. 


1 1: 


'f 


'I 


CHAPTER   IX. 


THE  ROY  ALLS.      ^lECAPTURE  GUANAJUATO. 


Allendj;  Rktuhns  to  Gl'anajua'Iu  —  Puei'auations  koii  Dkiiaci;  —  The 
FiKST  Attack — Callua's  I'lan — He  Takes  Aelende's  liATTEUuN— 
Calleja,  the  Avengku — His  I'koclajiatui.n — An  1']mx'i  tion  Scene  iv 
THE  Aliiondioa — A  Genehai,  Paiidon  Exteni>eij — The  Government 
Ri.oiiGANizEi) — Calleja  Makciies  for  Giaijala.taua  —  Hidalco  \: 
Vallaijolix) — Anu  at  the  Cerro    del    jMulcajeie— Hii)AL(;o"s    ];i;- 

C'EPTIUN     AT    GfADALAJAItA  —  EsTABLLSIlES     A     GoVlllNMENT  —  IlAYdNS 

IjHjGKAriiv — Letmna's  Mlssion  and  Death — The  '  Disi-ertador  Ame- 
ricano '  ANU  PlllNTING-PUESS— PRErAIiATIONS  FOR  WaU. 

When  Alloudc  ai-rivotl  at  Cclaya  lie  found  tliovc  a 
l)()(lv  of  two  tlK)U.saii(l  iusuru'ont  hor.sonu'U  imdci'  Tmi- 
l)io  liuitlrolio,  and  about  thirty  dra^'oons  of  the  itl;!- 
ment  of  la  Kcina.  Those  troo[).s  were  almost  desti- 
tute ol'  arms;  but  the  impoitanee  of  dcfciidiii'^" 
(JuauMJuato  was  so  o-reat  that,  uuitini^  them  \vith  his 
olhei'  foi'Ces,  he  hastened  thither.  He  took  with  liiiii 
ei^'ht  pieces  of  .•irtilleiy;  and  as  a  number  of  eaniioii 
had  been  cast  in  the  mean  time,  he  hoped,  by  erectin;^' 
batteries  in  connnandiii!^  ])ositions,  to  I'rustrate  any 
attemjtt  upon  the  city  by  (.'alleja,  who  would  douhl- 
less  make  its  capture  his  fu'st  object.  AIKukIc,  wi'Ji 
all  the  forces  he  could  nuister,  entered  Guanajuato  i  ii 
the  eveniuL;'  of  the  |;)th  oi'  Xovend)er,  acconi[)ani('d 
by  the  piinci])al  leaders,  who  preferred  to  follow  his 
i'ortunes  rather  than  cast  their  lot  with  Hidali^'o,  whoso 
})o[)iilai'ity  with    them  was  diuiinishin_L>'  daily.*     His 

'  Tliose  wlio  nccoinp.'iiiiiMl  Alli'nilo  wlto  Juan  iiiul  Tgimcio  Aldmiia,  M.t- 
riaiiij  Jimoiic/,  Juaijuiii  ^Viia.s,  Mariano  Abat^olo,  mid  Juau  Ocoii.    JA'tufi, 


APPROACH  OF  CALLFJA. 


inival  was  cclcld'atL'd  bv  tlic  intciideiitc  Conioz  witli 


ell 


tlmsiaslic  dcnioiistratioiis.      Thu  bells  were  ruii'.jf  aiK 


IIS  lired;  but  us  in  fbriual  procession  tlio  authorities 
and  principal  citizens  entered  the  municipal  hall  to 
receive  the  insur;^ent  leader  a  ghastly  spectacle  pre- 
sented itself.  Allende's  horsemen  daslied  into  the 
jilaza,  and  drawing  up  in  front  of  the  building,  expose  I 
to  view  a  hacked  and  blood-stained  corpse  laslnd  to 
till'  hack  of  a  mule.  An  unfortunate  Creole,  naiiu'd 
}^lanufl  8alas,  a  native  of  Dolores,  had  taken  part 
witli  C'alli'ja  when  he  passe(i  through  that  town,  and 
having  fallen  into  the  hands  of  the  insurgents  had  been 
brought  by  them  to  Guanajuato  and  put  to  death  at 
the  entrance  of  the  cicv.      llavinu"  a'iven  the  m 


o   e>" 


em- 


hirs  of  the  ayuntamiento  ample  time  to  reflect  upon 
the  signilicance  of  this  j»ortentous  exhibition,  the 
body  was  paraded  through  the  streets  as  a  warn- 
ing.^ The  ayuntamiento  felt  conscious  that  this  ac- 
tion of  Allende  was  intended  to  intimidate  them,  but 
aliliouu'h,  in  coniunction  with  the  other  authoriti 


OS, 


its  members  sallied  forth  to  meet  him,  tln'V  claim  to 
have  iireservcd  their  di'j:nitv  and  alle'jriance  by  not: 
giving  to  their  procession  the  character  of  an  olficial 
rcce])tion. 

Aliiiidc  then  made  his  preparations  to  engage 
Calkja.  According  to  despatches  written  by  him 
to  liidalgo  on  the  I'Jth  and  20th  of  November,  I 
gatliei"  that  when  those  leaders  separated  they  made 
an  agrceniiMit  that  they  should  su[>poi't  vi\c\\  other 
against  Calleja.  It  was  now  no  longer  doubtful  that 
till!  latter  would  march  against  (Juanajuato,  and 
AJlmdo  stroii'dy  urn'cnl  Hidalgo  to  come  to  his  aid 
as  possilde.  lie,  moreover,  sent  instructions 
who  was  now  at  San  Luis  Potosi,  to  join 


Suoll 


ti)  ]iiarti 

liini  at  once.     The  forces  at  Allende's  dis])osal  were 

HI  all  ruspix'ts  inadequate  to  cope  with  the  royalists, 

Adh:  ;/  nfriijlc,  119.     Nu^rotc,  lunvcvcr,  ilouI)t3  tliat  there  existed  at  tliia 
tiiiii  .my  ill  fui'liiiuf  betwoi  iV  Hidnl-u  and  Allendo.   Mc.c.  S!(jlo  \IX.,  ii.  oVS. 
■'(''  'ii.  I'lib.  Vbul.  Ai/iint.,  i'S-4. 


213 


THE  ROYALISTS  RECArTURK  CUAXAJUATO. 


U- 


EL  ■ 


1^ 


t 

»! 
Ii:; 

IV  i 


and  (k'ficiunt  as  tliey  v/erc  in  (lis(i[)liiic  and  arms,  ]io 
could  only  liopu  to  maintain  his  position  \>y  inuiius  df 
Ids  artillery  it*  no  assistance  arrived."  But  botli  111- 
dalu'o  and  Iriarte  nci-'lected  to  come,  and  Allendcs 


^  ■■■■"■'■     /   '■' /^":iH^'W^V^^'■^^^C^f^- 
%.         :f*;«*'®~S^%,  ■■n;>--"  ICK    Mat/.)  -;         ■!;■■ 


•na 


%' 


•'I-' 


Plan  of  Batile-field, 

'  A,  Positions  occupied  by  the  insiirp;ont3. 
]).  The  loyalist  nrmy  iTliiro  tln!  attack. 
—  —  March  of  coluiiiii  led  liy  Callcja. 
March  uf  cohiiiiii  led  liy  Finn. 


This  ])1an  is  cibtaiiicd  from  that  forini.-d  1)     CaUcja'.s  stafT  accnrdiii';  t"  liH 
ordovs.  and  imhlislicd  by  Torrcntu,  bciii^' reproduced  l>y  Ruslanianto  la  liia 


Cuiid.  J/i-l.,  i.  100. 


ALLEXDE  AND  HIDALGO. 


210 


litters  to  the  foniier  sliow  Mttcriicss.  Tlis  last  com- 
imiiiK-ation  oven  cliarj^'es  ]rK!al!4i»  with  the  ititciition 
of  .•ollcctiiiL;'  nioiicy  at  Guadalajai-a  and  cscajjiiin-  with 
ii  h\-  wav  (){'  San    Ijlas.      I]ut   llidal'jo,   iiii'onued  (jC 

(.1'  O       ' 

the  successes  in  Nueva  (jiahcia,  liad  dctciniinod  to 
od  to  Guadalajara,  and  had  left  Yalladolid  heloie 
Allende  had  written  him. 

},[('anwhilc  batteries  were  placed  ]>>'  Allende  on  no 
less  llian  ten  dillerent  heio-hts  coinniandinn'  the  ]\Iarlil 
r.iad,  besides  two  outlyinjjj  points  which  occupied  hills 
(III  its  left  at  a  i)lace  known  l»v  the  name  of  Ranclio 

J.  t.' 

Scco.  In  the  narrowest  part  of  the  road,  with  infinite 
1,1  nor,  fifteen  hundred  holes  were  drilled  for  blasts. 
Tin  se  were  connected  by  a  single  fuse,  the  intention 
bring  to  fire  it  as  Callcja's  troops  passed.  The  de- 
sign, however,  became  known  to  the  rovalist  lea;ler 
and  proved  ineffectual. 

Lalhja,  whose  movements  were  ne\er  marked  by 
rapidity,  left  Queretaro  on  the  loth  of  November,  and 
jiassing  through  Celaya,  Salamanca,  and  Irapuato.  re- 
established obedience  in  those  towns,  and  reori-'anixi'd 
their  governments.  On  the  23(1  he  arrived  at  the 
runcho  de  }kIolineros,  distant  four  lea'^'ues  from  Guana- 
ju;it(i,  and  on  the  following  morning  advanced  to  the 
ciitian^-e  of  the  caiiada  de  Marlil,  intending  to  I'econ- 
iu»iire;  but  being  interrupted  by  the  batteries  at 
liancho  Seco,  he  decided  to  attack  at  once.  Accor;!- 
ingly  he  threw  out  on  his  left  a  strong  body  of  cavalry 
and  iiifantr}-  under  Genei'al  Emparan,  with  the  two- 
fold object  of  occupying  tlie  Silao  road  and  executing 
u  ilank  attack,  while  Captain  Linares  charged  the 
lio>i lions  I'rom  the  front.  The  assault  was  successi'ul. 
Ill  si'rved  and  badly  directed,  the  artillery  of  tlie  in- 
surgents did  no  execution;  indeed,  so  miseral)lv  had 
t:ir  I'annon  been  mounted  that  they  could  onl}'  be  fired 
ni  [\\ii  one  direction  pointed;  and  the  royalists,  charg- 
111'-;'  II])  the  slope  at  [)laces  out  of  the  line  of  ilre,  (|uickly 
i'<ui'  1  (he  insurgents,  capturing  four  jiieces  of  artillery 
imd  a  number  of  prisoners.     The  facility  wilh  which 


2'20 


TIIH  nOVAI.TST.-;  RECArTUILE  (lUAXA.IUATO. 


this  success  liad  \)vv]\  accoiiiplislied  iiul'uci'd  Callc ja 
to  I'dllow  up  Jiis  advantaw  tliu  sauio  dav,  it  bciuLT  as 
yet  only  eluvcMi  o'clock. 

His  plan  was  to  assault  in  detail  tlic  ti'U  position-; 
occupied  by  the  enemy  on  each  side  of  the  ]\Iai!il 
road,  upon  which  they  liad  trained  their  artillery.  Fcr 
this  purpose  he  divided  his  army  into  two  columns, 
one  of  wliich  was  placed  luider  the  connnand  of  Finn, 
who  was  instructed  to  dislodi^'c  the  insurgents  iVoiii 
the  heights  on  the  right  of  the  road;  while  the  otlur 
was  led  by  Calleja  in  person  against  the  Ixitterics  on 
the  left.  Both  ijfenerals  were  successful,  and  oiu;  aricr 
the  other  the  enemy's  positions  were  taken  Vv-ith  little 
loss  to  the  assailants.  Flon,  thouu'h  severelv  bruiscl 
in  the  left  shoulder  by  a  slung  stone,  gained  tlu;  heiglil  s 
on  the  right,  and  finally  di-ew  up  his  forces  on  the 
hill  of  San  ]\[i'jfuel  and  the  heiijht  of  las  Carnivi^, 
both  of  which  positions  commanded  the  city.  ^Meaii- 
while  Cdkja,  advancing  uj)  the  Marfil  road  soinu 
little  distance,  turned  oif  to  the  left  by  that  leading 
to  the  real  de  minas  of  Santa  Ana,  thus  avoidiiig  t'lo 
defile  M'here  the  blasts  had  been  ])repared.*  While 
his  infantry  dislodged  the  enemy  from  their  positions; 
the  cavalry  scoured  the  L>"lens  and  more  level  LLi-omi'l, 
cutting  off  the  retreat  of  the  insurg(Mits,  slaugliteiin',^ 
them  without  mercy,  ami  dri\'!!ig  them  in  t!n;ir  panii; 
over  the  precipices.'^  This  series  of  assaults  lasted  i't 
more  than  six  hours;  the  difliculties  encountered  by 
tfie  loyalists  being  from  the  steepness  of  the  heiglits, 
rather    than    IVoni    opposition    of  the    enemy,  who^o 

♦Piustamanto  states  that  iuforniatioii  of  tliis  plan  of  the  iiisiir:.'eiits  was 
given  liy  a  rcjjiilor  of  (luasiajiiatij  'niie  increcia  el  luejor  ciin(.'(.';it()  entio  -as 
coneiudailanos,'  and  that  hi.-i  corrcspdiulciiLH"  M"it!i  \'eiie;i'a.s  was  intcrrejiteil 
by  VilhiL^'ran,  liut  toolate  to  be  of  any  bonolit  til  Alh^mle.  ('iinil.  Ilisl..  i.  Idl). 
Alanian  reasona})ly  assumes  that  the  ivuiilor  intimatcl  at  was  Im  rnanili>  lVn;z 
^Farafmn;  Iiut  throws  considerable  donbt  npon  the  statement  of  IJustaniaate, 
rcmailvinj,'  that,  'Sus  notieias  enando  no  espi-csa  de  (jne  ori;,'en  las  toina  hievc- 
ccn  luuy  ]ioea  eoniianza.'  ll'itl.  M<j.,  ii.  47.  NeLTi-ete  I'onsiilvi's  it  iiii[)njii:ihlo 
that  .Nbiranon  aave  the  information.    M<x.  Siijlo  X/X.,  ii.  .".J(». 

^  'ha  eaiialleria.  .  .cortaba  A  los  eneniiiios  en  las  eaiiadas  y  Ins  porso'pn'a  cii 
sii  Jiuida  |>iToeiend(j  mnehos  ii  sns  nianos,  (pu'ilando  el  eampo  ileno  de  <Md:i- 
veri  s,  y  otro.s  precipitailos  en  las  birrancas  de  csto  piela^o  dc  niouLufiitS. 
Ccillijti,  in  trVc.  (/(•  J/cf.  (ISlOj,  i.  10o7. 


RESULTS  OF  TllK  BATTLK. 


221 


waiitof  amis  I'diderod  tlioiii  iiica[>aljlc  (fmakiiiL^  a 
stand.  Slioi'tly  after  iivo  o'clock,  Callcja  eiicaiiipod 
\'nv  llic  iii;j;'lit  on  tlic  liill  of  Vali'iiciaiia. 

The  result  of  the  day's  lij^hting  was  the  capture  of 
t\vtiity-t\vo  pieces  of  artillery/' tluMlisporsion  of  u  hody 
\;iilou.sly  estimated  at  10,000  to  70,000  Indians,'  and 
the  investment  of  the  city  on  the  jn)rth  and  souili. 
Of  tlie  numher  of  revoluti(jnists  slain  it  is  iinj)(>.>sil)le 
to  I'iirniany  estimate;  with  certainty.  The  avuntami- 
ciito  ])laci'sit  at  S.OOO,"^  hut  this  is  douhtless  an  exa;,;'- 
L;i'i'ation,  and  Alaman's  estimate  of  t,r)00  is  prohahly 


not  u 


Ide  of  the  mark."     The  h 


oi 


I  the  side  of  th( 


I'lyalists  was  insi^'uilicant;  according"  to  Calleja's  fh'st 
)T[Hirt  to  tlie  viceroy  it  was  limited  to  four  killed  and 
sc\cn  wounded;^"  the  casualties  in  the  column  led  hy 
Floii  raised  the  nuuiber  of  wounded  to  ab;>ut  a  score, 
a  cnnNiiicino-  proof  of  the  want  of  fori'thouij^ht  dis- 
jiivcd  hy  the  insurij^ent  leaders  in  presiunini^  that 
('alleja  would  necessarily  march  up  the  ..tariil  road, 
iiiii!  in  mmuitiii'j;  their  c  uinon  so  as  to  l)e  innnovahly 
(lincted. 

Had    Allcnule    been    supporte;!    by    Tlidal;;'!)    and 
Iriaite,  and  had  Calleja  been  assailed  in  the  rear  ac- 


''Aeiyn'iliii','  to  the  dotailoil  report  of  C.illfjn,  datuil  T)L'Cfml)or  12'.li.  In  it, 
]iiv\  iiiis  rcjiort,  wrilteii  at  12  o'clock  on  t!ic  iii'_;Iit  of  the  2."itii.  lie  states  that 
■J  i  |ii(e(ri  of  artillery  were  taken.  'I'liese  caiiniiu  were  niaile  l)y  orUer  of  Hi- 
tllL,'!!  ihirini,'  Lis  eaini)ai:,'n  in  t)ie  direction  nf  Me.-cico;  they  were  ea-'t  l>y  the 
ea^ineei'  Halael  Dfivalos,  who  also  :i.ssi.;teil  Casiniiro  (,'hovell,  sn|i(".'iiU"cllih'nt 
tif  the  \'aleucian:i  mines  anil  works,  in  .sinking  the  Masts  on  tl:e  .Mariil  roavi. 
A'n,i  ',;,  //;../.  J/,/.,  ii.  -.'!). 

'CalK'ja  .states  that  the  inhah'.Lant.s  of  (inanajnato  e.stiniateil  their  iiuni- 
Ivr  at  7!>,();)().  a>r..  dr  M,.i\  (ISIO),  i.  Id.V.).  Ala'inan  eou.-i.hrs  this  a  yreat 
c\;iL.':,'eration,  remarking,'  tliat  there  could  imt  liav(!  lieen  even  half  the  niunher, 
'pars  no  coneurric)  a  la  aeeion  mas  (jne  la  j^eute  rennida  en  al'^unos  pnuto.s 
c  Mi'.uvanos,  y  una  jiarte  de  hiplcho  ilu  la  ciudad  y  de  las  minas.'  iihi.  -M(J., 
ii  4  '.  Lieeaga  conjecti'.ros  that  the  insiirgcuts  did  not  number  more  than 
10,1,0.    Adlr.  1/  Rrrt;fic.,  l.')l. 

^<<'ii(iii.  Pill).   Viii<l.  Ai/imt.,  'A. 

°  i'lie  liodies  of  a  eon.iiileral)!e  number  of  the  fallen  were  never  recovered 
fi' 'la  llie  barr.incas,  the  shaft.s  of  oM  mines,  ami  other  inaccessible  jilaces. 
Tlij  i;;r-;  of  M.irlil,  \\-lio  was  cliai'ged  with  the  collecti'in  and  burial  of  t!io  re- 
inauis.  ie]iorts  on  the  b'lth  of  Deeendier  that  the  total  nuniljor  interred  was 
HI'!,  liut  thinks  ho  snecocd(Hl  in  collecting  only  a  small  proportion.  JJu^ta- 
')■■'■'  '■ .  Ciirtd.  //;.y/.,  i.  108-0.  Lieeaga  considers  that  scarcely  403  insurgeut.s 
f.il.   .!/(>,  >i  n'n'ifn:,  l.-)l. 

^'l.'iz.  <i"  :ic.{:  (ISIO),  i.  tOl. 


229 


THE  nOYALIS^TS  IlECAPTUHl!:  GUANAJUATO. 


('ordlii^-  to  t!u;  jilan  proj)ose(l  to  llidaliio,'^  it  is  not 
iiiiprobablo  that  lliu  royalists  would  luivo  been  de- 
feated. As  it  was,  Alk'iidc  des[)aired  of  success 
from  the  lirst,  and  with  unusual  ai)athy  assigned  the 
direction  of  the  batteries  and  troops  to  Jimenez,  re- 
maining himself  in  the  city.^^  When  the  news  ar- 
rived of  the  capture  of  tlio  outlying  batteries  at 
llancho  Seco,  he  endeiivored  to  arouse  the  inhab- 
itants bv  (ti'deriuLj  sounded  the  'j-cneral  call  to  arms; 
but  this  had  the  effect  only  to  increase  the  eonstemu- 
tiou.  The  more  respectable  families  took  refuge  in 
the  churches  and  convents,  or  barricaded  themselves 
in  their  bouses,  while  a  large  })ortion  of  the  populace 
betook  th(.'mselves  to  the  hills.  Allende  was  helpless 
to  awaken  resistance.  As  heiii^ht  after  heiu'ht  was 
.stormed  by  the  victorious  royalists,  and  aware  tlutt 
all  was  lost,  accomj>anied  by  his  brother  officers  and 
a  few  horsemen,  he  tied  from  the  city  in  tlie  dii'eo 
tion  of  San  Luis  Potosi,  taking  with  him  what  treas- 
ure he  hatl  remainiuLr." 


■'if 

1 


And  now  the  Alhondiga  do  Granaditas  is  ag;:i!i 
b"ought  forward  in  the  history  of  this  unfortunato 
cit\'  as  the  scene  of  another  api)allinLr  massacre.      No 

«/  111? 

longer  restrained  by  the  interference  of  military  cliiefs, 
eai'ly  in  the  afternoon  the  populace  throng  the  streets 
with  demonstrations  of  mingled  fear  and  anijfer.  Thiv 
collect  ui  dense  crowds  about  the  alh6ndi'>'a,  and  with 

"  '  No  pucdo  111  (lebo  V.  ni  nosotrns  pcnsar  en  otra  cosa.  quo  en  csta  prcri'  i-a 
ciudad. .  .y  asi  sin  pi'riUda  do  niiiineiitos  ponerso  on  marulia.  .  .y  at.icarlo  ciiU 
valor  por  la  rctagiiardia,  d:iiidoiio.s  aviso  oportuno  do  sii  situaoion  paia  liacor 
imcstra  salida,  y  (pio  ccrrado  por  todas  partes,  quede  destniido  y  anii|iiil;idii, 
y  nosiitros  con  un  coni[»lijto  triunfo.'  Alkinlc,  Ciirtu,  in  Alanuin,  lli-it.  M'j., 
ii.  .'iT-S.  1 

'-According  to  Alaiiian ;  H.,\{.  40.  Negnito,  on  the  other  liaiid,  asserts 
that  Al'i'ndo  during  tlie  engagement  passed  from  jiniiit  to  point  as  they  ui  ro 
attncUed,  with  the  greatest  activity.  Mcx.  Si,//o  A'/A'.,  ii.  'A2[. 

"According  to  Licoaga  ho  left  about  two  o'clock  iu  the  afternoon.  Adk. 
y  Iti'c'ijif.,  \').^.  Ijustaniante  .states  that  Allende  remained  in  the  city  till  i!io 
following  morning,  directiii';{  tlii!  tire  of  a  heavy  piece  of  artillery  ])laci  il  nil 
tlio  cerro  del  Cuarto.  This  is  denied  by  both  l.iceaga,  7//.,  and  Alaiaiu, 
lilt.  .lA;/.,ii.  A'^.  C'alleja  states  that  ho  left  with  abi  ut  -40  tnllower.'i.  ''Js. 
di'  M<x.  (bSiO).  OO-t.  Xegretc  .^avs  that  he  could  not  have  had  more  tliau 
L'.OOO.  J/ex.  .shjh  XIX.,  ii.  405.  ' 


ANOTHER  MxVSSACKE. 


t]iiv;itcnin,L;'  ,L;'(\^i:iuvs  aiitl  iiiilaiued  (Tfs  ivn-ard  Iho 
hiiildiii:^'  ill  wliifh  tlic  SiKiniards  loft  hy  I[i(lal;^'(>  aro 
i!ii|)i'isi)in!(l,  and  lor  wliohc  Mood  tlicy  are  athirst. 
As  VL't,  liowcvur,  they  are  restraiiu.'d  by  the  presence 
oi'  the  guard  coiuniaiided  hy  Captain  ^lariaiio  (,\)var- 
iiililas.  J]ut  as  Allende  and  his  party  turn  the  coi-ncr 
to  take  the  road  leacHng  to  the;  mines,"  one  of  them 
dies  out,  "Why  do  you  not  linisli  with  them  f  in- 
(!ii;itii)g  the  captives.  The  words  act  on  the  mol) 
like  lire  on  saltpetre.^''  Under  aj)pi-ehenslon  tliat 
Callcja  is  ah'cady  at  hand,  tliey  think  only  of  ven- 
ovaiicc,  and  with  wild  yells,  and  cluhs  and  bran- 
(lidicd  knives,  tliev  rush  toward  the  jx-'^tewav.  All 
cH'oits  to  oppose  them  are  useless.  The  soldier's 
sword  and  the  ])riest's  entreaty  alike  fail.  ^Fariano 
Jjiccan'a,  after  woundinLX  several  of  them  with  his 
sabre,  is  stretched  senseless  on  the  gr(»und;  the  (.'ui'a 
Juan  de  ])ios  Gutierrez  and  other  ecclesiastics  aro 
thiu.-t  aside;  the  guard  is  overpowered;'*'  and  the 
laadaened  crowd  throw  themselves  U[)on  tiieir  victims, 
work  begins,  and  the  alhondiga  again  beconK 


he 


'S 


liideous  with  mutilated  corpses,  strij)ped  of  every 
sliitd  oi'  chjthing.  A  few  of  the  captives  barricade 
tlicuiselves  in  isome  of  the  storerooms,  and  manage  to 
I  scape  during  the  temporary  dispersion  of  their  assail- 


'  Sr(i 


pl:iu  of  tlie  allii'mdi'.'a  and  aurroiindinga  in  previous  cli.iptcr. 


'  Alamiiu  is  tlio  iiuUiority  f(jr  tlic  statement  that  the  crowd  received  thia 
ci)coiii;i;:cnu'nt.  llo  lefcis  to  the  evidence  in  the  trial  of  Covarnil)ia.3,  wlioso 
cusiii,  JSinigno  ]>ustaniante,  supplied  him  with  the  above  particulars.  AUcn- 
ili',  Aldaiiia,  and  (liico,  however,  in  the  declarations  taken  at  their  trials, 
iia|n;tcd  the  massacre  exclusively  to  the  voUuitary  uctinn  of  the  populace, 
wliirli  tends  to  prove  that  they  were  unaware  of  the  fury  inciti'd  hy  tla-ir 
tniinade,  who  Was  proiiably  ridln;^  in  their  rear.  Jli.^f.  M'j.,  ii.  50.  J'.usta- 
iii;iiite,  t'lKul.  J/i.-l.,  i.  100-1,  followed  by  Licea^ja,  records  that  .a  ncL'ro  named 
l.iuo,  a  native  of  i)olore.s,  incited  tiie  pcoplcto  commit  thedeed  by  reiircscut- 
iiij:  to  tliciii  tliat  Callcja  had  gained  the  victory,  and  was  advancing'  u|)(iu  the 
t'lwii  Willi  the  inteiiti(jn  of  putting  tliem  all  to  deafii.  Aliad  y  (^>uri|ii)  stati  3 
t!i;it  -Alh'nde  gave  the  order  for  the  massacre — which  ia  contrary  to  Allcudi.'.s 
I'cr-^i-iti  at  eH'orts  ti>  suppress  outrages — accusing  iiim  also  of  never  placing 
liiin-clf  within  reach  of  11  bullet,  He  forgets  hii  own  e(jwardly  lliglit  and  <le- 
s^i  I  li  .11  (if  hiij  lldck.   Iltruaiukz  y  Ddvulo^,  Col.  Doc,  i.  Sii'J.     Compare  Aum- 

Tiini.   J)ifciisu,  17. 

"'  l.iccaga  .states  that  a  portion  of  the  guard  took  part  witli  the  assailants. 
i't  tiiip.,  155. 


2-21 


THE  iioYAi.i-^Ts  im:cai'Ti;i;k  (;uax.ul'ato. 


ants  from   ;i   (-ry  ral.sL'd  lliat   tlio  royall.sts  arc  U[ 


ion 


tl 


ICIll. 


Wliilij  Callcja  ])alto(l  at  A'^alciiciana  ]i»!  coiifiii 


111' 


tlio  inaLristrate  of  that  town  in  liis  ollicc,  alLlioU'''!i  In; 
liad  rocc;iv('(l  liis  ai»})ointnK'nt  from  Jli<l;i]Lfo.  IL-also 
^nj)[>lio(l  him  witli  ('oijIos  of  tho  proclamation  I'xtiii'l- 
ihL,'  jianlon  to  those  who  returned  to  th(;ir  alleniancu, 
and  of  llie  edict  of  the  in(jnisition  issued  a^-niiist  Hi 
dal;^n»,  instructiiiLf  liini  to  [>uhlish  them.  Chovdl  ;ui  1 
olhci-  residents,  foarin^jf  i'or  their  lives,  were  nicdit'it  iii;^' 
ilii^ht,  hut  learninij^  of  these  nieasin-es,  the_y  remained 
in  their  houses.  At  daylii^ht  on  the  lollowinj;'  n)oi'ii- 
inL--  ( 'alleja  resumed  his  march  a^^'ainst  the  city,  Ijiit 
before  doing  so  he  had  received  intelligence  of  llio 
massacre  in  the  alhondiga,''^  and  had  caused  the  iiunn- 
diate  arrest  of  Chovell  and  other  })ersons  living  in 
Valenciana.  The  insurgents  had  planted  a  heaxy  cuii- 
noJi  on  the  cerro  del  (Juarto,''^  and  during  the  even- 
ing of  th(;  •J-ltli  and  early  hours  of  the  lollowiuLT  dav 
.....  ......  ^,.^^^^1 


I'cll. 


had  maintained  a  vigorous  fire  v.'ith  Flon,  who  i 
from  the  hill  of  San  Miguel.  As  Calleja  advan 
the  insurgents'  gun  was  trained  on  his  line  of  ni;', 
hut  the  royalists,  having  placed  two  cannon  In  ;i 
favorable  position,  succeeded  in  dismounting  it  at  th.j 
iii'st  discharge.  This  was  the  last  effort  at  resistance; 
and  Calleja  and  Fhai  entered  the  eitv  siniultancouslv. 


h 


"Those  wlio  thus  csenpi'il  took  refuge  in  the  convent  of  Deleii  .'nul  j 


Tl 


.  th 


■of  t 
iili'.'.i  iit  the  til 


IiD.jU  slain  is  not  iieeuiatclv  knuwii, 


11 


at! 


247 


7  t'liptives,  ninny  of  thim  being  erunlcs  w  ho 


favored  the  royalist  cause.     Of  thi'se,  lliistaMianto  states  tiiat  ii  few  over  .'ilj 
I'-.'apeil.    Cii'i'l.  ///■>/..  i.  101.     Aeeonling  to  tliu  I'cpoi'L  ,siip|)iie(l  .•ilterwai.l  l'_v 


M; 


on  to  ('nllcja,  only    1!!S 


reeo''niZi'( 


1   1. 


es  I'eeeivel  Imrial,  'lial'ieinio 


niiieho.s  (pie  hahieiidoseles  ^  isto  cutre  los  pi'i'sos,  no  so  siqio  ilespnes  tie  elles; 
]'ior  l;i  fpie  se  eupuhr-o  cstavciitrc  lo.i  ninchon  eadaveres([no  MijseiJuUaruu  sin  ki- 


eonoeulo 


as  u 


.1/'. 


//;.v/.  Ml).,  ii.  app.  ()-7.     A  list  uf  the  principal  v 


leLnn-i 


ell  as  of  those  a\1io  eseajied,  is  given  in  L'trKtija,  Adic.  //  I,'ec/ijic.,  lo(i  7. 
I'cidraza  states  that  more  tliau  "JOG  -wwc  slain.   C'l  A /a  X.  Indrp.,  1. 

'"C.iptaiii  Linares  on  the  previiius  evening,  fearing  tliat  sinio  such  ent.H- 
trophe  miglit  occur,  had  urged  Callej:ito  mareli  at  once  upon  the  city;  I.iii;ir.  3 
made  this  fitatciacut  frequently  to  .\lanian,  Jl'ist.  J/'./'.,  ii.  i";',  helieviug  that 
t'iio  lives  of  the  captives  miitht  have  heeii  Paved.     Jhit  tlic  massiicro 


W.is  )i 


petrated  in  the  afternoon  of  the  '2-lth,  and  Callej.i  did  not  arrive  at  V, 
ci.ina  until  after  five  o'clock. 

Tliis  i)atterv  is  said  to  have  been  directed  liv  .a  in:iii  fi'oni  the  l.  ■'■^v 


'cstaba  scrvido  p(U'  uu  norte  anierii 


Licxcjd,  A'l'ir.  ij  ti 


lul 


call::ja's  ui;t.\i,iatii)\. 


225 


fi.i  I'lir.i'i'cil  was  (\illoia  nt  tin!  l):irl)a:'<)ns  innnlor  of 
(he  Spauiartls  that  In;  issiinl  orders  to  liis  ti"oi»j)s  to 
nut  the  city  to  i'wv  and  sword,  and  mnidicrs  of  tlio 
iiiluiKitants  wwc  slauq'htci'i'd  in  llio  streets.  Ho 
sniiu,  however,  counterni.uided  tiie  oi-dei-,'"  i'e('0'..rniz- 
uvf  that  many  iiin<»cent  poisons  would  l»o  put  to 
death.'-'  lie  did  not,  however,  intend  that  vt'iii^i^ance 
for  tlie  dead  should  terminate  wif  h  this  lirst  I'hnlli- 
tjeii  of  wi'.ith ;   lie  wouM  ju'oeeed  with  the  ]»U!iis]unent 


111  ;i  nil) 


I'e  delihcM'ate  and  lornial  manner.     J)uiin'''  tl 


(lay  he  niiide  i)roelaniation,"  settiii'^'  forth  that  al- 
tlinii^li.  inllueneed  hy  humanity,  he  had  suspended  his 
ei'(l<r  of  <'\termination,  such  an  atrocious  crime  could 
imi  he  1,'lt  without  expiation,  and  lu^  dem;iMde(l  all 
arni'  to  ho  deliver<'d  u[)  on  the  followiiiL;"  diy,  under 
[laia  of  death.  Other  iti-ms  of  the  proclamation  wire 
to  the  eil'eet  tliat  all  ])ersons  were  expecteil  to  L!,'ive 
inCeriiiation  of  secreted  weapons,  and  ol'  th(.)so  known 
to  lia\e  favored  the  iusurg'ent  cause;   |)ersoiis  con^'rc- 


atiiT'-   in   the  streets  in  u'reater  numher  than  thi 


ee 


Wo  I 


Id  be  dispersed  hy  shot,  and  those  who  eii^'aged 
ill  seditious  spt'cch  would  he  punished  with  deatli 
without  resi)ect  of  person. 


1 


V 


]jut  while  this  jiroclamation  iniL;"ht  l>;ave  the  iiihah- 
i'aiits  to  supjioso  themselves  exein[>t  from  further  pun- 
isliiueiit,  Calleja   was  ])laiinino'  merciless  retaliation. 


.■re  s 


liould 


d 


now  1)0  aLrrand  massacre  on  tlie  rova 


th 


dist 


Th 

>-\dv,  v/ide-extended  and  direful,  such  as  would  do 
lioiioi-  to  the  cause.  On  the  morning  of  the  'JGththe 
larpeuters  of  Guanajuato  were  (sinployed  in  erectiii;.;' 
gallows  in  all  the  principal  thoroug'hfares  of  the  city, 
and  in  tlie  plazas  of  the  iiei'j;hI)orin'>-  miiiin'«'  towns.-'' 

X  O  O  o 


l.l.l.l. 


Ic  obliu'iuoii  ;i  inanilar  ;'t  las  t 


ro 


pan  <]\ 


I  iitrascii  ;'i  san;_rc  v  fiiocro  cii  ]:v 


y  cu  ctri'lij  iniu-lids  tuciMiu  ;unit 


hId.S   (Ml 


niovi' 


)  <l(i  soiitiitiicutos  lie  Ip.iiiian 


li.Ia.l. 


hill 

.y  <|nc  no  ijurcru 


•I'linc'ia.-)  <r.\ 


iiii.i  iimltitiiil  lio 


ptl'SDiKo  ]ii.iiirail:ia  qiio  en  confusion  salirroii  ;i  favon 
susjuMi.l.TJo.'  C'lll'ja,  iu  i!<ix.  (I<;  M<  ,\  (KslO),  i.  '.IDI. 


i-'cci'toL'  (Ifl  e.\criito,  nian<lo 


'An 


ioii!>  oiliLTs,  Atrustiii  CaM 


(Ton,  an  un 


■lo  of   A! 


A 


meaiiHa  paiti.san  of  the  ruvohitionists,  wa.s  killoil  in  tiic  call'j  dcj  lus  i\ 


Ala 


<,ito.S. 


A: 
•11 


//'■-/.  ^f^j..  ii.  '>i 


ipyof  it  is  found  in  Grn.  <!<'  .Vr.t:  (ISIO).  i.  fl07-S. 
ureas  (luo  iiizo  ]>on(r  (;i  nuis  do  l.i  (j^uc  csldcn  la  i)laza  mayor)  ca  frcnto 
liiai!  iitx.,  Vol.  iV.    13 


THE  ROYALISTS  RFX'APTURE  GUANAJUATO. 


While  this  was  bfiiii>:  <l<>iu\  from  tliosu  aiTostr^d 
the  })rovi()iis  (lay  hi'twecu  sixty  and  seventy  \wm 
(h'awn  for  examination."*  These  were  sent  to  Fl(iii, 
Avlio  had  oecnpied  tlie  alhondiij'a,  and  who  Avas  in- 
structed to  pass  sent(!noe  upon  them.  Twenty-tlnvo 
were  sentenced  to  deatli,  among  whom  were  the  iii- 
tendente  Gomez,  tlie  unfortunate  llafael  ]);ival>is, 
under  whose  (hreetions  the  insurgents'  cannon  li,,il 
boon  constructed,-'^  and  tliree  military  officers  wlio  IkhI 
espoused  the  rcvoh.itionary  cause.  Tlie  examinatiMns 
were  of  tlie  l)riefest,  and  the  executions  imm'uijjilc, 
the  place  being  witliin  the  walls  of  the  alii6n<li^;i. 
The  (lesci'iption  of  the  scuue  as  gl\cii  by  Manuel  (^i- 
mez  Pedraza,  an  eye-witness,  is  harrowing.  Af'tei'  flic 
sentence  of  death  had  been  passed  by  the  conde  do  l,i 
Cad(>na,  the  condiiuned  were  hurriedly  shrived  hy  ;i 
priest  in  one  of  the  storerooms,  then  led  to  the  (lo^r- 
v.ay  which  had  been  bricked  uji  by  Iviana,  and  thcio 
blindfolded  and  shot.  As  victim  after  victim  IMI, 
their  dead  bodies  being  dragged  aside  to  make  Viunw 
for  tluMr  companions,  the  pavement  liecame  covci\.l 
with  fragments  of"  skulls,  scattered  brains,  entrails, 
and  -'hxxl.  I]y  this  human  debris,  progress  was  im- 
peded, and  before  the  horrible  work  was  done  the  iiinr 
had  to  be  cleared  of  its  yli}vpery  and  loathsome  r  ■  - 
cring.^'     The  gallows  came  into  play  next. 

di'  (liiuiMilitas,  on  In  plaziicla  do  S.  Ftriinudo,  on  lailo  la  Compiinia.  en  li  ui  '^. 
])i('i;n,  <ju  1,1  ('.I'  S.  .)u;in,  en  la  do  Mcxiainora,  y  unai'U  c.ula  [jla/a  do  la^  iiii;;;  s 
prini'ipalcs.'  The  phizas  in  ( luanajuato  wcr':  litllo  iiioro  <h,iii  .streets,  .'in- 
Avliat  wiik'i-  lluui  tlic  ordinary  ti)rUii/Us  'Jiorimyld'an  :j.  lin'^liiiiiaiilr,  Ciu'i 
Hist.,  i.  104. 

*'  Maiinid  Oonic/;  IVilraza,  wli:)  was  captain  i)f  n  cmniiany,  states  that  t'a- 
llcja  placed  under  hin  eliarge,  with  inslrnetiona  to  .leliver  them  to  l'"lcin,  (ii'i'r 
more  iirisoner.;.  'n?i  ha  ,'0  niiMnniia  del  nunieri). '  (VA />.  A^  Jiidc/i' ii'l.,  1. 

'''■"•  The  teriKM-ity  of  (loniezand  others  inijilieated  in  tiie  revi>ltilion  in  ii"t 
clTeetiii,'  their  esiape  is  inexplieahlo.  Davalos  .arried  hii  rashness  (n  >n  !i 
iUl  ex  Lent  as  to  walk  in  t  lie  street  ainoiig  tiio  troojis.  He  was  arrested,  .'lii'l 
won!!  liavo  I'seapeil  iiut  that,  niter  havinj;  had  the  good  fortnno  to  ohtaiu 
his  release,  a  paper  w.is  diseoveiod  sci'reted  in  the  sleeve  of  ids  eoat,  hy  tlw 
soldier  who  was  nntying  tiio  cord  with  wliieh  his  arms  werehonnd.  Tlieilno- 
linient  was  t.ikea  to  a  eonnnaniling  ollieer,  and  provi'cl  to  he  an  nceouiit  if 
the  camion  east  hy  Davalos.  ThisdiseoV"-:y  decided  his  fate.  A/ninnn,  lli^i. 
Jfi!.,  ii.  ."i(i. 

-"•  I'ar.i,  ejenntar  osta  oporaeion,  se  trajeron  do  la  ciUlc  algunos  honihvis,  y 
cou  sua  niismaa  manoa  ccharua  la  saiigre  y  las  catrailas  duspe Jaiiadus  de  k'^?  fusi- 


FUETIIEll  KXKCUTIOXS. 


l]ut  ill  tli(^  oeouoniy  of  rcvciijj^e,  it  will  not  do  t.) 
i'^noio  tlic  beneiits  of  8j)ccta,culur  exhibitions.  So 
at  iii'^litfall  followinjj;',  eighteen  )»roiiiinent  men  jwe 
(Ira^^etl  out  and  luuiged  by  toreliliglit  in  the  pla/a. 
Jt  seems  as  if  tlie  curse  of  Sodom  has  fallen  on  the 
|il.i(e.  Hound  this  })laza,  like  an  ani[)hitheatre,  the 
liouses  stand  tier  above  tier  on  the  surrtumding  hills, 
so  tliat  the  people  can  sit  in  them  and  look  down 
UMiui  the  ti'agedy  as  at  a  play.  .Vre  these  cattle  or 
suiiie,  that  are  being  butchered  for  the  market^  Or 
lias  the  old  Aztec  rite  been  revived  among  these  chris- 
tiaiis:'  No,  it  is  no  mediiuval  or  barbaric  slaughter, 
but  a  nineteenth-century  sacriiice  of  human  beings 
(.11  the  altar  of  liberty!  The  air  is  tliit-k  with  tyranny 
and  blood.  The  stillness  of  an  un[)eoi)Ied  wijrkl  per- 
\ades  the  scene,  there  being  heard  only  the  low-voiced 
rxhortation  of  the  priest,  or  the  cry  of  some  faint- 
luaited  wretch  for  mercy.-''  On  the  28tli  eight 
UK  ire  [lersons,  among  whom  was  tlie  haj)less  Clu)vell, 
met  the  same  fate  in  the  plazuela  in  front  of  the  al- 
hi'iiidiga,  and  on  the  i'oUowing  day  four  more  were 
(luduied  to  die.  IJut  the  gloom  of  des[>air  which  had 
sittl'd  U})on  the  city,  the  s|)iritless  state  of  abjection 
to  which  the  population  had  been  reduced,  and  the 
luivk  surrender  of  every  article  of  use  that  miiiht 
st  rv(j  as  a  weapon  pacifietl  at  last  the  avenger;  and 
ill  tlio  afternoon  the  ringing  of  the  bells  announced 
that  Calleja  had  proclaimed  a  gt-neral  pardon.  Too 
lato,  however,  was  the  mercy  extended  lor  two  of  the 
I'liir  hist  condemiKHl,  who  had  sullered  but  a  lew  niin- 
utis  Ix'lbrc;  the  remaining  two,  in  the  very  act  of 
taking  as  they  su[>})osed  tiieir  last  look  at  earth  and 
!-l.y,  with  the  halters  round  their  necks,  wei'e  allowed 
the  bcnclit  of  the  pardon,  and  I'eleased. 

These  executions  have  been  regarded  by  writers  of 

li'l'siii  t;niii(l('s  batcas,  liasta  (k'seinliaraznr  I'l  liigar  dcaiiiKllusostorlios  jiaia 
s^,:4uir  t.i  lioiiilile  iiiataiiza.'   Crl'!).  X.  Inlrjicud.^ '.\. 

"'  Al.'iman  says:  'Muclios  ni'ioa  liaii  traacfriilu  dos'lo  cntonces,  y  imnca  so 
ha  ipii.li,!,,  il(.>l)ilitar  on  lui  ospiritu  la  prufuuila  iiapiTtiion  (juu  un  Ol  h'uo  U(iUo- 
lliiuoclii;  iluIioiTor.'  7/<*Y.  J/c/.,  ii.  o'J. 


22S  TIIv:  nOYALISTS  RECAl'TURE  tiUA::ArUATO. 

till.'  iiKlupeiuleiit  party  as  acts  of  unniitigatcd  l),i;'- 
barity,  but  I  sdo  little  to  olioobo  between  them  ani 
the  Join'''s  of  the  revolutionists.  If  we  condeiim  tinj 
massacres  (.)f  one,  we  must  those  of  the  other.  Even 
tliouy;h  lliclal_^'o  liL;hts  for  liberty  and  ( 'alleja  for  tyr- 
anny, if  we  are  disposed  to  overlook  the  barbarity  d' 
the  foj'uier  in  letting  loose  his  Indians  on  the  Spaniards, 
we  must  not  expect  otherwise  in  I'cgartl  to  the  lattci 
tliau  that  he  will  retaliate  as  oppcjrtunity  oilers.  }.U  n 
are  so  made.  It  is  idle  to  argue  the  point  on  wlilih 
side  of  tliis  war  the  greatest  cruelty  was  displayol. 
So  far  there  is  not  diiferencc  enough  apjiarent  to  talk 
about;  both  sides  wei'e  about  as  blood-thirsty  as  thi  y 
could  bo. 


The  exteiisiou  of  the  pardon  was  hailed  by  the  pc  )- 
pie  with  demonstrations  «>f  j<»y.  Crawling  forth  iVoai 
their  houses  aixl  hiding-places,  they  crowded  into  tin; 
])laza  in  front  of  the  royal  buildings  in  wliich  Calliji 
had  made  his  abode. ^-     The  rovalist  leader  addrc: 


-SCI  I 


Icni- 


them  fi'oui  the  balconv,  cnlari»in!>'  up'>n  thesfreatc 
encv  wdiicli  had  been  extended  t(j  them  ;  tlu^  sulnnuaLcil 
l)o[)ulace  meanwhile  sending  forth  loud  acclamati'tiis 
«»f  allegiance  to  the  kinu  and  obedience  to  his  •'•eueral. 
]n  reorganizing  t]ieg;)vermnent  of  the  province,  Ca- 
lleja  appointed  Fei'nando  I\  rez  ]\[arauon  intendciite 
ad  interim;-'  he  reinstated  ]\liguel  ^Vrizmende  in  hi- 
otlice  of  alcalde,  from  which  he  had  been  de[)osed  iy 
Hidalgo,  and  caused  a  new  election  for  another  to  Ijc 
lield.  .Vil  otlier  oilices  which  had  become  vacant  were 
pro\isiona]]y  lilled  by  Calleja's  nominees.  1'his  ( 
Calleja   decided   to  maich.  against   Guadalajara, 

"^Giinii.  Pub.   Viml.  Aipmt.,  "jG-T. 

-*Tlie  iipiiiiiuliiicut  of  ^laiaiion,  ajiprovi'd  l)y  the  viceroy,  d'uz.  dc  M  -c, 
ISIO,  i.  1001,  aiiil  the  lii'^li  tciiiis  in  \viiii!i  C'dlk'ja  spcaliH  of  liiui,  led  somw  to 
thiiiU  that  lie  was  in  coinmaniealion  w  itli  \'uncj:as.  Alanian  dofsnat  P'^'tnitli- 
oiunt  MNUou  for  suoii  i.'iinclubidn.  (.'alleja  tlins  rccoiunii'mls  MaraiVm  tn  tlie 
vioiMoy:  'A  mis  imturia.-i  (.ircimstiun-ias  tie  lionraiio/,  liULlidail  y  pali  i'lti-^ims 
iiiju'ga  lii  di' iiliti'ucr  la  aft|p(acii)u  y  lonllanza.  (!<■  csto  insulcnto  yainviilu 


I  lUC, 
allJ 


piR'bl 


T 


icso  r.'x])r('.SNiiin-t  Mix^ni  to  indiciito  that  .MaraiKia  gave  infunuatiuu 


to  Calkjjidf  tlio  uisiugciiU"  opuraiiuun,  a.s  atatod  liy  l>a.>lainai)tc.    CoiisiiU  uoio 
4  of  tills  chai/vcr. 


0. 


CAi.Li'JA's  maxifj:sto. 


•22\) 


;atc(l  l)ar- 
tliL'iu  ami 
i(U;um  tlio 
.^r.  Evi'ii 
ja  for  tyr- 
Lrbarity  of 
"->panianls, 

the  lattei 
jr.s.     3icn 

on  wlilcli 

displayed. 

^'iit  to  talk 

itv  as  they 


)y  tliG  pe  1- 

rortliiVom 

0(1  into  the 

loll  C'allej.i 

^-  adJivs-c'l 

rcatfk'iii- 

ul»juL;aU'(l 

lauiali'iiis 


•ci 

lis  *rcin-'ial, 

IVIUCO,  (  -'<■ 
.ntt.'U<loiiic 
■ndc  in  lil- 
(jposcil  iiV 
ttlicl'  to  1k' 
acaiit  wnc 
This  (I 'lie, 

"lajara,  ;iikI 

I,  Ciz.  <!<■  -1/  ■>■•• 

liiu,  U'tl  Miiii'Mo 

MiUilfinllto  lllC 
y   Iiallioil-IIHS 

J'lito  y  iur>  vi.lo 
|i\c  iiil'unuiiti'.iii 
\    Consult  iioio 


],.'i't  Cuanajuaio  with  all  Iiis  forces  on  the  Olh  of  De- 
(.iiihei',  liavin_n"  pi\.'vionsly  desj)atclied  a  convoy  to 
Mr\l -o  with  the  kin;4's  silver  and  that  of  private  j)er- 
si.iis,  amounting-  in  all  to  six  hundred  bars,  lie  also 
.sL'iit  the  uiaehinerv  and  dies  of  Jlidali-o's  mint,  and, 
as  a  li('[>hy  of  his  victory,  the  heavy  piece  of  artillery 
t.ike'ii  oil  the  cei-ro  del  Cuarte,  which  the  insurgents 
]ia  1  \ainly  named  1^1  defensor  de  la  America.  Witli 
went  most  of  the  princi[)al   families  of 


til) 


cohVo 


y 


(liianajuato,  deemin_L>'  their  future  residence  in  that 
cily  unsafe,  from  tlie  fact  that  no  garrison  or  other 
pi'iitiction  was  left  in  the  place,  except  a  (.•ompany  of 


11 


iruici 
le  liio 


cltlzen^ 


Tl 


us  abantlonmen 


t  of  ( 


uianaiu 


ito  1 


le 


re  wealthy  inhabitants  com[)leted  its  ruin.  Tl 
iiiuitaiity  occasioned  by  war  and  tv})hus  ie-ver,  whieli 
in.:  • !  in  the  city  dui'ing  this  period,  the  de[)arture  of 
L:ii;it    numbers  of   the  populace  with   the  insurg'ent 


aid' 


nd  the  tliirht  of  others,  caused   within  a  I 


e\v 


iiiniilhs  a  de[)o[iulation  amounting  to  over  2.'), 000. 
Tlh-  iiiiniii'>'  and  agricultural  industries  were  for  veais 
li.  \i  to  nothinu',  and  stillness  and  stai>:nati^kn  reiLi'ned 


lii  tiie  once  uusv  and  thrivni''"  < 


•ity 


3) 


At  Sil  0,  a  town  live  leagues  from  Guanajuato, 
Calleja  lialted  his  army  for  sevei-al  days.  While  at 
this  plact',  on  the  I'Jth  of  Decembe)',  with  the  object 
I  r  jiieventing  further  atrocities,  he  [)ublished  a  singu- 
larcillet.  After  exhorting  all  to  unite;  with  theauthor- 
iLii,'s,clei'gy,and  honest  ciLi/.c;is  in  })reservlng  the  peace, 
li'.' (K-elared  that  in  every  town  in  which  sohliers,  ser- 
vants (if  the  government,  munici[)al  and  other  author- 
I'-^ifs,  rv  honest  citizens,  whether  creole  or  I'ku'opean, 
.-iMu!  1  be  assassinated,  four  of  tlio  inhabitants,  with- 
out distinction  of  person,  should  be  stdected  by  1  it 
f'l' iMi  !i  man  nuu'dere(',  and  without  further  foi'nial- 


ut  to  death. ^^      It  was  but  an  idle  threat,  how- 
attemi)t  being  made  to  carrv  it  out.     Fr mi 


■Vt'l',   lin 


""/.''■•a/'*,  A<li,\  II  Hrrfiih'..  177. 
•"(Ac.  ,/,.  M.x.,  isiO,  i'.  10(33. 


2?,0 


THE  ROYALISTS  RECAPTURE  GUANAJUATO. 


Silai),  Calleja  advanced  to  Loon,  and  proceeded  ly 
way  of  Lagos  toward  Guadalajara. 

Except  that  Hidalgo  was  at  Cclaj^a  on  the  lOtlmf 
Novcinbur,  nothhig  is  known  of  his  movements  al'tci' 
the  llight  from  Aculco  until  we  Ihid  him  at  Valladoliil, 
where  he  ai'rived  on  the   14th  or  15th  of  the  same 
month.^-^     On  the  14th  he  received  intelligence  of  the 
late   successes  of  Torres.      The    importance    of  this 
news,  and  the  disagreements  which  had  arisen  bctwo(  ii 
Tori'es   and   the  otlier  insurgent  leaders,  relative  to 
l)riority  of  command,  were  undoubtedly  the   reasons 
Vvliich  induced  IlidalLTo  to  abandon  the  arranixenjeiits 
made  with  Allende.      During  the  few  days  that  lie 
remained  in  Valladolid,  he  published  his  rejtly  to  the 
citation   of  the    inquisition    already   mentioned,   and 
issued  a  proclamation  exhorting  sons  of  the  soil  to 
desert  the  European  cause  and  take  ])art  with  the 
independents.''^     On  the   17th  he  left  Valladolid  I'of 
Guadalajara.     Jlut  before  his  departure  he  issuetl  or- 
ders which  show  how  far  the  gentle  priest  was  car- 
ried away  by  the  spirit  of  his  purpose.     The  royalists 
had  glutted  their   vengeance;  it  was  now  his  tiiin. 
At  dead  of  night  on  the  l^jth  of  November,  foity  of 
the  European  jirisoners,  who  were  told  that  they  wci'e 
to  be  sent  to  Guanajuato,  were  marched  to  the  har- 
rancade  las  Bateas,  three  leagues  from  Valladolid,'"'  ami 
after  being  butchered,  their  stripped  bodies  were  cast 
into  the  dej)ths,  and  left  as  food  for  beasts  and  birds 
of  ])rey.     On  the   18th  another  band  of  victims  was 
under  similar  circumstances  conducted   to  the  ceiro 
del  ]Molcajete,  and  there  met  with  the  same  fato."^ 

«■-'  X'tprt",  M<:v.  SU,!o  XfX.,  ii.  30(5. 

•'^'Si  (jui^rcis  yiT  fclicos,  dcscrtjul  ilo  las  tropns  do  loa  curopcos,  y  vcnM  :1 
uiiiros  con  iiosutros;  (lejinl  (jiie  se  (lufu'iuliiii  suloa  los  iiltniniiiiinos  y  vcai^ 
c'sto  ;u:al);nlo  ill  uii  dia.'  XnjnU',  Mcc.  Si'jln  A' /A'.,  ii.  'J.">!). 

^'Tlii.i  harraiK'.'i  w;is  in  tlic  gapiir,'  crater  of  an  extinct  voIcjum).  It  vy;i3 
also  called  'ccrnt  iicloii,'  bccinso  destitute  of  trees.  In  tliat  en  intry  lulls 
reft  with  the  cavity  uf  an  I'xtiiict  voloauio  crater  were  called  cerro  dj  la  liati.':i, 
or  cerro  del  Molcajete.    AldHKltl,  Jf/xt.  Ml}.,  ii.  40. 

•'' Aec;irdiiig  to  Aiainan,  11  Europeans  Mere  massacred  on  this  occasioii. 
Anioiic.'  tlic  tlrst  victiiiid  was  the  asesor  and  actin.''  intendeiite  .Jose'  AK'iwJ 


TRIUMniAL  MARCH  OF  HIDALGO.  231 

Xotwitlistaiidiiig  late  reverses,  Ilidali^'o  was  on- 
tliLisiastically  received  wherever  lie  went.  The  liope 
{'.['  Rhertv,  once  having  heen  liarbored  in  the  breasts 
of  the  |)eo[)le,  coidd  never  be  rehnfjuisht'd.  ''Phe 
march  to  Guadalajara  was  triuini)hal;  aiul  at  every 
t'lwii  the  ])e()i)lc  sallied  forth  to  welcome  the  apostlo 
of  independence  and  do  him  honor.  At  Zamora, 
s;ilcmn  mass  was  held,  thankso'ivings  were  ofl'ered,  and 
C(>!itril)utions  poured  into  his  coil'ur.  J)urinL!;  the  few 
(lays  he  remained  in  Valladolid  he  displayed  a  won- 


der! ui  ener;4y 


].^esides  the  writiui*-  he  had  to  do,  and 


t!i('  [tnlitical  matters  to  r(\ivulate,  he  organized  a  force 
,000  cavalry  and  250  inl'antry,  with  several  pieces 


i>i  / 


cain 


irtillery.  With  these  troops  he  a])proached  the 
t;il  of  Xueva  Galicia.  On  the  24th  of  Xoveniber 
lie  arrived  at  the  hacienda  of  Atcfjuiza,  a  few  leagues 
IVuni  the  city.  Here  all  the  authorities,  nuinici])al 
corporations,  and  distinguished  citizens  had  made 
[ire[)arations  to  meet  him.  These,  in  twenty-two 
cirriages,  arrived  at  the  hacienda,  and  a  duly  ap- 
Y  '\\\i'-d  couunissiun  offered  him  (.-ongratulations,  j)laced 
till  Nueva  Galicia  at  his  disposal,  and  invited  him  ^o 


II  this  oow>io'.i. 


(liti  iicz  (Ic  IVmn,  who  displayed  grout  fortitude.  /(/.,  41.     lliilfd^'o  statos 
tliiit  the  total  iiniiihcr  was  about  (JO.    //mi.  >/  Jjiivulo",  <'ol.  Dor.,  i.  14.     'Jiio 


tivo  nuMi  uiiiUt  whose  coiumaiul  the  orders 


were  execu 


ted 


Mi 
V 


el  Ml 
tthe  Luciano 


It 


jitiiiu  of  tiio  provincial  infantry  regiment  of  Valladolid, 
'avarrcte,  who  ac(iuiredan  infamous  notoriety  for  his  eruelly.   /</.,   i.  S'.iU. 


was  an  ceolesias 


tic  als 


made  out  the  death  lists,  and  thereliy  ohta 


d 


tlie  name  of  I'adrc  ('hocolato,  heeause  ho  said  the  victims  werejioin''  to  take 


chouola 


to  that  night.     The  inteudeiite  Ansorena,  it  is  asserted  liy  Ala 


wlio  framed  Ins  m 


ifc 


ition  from  Jliieio  X'aldoviuns,  eonducted  the  nrrau''e- 


iiiout  for  the  departure  and  execution  of  the  twi 


o  oodles  o 


f  S 


■<ls 


in  //('.-/.  J/'./.,  ii.  ap.     Alanian's  statements  were  rt'iilied  to  liythe.-ou 


I'f  Ansorena,  tlio  licentiate  J( 


ose  L""'i'-i"  '!<-' 


.\i 


In  tl 


lis  iianiiili 


llet, 


imhlidied  in  l.S.'iO,  he  defends  his  father's  memory  hy  m:iint:iiiiini;  tiiat  he  was 
i'a.iiant  of  tlicj  jiiirivise  for  which  the  |irisiiiiors  were  removed.     ]le  assails 

acerbity,  Init  his  arguments  amount  to  .'^imple 
the   proiluction   of   any   evidence.    Aiii^or.  iin. 


Vald 


Mil 

l)')|v~oii; 

Jhh  ,l.s 

ilciiee,  but  hardly  to  more  ellect  than  tliat  the  ]iiipnlar  opinion  was  that  An- 

S'lrcui  was  fully  implicated.    Valdnrhin^,   (', 


lilovuios  witli  some 
il  statements   without 
ith 


us  met  with  a  retort  from  \  aldnviiins,  who  proiluces  sumc  e\  i 


/.,   pp. 


Tl 


lis  ]iroviiUed  a 


scciiinl  paiiirhlet,  written  by  .Tosc  Mariano  Ansorena;  and  with  it  the  tedious 


iiiid  iuronclusive  controversy  ends.  Aii^oriiin,  L 


•V 


st(t.      X 


Isegrete  points (nit 


the  eniiiradicti(uis  observable  betwi'eu  Alaman's  account  and  that  of  N'aldo- 
vraos,  and  liulieves  that  the  but<  heries  were  committed  on  oiioday,  ortwoeou- 
soitivc  days,  the  ITtli  and  ISth,  and  that  llidali^'o  was  not  in  Valladolid  at 
til.-  u;ac.  .ilcv.Si^.  XIX.,  ii.  -JTL 


m 
1 1 


232 


THE  ROYALISTS  RECAPTURi:  GUANAJUATO. 


tlio  capital.  TIiciici'  ]]c  proceeded  to  Sail  Petlro 
Aiialco,  al)out  a  league  IVoiii  (Juadalajara,  and  Ava.s 
e!iti;rtaiiied  with  a  snin])tii<)U.s  dinner.  His  entry  into 
the  city  was  ariangx'd  to  take  place  on  the  2Gth,  and 
thejoyi'ul  deinon.strations  and  formal  ex]iression.s  of 
lioiior  on  that  occasion  soothed  his  greatly  harassid 
mind  and  revived  his  hopes.  Had  he  heen  a  crowned 
monarch,  his  reception  could  not  have  Ix.'cn  more 
Ijriiiiant.  The  streets,  crowded  with  the  inhahitants, 
were  adorned  with  hangings  and  devices  of  hri^ht 


\V(I 


colors;  the  troops  of  Torres  were  drawn  up  in  t 
loiii*;  lines  reachiiv^'  to  the  i>'ateway  of  the  cathedral. 
ill  the  atrium  of  which  was  stationed  the  hattalion  of 
proxincial  infantry  to  salute  the  chief  with  militaiy 
1 


lonors. 


As  the  cortege  entered  the  city  and  passed  al 


oil'. 


the  d( 


li 


ensc  lines  or  [)eople  on  eitlier  si 


1( 


ith 


le.  f 


rom  tlioii 


sail 


Is  of 


voices   raiiLT   tlie   wcicomm'jf  \  iva !  mm 


k 


^' 


•led 


willi  salvoes  of  artillery,  the  reports  of  soaring  roi'k- 
ets,  and    the  silvery  sound   of  bells   and    soil: -ton. mI 


marimbas 


At  the  d(M)r  of  the  cathedral  ai 


1   altar 


had  been  j)laced,  beside  which  stood  Dean  ICscairluii 
in  caiHMiical  robes  to  ])resent  lIidal!>'o  with  holv  ^va.tl•l■. 

J.  O  V 

This  ceremonv  beinL*'  i)erformed,  accomiianied  by  maiiv 
of  the  chapter,  the  rev(»lutionary  leader  proceeded  to 
the  presbytery,  wlicre  a  soh'mn  te  dcum  was  chant' 'd. 
Thence  he  went  in  stale  t(»  the  palace,  and  in  the 
grand  saloon,  beneath  a  richly  ornamented  dorsd.  ic- 
ceived  the  authorities,  civil  corporations,  and  eccles'.- 
astical  communities.^' 

Hidalgo,  tlius  inst:dled,  proceeded  to  decide  exist- 


ing cniicrences  between  tlie  military  leaders,  ami  tn 
organizt>  a  formal  goxernment.  The  hrst  having  b 'cii 
arranged,  he  ap[)oiiited  two  ministers  to  take  charge 


""For  a  (losciiption  of  ^h'\•^  imisiL'til  iiistrnincut,  sec  my  Xnfirc  7,''"' ■■,  i. 
(i(!4.  I'o  (Icfiay  tlic  cxihuscs  (if  JluUiliid"^  rccjciitinn,  tlionyuntiiuiii'tito  aii'io- 
priiitt'il  1,'KK)  jHsos  of  tliu  fniulo  do  I'lopids.  Tins  suiii  the  lo^iJuns  ^^■^•l•o 
cuinpelled  liy  Culleja  to  rifiiiul.    Il< niniiil<~  ;/  Diivulos,  Cut.  L>oc.,  ii.  I'.'--'.'. 

"'  JJcniciiidcz  1/  iJdvuloK,  Vol.  J>or.,  i.  l'j;.{-i. 


IGXACIO  LOI']:Z  RAYOX. 


r»no 


f  j)ul)lie  afFairs,  Jos6  ^>ldvia  Cliico,"'' witii  tliu  title  of" 


iiiiiii 


ister    or    grace    and  justieo,   and 


d    I: 


.niaoio 


L 


(.) 


puz 

riavmi,  ^vit]l  that  f)f  secretary  general.^''' 

Igiiacio  Lopez  llayoii,  who  becaino  a  jnomiiicnt 
revohiitioiiarv  ueiicral  at  a  later  date,  was  Ijorii  at  the 
iiiiniiig"  town  ot"  Tlalpujahua,  ^liehoacau,  in  the  year 
177:'..  At  an  early  age  he  dis[)layed  a  .stuchous  tnrn 
of  mind,  and  his  parents,  who  were  in  moderate  cir 


■iuii>t; 


nci 


\\ 


ere  enabled    to  cultivate  his  taste   for 


liarning.  His  early  education  he  received  at  the 
cnllcge  of  A'alladolid,  where  he  concluded  a  course  of 
pliilosophy.  He  thence  removed  to  the  college  of 
San  Ildefonso  in  ]\[exico  city,  where  he  studied  juris- 
iiruilence  and  took  his  lawyer's  degree.  Having  sue- 
(•essfully  [)ra(;tised  his  profession  for  some  time  in  the 
r;H)ital,  the  d(>ath  of  hisl'ather  recalled  him  home;  he 
IIku  devoted  himself  to  nuningo])erations.  In  August 
is  10  hi.'  betrothed  ]\Iaria  Ana  ^lartincz  do  Ituli'o,  a 
isKMiiher  of  one  of  the  [)riiici|)al  families  in  that  dis- 

e  province  in  Octo- 


iilct.     "When  Hidalgo  entered  th 


l.cT  1P10,  Pta 


layon  espoused   tne  rcvoUiti 


I   th 


)luti 


onar 


y 


causi 


;ii)il  on  the  24th  issued  a  jiroclamation  in  Tlalpujahua, 
inviting  Americans  to  join  the  just  and  holy  enter- 
]'fise'.*"  Ai'ter  the  first  evcuits  at  Guanajuato  and 
A'all;idoli;l,  he   proposed   to   Hidalgo  a  ]»lan  Ibr  the 


L 


Hi 


IS  puroose 


puri 


had  be 


aveulanee  oi  sumlar  excesses 

I'nir  this  been  reported  to  Venegas,  and  a  detach- 
iii>jit  of  soldiers  was  sent  to  arrest  him,  but  he  esea[)ed 
as  ihcv  came  in  si'>'ht.  Ilivlali-'o  was  at  this  time  at 
^.laravatio,  at  no  considerable  distance  from  Tlalpu- 
jaluia,  and  Ilayon  inunediately  rejKiired  thither,  openly 
j'liiird  his  standard,  and  was  a[»[)oiuted  his  secretary- 
iu-ehief.     He  accompanied  Hidalgo  to  the  monie  do 


lluAvas  also  iiuule  prosiilont  <if  tl 


vas  a  iiiitivo  of  (i 
I'Tti  I'uf  tliu  rc'voluti 


lie  am  I  unci;!  n 


f  C 


uailalaJMra.     C'liiro 


^'Ji 


iti),  liid  father,  altIioU''li  a  Jiiuropean.  bcjiu''  a  sii 


ill 


U'o  laailo  liiiu  las  sfcv 


iiiil  was  aecuiiil 


iiit'il  l.y  liini  from  Guanajuato  all  Ihvougli  the  campaign.  Alaman,  Jiinl.  Mtj. 


11.  Sl-i.'. 


Sceretavio  do  estado  y  del  <losp:icln,i,  lo  (jUc  puit'cc  ijuu  lo  daha  las  fauul- 


taJc-!  ili>  nil  iiiinistr 


o  univcvsa 


i»,; 


V  11 


ik  .Vex.,  ISll,  li.  103. 


234 


TilK  LOYALISTS  RECAPTURE  GUANAJUATO. 


Las  Cruces,  Aculoci,  and  in  tlio  reniainder  of  his  move- 
ments to  Guadalajara." 

Hidalgo's  object  was  to  establish  a  national  inde- 
pendent government;  and  besides  the  appointment  (if 
ministers  of  state,  he  reorganized  the  audiencia  by  tin; 
appointment  of  oidores/-  and  nominated  Pascasio  Lr- 
t(jna  as  envoy  plenipotentiary  to  the  United  States, 
vvitli  the  object  of  making,  if  possible,  a  treaty  of 
alliance  and  conunerce  with  that  republic.^^  J  Jut 
these  efforts  were  doomed  to  i'ailure.  The  nnfor- 
tunate  Letona,  having  proceeded  on  his  journey  as 
far  as  M(dango  in  la  Huasteca,  Vera  Cruz,  excited 
suspicion  by  trying  to  change  a  gold  ounce,  and  was 
arrested,  llis  baggage  was  examined,  his  credentials 
as  a  revolutionary  andiassador  were  discovered  se- 
creted in  his  saddle,  anil  the  justice  of  the  town  sent 
him  with  his  papers  to  ^lexico.  Letona,  well  knov»- 
ing  tlie  fate  awaiting  him,  took  poison  before  arriv- 
ing at  the  capital,  and  was  buried  at  Guadalupe.  It 
was  indeed  dangerous  to  serve  ^Mexico  at  this  junctui'c 

While  Hidalgo  remained  in  Guadalajara  he  issued 
several  edicts  which  he  deemed  essential  to  the  causr. 
He  proclaimed  the  emanci])ation  of  slaves,  the  i-esfora- 
tion  of  their  lands  to  the  Indians,**  and  prohibitr.l 
pillage  and  all  excess  on  the  part  of  his  foUoweis'"' — 
all  wise  and  humane  measures,  and  proving  that  lie 
<hd  not  delight  in  robbery  and  murder,  as  his  ene- 
mies have  charged. 


ill       ^^ 

i; 


*^C!iiUo,  Horn.  Hunt.  Mrx.,  iii.  ;50,5-8;  Bxi'tiimuiitr,  Cuad.  ni<t.,  i.  110  7. 

^'•'Tlio  WW  jindieiK'iii  was  composed  of  Cliico,  president,  and  .lose  l;^ij,i(-ii> 
Ortiz  <lo  Salinas,  T'cdro  Alcantara  dc  Avciulafu),  Fiancisco  Solorzuno,  :.iiil 
Ignacio  INIcstas,  oidorcs.  Zirvaro,  Mem.  J<\r.  Mix:,  1 7-. 

*^A  copy  of  Letona's  credentials  dated  Dee.  i:i,  IfilO,  can  1)0  fouml  ia 
limlamutte,  Cinii/iarids  de  CuHijo,  7!I-^>1,  and  in  many  otiier  works.  Ta^- 
casio  Ortiz  do  I/jtona  Mas  a  native  of  (iiiatcniala,  and  was  a  devoted  stmli  nt  'f 
tlio  natural  sciences,  especially  of  hotany.  lie  waa  residini^  in  Guadaliii:u;i 
p.s  pn)ti;jv5  (jf  the  royal  oliicial  Salvador  Jiatres,  and  was  made  a  niaiisc.d  Jo 
campo  by  Hidalgo.  Ahuiian,  //int.  J/ij.,u.  S',1. 

^'Already  mentioned  ia  chap,  v.,  tins  volunio. 

^^In  this  proclamation  ho  points  out  that  these  rohlierios  wore  carrii  il  on 
without  discrimination,  t'.ie  property  of  Americans,  'ni's  amados  ainoi.  .•in".s' 
]>v\'.\<j:  frequently  appropriated.  Copy  <jf  document  ill  Ac<jnl< ,  Mix.  Snj.  X/X., 
ii.  o'M;  Mcx.  livfut.  Art.  d<:  I'o)ido,'-2o-0. 


III 


THE  PRIXTING-PRESS. 


2.15 


Tlio  possession  of  Guadalajara  siipiillud  Ilidaln'o 
Mitli  a  pownriul  iiieans  of  advanciiiLj  the  cause  of  the 
icvolution  by  extcndiiijr  moru  \videly  and  generally 
the  i)riiu'iple.s  upon  wliieli  it  was  based,  and  by  plac- 
ing- within  reach  of  the  reading  j)ublic  his  rei»lies  to 
pioclauiatious  of  the  royalists,  and  his  refutations  of 
nKacks  upon  hinis^'lf.  For  there  was  in  this  city 
a  ])riiitiiig-prcss.  When  the  revolution  broke  out 
tlieie  were  but  few  printing-presses  in  all  New  Spain, 
one  at  each  of  the  cities  of  ^lexico,  Puebla,  Guadala- 
jaia,  and  Vera  Cruz;'"  and  all  being  under  the  control 
(if  the  goverinnent,  Vaq  independents  not  only  found 
great  ditliculty  in  iiublishing  accounts  of  their  opera- 
tiiius,  but  were  also  unable  to  contradict  false  repre- 
sentations, issue  appeals,  or  counteract  the  exhorta- 
tions to  loyalty  widely  si)read  by  A\^negas.  This 
obstacle  was  now  removed,  and  Hitlalgo  established  a 
periodical  which  he  called  the  Dcspcrtailor  Americano, 
aiid  caused  it  widely  to  be  circulated, ^'^  Ive})lics  to 
numerous  proclamations,  pamphlets,  and  other  })apers 
t'.iiit  had  been  issued  by  the  opposite  party  were  now 
]i:iblishcd,  and  among  them  Hidalgo's  memorable  one 
t  )  the  citation  of  the  inquisition  which  he  had  lately 
penned  in  A'alladolid."*^ 

All  tlie  while  his  attention  was  closely  given  tomili- 
tuT  prc[)arations.  The  arsenal  at  San  IJlas  supplied 
l.iiii  with  cannon  and  nunntions  of  war,  and  he  caused 
II)  less  than  fcn'ty-finu'  jiieces  of  artillery  to  be  trans- 
p;)rted  thence  with  incredible  labor  over  a  most  diffi- 
I  lilt  road  to  Guadalajara.  He  ordered  a  large  num- 
li  i-  of  men  to  be  recruited;  and  to  8Ui)ply  the  want  (»f 
j'.io-arms,  quantities  of  grenades  and  iron-pointed  rock- 


■'"Tho  one  at  Vera  Cruz  was  worked  l)iit  a  sliort  time.  Busfamante,  Cnad. 
Jii'-I.,  i.,  iii.  picfaec. 

*■  A  eiipy  of  tlio  llrst  number  is  given  in  Ifcriiandez  y  Duvalo-,  Vvi.  .Oot  , 
ii.  :ill!)-l'_>.     It  was  issned  on  the  'JOtli  of  Dec.  ISIO. 

"  Jli'lulgoiitatesiuhia  depc-'Hon  taken  at  his  trial  that  only  two  manifests 
1  ;!  lislic-d  in  tlio  J>isjif  rlmlur  Aimricano  were  wiitten  liy  liini,  the  rejily  mcn- 
ii'  i;id  in  the  text  and  anotiier  'euyo  ohjeto  cs  pruliiir  <|Uo  el  Americano  d(  ho 
j.'>:.i  ru;ir.-o  por  Americano,  aai  eunio  tl  Aleniiin  por  Alenian,'  etc.  Ihriaui- 
d'-~  !/  JJuvututi,  Col.  Doc,  i.  1-'. 


230 


THE  ROYALISTS  RFXAPTURE  GUANAJrATO. 


ots  wvvr.  iiianufactuivd.  Every  pr(}[)ai'ation  to  iiiccf 
Callcja  in  Hki  Hold  was  energetically  made;  but  tlieio 
Avas  still  l.icldiii^  the  one  great  element  of  success,  dis- 
cipline. While  the  lather-patriot  is  here  striving  in 
strengthen  hiniseU'as  best  he  is  able  with  poor  oilicci-; 
and  worse  soldieis,  let  us  glauco  at  the  progress  ef 
the  revolution  in  other  parts. 


CHAPTER  X. 


SPREAD  OF  THE  REVOLUTION  AND  BATTLE  OF  CALDEROX. 

lSlO-1811. 

Hi:i:mi>>im.'i's  Ori-.nATioNs  ix  Stxaloa— SrccESSEs  at  Ro." akio — IThDkfi'at 

AT  San  IgXACIO— SritKAI)  of  THK  liKVcd.rTKlN  IN  iS'l  KVO  )SaNTANI)1;I!, — 
L'ciAliriLAAMiXrKVO  I,h.(iN  RkVUI.T  -\'ll,l,A(lliAS"s  DiiINCS— I!l(HiUAl•^V 
01•  ClilZ  — I'l.AN    (IF  CaI.I.E.JA — 'J'LJirLT    IN    \'aLI.  AliiiLI  D— ('lHV,    F.NH.IIS 

VallaimiLII) — 11k    Ri:uuiiANizF..s   tiik   (Iuvkkn.mkni— Emimm^mknt  at 

UllKI'KTUU) — Al-I.FNliE  .IdlNS  If  ll)Al.i;0  AT  (it*  AHAl.A.I  AHA — A  (  'orNCII,  (IF 

Wai; — nii)AL(!0  Takes  ri-  a  I'usitidn'  at  tmk  ]!i:ii>iiK  of  ('ai.kfuon — 
I'l.AN  (IF  ]5attle-fiei.i> — Cai-ifja's  ])isi'(,sm')Ns — Fi.(in"s  I.mi'f.tcdsity 
-—The  Revolltkinists  Neaulv  Tiuiju'IIant — Their  Final,  Defeat — 
Death  uf  Fl(.i.\-  Ihs  ('iiauacteii. 

Ox  r(_cvivinL>'  iiitelliu^cnco  of  tlio  occupation  of  Gua- 
najuato by  Calleja,  Voiiogas  regarded  the  suppression 
I't'  tlio  insurrection  as  almost  acconn)lislied/  v.  lien  in 
loalilj  it  was  more  \videl3'  spread  tlian  ever.  Wo 
luive  seen  how  complctel}'  the  provinces  of  Xueva 
(ialicia,  Zacatecas,  and  San  Iaus  Potosi  were  now  in 
iIk:  power  of  the  independents;  and  it  was  not  likely 
lliat  tli(\y  would  relax  their  efl'orts  at  this  juncture. 
An  (>xpedition  into  the  provinces  <^)fSinaloa  and  Sonora 
was  [)Ianned  by  Gomez  Portugal,  a!id  ]>!aced  under 
the  command  of  Jose  jNlaria  Gonzalc'z  ][eriiiosillo, 
accompanied  by  the  dominican  father,  Francisco  do 
Ii    l\ura,  in  the  character  of  director  and  adviser." 

'Ill  a  letter  to  Calleja,  diitcil  Dec.  10,  ISIO,  in  rojily  to  tlin  liritrailier's 
I'l'iliust  that  a  medal  iiiiglit  lie  presented  to  iiis  soldiers,  the  vieeroy,  siieaking 
(if  till  ir  toil,  nays:  'Cuntouiplo  pri'iximo  el  tin  y  la  eoronaeion  dedhis,  yen 
lisjiocos  dias  (jiiu  ])r(jl);il)lenieiite  se  t'l'iiiinaran,  so  arrei^lan'ui  eon  aiiuella  dc- 
teiieidii  (|iu;  liace  apieeiahle.s  los  pieniio.s,  los  (pie  debaii  eoncedeisc. '  Uuxfa- 
imi.it,  (.'iiiiil.  Hist.,  i.  lis. 

''  I'jirra  rendered  the  revolutionary  cause  great  assistance.  The  charge  of 
tliL'  1  riming-press  was  iiiliiisted  to  him  b"  llidalLio,  and  its  expenses  were 

( 2^" ) 


sns 


SrilKAD  OF  TIIK  REVOLUTIOX. 


It,  set  out  witli  a  force  of  about  2,500  lucii,  and  .ii-- 
lived  at  Tcpic  on  the  1  Itli  of  JJcceniber,  where  it  was 
.still  fui'ther  auifnicntcd  by  volunteers. 

On  th(i  I5th  lEerniosillo  reached  Acaponeta,  tin; 
boi'der  town,  distant  115  leaj^nies  from  GuadaLi- 
iara;  and  on  the  18th  en'jjaLjed  witli  Colonel  i'edin 
Villaescusa,  who  was  in  connnand  of  the  troo[),s  at  tin; 
I'eal  del  llosario.  The  royalists  were  defeated,  and 
the  town  remained  in  possession  of  the  independents.' 
Hermo^illo  gave  Villaescusa  a  letttM"  of  safe-conduct 
to  rejoin  his  family,  exacting  from  him  an  oath  not  to 
take  U[)  arms  against  the  independents.  Villaescusa, 
takinn'  advantaiije  of  this  clemencv,  retired  from  the 
tt)wn  with  more  than  seventy  of  his  troops,  and  ha\- 
ing  recruited  on  his  march  all  whom  he  could  induce 
to  join  the  royalist  cause,  reached  San  Ignacio  de  I'i- 
astla,  lie  now  sent  information  to  the  intendeiite  of 
Sinaloa,  Alejo  Garcia  Cond(!,  who  vcsided  at  Ariz[)'_', 
and  who  hastened  to  his  aid  with  a  com])any  of  Ind- 
ians.* ^reanwhilc  llermosillo  entered  San  Sebastian 
on  the  27th  of  December  without  o[)position,  ha\  ing 
been  previously  joined  by  the  garrison  of  ^Mazatlaii. 
llis  ai'my  now  numbered  nearly  5,000  nu'ii,^  and  on 
the  20th  he  took  up  a  position  on  an  eminence  whicli 
conunanded  the  town  of  San  Ignacio  de  Piastla,  a 
considerable    river    intervenin<j:.       ^Misfortune    here 


ttMiiiKirarily  ilofrayod  hy  hiin.  Hidalgo  appointcil  liini  n»  leailer  cif  tlie  cxpc- 
diliiiii,  w  itli  tlicriinU  of  hrigatlicr,  Ifcrinosillo  lieiug  iKiuiiiially  the  I'omuiaii  Ici', 
lis  I'aiT:)  i)ic1  not  wish  tlii.s  apiiointiiK'nt  to  I'O  made  puWie,  it  not  IjoIiil;  in 
<'oiiforinity  witli  liis  position  as  a  friar.  JJcrnainlez  y  lJdV(do-<,  Vol.  l-)v.,\. 
37!). 

'I'adrc  Parra  relates  that  the  aleabnlcro,  a  European,  had  made  a  linal 
Imt  unsutx'c.ssfiil  stand  with  a  piece  of  artillery  and  been  slain,  'y  \m:\. 
saeiar  mas  los  indius  sii  corage,  al  Europeo  artillero  lo  eortan  los  geuitali-', 
fjiie  pemlientca  do  una  cuerda  los  paseaban  por  toda  la  publaeion.  lo  (pie  iii- 
i'lindio  tanto  terror  a  aquellos  habitantes,  y  a  los  soldado.i  ixalista.'S  (pic  (ii 
un  iiiomento  qiiedaiTOi  las  callcs  liinpias  de  toda  geiite  eucmiga.'  Ih  riKdnl'  - .'/ 
ViU'iiloK,  Col.  J)oi\,  i.  .ISO.  Hidalgo  promoted  Jlermosillo  ti)  the  rank  "i 
colonel  for  this  victory,  and  promised  him  a  brigadiership  if  he  captiiiLi 
C'osalii.  Jd.,  24- '28. 

*  'Con  refncrso  de  cuatrocicntos  indios  Opatas  de  caballeria  armados  ile 
fusil,  lanza,  rodela  y  pistolas,  y  un  canon  dc  a  seis,'  /(/. ,  ','iS2. 

^  '  So  contaron  4, 1'Jo  infantes,  470  caballoa,  {100  fusilen,  algunas  cscopetas  y 
carabinas.  200  pares  do  pistolas  y  muclio  luuncro  do  lanzas.  .  .se  condugeioa 
tanibim  los  scis  cauoiics  quo  so  Ic  quitaron  a  Villaescusa.'  Id.,  SSI. 


nKVOLUTIOXAIlY  SUCCM-iSKS. 


239 


awaited  tlio  iiisuri^ent  chief.  On  tin;  2(1  of  Jaimnrv, 
1811,  Pu'lro  l*:u-ni,  liaviiiL,'  discovered  a  lui'd,  wliilo 
crossing  it  in  C()in[)any  wjtii  live  soldiers  was  taken 
prisoner."  On  the  8th  HerniosilK.,  af'tor  (oi-dinu^  <ho 
ilvei',  lell  into  the  liands  ol'  400  royahsts  seci-eted  in 
the  hrnsh  on  either  side  of  his  ]in(!  of  inai-cli.  So 
(leailly  was  the  lire  opened  iij)oii  him,  that  ia  less  than 
ti'n  niinnti's  more  than  .'500  ol"  the  insiiri^^ents  woru 
slain,  and  tlie  rest  fled  j)anic-stricken.  Ilerniosillo  lost 
all  his  cannon,  bng;^ago,  and  munitions  of  war,  and 
the  expedition  so  successfully  begun  was  thus  sud- 
denly ended.' 

]»nt  in  another  direction  success  attended  the  revo- 
hiiioii.  In  the  eastern  provinces  it  spi-ead  with  I'a- 
])idlty.  After  San  Luis  Potosi  had  thrown  off  the 
V'lke,  the  neighhoring  distiict  of  Xuevo  SantandiT 
was  awakened  by  the  spirit  of  independence.  The 
governor,  Lieutenant-eoh)nel  Mauuel  de  Jturbe,^ 
was  compelled  to  retreat  to  Altamira  by  the  revolt  of 
ti'oops  which  he  had  raised  under  the  same  delusive 
cKitectation  induh'-ed  in  by  Abarca  and  lleiulon.  The 
country  was  now  overrun  by  revolutionists.  Span- 
iards were  dragged  from  their  homes  and  cast  into 
(hui'jceons  from  which  the  ^■ilest  criminals  had  been 
released;  their  wealth  was  appropriated  and  their  [)rop- 
ei  ty  destroyed.     The  mines  were  deserted  and  enter- 

'One  of  tlio  so'.duT.s  was  kilk'd,  tlic  other  four  escaped.  Padro  I'arra 
WLiit  llu'oii;,'li  great  liardsliips.  Hi;  was  afterward  sent  to  Diiran^i)  and  do- 
livoreil  tu  tlie  nsesor  I'iuilla  IVre/,  wlio  'liaUia  jurado  lu)  dejaren  este  siielo 
gota  lie  saii^^'re  Americano.'  /'/.,  oS;!.  i'ai-ra,  knuwiugiliat  lie  had  little  liniio 
of  hfe,  eontiiyed  to  escape,  'coutrahaciendo  en  el  pasnporto  (juc  liiigio  lalirma 
de  lliiiiavia.'  //*.     Ijonavia  was  tho  iutendcnto  of  IJuiango. 

'This  account  of  the  Sinaloa  expedition  is  taki'u  fioni  the  iwn-rative  of 
I'arra,  in  Iliniuinhz  >/  JhiruloK,  Cut.  hnr.,  i.  ,'}7S  s;?,  and  gi\cn  in  liiicf  hy 
liiustamante,  in  Ciiad.  ///.^■^,  i.  17(5-81,  an<l  in  (''i)ii/iai'fi-<  dr  Cn/lijii,  (J'J-S. 
The  oiigiiial  document  hehmged  to  IJustamantc,  and  Jlernandez  y  hiivalos  is 
iniUhtcd  for  it  to  Jose  Maria  Andrade.  Al.iinan  is  inclined  to  di^cicdit  Ihis- 
tiniiaute"s  account  relative  to  the  dishonorahlo  action  of  N'illaescusa.  ///.</. 
J/(/.,  ii.  !):>.  ]5ut  the  statements  of  I'arra  copied  hy  JSiistainante  are  ci)rro''o- 
rated  hy  another  document,  a  despatch  Mritten  hy  Jose  Lopez,  an  oliicor 
uudtr  Ilerniosillo,  and  who  makes  the  same  statements,  //i  nniiih'iz  y  huni- 
/o.s',  CoJ.  JJoc,  i.  o7(J-7.  The  total  dispersion  of  Hennosillo's  army  may  ho 
patluied  from  Vnz.  dc  Mex.,  1811,  ii.  17.'{-t.  Ncgrete  omits  all  njention  of 
Hermosillo's  defeat.    Mcx.  Si;/.  XIX.,  iii.  82-3. 

^  This  oflieer  married  a  sister  of  the  historian  Alaman.   Ilist.  Mcj.,  ii.  04. 


210 


■SPREAD  OF  THE  REVOI.UiiON'. 


jn'iscK  abandonwl.  ]Maiiy  soui^-lit  escape  to  tlio  sea- 
eoast.,  or  a  refuge  in  some  principal  town.  Groat 
iminhers  flocked  to  Saltillo  from  the  mining  district 
of  ( 'atorce  and  neig'liboring  places.  Colonel  Antoiii,) 
Cordero  was  at  that  time  n'overnor  of  Coahuila,  aiil 
was  organizing  a  body  of  troops  for  the  |)urpose  of 
inarcliinix  aLTJiinst  San  Luis  I*otos],  accordiiiLi'  to  On; 


1 


Man    iorme( 


I    l.y  G 


illcia 


Tl 


10  arriva 


1  of 


so   man^ 


Spaniards  at  a  time  so  critical  might  have  been  turned 
to  good  iicconnt  by  an  able  and  energetic  commander; 
but  Coi'dcro  Mas  not  such  a  man.  Ho  was  unable  to 
harmonize  diil'erences,  or  secure  unity  of  action,  and 
his  attem[)t  to  organize  them  proved  a  failure. 

1  lidalgo  now  ap[)ointed  his  lieutenant-general,  Jime- 
nez, to  the  conuuand  of  San  Luis  Potosi  and  the  ad- 
joining provinces.  At  the  close  of  1810,  Jimenez,  at 
the  head  of  some  10,000  men,  marched  against  Sal- 
tillo,  and  met  Cordero  on  the  Gth  of  Januarv,  ISII, 
.;n  tho  iicld  of  A2fuanu(.>va  at  no  li'reat  distance  IVom 
Saltillo.     Cordero's  I'orce,  which  was  well  oru'aiiized 


an 


1 


aniKM 


1,  numbered  2,000;  and  had  his  troo[)s  n 
maincd  r;nt]d'ul,  he  would  probably  have  dispels* 
tlio  army  of  Jimenez;  but  they  deserted  as  so(,)n 


til 


\y 


came  in  si'>'ht  of  the  enemv,  and  Cordei'o,  wlio 


sought  safety  in  flight,  was  made  prist)ncr  on  tln^ 
follow  ing  day.  Jimenez  next  morning  entered  Sal- 
tillo witliout  o])position,  and  like  llermosillo  at 
Acaponeta,  h(3  treated  the  captive  enemy  with  every 
consideration 


10 


This  bloodies  acquisition  of  Coahuila  was  followed 
by  the  declaration  of  the  governor  of  Nuevo  J 


^eoii, 


'Tlio  in>;tnirti(iiis  rallcj.'i  siibiiiittoil  to  tlio  .ipproval  of  tlic  vicprny  icla- 
livo  tl)  tliL'  iiiii\oiiiL'iitM  tit"  CiiiNluro's  trniips  woiv  tlio  fi)llip\\  in;;:  'Las  tinpas  dc 
( 'ni'dc!'!)  1(1111  so  liail.iii,  si'ltum  las  Viltiina.-i  iioticia  ,  on  las  iiimi'iliaciniic;)  <lo 
Ma'u'liiKila,  <listaiitcs  .'{.")  k'^'iian  ile  i  ii  jjiiis  I'citdsi,  di'licri'm  liajar  ;l  csta  oiii- 
(lacl  i'l  rcstahlui'cr  I'l  ('ii'ilcii  y  castipir  low  iniclild.s  ilu  Ilolorcs,  San  l,\iis  ili'  ii 
I'az,  Sicliu,  cto..  y 'iiii'iti'iiir'iKJoso  en  las  iinnoiliacioncHili!  San  .Mi'j;U('l.  (iuana- 
juato  y  ii'iu'ivtarii.'  ('allija,  in  Xn/i'itf,  J/i  .f.  Siij.  XIX.,  ii.  408.  'I'lu'  <late 
of  t'al'lcja'.s  ilc'spatcli  is  Doc.  I(J,  1810. 

^"/'iii'/i'  lie  Jiinrii'-.,  in  Jlvnioiidez  y  Ddvaloi^,  Col.  Doc,  ii.  332-4;  A'a- 
■mail,  Uisl.  Mij.,  ii.  'Ji-(j. 


VILLAGRAN. 


241 


?,r;niucl  Santa  Maria,  in  favor  (jf  the  revolution,"  and 
i1k'  wliolo  < if  that  province  aoqiuu.sfcd  in  Ills  action. 
In  1\'xas,  also,  the  royalist  \n\riy  for  a  time  suc- 
(•niii!)cd  to  the  in<lej)endents.  On  the  22d  (jf  Janii- 
;iiv,  Juan  Bautista  Casas  made  himself  master  of  San 
Antonio  do  Bejar,  the  capital,  caj)turing  the  goveinor, 
A[;ninel  do  Salcedo,  the  iieutenant-colonel,  Simon 
llcncra,  coinmanJ.er  of  the  IVontier  militia,  and  a 
iuunl)ci'  of  ofiicer.s  and  E  aropeans.^'  Thus  without 
much  liloodshcd  the  whole  of  that  portion  of  New 
Spain  which  extends  from  San  Luis  Potosi  to  the 
Imnlcrs  of  United  States  declared  for  inde[)endence. 
Till'  suft'erings  and  iiu'io-nitics,  however,  to  which  the 
falkn  Sj)aniards  were  suiijected  were  in  many  cases 
vci'v  ,L;rcat,  not  even  priests"  escaping  by  reason  of 
their  ch.th.^* 

Shortly  after  ^dic  giito  do  Dolores,  Villagran,  as  the 
reader  will  recollect,  established  himself  at  iluichapan, 
and  proved  extremely  troublesome  to  the  royalists  by 
iiitei'rupting  their  communication  between  the  capital 
and  (.,)ueret:aro.     With  him  two  otliers  later  associated, 


"S.inta  Maria  was  a  native  of  .Scvillo,  but  having'  arrived  ia  Xcw  Spain 
\.In.'u  (|uilc  a  chilli,  was  I'u^ai'dcd  as  a  .M(3\ioaii.  /(/.,  '.((>. 

'-(.»(:.  lie  Me.v.,  IsTJ,  iii.  l(;;.7-8.  Wi.^lcin  Flmida,  the  present  state  of 
Loiii.i.iiKi,  hail  ileclared  its  indepeiidence  on  tho'Jiilh  of  .Sept.  previously,  and 
f  ;'.h'Lil()  int'^inned  the  viceroy  of  this'  event  on  the  "Jlst  of  Xov.,  at  llio  isanio 
time  lii'^L'in^'  fur  rci-iiforceuiLncs,  siiire  he  feared  to  oo  invaded  from  the  re- 
vuhi^rl  pioviiicc.  iSaleedo  considered  the  luoveinent  at  iJatou  Koiii^e,  whei'-j 
llio  ias  irrecLion  l)rulce  out  as  a  seiiueuce  to  the  conspiracy  of  JJuri',  and  the 
elh'ci  of  French  emissaries  actinu;  uiion  lii.s  suL,',i:eslionj',  IJui'r  having  heeu  in 
I'aiii  ihn-iiig  the  itrevious  year.    JJustiunaiU'',  ('iiiid.  lliM.,  i.  l"21-4. 

'••linn  ,ie.'.  at  SaUillo  not  only  left  tiie  Spaniiirils  at  lib,  rty,  l)ut  extcndi.'il 
t )  them  letters  of  safe  conduct.  Many  avadecl  tliemselvesof  tiiis  oiipor: unity 
t  >  siH'k  tlie  protection  of  L'alleja;  contrary  to  promise,  when  near  (.'edral  tiny 
v.ere  seized,  lieaten,  and  strii»[ied.  Amid  the  maledictions  ami  curses  of  iho 
pii|iii!.i'e  tiiey  were  then  condneted  to  Cedral,  wliere  they  were  kept  impris- 
omd  inr  a  month,  whence  tiiey  were  eventually  conveyed  to  San  l^uis  I'oto.si, 
Uiiil  I'liiilined,  to  tiio  numlier  of  eleven,  in  the  jail,  liy  order  of  lit  iivi'a,  they 
were  jiut  to  ileatli  with  one  exception,  in  March  ISIl.  Juan  X'illarjuiilo  only 
c><-a],iii:,',  having  been  left  for  dead.  \"d/an/inil<',  in  IlirnuiidczuDnrtdos,  i'u'l. 
!>■■■..  ii.  !  1 1, •!-•_'•_>. 

"The  eura  of  San  Sebastian,  Jose  Mateo  I'raccras,  a  I'ranciscan  friar,  and 
a  srcular  piiest  I'raneisco  Fragii  were  snbnutted  to  every  Uind  of  ill  treat- 
ment on  th.'ir  attempting  to  g.i  from  San  i^uis  to  (^iierc'taro.  They  were  sent 
1m'  klo  San  liuis,  where  tliev  were  imprisoned  by  llene.'a,  but  were  L\eutually 
release.).  M  nifli.  Ili.^t.  .)/,j.,  ii.  lUO-l'. 
Ular.  Mi;.x.,  Vol.  IV.     10 


242 


SPREAD  OF  THE  REVOLUTION. 


Cayetano  and  Maria  no  Ana}  a.  On  one  occasion  Vunc- 
gas  dcspatclied  under  a  strong  escort  a  quantity  of 
siorcs  to  Queretaro,  and  with  it  travelled  the  newly 
appointed  auditor  do  guerra,  Ignacio  Velez  de  la 
Campa.  The  insurgents,  however,  attacked  it  in  the 
narrow  defile  of'C;ilpulalpan,  and  kiUing  the  passengers 
and  part  of  the  escort,  carried  off  the  stores.  A  huge 
I'ock  was  rolled  down  upon  the  carriage  of  Velez,  crush- 
ing his  head,  after  which  he  was  despatched.  Venegas 
decided  to  send  a  force  to  Iluichapan  for  the  se- 
curity of  the  highway.  The  brigadier  Jose  de  la  Cruz 
had  just  arrived  from  Spain,  and  to  him  the  viceroy 
gave  the  command  of  the  expedition,  with  Torcuato 
Trujillu,  of  Las  Cruces  renown,  as  his  second. 

Jose  de  la  Cruz  does  not  appear  to  have  begun  his 
military  career  before  1808,^'^  when  owing  to  the  in- 
vasion of  Spain  by  the  French,  he  like  many  otlieis 
abandoned  his  university  for  the  profession  of  arms. 
His  I'ise  was  rapid;  and  after  two  years'  service  undir 
General  Gre<'orio  de  la  Cuesta  lie  was  made  brigadicf. 
His  success  in  New  Spain  was  no  less  conspicuous  th.ni 
it  had  been  in  the  peninsula,  but  it  nmst  be  attributed 
to  accident  rather  than  ability.  He  was  truculent 
and  cruel.  His  rapid  promotion  was  owing  to  the 
jealousy  with  which  the  viceroy  came  to  regard  tliu 
successes  of  Calleja;  and  such  was  the  iniluence  of 
Venegas  in  Spain,  that  after  his  return  thither  and  the 
accession  of  Calleja  to  the  viceroyalty  he  maintained 
Cruz  in  the  high  position  to  which  he  had  elevatcil 
him,^'^  in  order  to  mortify  one  whom  he  could  never 
pardon  for  having  succeeded  him  in  his  role  of  vice-king. 

On  the  IGth  of  November,  Cruz  marched  out  nf 
^Mexico,  his  force  constisting  oi'  tiie  infantry  regiment 

'^  Accordins^  to  Fray  Toin;b  Elasco.  however,  he  was  iu  active  iniHtiry 
Bervico  against  the  Fiviuch  during  the  years  17U3-.").  Ilvrnaitdcz  >/  J)iir(t!<i^, 
Col.  l)o(\,  iii.  'J4(). 

"As  the  sequel  will  show,  Voncgag  appointed  him  comandante  general  "f 
Nueva  (iaiieiiiand  president  of  that  aiuhoneia — iu  fact,  ma<lo  him  a  seioinl 
viceiov.  Mora..  M'j.  ijsiia  AVr.,  iv.  1 10-1 1,  'J.'Ji,  4;{7,  410-'2;  Buntamanh',  Cmd, 
Utst.,  i.  I.'Jj,  and  t'liiii/'unai  dc  Cal/ija,  oS-'J,  DO,  1U7. 


i 


JOSE  DE  LA  CRUZ. 


243 


of  Toluca,  250  dragoons,  and  two  pieces  of  artillery, 
afte  'Ward  reenforced  by  the  provincial  infantry  regi- 
ment of  Puebla,  and  a  battalion  of  marines  coni- 
iijaiuled  by  Captain  Porlier,  of  the  frigate  Atocha. 
Aniving  at  Nopala  on  the  20th,  he  proceeded  on  the 
f()lli)\ving  dny  to  Huichapan,  hoping  to  come  in  con- 
tact with  tnc  insurgents;  but  ViHagran,  timely  iii- 
lonned  of  the  danger,  had  retreated  with  all  his  follow- 
ers to  the  sierra  of  the  Real  del  Doctor  and  taken  up 
a  position  on  the  inaccessible  heights  of  Nasteje  or 
llic  ]\lurieca.  Cruz  on  arriving  at  the  town  recovered 
the  merchandise  and  ammunition  which  had  lately 
l)ocn  taken  by  the  insurgents  in  the  Calpulalpan  de- 
file. His  reception  by  those  of  the  inhabitants  who 
liad  not  tied  was  joyful;  but  in  order  to  prevent  an}^ 
I'liitlier  insurrectionary  acts,  he  deprived  them  of  every 
aiticlc  of  use  that  could  be  converted  into  a  weapon, 
sparing  neither  the  housewife's  scissors,  the  laborer's 
iiiipieinents,  nor  the  artisan's  tools.''"  He  gave  im- 
)tiiative  orders  to  the  commander  of  a  detachment 
w  liich  he  sent  out  in  quest  of  the  Anayas,  to  put  to 
(Icatli  the  inhabitants  of  every  town  or  hacienda  in 
wliieh  insurgents  might  be  found,  or  where  they  had 
Vfceived  shelter,  reducing  the  ])laces  to  ashes. ^^  ]^e- 
tnic  his  departure  from  Huichapan,  Cruz  amply 
av(  iigi'd  the  death  of  Velez;  pendent  from  the  trees 
111!  Ilu;  roadsides  all  through  the  d(,'tile  where  the 
(Ired  was  perpetrated  swung  the  corpses  of  victims 
liaiigrd  in  reprisal.'"     On  the   14tli  of  ])ecember,  in 


'■  111  ii  letter  to  Calleja,  dated  Iluicliapan,  2.1d  of  Nov.,  lio  says:  'Lo><  lu- 
cliillos  lie  la  mesa,  las  tijeras  j  todo  eiianto  piieda  ser  olciisiM)  rcenjii;  iiistii)- 
iiieiilu.s  de  licri't  ros,  cerrajeios.  cte.,  estoy  eiicajoiiaudo.'  Alniiinii.  /list.  MiJ., 
ii.  lip.  I".  Xegivtc  state.s  that  tlii.s  letter,  as  well  as  the  one  iiieiitioiieil  in  ijio 
fiilliwiu,'  note,  was  addressed  to  the  viceroy.    J/i.i'.  Siii.  A'/A'..  ii.  "J.'iO. 

^'Mnniui,  IliM.  M<1.  ii.  ap.  IS.  The 'date  of  this  lettirisllio  -Jltth  of 
N(iv.  On  the  previous  day  the  Atiay.is  had  kill'il  seven  ]'!ur(ipeaii>^.  and  (Vnz 
siispeet!  ihit  his  enirespiindtiice  had  heeii  iiitereepteil,  as  he  liad  reccMvcd  ni> 
•lispatehe-t  fimu  Mi  \ieo  for  four  days,  whereas  he  expeeted  daily  (oniiiinni- 
cati.i;i.  'i'ho  expression  he  uses,  'Supongo  tpic  mo  liaii  interecp'ado  la  e;ir- 
i'i'-]i  iiideneia,  pnes  (ine  liaeo  eiiatro  dias  (pic  no  tengo  ]iliegos  do  Mcxii'o,  ijiio 
ililji  ri'fihir  loins  los  dias,' and  the  tone  of  the  letters,  lead  me  to  agreo 
wi;li  A  iiii.in  that  tluy  were  iiddresseil  to  Calleja,  ami  not  to  the  viceroy. 

'■'.\iaiiiaii,  who  saw  the  bodies  hanging  in  l)ec.,doesiiotiuentioii  the  miin- 


2t4 


SPREAD  OF  THE  llEVOLUTIOX. 


])ur.srnncc  of  tlic  plan  of  military  operations  propos"  1 
by  Calloja,^"  ho  left  lluic'lia[)an  for  C^uerutaro  on  his 
march  for  Valladolid,  liaving  been  joined  by  the  I'c- 
enf  (rcemeiit  above  mentioned. 

Callcja  at  tins  time  was  at  L"on,  and  tlic  ])lan  ho 
had  formed  for  conducting'  the  canipaii>ii  was  siicli  ii; 
would,  hv.  hoj)cd,  confine  the  insu)'gents  to  the  proviiK 


o 


f  N' 


ueva  daiicia. 


c 


ruz  w 


as  instructed  to  mar'-li  t' 


Valhidolid,  reducinir  to  obedience  the  disalfet-ted  towi 


on  his  way 


IS 

10 


and  so  r(^rjul;ite  his  movements  that  1 
would  arrive  at  the  bridge  of  Tololotlau  near  Gu;ii!;i- 
lajara  on  the  loth  of  January,  on  which  date  Callcja, 
a[)])roacliing  by  way  of  Lngos,  expected  to  reach  t!io 
same  im})ortant  point.  Meanwhile  Cordero,  the  gov- 
ernor of  Coahuila,  who  was  sup[)os(Hl  to  be  at  Matc- 
huala,  was  to  advance  aiiainst  San  Luis  Potosf,  it- 
store    order    in    that   district,    punish    the    towns  dt 


Dol 


ore 


San  Luis  do  la  Paz,  and  others,  aiul  rein; 


III! 


in  Ihe  neiu-hborhood  of  (iluanaiuato  and  Queretarn; 
and  lastly,  Ponavia,  the  intondeiitc  of  l^urango,  at 
this  time  in  Sombreretc  or  Fresnillo,  was  to  desccn  1 
up(m  Zacateeas  and  Aguascalientes,  and  kee[)  in  sub- 
jection the  districts  extending  southward   as   far  as 


J 


jcon  an( 


I  S 


uao. 


Tl 


le  (lesiii'u  was  well  conceive 


d, 


aii<l 


would  enabU)  ( 'alhja  and  (  Vuz  with  their  united  f<nc 
to  assail   Hidalgo  at  diadalajara  with  a    larger 


ail. I 
iito 


better  appointed  army  than   had  yet  b-ecn  sent  i 
the   held    by   the  royalists;    but,   as   the   reader 
already  been  informed,  Cordero's  troops  joined  the 
surgeiits;  tlu!  projected  movement  from  Coahuila  u| 
San  Luis  l\)tosi  was  reversed;  and  the  cordcjn  aromi  ! 


li!- 

>!ia 


]1 


ulaluo  was  rem 


lered 


mcomi) 


^leti 


her,  l)iit  thoy  Mcro  scnttcrnl  at  inlovvals  from  tlio  liacionlx  do  la  Oolota  t>> 
til'' pu'-hlo  (pf  San  MiL;iR'iih>.  aii'l  uno  ><{  (iieiii  v.na  lliat  nf  tho  huliaii  .l'h'''- 
criior.  San  .Mii4UL'Iitu\\a.sl)ii!'n;(l.  //m/.  .!/»;/'.,  ii.  71.  Bnstanianlo  says;  'IJiw 
ni.'ii('(')  niiiy  liu'go  sua  piisos  cmi  tDiTciitoH  do  .siiuj^re,  d  rasti'o  dc  r.sta  y  1  'f. 
oacl:ivoiei  ^110  (l('jul)a  tl  Kii  trausito  scfialahau  i.l  vlagcro  la  nita  quo  l!cval):i.' 
Citttd.  //is/.,  i.  \'A7. 

'^"  (  ailc ja,  rnibniitted  his  plan  to  the  viceroy  l>y  despatch  dated  Leon,  I '".  '. 
If),  ISIO,  and  it  was  aiiproved.  A  copy  of  tlie  plan  ia  supplied  liy  /7'r..((  ''': 
y  JJavdlim,  Col.  JJO'.,  ii,  oOt-.J. 


LONG  LIVE  TIIK  KIN'G  ! 


24S 


Tlavuijjf  rciiiuiiioil  a  fuw  days  at  Qucax'taro,  Cruz 
left  OH  the  20tli  ior  Valladolid.  His  inarch  was  uii- 
tvoiitful;  for  although  a  hostile  force  threatened  to 
oppose  liis  progress  in  the  neighborhood  of  Acdnibaro, 
it  letreated  to  Valladolid  as  he  approached.'-^  Pedro 
(Vlestino  Xegretc,  a  naval  officer,  was  sent  with  a 
detachment  in  pursuit,  but  was  unal)le  to  overtake 
the  retreating  enemy-  I  mention  this  apparently 
ti'ivial  circumstance  because  the  name  of  Negrete, 
v\lio  afterward  greatly  signalized  himself  and  contrib- 
uted to  the  success  of  Cruz  by  his  victories,  appears 
for  the  first  time  in  history  on  this  occasion.  On  the 
i'7th,  ]):issing  tlirough  lu'laparapeo,  Cruz  approached 
A'.illadolid  and  bivouacked  for  the  night  on  the 
liciglits  above  the  city. 

As  tlie  royalists  drew  near,  the  revolutionary  inten- 
(Iculc,  Ansori.'na,  convinced  that  the  forces  which  he 
had  at  his  disj)osal  would  be  unable  to  cope  with  those 
(il'CViiz,  on  the  night  of  the  2Gth  and  27th  secretly 
L  I'r  the  city  for  Guadalajara,  escorted  by  fiftv  chosen 
iiiL'ii;  and  on  the  following  morning  the  olticials  ap- 
pointed by  Hidalgo  also  leit,  taking  with  them  such 
treasures  and  archives  as  were  under  their  charge."^ 

(hi  the  27th,  as  soon  as  the  llight  of  the  intendente 
lu'caiii'^  ])ublic,  the  ])o|)ulace  ]"ose  in  tunmlt,  and  led 
by  a  blacksmith  of  Toluca,  who  was  from  the  United 
Stat.'s,-'''  raising  the  cry  of  death  to  the  gachupines, 
liidke  into  the  college  Ibi-merly  belonging  to  the  Jes- 
uits, ill  whii'h  a  numl)er  of  I'jUropeans  were  con- 
liued,'-'*  and   put  thi'ec  of  thetn  to   death  before  they 

'■'Tliu  insur.Ljc'uts  nuiiiliorcil  .'J. 000  or  4,001  liorscuiul  foot,  and  had  ^^ix  cau- 
iiun.^  (.'t..  <le  jVci-.,  ISI 1,  ii.  17-1!). 

'■■  A)ixorpna,  Dc/cn.-in,  1(1. 

'•''lK'sciil)L'd  hy  tliu  viccri'g.'il  tyjvcriiniciit:  ns  an  ';iii',lo-iiiiionc;iiio  do  im- 
cioii,' (?a;,  tie  Mix.,  ISIl,  ii.  ]!);  iuid  hy  Aiisoioua  as  'uu  tolutiucuii,  d  qiiicii 
llauialiaii  cl  aiiLilo-nincncaiio. '  Dcfru.'Ki,  U!. 

-''Aftuv  tlio  mas-aoii's  at  i\w  Ijatcas  and  ih'ITO  did  '^'dcajcto  tin;  rcmaiii- 
iiv,' S;iaui.<li  ca]itive;t,  to  tho  nunilicriif  170,  wciu  ilistii.ait.d  at  tlio  intcroc-;- 
siou  "f  t'ci'!(.'sia.5ti(.:s  in  tlio  convfiits  and  uodfu'cs.  dnz.  ilc  .\[<x.,  ISII,  ii.  1!). 
.iiian'cna's  son,  liowi'vor,  makes  a  iliU'croiit  statement.  His  vensiim  is  tliat 
on  tlie  'ZoX\\  of  l)ec'.  tlic  intcudenlo  convoked  a  jimta,  and  stating'  that  l!io 
l";i."js  in  the  eity  were  in:ide(|iiate  to  (ip[io.^(' Cl".i/„  ileciared  lii.*  inlenticm  of 
rocii'lii^' to  (jaadukijaiii.     llo  Ihcu  pioposed  for  tlio  safe  custody  of  tlio  pria- 


ais 


SPREAD  OF  THE  REVOLUTIOX. 


\v 


m< 


m 


were  restrained  by  the  canon,  the  conde  de  Sierra 
Gorda,  and  other  ecclesiastics,  who,  at  the  risk  of 
their  lives,  quelled  the  tumult  by  elevating  the  host. 

Cruz  entered  Valladolid  on  the  niorninij  of  tho 
28th,  having  given  orders  to  the  officer  in  couHaaiid 
of  his  advance  guard  to  put  all  the  male  inhabitants 
to  death,  and  set  fire  to  the  city  if  any  further  at- 
tempt should  be  made  to  take  tlie  lives  of  Eui'o- 
peans.'^^  His  entrance  was  siLjnalized  l^y  the  usual 
expression  of  welcome  extended  to  either  royalist  ^r 
revolutionist  when  in  pow(jr.  Tho  cathedral  chapter, 
the  ayuntamiento,  and  diffoi'ent  corporations  escorted 
him  into  the  city,  and  in  the  cathedral  te  deum  was 
chanted.  The  municipal  and  ecclesiastic  cabildos  vii'd 
with  each  other  in  representations  of  their  past  li(kl- 
ity,  and  in  tl:e  expression  of  their  future  zeal  for  tho 
royalist  cause.^"  The  conde  de  Sierra  Gorda,  \\\u) 
two  months  before  had  removed  the  excomnumica- 
tion  fulminated  ai^ainst  Hidals^o  and  his  followers, 
now  gracefully  annulled  bis  former  action,  explained 
the  reason  of  his  unorthodox  proceeding,  and  ordered 
the  validity  of  the  excommunication  to  be  proclaliucil 
throuui'hout  the  diocese.'''''  In  order  not  to  be  behiiiil- 
hand  in  offering  a  sop  to  the  royalists,  the  rector  nt' 
the  college  of  San  Nicolas  petitioned  the  bishup 
that  Hidalgo's  name  might  be  struck  off  the  books  of 
that  institution.  Thus,  as  blew  the  political  breezr, 
so  turned  like  a  weather-cock  the  civil  and  ecclesias- 
tical authorities  of  Valladolid. 

One  of  the  first  acts  of  Cruz  after  his  entrance  into 


oners  that  they  should  be  removed  to  the  convents  and  clerical  collc'-a-. 
This  proposal  was  carried  out,  though  strongly  opposed  by  the  niilit;uy  ulli- 
cors.   Aiixoreiia,  Jjr/cuKa.  15. 

-■"Si  l;v  iufaiuo  plebi;  intcntase  ilo  nucvo  quitar  la  vida  A  los  eurnpcos, 
cutre  V.  en  la  ciudad,  paso  A  cuchillo  ii  todas  sus  hal)it;intvs,  cxceptuaiulo 
hdI)  las  mugcres  y  nifios,  y  pcgiindolo  fuego  por  todas  partes.'  Sucii  aio  Iii3 
instructions,  a  copy  of  which  he  forwarded  to  Callcja.  liustamaiile,  Camjiai'tui 
de  Ciillcjn,  59. 

^"Soe  the  alcalde  Uainon  do  Huarte's  proclamation  to  the  inhabitants,  ami 
tlio  adlrcss  of  tho  cathedral  chapter  to  the  viccrov,  dated  respectively  I'lO. 
30,  ISIO,  and  .Jan.  '-»,  1811.  <;,r:.  ((,■  Mex.,  ISll,  ii.l'S,  31-11. 

''•  A  copy  of  his  circular  is  gis-eu  in  Id.,  2(]-8. 


If 


RUPERTO  MIER. 


247 


the  city  was  the  extension  of  the  general  pardon,  of 
which  many  avaih.'d  themselves.  In  i-eorganizing  the 
administration,  he  appointed  Toreuato  Trujillo  co- 
mandante  general  of  the  province,'-''  whose  associate, 
the  hripidier  Cxarcia  Diivila,  presently  arrived  in  ooni- 
])aiiy  with  the  bishop  elect,  Ahad  y  Queipo,  Merino, 
the  intendente  ad  interim,  and  other  officials,  who,  as 
tlie  reader  will  recollect,  had  tied  from  the  city  at  the 
first  a])])roach  of  Hidalgo. 

("alleja  in  his  plan  of  operations  had  calculated  that 
Cruz  would  be  altle  to  leave  Valladolid  on  the  1st  of 
January;  he  was  liowever  detained  in  that  city  until 
the  7tli,  Tliis  delay  necessarily  interfered  with  the 
cinyiiig-out  of  Calleja's  arrangements,  but  in  addi- 
tion to  this,  Hidalgo  was  forming  ])lans  for  the  pur- 
pose of  preventing  the  union  of  Cruz's  forces  with 
those  of  Calleja,  and  had  ins:tructed  Colonel  Kuperto 
}dier,  who  was  stationed  at  Zamora,  to  oppose  the 
I'urnier's  advance.  Mier,  therefore,  at  the  head  of 
10,000  or  ri,000  men,  with  twenty-seven  pieces  of 
j'.rtillery,  took  up  an  almost  impregnable  position  on 
the    hei<dits    commanding    the    mountain    ijcorge    of 

O  O  Or? 

Uit'[»etiro,  about  four  leagues  to  the  south-east  of 
Zamora,  and  through  whicii  Ci'uz  would  necessarily 
have  to  i^ass. 

On  the  14th  of  Januar}^  Cruz,  whose  force  num- 
lieied  "J, 000,  principally  iniantry,  with  eight  pieces  of 
;ntillery,  approached  the  mountain  ])ass,  wiiich  he 
iniiiid  occupied  by  the  revolutionary  army.  He  forth- 
with ordered  his  advance  guard  to  opt;n  attack  by 
ii!'»\  iii!>-  jiijfainst  the  enemy's  positi(Mi  alonu*  the  l)anks 
ei  asti-i'iim  llowingdown  the  gorge.  The  insurgents' 
batteries,  howevei',  conunanded  the  apj)roach,  and  a 
Well-sustained  lire  being  o[)eneil  upon  the  assailants, 


■'"  Tnijillo  li;i(l  aecompniiicd  Cruz  from  Mexico  as  far  as  Iliiieliapan,  wlicnco 
lio  iitunicd  ti)  tlio  capital  and  rcjoiiR-il  Cm/,  at  Valhulolul  .laii.  '_*.  ISl  I.  'J'ho 
vioc  r.iyas.sooiatod  witli  liiiii  ill  lii.s  cdiniiiaiid  tlio  aged  l)rigadi(jr(!;vriiii  J)iivilii, 
■paiai|iU' cijiituviurasii  juveiiil ardor.'  Bii-'laiiiiiiifc,  <  '(inijjiirtrin  dc  Citl'ijii,  .")!). 
'  .t'lLJa  described  Trujillo  aa  a  madinaii  witli  a  sword.  Akimun,  IIi4.  MJ., 
11.  7  s, 


'AS 


srni:AD  or  the  revolutiox. 


I  :■. 


the  officer  in  coiniiiaiKl,  in  \\c\v  of  tlie  oxli'cnic  dilli- 
culty  of  the  iisceiit,  I'ctrcatcd.  i'vnz  now  tliivw  out 
detach nionts  on  his  rij^ht  and  loft,  witli  tlio  ohjcct  (»!" 
occnpvinLf  connnandinL!:  hciuhts  above  the  road,  send- 
uiii;  two  cannon  with  the  troops  directed  aLjainst  tho 
enemy's  ri<_;-ht,  and  phintini^  liis  remaining  six  pieces 
in  the  most  advantageons  [)()sition  at  the  foot  of  the 
gori,fe.  In  s[»itc  of  the  rnggedness  of  the  i^round, 
both  movements  were  successfuh  ^Meanwhile  Micr, 
r('gardin<>-  the  retreat  of  the  advance  guard  as  a  iiiglit, 
unwisely  made  jireparations  to  pursn(%  and  exposing 
his  left,  one  of  his  batteries  was  assaulted  and  tak 


veil 


by  Negrete,  and  the  insurgent  force  in   that  part  of 


the   held   di> 


[)ei 


sc. 


■d.      While   Neirrete   was    thus    en- 


gaged,   a    vigorous    attack,    su[)j)orted    by    the    t 


W'l 


1 


neces  on  i^ru/is 


Ci 


left. 


was   MuKle  uj)on  tUe  msurge 


Mit- 


c(;ntre  and  right,  which  resulted  in  the  total  rout  of 
]Mier's  forces  and  the  capture  of  his  artillery  and  am- 
munition.-" 

Although  this  attempt  to  arrest  the  advance  of 
Cruz  was  nnsui'cessful,  it  contributed  to  the  causes 
which  ])revented  his  taking  }iart  in  the  momentous 
battle  fought  on  the  17lh  at  the  bridge  of  Caldcron. 
At  Zamora  ho  was  detained  some  time  in  re!)aii'i:ii'' 


lis  <>'un-carriaixos ;  and 


wh 


len    he  ai 


rived    at    {Ikj  r 


(jrrande  do  Lerma,  although  he  met  with  no  ojjjio.^i- 

was    tedious] V 


tion,  the    transi)ortation  of  hi 


P 


arm^ 
slow,  from  tlie  i'act  tliat  at    the  crossi 
on 


U'l 


tl 


lei'e   wa- 


ly  one  boat  available  for  the  pur[)()se.  When  lie 
arrived  at  the  point  of  rendezvous  the  inijiortant  bat- 
tle had  been  fou'dit  and  won. 

Allendc,  after  his  ilight  from  Guanajuato,  hastem'  I 
to  Zacatecns,  whither  Iriarte  had  proceeded  after  his 
deiiarture  from  San  Luis.  Although  this  citv  w;h 
occu])ied  bv  a  largo  bodv  of  insurgents,  the  command 

'"Tlio  inaurgcntH  lost  OOf)  men,  wliile  the  royiilists  had  only  two  killc'l  .ni'I 
ono  woumkil.  I'or  ;i  lull  act;  unit  ol'  tliid  engagement,  aeo  tlic  reports  of  Ci.ii 
ill  (j'u:.  de  Mix.,  ISll,  ii.  JJ,  til -S. 


I  t 


ALLKXDE  AND  IRIARTi:. 


210 


of  wliii'li  Alleiule  could  li^liUy  assuiiie  in  liis  position 
(if  caiitaiii-^cncral,  lu;  jie'icuivcd  that  the  assertion  of 
lii^  suiiL'iioiity  over  liiarte  would  in  all  jiroliability 
])i(i\i)ke  a  mutiny,  Ut'  Iriarto's  good  faith  he  was 
more  than  doubtl'ul;  and  his  own  prestige  and  ))o])U- 
laritv  had  seriously  diniinislu'd,  owing  to  his  late  dis- 
coiiiliture,  as  was  indicated  hy  the  unsu|)pressed  inui- 
iimrings  of  the  tr()Oj)s.  He  therefore  decided  to  join 
Hidalgo  at  (iuadalajara,  and  on  the  rJth  of  Decinnher 
arrived  at  tlie  city.  Hidalgo  went  out  to  meet  him, 
with  eveiy  demonsti'ation  of  friendshi[). 

That  night  a  hand  of  captive  S[)aniards  was  led  out 
into  the  darkness,  marched  a  few  miles  I'rom  the  city 
til  a  lonely  spot,  and  tliere  butchered.  And  on  other 
occasions  the  same  ceremony  was  repeated.^' 

J\Ieanwhile  Callcja  was  rapidly  aj)proaching.  The 
army  which  Hidalgo  now  had  under  his  connnand 
was  i'ar  su[)erioi'  to  any  fijrce  which  the  insurgents  had 
liilhcrti:  hroULiht  into  the  iield.  It  numbereMJ  no  less 
tlian  SU,QOO  men,"^  20,000  of  whom  were  cavalry,  with 
ninety  live  pieces  of  artillery,  many  of  them  of  heavy 
calihrt"/'-  No  exertion  was  s[)ared  by  the  revolutionary 
leaders  ti)  j'ender  this  largo  force  as  effective  as  [xjssi- 


^''  iliuroijuin,  in  lii.s  testimony  at  tlio  trial  of  Hidalgo,  statos  that  lio  assisted 
atone,  ami  one  only,  of  tlieso  massacres,  on  whirli  (leea.sion  4,S  vietim-f,  more 
or  less,  were  put  to  deatli.  //criiii/Klcz  //  Diint/o.i,  Co/.  J)oc.,  i.  41.  Al)ad  y 
Qiicipoiu  his  ]iastoralof  SejifaMuber  "Jii,  iSiJ,  says:  'Luoj,'o  (jiu'.  so  entronizoea 
(hlaiiidajaraeiimenzi't  li  de,L;olhn'  en  la  ini<ma  forma,  e-<t()  es,  en  [)artidas  diaria-i 
lie  (i;),  8!)  y  10i>,  los  niuehos  eui'opeos  y  algtnios  eriollo.s.'  /</.,  ,S;ilt.  SaysJnsu 
Maria  (Jhico:  '.Maudo  varios  a.sesiuatus,  y  lo  mismo  es  piililico  y  iioturio  ijiio 
mandi)  en(liia<lalaiara,  sin  einl)aru<)  du  halierlo  lusdio  eun  tal  reserea.'  /</.,  -tl. 
Jlieso  are  the  iiistriietions  Jlidalg  )  yives  ti)  lli'i  inoulio  .Ian.  .'!,  l.^ll:  "nepun- 
g'l  L'.  todo  <niidadi>  a  eei'ca  dc  los  indultos  y  liljorta  I  do  europcos,  reeiv^ieudo 
U.  tudos  los  i|Uu  alia  (.-sie)  por  esa  pai'tu  para  (piedar  se,:j;urii,  y  al  ipio  fuer^: 
lin|iucto,  )iei'tiirliador  y  seductor,  o  so  eonosea  otra.s  ilispo.sieiones,  los  ;;epultai^i 
cucl  iilvido  <landoles  innerte  eon  las  preeaueione.s  iiccesarias  en  pai'tes  oeultas 
y  si)liLaii,is  para  i[Uu  nadie  lo  entienda.'  /'/..  "J  1.  In  Ids  own  ilcidaration  lie 
^iivs:  'So  ejecutahau  en  el  eunipo  I'l  lioras  deshusadas  y  lugarcs  aoliturios.' 

'  i  his  is  the  niimliei'  L'iven  ]>y  Jos/'  Maria  Zaiialza  in  a  letter  dated  Jan. 
is,  I'd  I,  and  addressed  to  .Mereado.  /■/.,  i.  liSli.  (.'alleja,  fulluwed  liy  Alaman, 
s>.iti>  that  the  insurgent  army  numliered  10l),0()0,  an  estimate  whirii  1  eun- 
M^t  r  1.  ss  lelialde.  /(/.,  ii.  SIW.'-'U-',  itoo;  /(/.,  iv.  ISO.  Calvillo  raise.i  the  nam- 
her  (m  I(i:!.(M)!I.    Hcnnoii,  KiS. 

'■  I'l  sidi'S  t-l  hrouglit  from  San  lllas,  a  large  numher  had  been  cast  iu 
(.iuudal.ij.aa,  many  of  tliem  very  inferioi-. 


2:.o 


SrUKAD  OF  THE  RKVOLUTiON. 


ble.  The  cntliusiasni  of  the  tro()|)s  was  stimulate  I 
by  encouraging  addr  -ises;  the  necessity  of  dis(.'i|tliiic 
uigently  pressed  upon  them;  and  (h^iils  and  mana>uvi-c.s 
v.ere  daily  ])ractised  on  the  ])lains  outside  the  city. 
Though  their  arms  were  far  inferior  to  those  of  tin; 
royalists,  they  were  hetter  than  on  former  occasions; 
most  of  them  were  still  only  the  sling  and  bow,  Imt 
lor  tlie  foi-mer  great  quant' ties  of  snudl  gi-enadcs 
had  been  manufactured — missiles  nuich  more  de- 
structive than  roui»:h  stones.  A  ufreat  inn)roveiii('iit 
had  also  lieen  effected  in  ridding  the  camp  of  hordes 
of  unarmed  hangers-on,  who  followed  merely  with  a 
view  to  pillage. 

With  regard  to  the  plan  of  operations,  a  diversity  of 
opinion  pi'evailed  among  the  leaders.  At  a  council 
of  war  Hidalgo  expressed  his  conviction  that  tlu^ 
whole  army  ought  to  take  up  a  position  at  the  hiidgo 
of  Tololotlan,  and  there  engage  Calleja,  while  liiurtu 
with  his  forces  moving  from  Zacatecas  should  assail 
the  royalists  in  the  rear.  Allende  disa[)prove(l  ot' 
this  plan,  and  bearing  in  mind  the  disastrous  results 
at  Las  Cruces  and  Guanajuato,  expressed  his  want  ><[' 
conhdence  in  directing  their  whole  force  aijfainst  the 
enemy,  and  exposing  their  fortunes  to  the  hazard  nf 
a  single  battle.  He  proposed  that  several  divisi(»ns 
should  be  formed  out  of  the  army,  that  Guadalajara 
shoukl  be  evacuated,  and  that  Calleja  should  l»i! 
attacked  by  these  corps  d'armeo  consecutively,  thus 
avoiding  the  risk  of  a  general  rout.  The  debate  was 
long  and  warm,  but  eventually  Hidalgo's  plan  was 
a(lo|)ted.^^ 

()n  the  lOtli  of  January,  Hidalgo  was  advised  tliat 
CalKja  was  advancing  by  forced  inarches  toward 
Guadalajara;  and  he  immediately  made  preparations 
to  occui)y  the  bridge  of  Calderon,  eleven  or  twelve 
leagues  from  the  citv.  On  the  followinuf  dav  liidal- 
go  led  out  his  host.     As  he  compared  his  now  coui- 

'^  J]!(-<!amahfe,  Quad.  Hist.,  i.  185;  Alaman,  Uid.  Me!.,  ii.  11-1;  Xcjnh', 
Mex.  Si(/.  XIX.,  ii.  413. 


BRIDGE  OF  CALDEROX. 


2.-1 


|virativoly  well  organized  force  with  the  rabble  he  had 
htcly  led,  he  felt  eoiifideiit  of  victory.^'  At  siinsut 
111'  halted  at  the  bridge  of  Tololotlan,  six  leagues  from 
llie  city,  and  having  received  fresh  inl'orniation  of 
( 'aiiija's  advance,  he  again  convoked  a  council,  at  which 
tlic  same  questions  were  tliscussed  with  the  sann'  m>- 
siilt.  Proceeding  on  the  following  moi-ning,  he  in  cii- 
])ii'd  the  bridge  of  Calderon,  and  took  up  a  strong 
position  commanding  the  api)roach  to  Guadalajara. 
(>ii  a  steep  height  on  the  left  side  of  the  river  a  bat- 
tery of  sixty-seven  guns  was  j)lantcd.     This  f)osition 


FLON'S  ATTACK 
/ 


N 

A 


1^  f^^A,^,.,^^^.-'^'^^,,,^::::::^,^^ 


"<^^ArW^r^''^^^^ 


\  P  L  A  I  N  8 
-E       \ 

litidjit  of  Calden 


■■    lev's. '-'.^^^"ni'.'J 


*■■••  *>:  -       EMPARAN'S  •  » 

'It  ATTACK/  ^^.^ 


Battle-field  of  the  Briuue  of  Calderon. ^^ 

was  almost  inaccessible  in  front,  was  protected  in  the 
r .ai'  by  a  deep  barranca,  and  nearly  surrounded  the 
()])Lii  ground  on  which  Calleja  would  have  to  advance 
his  troops.     Flanking  this  main  battery,  minor  ones 

"'Ilc>i)iti6  n.uchaa  veces  quo  iba  a  caliiiorzar  en  el  puonto  tic  (';i!(lci-oii,  a, 
cmni  !■  Ill  t^ueretaro,  y  a  (jeiiar  en  Mexico.'  ( 'nril/o,  Srinmi,  i;!(i.  \e;;rftc  in 
iiuiUin^,'  incntion  of  tliis  boast  remarks:  'Cre;>  ([uc  csto  no  pasa  do  una  vnl;,'a- 
i.'lail.'  J/,x-.  Si'/.  XfX.,  iii.  4.  See  also  faY(;«,  in  Jfi'n/aiulrz  )/  / hi i"/ ''>■■<, 
<''il.  Doc,  ii.  .300.  Tins  briilgo  is  over  a  small  alUuent  of  tlio  iio  (Jrando 
ilo  Jvcrnia,  al)oiit  live  leat^iic.s  to  the  north-east  of  the  liriilgo  of  Tololitlan. 

^  ' 'I  Ills  plan  is  taken  from  the  work  of  Torrentc,  whooopicil  it  from  ii  draft 
jv.iiuli  u;i3  in  the  war  department  at  Madrid.  Biistamautc  rcnrodiioed  it  in 
I'l^CHvr/.  nut,^  i.  188-9.    Alaman,  Jlist.  2I,J.,  ii.  584. 


252 


SPREAD  OF  TIIK  RKVOLUTION'. 


il 


m 


Avor(!  i'slal)lisli('(l  on  licinlits  to  ilio  riu^Iit  and  lel'l,  of 
it,  tlu!  latter  one;  lK'in<^  on  the  otlior  side  ot"  the  livrr, 
the  accesH  to  eacli  being  up  steep  and   roeky  asci  nts. 

On  the  IGth  the  royalist  army  aj)[)ear('(l  in  ^i;:Iit, 
and  ('allcja,  llndiiiLC  this  almost  inipT'o^nahle  pDs'nion 
oi-ciiiiied  hy  the  enemy,  sent  forward  a  reco!inoitriii'^' 
<letachment,  wliieh,  heeomin*^'  ent^a^cd  with  the  mit- 
lyin!L^  insMr!4'ent  troops,  su(.'eeeded  in  gainini;  jiossessimi 
ot'lhe  hridu'e.  Calleja  thereupon  <)rdere<l  reeiilorct- 
nients  to  advance  to  its  support  in  order  to  hold  tin' 
])oint,  and  it  heini^  now  niL;htlall,  both  armi<s  (  n- 
cani|)ed  without  farther  movements  on  either  side, 
As  the  small  army  of  the  royalists  bivouacked  on  \\\o. 
{4'rouud,  the  vast  nundier  of  tlu.ir  foes  was  made  ;i|>- 
])arent  by  the  lires  on  the  oj)posite  heights,  which  II  i- 
dal^-o  caused  to  be  built  aloni^  the  whole  extent  of  his 
line,  three  (luarters  of  a  lea'nie  in  leiiLTth. 

Calleja's  force  consisted  of  0,000  men,'""  one  lir.lf  nf 
whom  were  cavalry;  but  although  his  army  bore  no 
numerical  comparison  with  that  of  the  rovohilioiiists, 
it  was  j)erfectly  (M|ui[)ped  and  disci])lined.  J[e  ii.n'i 
also  ten  pieces  of  artilK.'ry  admirably  served,  and  a 
nia^'uidcent  sui)[)ly  of  war  material;  while  the  in.-ui'- 
gents  had  but  few  muskets,  and  many  of  their  caniiMii 
wei'e  of  no  service,  some  beinu*  fastened  to  clumsv  carts, 
and  others  bein^^  manufactured  of  no  better  nuiteri'il 
than  wood  bound  with  iron  hoops. 

Cali'ja  decided  to  attack  without  waitin;;'  forCVii/.. 
In  the  aiornin;^'  he  formed  his  army  into  two  divisi'iis, 
one  of  which  he  placed  under  Flon,  who  was  to  a--sail 
tlie  enemy's  riufht,  while  he  with  the  other  attaclicd 
their  left.  The  assaults  Avero  to  bo  made  sinuiltniio 
ously,  in  order  that  the  two  connnands  might  fall  at 
the  same  time  on  the  insurgents'  cei^tre.  A  iiud 
some  little  distance  above  the  bridge  had.  been  louad 
the  niglit  before,  and  Flou  leading  his  force  acro-s  it 

3"  Virdki,  Ajmnt.  B'lO'j.,  in  Hernandez  //  Ddvalo%  Col.  Doc.,  iv.  ISO.  Cul- 
villo,  howc'voi',  says;  'Xuestro  peijuoiio  exdrcito. .  .no  paso  ilc  quutio  mil  )' 
qiuuii.'ni.o3  hombrca.'  ijemton,  13o. 


FLOX'.S  IM riri'UOSITV. 


'.'.■)3 


ru/.. 


S|i 

'lis, 

a^ 

s:ill 

IC 

Ii.hI 

ll: 

lll'- 

ai 

1   ;it 

oi'd 

1' 

unit 

■() 

-s  it 

;0. 

C'ul- 

10 

lull  y 

iiiiuicdiiitcly  Itcj^an  to  ascend  tlio  lioi.jlits.  Siidi  was 
Ills  iiii|)C'tiU)sity  that  In-  would  not  wait  lofhisai'tillcrv, 
which  consisted  of  (our  iiv-ld-pieccs,  and  which  owini4' 
111  the  cxtivnic  iu^gc(hics8  of  the  *(round  had  to  In; 
(ha;4(iMl  up  hv  han(h  INTccivint,^  that  it  (-ould  not  he 
hidiit^ht  witli  the  infaiitj'v,  he  led  his  men  at  onci; 
against  the  lii'st  iiisuj'i;ent  hattery,  consisting'  of  four 
"luis,  and  n'uarded  hy  a  stroin;  hodv  of  the  eneinv. 
lia^-h  as  was  the  (\vx;i\,  Ik;  was  so  ahly  su|)i»(»rted  hy 
lii^  ti'oops  tliat  he  (h'ovo  thu  insur<4'ents  iVoni  their  jx)- 
sition  and  cai»tui'ed  tlieir  ufuns.  I'msuiiiL;'  his  advan- 
ta;.;'!',  as  soon  as  his  artillery  arrived,  he  succeeded  in 
di-lodoinu"  the  revolutionists  from  tin;  minor  Ijattei-ies 
ell  tlu!  li^dit  of  their  main  jtosition,  com[)ellini^  them 
t.)  I'all  hack  upon  tlu'ir  centre.'"' 

Meanwhile  ( 'alleja  advanced  with  the  rest  of  the 
arniN  toward  the  hrid^'o,  supportin,!;'  Flon's  ujovo- 
iiiiiits  v.  ith  the  lire  of  his  advance  ,!j;uns,  and  sendiiiL;" 
liiui  a  I'ecnforconiont  of  pioneers  of  the  urenatliers  of 
la  ('iiliiiiina.  When  (^'alhja  arrived  near  the  laiti^'e, 
and  (Muld  sui'Vey  the  whole  ]»ositioii  of  the  enemy,  he 
ixconiiix,.,]  the  danger  of  attemptiti'^'  an  assault  hy 
lliat  direction,  and,  wheeling'  to  the  right,  occupietl 
wiih  I'dur  canni>n  and  a  considerahle  [)ortion  of  his 
tiMops  a  jsmall  eminence,  from  which  he  o[)ened  lire 
niKin  the  enemy's  nearest  lel't  hatti.'iy.  At  the  same 
time  he  sent  foi'ward  on  the  old  road,  on  the  light- 
hand  side  of  the  stream,  Colonel  Ijinparan  with  a 
si|nadi(in  ofdragixMisof  Spain  and  the  cavalry  regiment 
ef  San  (Jarl(.)S,  with  the  object  of  assailing  the  enemy  in 
tile  lear.  Coh>nel  Jalon,  moreover,  was  sent  to  assault 
a  hattery  of  .seven  guu.s  situated  lower  down  the 
!?trcaiii. 

V*  hil(!  these  movements  were  heing  made  hy  Ca- 
ll'ja,  i'lon,  urged  by  his  uncontrollable  desire  to  win 
till'  glory  of  the  day,  exceeded  his  instructicnis,""^  and 

'  <'"ll'j'i,  in  //, ni'Didtz  1/  Jhiraloi,  Col.  Dor.,  ii.  .3jO-7. 

'" '  l'iiiti(j  rjiR- Floii  trasiiaso  las  ordtiics  do  Callcja,  ji.'ir.i  llcvnr.'ic  t'l  solo 
lii  L'lnijii ,!,.  ];i  l,;,talla.'  Il<  riKUHlizy  Jhivalv.-',  Col.  JJnc  ,  ii.  :',l-2.  TA  it  ulUi.l.) 
ui.'  la  acxiuii.  .  .luibria  a'ldo  mu6  fuliz,  si  cl  .Sv  Condi:  dc  la  Ciukna,  lluvado  do 


2Ji 


SPREAD  OF  THE  REVOLUTIOX. 


n  -. 


without  wailiuL;'  until  ('alk'ja  was  jtropured  to  act  i:i 
coneurt  witli  liiui,  attackud  tlu;  main  battery  of  ihc 
insui'jj^t'nts  witli  his  division.  The  attempt  was  uu- 
.sucet.'ssful.  The  enen)y  was  ai>le  to  concentrate  ovi  r- 
wheh.iing  numbers  at  the  ])oint  assailed,  and  t\v 
his  troops  were  re|)ulsed.      Jlis  ai'tillery  amnuinitii 


it  tl 


lis  crisis  ii'ave  o 


ut;  1 


lis  men  lost  coniidenc 


Ill 
1. 1 


began  to  retreat  in  gieat  disorder. 

At  this  moment  victory  inclined  to  the  insurgents. 
The  detachment  under  EmjJiiran  on  the  right  lia  I 
also  sustained  two  i'e])ulses,  he  himself  was  seveirlv 
wounded  in  the  head,  his  horse  killed,  and  the  regi- 
ment of  San  Carlos  was  already  in  Hight.'*'  Xotliiii'^ 
L'ut  the  ascendency  of  Calkjja's  [)resence,  his  coolnes.-; 
"•nd  military  skill,  saved  the  rlay,  Jaloii,  who  had  suc- 
cessfully forded  the  river  and  captured  the  rovol. iron- 
ists' battery,  hastened  to  the  assistance  of  lOmpiir 


aiu 


1  intei 


ri)osmo:  his  troops 


bet\ 


ween  himanc 


I  tl 


i:i; 


le  dense 


masses  of  the  enemy  in  pursuit,  restored  this  partof  tlu' 
iield,  resulting  in  great  siaughter  of  the  indej)endeiits.*' 
"^i'o  restore  the  left  was  more  difiicult,  and  re([ulred  im- 
mediate attention.  A  strong  column  of  infantry,  siip- 
poi'ted  by  two  squadrons  of  horse  with  two  field-piccis, 
was  sent  over  the  bridge  to  (he  support  of  Flon.  Tliis 
movement  had  some  ellcct  in  ar'-esting  the  disdr- 
der,  but  it  was  obvious  to  the  leader  of  the  loyal- 
ists that  his  left  division  held  their  ground  i;i 
iVont    of  the  u'l'tuit  batterv   with   ditiicultv,  and  that 


Ui    extraordmarv   and   dt.-cisive  ( 


•tfort 


must 


made 
rcf'To 


in    orde!'    to    dislodge    the    enemy.        lie    tl 
marched   witli  all   the    available    trooj)s  of   h '^    divi- 
sion over  the  bridge,  and  deploying  into  line,   i 


S  .SdOl 


sii  ai'dicnto  ospiritu,  no  so  liuldcso  tqiartiiilo  il(  1  pl;iii  ijiip  mo  propnsc  y  li'  llj  •.' 
(■(il''j'i,  ill  /</.,  ii.  .•!;!!). 

■"Owiiiu,  acuririliiig  to  Ciillcja's  report,  to  tlio  want  of  cnura^'o  of  tlu'  ■■  il- 
OUL'I,  Ramon  Ccvallo.s,  'siuiulo  causa  Ad  (]uo  sit  resiiniL'iitoivtrocL'iliL'st' ])"iil'H 
vi'L'i's,  y  oiiipczaso  <i  linir  siL,'iiieiiilo  v\  cjciupli)  t\c  su  ('oroui'l  y  ]i()iiiciHl'>  mi 
ilcsi'i'Kn  ;i  los  ilcmas.'   Biisliiniitiitc,  CikuI.  /lis/.,  i.  KU). 

*"  'Ale  asi'L-'ura.'  sayaCallcja,  'sii  oomau'laiito  no  iialirr  liayoiicta  ;  Ilthim  na 
todo  cl  iirimcr  batiiUon  (luo  no  oste  tcfiiila  (  .  sanu'if  ilo  iiisuru'i'nte.-i.'  il-i'- 
numlcz  y  DdcaU/x,  Vol.  ])w:.,  ii,  .'}."iS.     Jalon's  i   'loit  is  found  in  /■/.,  .'iiil. 


DEATH  OF  FLOX. 


2J5 


as  tlio  u'rouiid  allowed  liis  (ioiiiL!;'  so,  joined   liis  forces 
with   11;ose  of   l^'loii.      lie  tlieu  caused   his  ten  pieces 


() 


;ents. 
;  1ia  1 
errly 

tliin'4 

ill  I  ess 
(1  SU''- 

.itinr,- 
);ii'aii; 
dense 
el"  the 
,ents/' 
0(1  ini- 
sui>- 

eres, 

This 

isnr- 

.va!- 

.1    i;i 

that 

made 

r'.'.re 

(li\i- 

>|  II  Hi 

liiiri  '■:! 

/    //'■  '■• 

;!ia. 


ai'tilliTv'  to  be  oollccto"  on  one  ]>oiiit,  ;ind  directed 
against  the  u^ain  battery  of  the  insur^'ents.  While 
tliese  were  ])layiiiL,^  vi;j;'orously  u])oii  th(.'  oiieiny  at  half 
niusk.t  sliot,  a  general  ciiargc  along  the  royalist  line 
was  (irh'red. 

And  now  occurred  an  accident  which  ovei'ruh  -I  the 
]»o\\ei'  of  battle,  and  held  back  the  cause  of  indepen- 
dence, it  niav  be,  for  eleven  tedious  and  bloody  veai's. 
A  henil)  iVom  the  well  (hrectcd  artillery  of  tin;  royal- 
i-ts  struel;  an  aninuuution  wagon  (4' the  enemy,  and  a 
liirific  e.\j)h»sion  occurred,  scatteiing  the  dead  and  dy- 
ing ill  all  directions.  ]]ut  this  was  not  nil.  Tlie 
L;'innii(l  at  that  season  of  the  year  was  covered  with 
a  thick  niattinu^  of  di'y  ijrass,  and  this  takinn"  iii'e  a  fear- 
i'ul  conlUigratiou  ensued.  Tlo  uind  blew  i'ldl  in  the 
lace  of  the  revolutionists,  aiitl  the  ure  spreading  Vv"ith 
aw  till  rapidity,  they  were  soon  enveloped  in  dense  clouds 
nf  siiieke  and  roaring  tlanies.  Beibre  the  liery  blast 
they  could  not  stand.  Some  fell  asj)hyxiated;  others 
wcjv  horribly  buj'ued.  Flight  was  inevitable."  The 
(hsmder  caused  by  this  catastri)[)ho  and  the  ilrni  ad- 
vaiiciM)!' the  royalists,  who  were  now  eneoura^■ed  by  tlio 
[)ivseiice  and  intrepid  bearing  »»("  Calleja,  strnck  panic 

"''ulkja  makes  no  inciition  of  this  coiifla'rratioii  so  favoraMo  to  Iiis  nio\  u- 
muiits;  aii'.l  Alaniau— //'.s/.  McJ.,  ii.  \'.V2-'.')  —j;oiu.' rally  ])ai-tial  to  t!ic  royali.-,l:3, 
vrrcivis  tliL'  Htatc'imiiit  with  .'uich  (  xiU'cssioiis  of  iloiilit  as  to  loavc  tlio  iiu- 
I  rissiiiii  (III  tlio  leader's  mind  that  ho  did  imt  wish  to  holiovo  in  it.  ]le  .d  cis 
ii'it  even  accept  the  testiiiuiiiy  of  Colonel  X'illainil,  who  was  .sent  "Aitu  two 
liild-iiieee.)  to  the  assistance  of  Flon,  and  who  says:  '  So  cmiicsi'i  A  fiieixo  ecu 
I'lS  dns  eanoncs  ([no  llovaha  liMsta  ([Uo  esto  eesu  por  hal"  rso  ineendiado  el 
i:iiuii.i.'  Ili'riiiiiiili'z  1/ j)i'n:>ilo.^.  f^ol.  ])ni\,  ii.  .'{lil.  liut  this  royali.-.t  testimony 
ii  stmii'^'ly  eoiTohorativc  of  statements  more  i)articnlari/e<l.  in  the  /Insqii, yt 
''■  /'  /;  'I'dln  ill  Calihroii,  1  lind  tlii-i  aeeount.  '■  I'na  j^ranada  ilel  ealilirc!  cl.'  ;i 
I  tirail.i  eoiiti'a  hi  ordcu  de  (juo  no  so  h.ieiese  fiie^jo,  ir'n'o  <'n  Ml  eairo  do 
imiMi.'idues  do  los  oneniigos,  lo  inllamo  y  so  ohsepvo  una  graiuh;  ex|dosion.' 
And  tiirther  on:  'So  cneoutl'i'i  eon  inuehnrt  (;adavei'es  a>i  por  el  fiiei^o  do  lo.i 
i!tai|ius  do  Flon  coino  ])or  el  de  hv  es[)losioi;  (h'l  eavro  "  i\v  Ins  eajones  do 
jiulliiiiii  ,|iu.  ;,i,i;i  (li^pLM'SMS  eu  varins  i)untos.'  [il.,\\.  '.\\1.  Verilia,  in  A/.,  iv, 
Ho  I.  iituihutes  in  a  f;reat  ineasiiro  tlu;  disastiT  of  lln' day  (i;i  the  side  of 
till'  iiidi'jH  iideiit-;  to  the  explosion  of  H;-m'  ainniiiiiitioii  wanons.  eansed  hy  ;i 
(.'I'lMiuile  ili.-.i'lini-i,fed  hy  tin;  royalists  and  tlie  spread  of  lire  thei'iliy  tlnonyh  the 
eimip.  Piastaniante  and  Xe;^rete  talie  the  view  j^iveu  in  iiie  text.  Muia 
iitiiilii,trs  the  lire'  iu  the  eamp  ti>  the  sitnnlt  ineoils  didchurgo  of  the  07  giuia 
ItyouKrul  Aileiide.    .!/■  ,i\  ,j  .•<ii.<  I!.,.,  v..  l:>.">, 


u'-  \. 


25G 


SPllLAI)  OF  THE  RKVOLUTIOX. 


into  till-'  in.siirufents.  All  aloiiL''  t!u;  roviilist  liiu.'s  ilie 
cliarniiig  tr()()[)s  pressed  upward  with  l)ut  little  lo-s, 
and  eavulry,  iiifaiitrv,  and  artillery  at  last  yained  tlic 
heii^lit  togetluir.^'  ]3ut  the  enoni}'  was  in  full  lli^lit, 
and  tluiir  abandoned  i;uns  were  foun'l^^till  loadt'd  with 
I4iaj»e-sh()t.  A  .solitary  battery  of  six  heavy  j)!ec('s, 
situated  on  the  sununit  of  an  eniinenee  v,  \  the  in- 
surgents' left,  still  maintained  its  lire.  Thither  h.i.l 
eongreij;'ated  L^reat  nundjers  of  the  dispc^rsed  aiiiiy. 
but  a  detaciunont  of  the  ti'iunipliant  troops  bcin.;' 
sent  a^'ainst  it,  it  was  eaptured  with  little  dillienh\  ; 
and  after  a  contest  of  six  hours  tlu.'  I'oyalist  victory 
at  the  bridge  of  Calderon  was  coinj)lete. 

Then  followed  the  pursuit.  Over  the  cliaircd 
i^'round  ihe  horsemcu  urged  their  steeds  after  the  ilyiiiL;' 
bands.  Foremost  amongst  the  ])ursui-'rs  was  Finn. 
Eniaged  at  the  unsuccessful  part  wliich  he  had  [)layiil 
in  tlie  late  battle,  and  eager  for  revenge,  or  detenniinil 
not  to  sur\  ive  his  disgrace,''^  he  outstripped  them  a!!, 
and  plunging  among  the  insurgents,  fedl  covei'(.'d  witiL 
wounds.  At  night  his  al)sence  was  noticed  and  a  party 
was  sent  in  search  of  h'in,but  it  was  not  until  t!ie  fol- 
lowing day  that  his  mutilated  body  was  found.'* 

or  the  military  antecedents  of  (Jolonel  ^Manu'l  ilc 
Flon,  contle  de  la  Cadena,  little;  is  known,  llisri'jui- 
tatiou  as  a  ])ublic  man  was,  however,  well  establislic  I 
in  New  S[)ain,  and  his  chara.ctei'  for  honesty  ami  in- 
tegrily,  as  well  as  his  ability  in  the  })erformancc  df 
political  and  maLristerial  duties,  universally  recognize!. 


*  t\  k 


'-'Sioiilo  iiliia  (li^  pnco3  niiimtos  ol  aonu-ti^r  l.-i  hatci'ia  y  Jipnilor.ir-f  il' 
i.''l!i,  no  (;li->t;iiito  I'l  iiiiiuniso  iii'iruL-r.)  ilo  iiisurm'ijtcs  i|uc  la  (loloiiili;iii  v  !.i 
I'osi 'tt'iici  I  ijiK!  iipusiL'i'oii  .SDiti'iiii'iulo-ic  liastii  v\  trriiiiuo  <lo  (|U(;  l:is  tirs  ainiis 
lIc^'Mtiiu  ,'i  nil  ticiiiiK),  y  la  artilluiia.  inis:na  -X  tiro  du  pistola.'  Callja,  in  lln'- 
iiuiiilc.i/  /Kirti/u.i,  I'ul.  J)o/\,  ii.  .'{."iS, 

■•'''  I'aivce  hC  fuo  ;l  biiscar  l:i  luiiortc  'iiitro  cnoinigos  para  no  aobivljir  isn;)  d 
a(|iu'lla  (li'svracia,'  A/.,  ii.  .'U'J. 

'■  .Vl.iinau  states  that  a  solilicf  of  the;  [iroviiicial  rciiiiUMit  of  Vallail'ilil 
sltw  !iiiii,  ivmafUiiig,  as  oviiloiici'  in  a  foot-noti-,  that  this  so'.ilior  pniiliKL'il  in 
(1  iadalajaia  a.  poclu't-l>ooU  iiolmigiiiL;  to  l''hin,  whioli  ho  liad  taken  fi'Miii  h'n 
(hail  lio(iy.  //inf.  Mij.,  ii.  l.'iO.  lint  the  condition  of  tlu;  coip-io,  eovoivl  witli 
Wound  1  and  uontnsionsinllietiilliy  every  iiiiid  of  weapon,  i.ssullii'icute\  i'ieM!'i' 
that  he  \va-  ovei'powi'ioil  liy  numbers,  and  that  he  did  not  fall  by  the  hand  et 
a  AMI 'ie  man. 


RESULTS  OF  TlIK  I'.ATTLI':. 


2.-7 


][is  iin))etuositv  iiud  strong-  passions,  it  Is  true,  not  uii- 
i'lcqiiuntly  loci  him  into  cii-ors',  causing  lilni  to  ovo'- 
luok  indiviilual  rights  and  (hsrugard  Jaw.  lit"  ludd 
the  saniu  [)ohti<'al  o[>inionsashis  hrothrr-in-law  JJiiiho. 

J-'lnii  was  ahoi't  J^ixty  years  <jt' agu  wlicn  ho  nict  liis 
(liath  at  Caldcron.  Pudraza,  who  witnossrd  his  ac- 
t'hiii  in  tlic  ahu'oidiga,  says  tliat  ho  "was  of  oriHniiiy 
luiglit,  with,  hroad  and  arched  shoulders.  His  coun- 
tcnnncc  was  of  a  dark  brown  and  wrinkled,  the  ex- 
])res>ioM  of  it  Ijeing  I'rowning  and  se\ere:  his  eyes 
v.ci'e  >uiiken,  ])enctratlng,  and  iierco,  and  his  look  jiroii.l 
and  disdainful,  while  his  long,  hoavy,  gray  ov  'hiows 
gave  to  his  fc'atures  an  iin[)osing  and  unpleasing  as- 
|K'et."''"'  The  })ortrait  is  not  a  [)leasiiig  one.  Jiis  re- 
mains Were  temporarily  deposited  in  the  neighhoring 
parish  hiurcli  of  Za[totlanejo,  whence  they  were  trans- 
i'crrei  ?i>  the  cathedral  of  Guadalajara  and  there  in- 
terred with  solemn  ol)sequies."' 

Calleja  on  the  I'oUowing  chiy  I'osted  his  troops  on  the 
b;ittle-lield,  and  then  pursued  his  march  to  Gua^lala- 
iai'a,  taking  with  him  all  the  serviceable  camion  of  the 
insurgents,  after  having  <lestroyed  and  buried  the  rest. 
Tlio  revolutionary  leaders  fled  bv  dillerc;nt  routes  to 
Zacatocas,  liayon  succeeding  in  carrying  olf  tiie  army 
funds,  which  amounted  to  .^800,000.'' 

The  loss  on  the  side  of  the  insurgents,  as  on  previ- 
ous occasions,  is  ludcnown,  but  that  it  was  very  con- 
siderable may  be  infeired  from  the  fact  that  in  the 
part  of  the  tield  alone  where  .lalon  went  to  the  sup})(n"t 
<'\'  J']nipa,ran  more  than  1,L'()()  fell."  That  sustained  by 
the  rovalists  was  49  killed,  \oi  wounded,  anil  ten  miss- 


^■'('I'ihi-hlnd  Inil<'jti  )iiL.  "Jj  Morn.  M-j.  ]/  "ii.'t  Rrr.,  iv.  4.">-0. 

"''t'oal.is  liiu'sosdo  l<wos)iiirii)k'.s  ilr;.Mll.i(lii.s  cii  lii.s  burniiiuus  cerorinas  :i  hi 
oiii.l;iil.'  This  ori'iuTcil  on  tiio  lltli.jf  IVIi.  I'ollowiii'^.  Alainmi,  J/i.<l.  J/iJ., 
ii.  i:;ii. 

'•  Z'lh'ih.n,  in  Ifrrii'iiilrz  >/  l),irii/nM,  Col.  Jtoc,  i.  "Sd.  Ah'iniiiii  xav.-i  iiliMUt 
300.(1 1,1  prsos.  Hi, I.  MrJ.,  ii.'  I'JT. 

^' II'  rn'inih''.  11  I)i'i('i(/iis,  <  'dl.  /)fii'.,  ii.  ,'i(il.      Aci^oi'iliii;.,' to  m  h'ttcrjiiMrcssoil 
hy  \;:\ari'o  to  MtTouthi,  4.01)1)  \V(■l■;^  LalciikltLM.l   to  liave  lallcu,  'lUiU'iiio  sobre 
I'^^i'i  11' I  h.iy  (hi til  cii'it ).'  111.,  i    'MO. 
Uiar.  JlEx.,  Vol.  IV.     17 


258 


.sri;i:AP  of  the  nicvoLUTiox. 


ing.''^  This  insignificant  loss  in  tiic  acliii'vcincnt  of  -m 
greatii  victorv  was  due  first  of  all  to  tlio  accitk-nt,  and 
seeondl\',  to  the  suptiriorify  in  nrins  and  disciplini'  n|' 
the  royalists.  ] lenciifoi'th  the  I'oyalist  cause  was  Wn 
some  tini(;  ascendent,  but  the  principles  of  indepen- 
dence were  too  deeply  rooted  ever  again  to  be  wholly 
eradicated. 

'"  fd. ,  ii.  nO-i.  Cilleja  snys  50  killed  ami  12.")  woniided.  /-/.,  S.")!).  Al  lui  iii 
erroiicoualv  .uivos  tin-  iuiihIk'I'h  as  41  killed  and  71  ■\vnuiided.  ///-/.  JliJ.,  li. 
I'jy  oO.     Those  given  in  tlio  text  arc  taken  from  the  otiicial  retuius. 


CHAPTETl    XI. 

HIDALGO'S  CArTUlIK  AND  DKATII. 

isil. 

(']:'-■/.  .TiiiNs  Cai.lk.i.v  at  GrAi)\L\.iAi;A^lTi"Mii.rTV  fH'  thf.  A  i  uii-.scia, 
< 'iiiKcir,  ANi»  Univi;i;sity — Callkja  Kstaiu.isiii'.s  a  .Ii  nva  he  Sicr.r- 
jiiDAii  -Cuiv.  JiKiJAiNs  San  15las — Ddath  or  Mk.ucado— Hidauio 
('n.M!'i;r,i  r.i)  to  Sui;ui;n'1>kii  his  ('(immand  Th:;  lNsri;i;i;Nr  Lkaiikus 
];i;riiii-;  'jo  Saltillo — Tiikv  Dkcuii-;  to  Go  to  tiii;  L'niii;i>  Statkn — 
Or-iMiATioNS  IN  San  Luis  PoTosi— Diatii  ok  JIkruf/iv — ('ofNTEii- 
i;i;\  oi.r  HON'  IN  Ti'.XAS — CAi'Tt  i;k  and  I-^xiit'tion  of  IiiNAcm  Ai.ha.m  \  — 
i^Li/.oNUu'rt  TRKACiiKKorrt  Pi-or — Capii  i;h  of  Hidaliio  am>   IIiaoli- 

TloNAUY     ClIIKIS — IuIAUTE's     DkATH       'rUK     L'Al'TJVlis     Ai;K     SkNT      IO 

CiiiiirAHnA — Til  Kin  Tuiai,— Ahasolo's  Diposition— I^xixttions — Jv- 
(■li;sia!5tic'al  Jiimsuktion — IliDAUio's  Exi.crTioN — Ifis  CiiAUAriEu. 

C'alleja  entered  Guadaliijara,  oii  tlio  2]s(,  of  .Tanu- 
ar\'.  His  reception  was  similar  to  tliat  of  Hidaln'o  a 
iVw  \\'e('k,s  before.  AVith  wondorl'ul  I'acility  thesi  p(.'ii- 
]ilc  I'oald  he  royalists  or  revolutionists  as  occasion  do- 
iiiaii(K'(l.  In  their  [)rinci]»les  th<n'  woi-e  c;'<)ver!i<_'il 
ure;itlv  hy  the  woather.  ]  t  J  Lidal ''o  rain:'il  lii-;  rahhh; 
Ujion  them  in  ilui  morning',  the  Imwii  -all  thai  wrre 
liit  in  it — was  tor  the  eoiuitry;  ii"  ('allija''^  sun  shone 
hri'^ht,  it  was  i'or  the  kinu'.  jVnd  hirkily  so;  cIsd 
h\'  this  tinii',  holwoi'ii  the  sexcral  retaliaioi'v  leaders, 
thciv  lind  hix'ii  low  KTt.  "N  et  there  were  many  in 
^Icxico  linn  enou'^h  in  ^'snonsin;;- tin-  cause  an  I  iiwMy 
ca(hniu'4',  ]'h'd,L;'in;i4-  themseKes  ii'revoeahly  to  it,  kimw- 
111^^  that  sueh  aetii^)n  was  ahnost  certain  death. 

The  demonstr.-ctions  on  this  occasion  were  tnuisually 
in'olou,c,n,'  1,  iVoiii  the  tact  that  in  the  afternoon  of  the 
■siiiie  (luy  Cruz  unexpectedly   an'ived.      'J'liis  leail'a', 


ill 


'*ll 


1 


) 


I ; 


«5 


»i 


200 


]!I1).\[/;(»'S  CAI'TUr.K  AND  nEATH. 


aft'-i'  the  (It  ];iys  \v1iicli  (■iii1);ii']'assc(1  liis  advance  uiitil 
lie  li)(i  ciD^scti  the  Ijci'iiia,  liaJ  liastciu'(l  ini'ward  l>\- 
foi'c^.'tt  marches  1o  join  ( 'alleja.  Persona II3'  these  two 
counnanth'rs  were  iinkii(»\vu  to  each  other,  Ijut  al 
thoiiu'li  hitent  leelinu^s  of  jealousy  niii-ht  exist,  th<'ir 
iiK'etin^"  ^vas  eoi(hal  in  the  exti'enie,  Xor  (hd  (_'ru/.'s 
seniority  of  ranlc  as  a  hri^'adier  interf'ei'e  Avitli  an  ami- 
cable  arranu'enieut  as  to  their  respective  positions;  ]ie 
waived  his  i'i'''ht  to  take  tin,'  chief  command  in  favor 
(»f  C.'alieja.^  It  Avas  afterward  agreed  that  eacli  sliouM 
retain  ei)nunan(l  of  his  own  division,  and  that  (  Viiz 
should  mai'ch  at  onct'  to  San  lilas  to  rocoxcr  posse-^ioii 
of  that  port,  while  (,'alleja  remained  in  (Guadalajara  t^ 
reform  the  L^overnmeiit. 

On  the  22(1  and  2;id  ( 'alleja  issued  two  proclain  i- 
tions:  the  one  congratulatinL;'  his  troops  ujiou  their 
late  yictory  and  exliortino-  tlieiii  to  abstain  from  <  x- 
cessos;  the  other  was  addri'ssed  to  the  inhaljitants  ef 
Xueva  GJalieia,  and  was  of  thiMisual  tenor,  contaiiiiii'^' 
thi'eats  of  death  in  ease  of  future  disobedience,  and 
to  all  caught  with  arm.?  in  their  hands.^  ]Moi'eo\ir, 
h(i  caused  ten  of  thi  jtrisoners  taken  at  Caldereii 
to  be  shot  as  traitors.^ 

The  late  action  taken  l)v  the  audiencia  and  the  ec- 
clesiastical j)owers  on  the  entraiice  of  Jlidalgo  into 
(jruadalajara  was  not  likely  to  win  favor  for  them  in 
tlie  C3'es  of  the  viceroy;  and  they  now  hasterjed  t> 
send  to  him  protestations  of  iidelity  and  ex{)lan/iii"in 
of  their  conduct.  The  f  )rnier  ((X[)ressed  its  unbo:e;  i'  ] 
Toy  at  the  lato  victory,  and  the  restitution  of  its  l  ■ 

'  This  action  of  Cruz  was  highly-  ;ipi)ii  ivoJ  Ijy  the  viconiy,  who  writeuc  '  <  ''ii» 
h)  ((uo  Iia  (kdo  V.  8.  hi  pruoba  111113  ciiiiviiiccnto  do  ,sii  cDiKhii'ta,  y  df 'j:i" 
iiada  ;iiiia  taiito  cumo  il  l)iic'ii  .survicio  del  ny.'  Afaiii'tii,  lli-i!.  M<j.,  Ji.  h''- 

•  lIcriMiulcz  ij  /Jdru/js,  Col.  Dor.,  ii.  WlS,  :U'.)-oO;  Uaz.  tie  Jih.c.,  1^1!  ii. 
107-0. 

■'()iio  of  those.  Shnuii  ]■"](  tcher,  was  from  the  U.  S.  lie  was  oiio  "f  Hi- 
(hilL;o'.s  captains  of  ai'lillei-y.  a:id  hailciiiiinaiKhd  a  hattcry  (it  raldcroii.  Ah 
thiaiL'h  aovcivly  woundid.  ('all"ja  cause  (1  liiiii  to  lie  taken  from  the  hii:<]iiial 
find  .shot.  'Jiliu  tal  (  1  di  ;eo  ch)  t'alhja  (h^  tiisilar  11  idgmio  tk-  l^s  de  a(|iiil[:i 
jiacioii  ipie  andaliaii  foineiuaiido  hi  revoliiciou.'  Alninim,  llltt.  Mj..\\.  I't  ■': 
JJiir.titinuiiU',  ('iiiii/iui'idi  i/c  t  ■(ill.J,/,  Idt.  The  hitter  uives  the  iiaine.s  of  liiUoU 
csijciitcvL     They  were  all  ;--liot  with  their  backj  to  the  hriiig  ]^)latoouH. 


m 


CAI.I.EJA  IX  CIUAD.VLAJARA, 


201 


tliuis,  wliicli  liad  l)crii  iiitLrni])t(j(l  duriiii;'  ilic  ()ccu|)a- 
lidii  (if  l:li(j  city  In' the  "insurgent  inonstLT,  Mi^'iicl 
1 1  idali^'o;  '  while  the  ecclesiastical  cha|>tei'  drew  a 
|ii;ial)le  ]»ictiire  (A'  the  degradation  its  iiieiid)ei's  had 
ii.'eii  sul)jeetod  to  in  having  heeii  C()in))elled  toi'e|)ress 
any  utterance  of  their  sincere  loyalty  and  lidelit}'. 
Thi'  university,  moreover,  in  all  humility,  declai'ed 
tliat  it  had  made  n(»  demonstration  in  ia\'oi'ot"  Hidalgo 
-ucii  as  was  oiFei'ed  to  ;i  legitimate  government,  in- 
I'lnaed  the  viceroy  that  a  donation  of  Hi,;")] 0  had  heen 
( (>iitril)Uted  hy  the  memhers  of  the  I'acultv  I'oi-  the 
heiictit  of  the  army,  and  said  that  certain  of  them  had 
linii  conmiissioned  to  preach  and  write  in  rel'utatioii 


1 


tlie    [ 


iroclamatioiis   an( 


[)ani[ 


ihlet> 


print 


e(i 


IV  tlio 


insurgents.      Thc^    iacnlty,   moreover,    })etitioned   the 
vii-eroy   to  appoint  ( 'alleja  jire>ident,   governor,  and 


(■aiitam-2'enera 


1    of   X 

tl 


Ue\;l 


(lal 


icia. 


ciously  receiv(^d  these  explanations,  an 


V 

1  in  I 


ene'''as    ij'ra- 


t^' 


US  rei) 


ilv  t 


o 


wil 


t'ie   ecclesiastics,  expix'sses   the    ho[)e    that   time 
pi'"ve  that  he  has  not  been  deceived  in  forming  the 
Iilgh  o[)inion  wliich  he  entertained  for  them. 

When    Hidalgo    diparted    iVoni    ( Juadalajara,    the 


audiencia    au( 
tiiemselves. 


I     otl 


it.'r    autliorities 


had 


reijstahli 


<he(l 


['resident  Abarca  and  <»thei's,  who   had 


1; 


\\\\  eoncea 


led, 


as   soon   as 


Cal 


ie  a  s 


^■lct 


opN"    became 


kaowu,  issued  from  llieii' hiding  place--  and  I'eassunKnl 


tiuir  [irevious  po<it 


<  )!lS. 


XewilIicK'ss  Calleja  closely 


UiVAstigated  tilt'  conduct  of  those  ('idores  and  other 
(^'licials  who  had  I'emaiued  in  the  city,'''  and  consider- 
in'''  that  the  weak  ajid  vacilLitinu"  character  of  vVharca 


. 


'''■  Mf. 


Is)!,    ii.    |()t)-l-_>,    -J.!!-,    S;    //, 


The  vicei'ov-  .Ian.  lllt'i,  n 


/.  ;  v/  Dh'ulox,  (',,>.  ]>,, 


lli>lalt,'()'.s  )irocl;iiiiiiUims.  iiin  I'l'ply 


t'l  till'  iiniuisition,  aiui  ndicr  seilitiuUM  (i  iMiuatinn-i  to  lie  Ijiiincd  liy  tl 
ti.iiur  ill  tin;  plaza  Hf  M»»-Ni«i>.     On  tlio  'Jlitli  ttf   Mjnisir 


lull  ISHIlfl 


1  Ml  »'ilii-ti 


l'i''iiiiiiiiu'iii,^  tin;  griMiter  I'xoiiniiiniiiioatiiiii  11  iai:i  i  ;.il  uliu  ■ln'iill   ki  i  [i 
l':|i'-rs  ill  tlicir  jio.s.-M'ssi  m.     Ci>i)i(  s  I'l'liotii 


-l/'.f.  .V;./.  A7A'.,  iii.  S.V!) 


JUllK  llt-i 


aiii.\. 


:/'•■  '■ 


Til. 


lit  .Viitoiiii)  \illa  Urrntia,  fi'ii,'niug  sii'kness,  attiMK 


li'.l 


no  SOSSKJII 


Was 


till'  iiiuliciaia  iliiiiii;,'  tin'  tiiiic  that  tlio  t'ity  was  ncciipio'l  liy  Hiilalgo,  win 
iVfi',  tVniiii'iitly  viviti'il  liiin.      Ili:  \va>i  n  iii-iUilkil  in  liis  ollire.  a-(  al-w 


Oia. 


r  Suusa,  who  lunl  utteii.luil  uulv  wico, 


mill 


ti'st  iii.r.ire  tho  oscriliaiu)  .\irovo  do  Ami.i.     Ailrail 
lu.l 


tliiii  liiiiltr  a  jiiililic  I 


e  was  aiiu 


tlicr 


iiii'iiiifcr  « lio 


xl'uscd  to  join  thu  sessions.  Alumun,  Ulit.  Mi  J.,  ii.  HO;  iv.  a[i.  ti'-i-l. 


'2i)2 


IflDAI.rioS  CAITL'RI-:  AM)  DEATH. 


»<    1 


I'fiidcrcd  liiiii  unlit  to  iill  the  j)()sitioii  lie  li;i(l  lieJcl,  ni:ui-j 
(•(»n'es[)()ii(!iii;4'  I'epresentatidus  to  \eiieL,^;is.  A'i;nea 
nsked  lor  a  i'oniial  iiiveslij^atioii,  wliich,  ]io\ve\-('i', 
was  (U'liied  liiiii;''  and  his  jxaitioii  tliat  he  niinht  he 
allowed  lo  i\'tuiii  to  Spain  liavini^  l)eeii  granted,  he 
<K'j)arted,  hut  died  at  j^•Ulanl;l  some  tiin(>  afterwaiih 
on  his  inurnev  tliitliec.  iiesides  ruuslahhsliinu'  thi; 
roy;dist  auilioiilies.  Calleja  formed  a  junta  de  we^uii- 
dad,  with  V^dasco  de  la  Vai-a''  as  j)rcsident,  the  j)i'(- 
ro_;atives  of  whicli  consisted  in  tlie  I'ii^ht  t^.'  tiy  ;ill 
])er>ons  suspceti'd  of  ti'eason.  Jle  also  instituted  a 
junta  de  caridad  y  re(|uisieion  ile  [jiL'Ues  europeos,  the 
ohjeet  of  which  was  to  protect  the  pi'operty  and  iii- 
t'.i'ests  of  l''.uro]>eans  who  had  lied  or  l)een  ]tut  to 
(Kiat  li,  and  administer  aid  to  I  heir  faniilio.  'i'liis  court 
Avas  also  chargvd  with  the  duty  of  collectiuL^  and  iii- 
terriuL;'  tin;  remaiijs  of  the  Spaniai'ds  lately  slain." 

Havini!^  thus  nrratiged  all'airs  in  ( Juadalajara,  w  itli- 
out  waitiu'jj  foi'  the  retiu'n  of  Cm/,  wlio  in  the  nna!i 
time  had  heeii  appoint('d  [)ro.sident  in  jdace  of  Al>ar(  a, 
and  military  commandcir  of  Nueva  Galicia  and  Zaca- 
tecas,  (Adhja  left  for  Sail  Luis  Potosi.  His  army 
was  at  this  time  mticli  i'<'duced  in  munhers  hv  sick- 
ness,  desei'tion,  and  excessive  venery;'*  and  when  iii- 
I'orming  the  \iccroy  of  his  departure  Crom  Guadala- 
jara, lie  fi'lt  it  necessary  to  remark  that  lu;  ol)scrveda 
want  of  enthusiasm  in  Ids  troops,  and  little  inclinatiou 
to  en;4a^'e  in  fresh  eampaii^n.s.^'^  His  march  to  Snu 
Ijuis  was  coiidticted  with  all  possibU;  pomj),  and  with 
such  assunijition  of  almost  courtly  dis[)lay  as  greatly 
to   (li,si>;ust   tlie    viceroy.''     J>ut  wliile  outriders   i)i-c- 

'■ 'Iv-!  natural,' writes  C.illeja  ti)  the  viceroy,  '(jiu;  iatoitc  juslilicai'au  uaty 
i,i';  i)''fi)  yu  no  [Ufiiso  dirlc.'   I)iistn.inn}ifi\  <  'dWiHhltis  (k'  CalfiJ'i,  1(12. 

'  Abarca  liail  inarricilouo  of  Uio  dau^Iitur.s  uf  \'c]a:5L'ij.  Al  uiifDi,  lll-^l.  l*''.'  , 
ii.  i;iH. 

■()ii  tlio  same  diiy  on  which  thuso  (il)SPr|uies  wcrn  lioM,  viz.,  Fd).  llHi, 
the  cxccuti Mils  pi'(.'viou.sly  iiicutiiiiicil  la  Uic  text  tuok  place.   Id.,  l.il. 

'••la  fi  ci'iilitlcatial  Icttoi'  to  ( 'ni/,  lie  says  that  'las  jmtas  y  cl  ciiIdi'  Ic  aca- 
iiahaii  s;i  Irupii.'  Ihiftam'tiitc,  ('itiii/i'irini  <lc  Cdllijd,  1;*.'). 

'"/■/.,  10-2.  He  inorcoxcr,  in  a  letter  to  tlu;  vici  voy  dated  .laii'iary  -'^. 
I'^ll .  acca.'a>s  the  Spaiiiiinls  of  want  ol'  pati'iotiain  and  of  criimiial  iiiiliii'c'eiio-', 
Ji'  r:rii!i/<z  1/  ihirnliix,  CoL  J>oi\,  ii.  ■'!  U. 

"  His  action  iu  this  respect  was  tliu  Kuhjcct  of  coiiveraatiou  in  Mc.xi'.  >, 


Ci;UZ  AND  MKRCAnO. 


2cn 


rcilrd  Ills  eaiTiiiu'i',  ;iii(l  iiiilltaTy  imi> ic  riit'-rtaiiicd  tlic 
(■M;ii]);iiiy  !it  his  tiililu  and  ovciiiiin"  i't.'ci']»ti(»iis,  want  dl" 
jiiovi.sions  and  ])asiui'a'^u  made  liis  iiiaridi  sl(j\v;  ami 
lii-^  h)\vj;  sti'a!4i4'lin'^'  line,  coiniioscd  of  soldiers,  nvohumi, 
caiiili-lollowers,  ami  liuii^ry  Ix'n'nai's,  pr't'scntcd  an 
iii'i'ay  I'ai'  IVoiii  militaiy  in  apprai'anci'.'-  ()ii  the  ;)t!i 
of  Manli  lie  arrixt'd  at  San  Luis,  which  [)]a(H;  had 
Iktu  in  the  power  of  Ilerrera  until  his  ;i[)[)r()a{-h. 


Dining-  tliis  time  Cruz,  wlio  Imd  left  Ciuadalajara 
on  the  'Ji'itii  of  Januai'V,  was  snccesslnllv  en'-a-ed  in 
reducing-  the  north-western  ])ortion  of  the  ])ro\inco  to 
suhjection.  On  the  liSth  ho  entei'(Ml  Ahualulco,  and 
tlici'e  |ii'ordainu-'d  the  u^eiieral  pardon  extended  to  all 


who  I'elurned  to  their  allc'-ianco 


Wit! 


ard 


to 


^lei'i-ado,  ]ie  even  intimated  that  he  would  re.-.tore  his 
heut'tiee  to  him  il'he  would  avail  himself  of  it.^'     ^Vs  t(» 


.-hetl 


R 


r  it  was  the  intention  of  Cruz  to  carry  out  to 


the  K'ttcr  lliese  fair  pi'omises,  I  leave  it  to  the  I'eader 
t"  jud'.'e,  ]\[(M'cado  had  evidently  no  confidence  in  ihem. 
Tile  disastrous  news  of  tlu;  loss  of  tlit;  battle  at  (\-d- 
(Itron  did   not  deter  him  iVom  makiuLf  furtlu.u'  efforts. 


Heordered  the  concentration  of  troo[)s;  issued  a  proc- 
lamation exhorting-  Americans  to  join  his  standard 
and  fi'^ht  lor  th(.!  cause  of  independence;  and  ufavc;  in- 
sii'iirtioiis  to  Captain  Ibarra  to  scour  the  district  and 
Seize  the  funds  and  all  available  ])roperty  belonL!;ii>,^' 
to  i^uropeans.  ^Vs  Cruz  a[)proached,  ^l-rcailo  to(>k 
\\\)  a  strong'  [tosition  conunandiu'j;'  the  dilticulL  pass  at 
th»'  hari'auca  of  Maninalco.     ]>ut  tlio  royalist  victoiy 

!i)!il  Vi'ue.;,'m  usoil  to  remark  that  '("alk'ja  corri;i  cmi  ViaUdofiM  toil;i  la  ticna 
Uw-atri)  couM  si  fiiera  nil  vircy.'  /Id'-fd/nnnfc,  ('ii.:>pail't-i  </(■  ('■ilhjii,  iO.')-!». 

'-  ■  Pudii'ihlo  (Ui.'ir.so  (jiio  caminaliaii  tiv.s  cji'icitos  a  im  titiii)ii),  X  salu  i-:  iiin) 
>!i' ."iiMudDvi,  oti'i)  ill!  iiRTefricL's  y  p^Tros,  y  uti'o  ilo  vi\aiukrii-i,  mi'uili'^"S,  v 
snimailo'!.'  LI,  10,') 


Vice  1-1 

Tl 


'Till;  pardon  was  oxtoiiik'J  to  tlio  inhabitants  of  Xncva  dalicia  liy  t! 


th 


a  St  of  ikr.  IS  10.    // 


<  run  nil'-.  '/ 


1). 


Ci.l.  J) 


'or.,  II. 


ptance  of  the  general  jiardoii  was  veliemeiitly  protested  a^'ainst  I  y 


t'li-  ilidepenik'lit  leae 


ii"t  t  ..ivail  themselves  of  it.  J<l.,  ii,  IS.'!  I. 


1  iiroeLuiiations  we.';  is.-.ued  exiiurting  .Me: 


.ii;a:.s 


stn 

tilL' 


'M  iiuul  Alvai'ez,  a  friend  <if  .Mereado".s,  writes  to  him  to  this  effi'it.  and 
dy  m',i,'os  liiin  to  aceept  ( Vn/.'s  elenieney.  'I'iiu  ori;.^inal  doeiiment  is  in 
o.-.iLSiinii  of  Hernandez  y  Davalos.  Sue  liis  Col.  JJor.,  i.  ;i'M. 


cot 


HIDALGO'S  CAPTU]!H  AND  DI.ATIT. 


pi 


til 


at  C'iiMtTon,  and  Ww.  oiVvv  of  jiardoii,  liad  a  l»ad  cft'Tt, 
U[)()ii  liis  iiicii.  ills  troops  broke  and  lied  at'tei'  liiin.!,- 
sonic  cannon-shots,  arid  JNFci'cado  betook  liinisclf  w  li  !i 
a  lew  roljowci's  to  San  J)las.  J)oth  in  tliat  |)<irt  and 
in  Te|»ic  a  reaclion  liadsctin.  jMancisco  \  aides,  who 
isad  l>een  tein|)(»i'aiily  placed  by  ^lercado  in  comnmnd 
of  llic  lirst  di\ision  ol"  tlie  coast  militia,  took  the  o|i- 
portunity  of  cxcitiiiL^  a  counter-i'evolution  at  Tepic 
in  la-vor  of  the  o'ovcrnnicid,  and  iinniediately  appi  i>i  il 
Cm/  of  the  state  of  alfaii's.      Cruz  s(,'nt  a  dctachnn  iit 


tliither  at  once,  and  that  important  town  fell  into  liis 
liands  without  a  blow.'"  Caj)tain  Salas,  th(!  ci>iii- 
mandei'  of  tlie  troops  sent  to '^I.V'|»ic,  was  instructed  tn 
pi'ocecd  thence  to  San  Jjlas  and  occupy  that  poit, 
where  h(!  was  to  malce  ev(,'ry  elfort  to  secure  the  jicr- 
sons  of  Mercado  and  other  insuruent  leadcn's,  as  \\iM 
as  to  arrest  Lavallen,  Bocalan,  and  otlujrs  inij)licatc!l 
in  the  surrender  of  the  port  to  jMercado.'"  ]>ut  that 
town  had  ah'eady  been  lost  to  the  revolutionists,  and 
JMei'cado  killed. 

When,  after  his  failure  to  arrest  the  advance  of  Crnz. 
]\[('rcado  had  returned  to  San  ]31as,  Padre  Nicelis 
Santos  Verdin,  eura  of  the  town,  formed  a  plot  with 
the  I'oj'alists  to  seize;  him  and  the  comandaiite  Jei- 
nun-o.  On  the  nii^ht  of  the  31st  of  January  they 
made  the  attack,  llomero,  however,  with  bnri'cil 
doors  defended  himself  by  lirini^  from  a  window  uiilil 
he,  Estuvan  Matemala,  commander  of  the  artillery. 
and  one  other  were  killed;  the  as-^ailants  having  two 
of  their  ])artv  slain  and  four  wounded.      The  jiarticu- 


lars  of  ^lercado's  death  are  not  kno 


wn. 


On  tl 


lowing  morning  his  body  was  i'ound  at  the  foot  '>|  ;i 
precipice,  down  which  it  was  conjectured  he  had  I'allcu 
(luring  llight.  But  therc^  is  reason  to  sm|)pose  that  lie 
was  killetl  while  defendinu''  himsell";   and  that  tho-MJ 


1 1 1 


liJ 


'"'r,'(/:.  (A'  .!/-.<.•.,  ISII,  ii.  l'.'f)-;VJ.  Cruz  iTccivi'il  tliu  connnuiiicatiou  of 
Viildvt*  vn  tlic  oil  (it'  l'\l).,  ))L'iii'4  llicu  at  IzUiui. 

''■A  tMipviif  the  oryiiial  iiiiUMciioii  iii  t)  boluuml  in  //<  I'liande"^  ij  Vdcah^, 
Col.  J>iK\,  i.  li'Jrf. 


ILK  HIT  TO  ZACATKCAS. 


205 


will)  slew  liiiii,  ill  ()i'(l(,'r  to  avoid  tlu?  oj»|nol»rium  at- 
tached to  j)i'ii'st-kill('rs,  threw  his  hody  over  the  clitr.'^ 
('ill/,  who  had  hitherto  remained  at  Iztlaii,  haviiii^; 
i  his  odicei's  ill  advance  to  conduct  liis  military  op- 


SCll 

(■rations  wherever  any  show  o 


\'  dan 


I'jcr  aiMH'ared,  now 


'PI 


leai'lessly  ]iroc(H,'ded  to  Topic,  wliicli  lie  eiitAMH.'d  on  the 


Sth  of  Fehruarv 


Here  la;  remained  ior  three  dav: 


•  hiriiiL;'  which  tiiiu^  he  issued  a  proclamation,  uinisnally 
mild  in  expression,  reorganized  military  and  ci\ll 
I'liirs,  and   liaii^cd  sevei'al  adherents  of  the   in(le| 


al- 
ien- 


lit   partv,  leaviiiLT 


thei 


r  oodles  susnoiK 


ded 


IS  a  warn- 


iii.;lo  others.      ()ii  tin;  I'itli  he  marcJK'd  to  San  Dhu 
whi'ic  lie  arrived  late  at  niu-ht.     The  activilv  he  di- 


Plavei 


1    1 


lei'e  as  e 


Isewl 


icro  was  stir]i 


risin'jf.     Whatexcr 


Jiis  i'aults,  he  cannot  bo  accused  (;t'  indolence  or  want 
of  administrative  aiiility.  The  civil  (jjovei'iimeiit  was 
rLdi'gaiii/.ed,  the  oiiices  for  the  coll(>ciion  of  the  reve- 
nue wei(.'  re-estahlished,  uiaritiine  and  military  mat- 
ti'is  put  in  order,  artillery  was  mounted  sullicieiit  for 
llie  defence  of  the  place — the  superiluous  e'uns  heiiiLj 


|)i;iCL'( 


I  on  board  the  fri'''ate  J^n'nccsK — and  numeri 


>u.s 


directions  were  issued  by  him  lV)r  the  future  e'uidanc(3 


of  oilicers 


left 


in  commani 


1.     11 


e,  moreover,  coiivo 


k.'d 


a  co'incil  of  war,  at  which  the  fatlie>r  of  ]\Iercado  was 
leiiined  to  be  haiiLTed,  which  sentence  was  carried 


celK 

into  eKCCution  on  the  I-lth 


n 


Tl 


le  same  ( 


lay  C 


ru/v  ro- 


tunied  to  Tepic,  where  Ik;  remained   two  days.      (.)ii 
tile  17th,  having  sent  forward  dclaehmeiits  to  Sayula, 

'" Xoi^rc'to  says  that  a  rcll.'iMo  witness  testifies  tliat  he  sawtli.;  wiumls  on 
till'  li'i  ly,  ;in(l  tluit  tliey  were  lilie  tiioseof  a  swunl,  or  simiiiir  poiuteil  \\e;ipoii; 
mill  I iiut  a  relative  uf  Mcfeailo  is  still  iu  possession  of  the  uinlersiiiit  v.di-ii 
hy  liini  when  lie  met  Iiis  deatli.  M<.r.  -V';/.  X/X.,  iii.  77.  Menailo  \\as  boia 
i.i  'r  111  anl  eiliieated  in  roiailalajara,  where  ho  (h;voteil  himself  to  the  stmly 
et  theo'.i.g;  did  was  ordained  pi'iest.  lie  was  afterwaid  appointed  eura  of 
Ahiiahdi'o.  \Viieu  Torres  gained  posses^iiou  of  (iuailahijara  he  joined  tho 
revolutinii.'iry  paity  with  (Mitlmsiasm.  Mercado  ])osses~ed  botli  aliility  ami 
detLrniinatiun,  as  is  cvidenee<l  hy  his  earcer,  Inief  thouLjli  it  M'as,  as  an  insiir- 
put  h.'iuler.  Vi-.rtliii,  in  /(/.,  iii.  ;>S,"i-!).'}.  C-)nsalt  Verdiu's  account  in  (/■<-.  <le 
J/".,  isij,  ii.  M-.M. 

'Mtdocs  not  appear  tliat  any  otlier  of  the  eaptui-ed  instu-Ljents  was  exc- 
eiiti'  1  at  tliis  town.  Cniz  says  to  the  viiwroy,  '  Todo3  los  denifis  etiras.  frayles 
yUiiu.i!  eahecillus,  no  [nidieron  ser  sentenciados,  y  vienea  niarchando  hacia 
tia,i.lala>;ara  para  ser  alii  juzgados. '  /'/.,  ISl. 


■  11  'fj 


yfM 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


'-'   iU    1 2.2 
Hi    110 


HA 


1.25  II  1.4 

s 

^ 6"     - 

» 

V] 


vl 


A 


'/ 


/A 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STRIET 
WEBSTIR.N.Y.  MSIO 

(716)  irs^soa 


^ 


n 


\ 


■i 


966 


IIIDALOO 'S  CAPTURE  A\D  PEATII. 


Zapotlaii,  ZiK'oiilco,  aii<l  otlicr  plaros  tlircatencd  l)y 
till!  insiirgrnts,  and  liaviiig  arrann'cd  tliat  tlKMliiibrt-iit 
divisions  (tf  Ills  aniiv  .should  arrivo  at  (jruadalaiai'a  on 
thu  27tli  and  l!8th,  he  resinned  his  march  to  that  city. 

After  tlie  (lispcrsion  of  the  insurLrents  at  Caldi  ron, 
][idali^t»  continued  his  Hij^lit  to  Zacatecas,  whither 
Iriaite  liad  retired  witli  a  considerahle  ioice"' and  a 
lav'^c  sum  of  mon<'y.  But  before  reachini;-  tliat  city 
lie  was  deposed.  Overtaken  l>y  Allende,  Alias,  jiiid 
other  K'adi'i's  at  the  ha<-ienda  del  I'ahclion,  Ju-  was 
<*oni|»ellt'd  j)y  them  to  resijjfu  Jus  [)osition  as  general- 
issimo in  favor  of  Allende.  From  tin?  hrst,  Alleiido 
had  not  heeii  fully  in  aceord  with  ]iidalL;'o;  he  h;id 
constantly  disa,ii''<-<l  with  him  as  to  the  eonduet  of 
the  war.  ]>ut  Allende  and  the  others  could  not  draw 
])eo[)io  to  th(!  standard  like  llidalL^o.  They  were  het- 
ter  soldiers,  perhaps,  hut  wi'r(>  not  necessarily  hetter 
men.     Allende  was  a  strict  dis('i[)linarian,  a  humane 


man  as 


the  t 


lines  w 


en^,  and  lioiiorahle  far  altove  tlu 


average;  leader  o!i  either  side.      He  and  his  fellow-"fli- 
cers  were  dependent  on  Hidalgo  at  the  first  iik  an 


now 


it  all  events,  th<'v  no\ 


\v  eonsnireil  auaiii 


n 


Ins 


authority,  and   threatened   him  with  death   if  he  d 
(•line(l   to  surre!ider  his  conniiand.""     HeDceforth  li 


A\ 


as  little  more  than  a  {)risoner  in  their  hands.  Jle 
was  used  as  a  ligure-head;  his  presence  was  d(>eme(l 
necessary,  hut  he  was  allowed  no  voice  in  the;  iiiovi- 
meiit    he   had   been   the   first  to   take  part  in.      His 


1 


•reseiice  v.'l 


th   tl 


u!  army  was  s 


till 


deemed   iieeessaiv 


but  his  inlluence  with  ivgard  to  futurt!  a('ti(»n  v. a-; 
gone,  his  adsice  v.-as  not  sought,  and  his  authoiity 
a  mi.'re  sIkav.  His  movenu-nts,  moivover,  v.eic 
closelv  watclied,  an<l  he  understood  that  orders  weie 


Iri;irlt 


'Miistaniantc,  follDWcil  liy  Aliinaii.  incoiTcctly  Ktntos  tliat  Hi'lalt;')  jniii'il 


A. 


ll:isr;iln'||t<  M. 


I  lart'  li.'iil  !''til< 


atu/i 


liMtrcas  wlil'll  (  ':illij;i  Jia.iM' 


I 


tlliini'j:'u  La^'iM.   ('ii'l(J'i,  ill  II'  riiniiil'-.  ij  J>  irdus,  I'ul.  I  for,,  ii.  .'(.Vi. 


T 


lo  siniviK'or  w.is  iiia.li!  "iily  vi  i-i)aily  in 


til 


Jirrsc 


>f   t!lO    rlii.'f-i. 


TluH  iiil'  iniial  action  caiisril  Ne.;ivti'  t>  'linliclii've  tlir  w  IidK- stalLMiiciit, 


Mr 


tSij.  A' /A'.,  iii.  .">:(-  4.     ISiit  llitluI^:<>iiiiiisolf  Ni.»stiiti.'d  it  at  liin  trial.    Il<  nianJ' 
y  Ddmlvi,  Col.  Dcr.,  i.  S. 


ALLKXDE'S  M( )VKMi;XT.S. 


207 


</\vvn  to  kill  liim  it'  in.'  iittc  in|>t(Ml  to  s('|>iU'.iti!  Iiiiii^cir 
I'l  '111  the  aniiv.^'  Ill  Jill  this  J lidal'jo  caivd  loss  l(»r 
liIiusL'll'  than  tor  tliu  caUHO.     Personal  lUiiio  had  never 


V  '     ■■■■■' 'SrsyK         '    \ 


*«/' 


'^'•\  \ 

'^■■i^.  * 


V.^,  ^       Iff   ^' 


R»Ilnni, 


oPtrru 


<& 


*??         s   -  . 


♦■»„•■  ■"" 


'"■       T'oMlf.,,11    ^V^j;u  ^ 


'«     IS- 


Caloro jr- J  t     J^      Dwior  Arroyoo 


0  '  Iiuii4akt«»r6"*    ■ 


cVanwlo         *■»  "^ 

Sis*' 


»/M    j'#  I  ■  "        o  Cairo 


^  Afiti'tt'rm 


f  riti.n 


e  S.LUIS  P0T09I 


llii>Ai.i.n's  J''i.i(;nT  lu  ^[M^■(■|,<1VA. 

1m  i!i  his  ohject.     If  they  coiiM  hi'tter  carrv  'or\var>l 
\\ir  r I'volutiun  alone,  he  was  content,      lii'c   I'l'oni   thi- 

"'Tlic>  samo  (inlur  applifil  to  Irinitc  ainl  Almsuln.  //».  Of  the  (.iniior's 
coiuli,.  1  (iiiil  .•-iii'|n).siil  iiiti  iilioiis  Allinilc  iiii[i'.ns  to  liuvc  f  n'linil  ii  most  uu- 
lii\oi.iblf  i.^imiuii,  ainl  tlio  lalUr  li.ul  I.iIIlii  uuatr  giuvc  susitii^iou. 


[ 


868  IIII)AL(JO'S  CAPTITRK  AND  DEATH. 

so((Mcl  we  sliould  jiuliifo  that  tliuy  could  not,  lor  Jo- 
strintion  i'tills  <|uiekly  upon  thcni. 

From  Zacatt.'cas  Allcntlo  decided  to  retire  with  liis 
forces  to  Sallillo,  where,  united  with  Jimenez,  his  j)osi- 
tion  would  he  m(»re  secure  than  elsewhere.  ^Vt  (his 
tinii!  a  royalist  I'oice  un<Ier  the  cominan<l  of  Mcli-an  s 
was  threatenin;j^  to  attack  Sallillo;'"  and  AUende  lia\- 
iui^  received  a  hitter  fioni  Jimenez  tlated  the  17th  of 
Fehi'uary,  hasteiu'cl  to  his  assistance  with  a  jioition  (tf 
his  forces,  leaviiitif  Jlidalgoat  Matehuala.  Jinuiu-z, 
however,  had  already  onLjagcd  with  the  enemy  and 
del'eated  them  when  Allende  arrived.^''  The  J']ui'o[<e- 
ans  who  fell  into  his  power  were  put  to  death.'* 

The  situation  of  the  revolutionary  leadei's,  how- 
over,  daily  hecame  more  desperate.  Of  all  the;  lio-t 
routed  at  Calderon  only  an  insi<^nificant  numher  lnl- 
lowed  their  chiefs,  and  the  whole  foive  that  could  Ix; 
mustered  at  Saltillo  did  not  exceed  four  or  live  thou- 
sand ill-armed  men.  Allende  had  hardly  marched  out 
of  Zacatecas  vhen  it  was  assaulted  and  taken  hy 
Cajtiain  Oclioa,-'  and  Callcja  shortly  aiti'rward  en- 
tered S;in  Luis  Potosi.  Under  these  circumstances 
I'tulher  action  here  w^ould  he  useless.  But  they  wouM 
not  ahandon  the  cause.  The  northern  provinces  we're 
still  in  the  hands  of  the  independents,  as  they  sup- 
posed, and  thev  would  ljo  to  the  United  States  wiih 
their  treasinvs,  purchase  weapons  there,  and  solicit 
aid  of  that  new  and  patriotic  repuhlic.  Then  tiny 
Would  return  and  meet  the  royalists  in  the  lield  wil!i 

**OcIioa'8  despatch  to  Callrja,  in  (laz.  ih  M>.r.,  ISIl,  ii.  1S3. 

-■''riic   luittlc,  iif  wliicli   IK)  j)artiriiliirs  nw   t<<  l"'  fDiiiul,   was   proUaMv 
foii^lit  (Ml  tilt!  IStli  of  Krli. ,  sinco  .Fiinciioz  says  in  liis  littrr  to  AMoiiilr;  "Mi; 
liallo  a  scis  l(';;ii.is  (1(1  ciiciiriLro  con  (|uiiii  iiii^   vatiiv  luauaiia  scguuuiKiiti-. 
J/i  ril'lilili-.  I)  l)'if(llit-<,  ('ill.   Ihtr.^  i.  'l'.V,\. 

-''  \'illargiii(lo  states  tliat  tlic  Spaniards  in  Matdiiiala  and  Cclral  had  (Ijcir 
heads  sawn  olf.  Ahniiiiii.  Hi^l.  .MiJ.,  U.  ].">{).  Hidalgo  supposes  of  imi'.isc  li:at 
til"'  Spaniards  thus  disposed  of  on  tiie  niaieli  to  Saltillo  were  executed  liy  or- 
der of  Allende,  'ijuieii  tenia  ya  todo  el  iiiandu.'  i/cniain/i'-;  y  JJdculo^,  ('"I. 
J)nr.,  i.  14. 

-'•■Oil  tho  17th  of  Fel».,  neeordinj^  to  Oehoa's  despateli  to  ("alleja.  Gn:.  df-. 
M-x.,  ISII,  ii.  IS'2.  Oehoa  had  "tlnw  days  after  tlu'  hattlc  of  Caldenm 
lieeii  deieated  iiy  Jimenez  at  the  niouiitain  gorge  of  Camera.  JJihtiiiianU', 
Cuiul.  Hid.,  i.  11)3, 


OFFER  OF  rARDOX. 


269 


o(|ual  iiiMiis  and  siipci-ior  nmul>L'rs.  Di-lusivc  (li'cjiins! 
I'tw  (lilK-ront  Avas  the  iute  in  store  for  tlioui.  Al- 
ready dcatli  luid  them  in  its  horrible  toils. 

Ai)out  this  time  Hidal^-o  reeeived  a  htter  from 
(  Vu/,'-"  enclosinj^  a  copy  of  the  ji^enei'al  j)ardon  extend- 
ed (o  insui'jjfents  hy  the  Spanish  etntes,-'  and  exhort- 
]]i'^  him  to  aeco|it  the  demeney  oftei-ed,-^  and  avoid 
llie  further  shedding  of  blood.  ]^ut  this  was  not  'oi- 
;;  moment  to  be  tliou<j^ht  of,  and  lor  two  i-easons:  Hi- 
(!al'j;o  would  not  tmst  him  or  his  |>romises,  and  he 
would  never  abandon  the  cause.  Let  l,:m  now  ii'cant, 
and  what  hope  would  there  bo  for  another?  I\rha|)s 
lii-i  death  would  bettor  servo  the  revtdution  than  any 
aeiii»n  of  his  while  livinj^;  if  so,  he  would  oheerl'ully 
die.  l[(;  therefore  not  oidv  emphaticallv  declined  to 
aiiept  the  present  olfer,  but  kept  the  matter  secret 
anioiiLi  the  loaders."'' 

Previous  to  the  arrival  of  Calleja  at  San  Luis  Po- 
tosi,  that  city  had  been  held  by  the  insurgents  undin* 
the  leadership  of  llerrera.  l>y  directions  of  Iriarte, 
he  had  successfully  attaeked  two  royalist  oliieers, 
Kcves  and   IhiLjorri,  at  the  hacienda  of  San  Pedro 


•■"Datc.l  tho  2Sth  of  F<1>.    Gn-..  <le  ^f,x.,  ISll.  ii.  ^i'lI-X 

■-' J)i'(.Tti' of  Oct.  15,  ISIO.  Curtifi,  Col.  JJir.,  i.  1(1;  Duhhm  y  Lozano,  Lnj. 
M:  .c.  i.  :VM). 

■Ciuz  in'oplirtically  remarks:  '  Y  qiiizil  I'liiico  iiistiuitu  ilo  pit'dad  (jiu-  l;i 
sir  I  tu  lo  pii'iiaia.'   (.In:,  ii-  J/r.c,  LSI  I,  ii.  '.Vl'l. 

•'"  ilii  not  Iiaviiii^  iiiailo  imliiic  lln'  imliilto,  df  uliicli  his  followorn  mi.L'lit 
liaM' iiv.iilcil  tlicinsi'lvcH,  ('oiistitiltt'd  one  ot  tlu' (.■lia;'.;cs  MLT'iiust  Miil.il'.'o,  Ui; 
aii^ui  I'cil,  even  if  ho  iiail  liccii  so  iiuliiu'd,  '  Vil  no  trnia  aiitnriilad  ni  caiiir- 
t'  I'.'  //<  riKiiiil'Z  1/  Oih'iihiii,  ('(,1.  l)o\,  i.  1 1.  Till'  ijii(-<tion  was  discii.-i  u  I  l.y 
t!u'  iithur  h-ador.s,  Init  rojucted  oi»  tin^  ground  of  rcslriotioiis  in  n':.'ai-d  to 
thciiiMlvos  \\  itii  whii'Ii  liii)  oiler  caini'.  /';.  llidaI;:o  wioti-  in  ;ns\\er  -at 
I'.i-f,  so  it  is  said  -'  111  tho  disehar^^'onf  our  diit.y  we  «ill  not  lay  aside  our  anus 
I'litil  w<!  Iiave  wrested  tlie  jewel  ot  iilierty  from  liie  hand.<  of  tli' o|j|iressor. 
\\  e  ail'  re-iolved  to  enter  nito  no  airan,''  nieal  \\  liich  ins  not  fur  i!  ;  lia>is  (he 
hli  r!y  of  t!ie  nation,  and  tlio  enjoyment  if  those  ri^lits  w  liieh  tlie  (iod  <jf 
nature  has  j.'iveu  to  all  men  —  ri^xhts  inalienaiile,  and  whirii  must  he  sustained 
I'V  ihe  sheddiii:^  of  rivers  of  l)loi)d  if  necessary ...  i'iiiclon,  your  llxeeUeiiey, 
i'  It  eriininals,  not  for  defenileis  of  tlieir  eoinitry.  Let  not  your  l'.\eene:icy 
li  ill  liiihil  hy  tlie  ephemural  glories  of  Calleja;  tiny  iwv  only  so  many  li-'hl- 
Iiiii:;tlaslie3  wJiieh  hlind  ratiier  than  enliu'liten .  .  .The  whole  n.ition  is  in  a  fer- 
iriiit:  tliese  eomniotinns  have  roused  Ihoa;  w!i  >  l.iy  iu  lethaiL'V  .  .'I  oe  a.'ita- 
ti'iiii.s  general,  and  Me.\ieo  erelong  will  iliseovcr  lier  misiaUu  if  tiie.io  eviU 
)v:v  iiut  opportunely  ended.'   liu-'taiaaaU,  t'uail.  JJist.,  i.  'J.'JT  S. 


i 


270 


IIIDALOO.S  CAPTURE  AND  DEATFT. 


I'iodi'Ji  Gorda.  Their  f'oi'co  consisted  of  TOO  in<  ii 
with  eleven  ))ieccs  of  ;ii'tilh'ry.  The  two  leaders  wciii 
slain,  and  the  10nro|ieans  eaptured  were  shot.  ]ler- 
reia  then  returned  to  San  Luis,  where  the  h(»use  of 
the  intendente  Flores  was  sacked,  it  hein^'  believed 
that  hi)  was  in  collusion  with  the  royalists.  On  the 
u|)j)i'oach  of  (,'alleja  he  ahandonetl  thi^  city,  takint;  tin' 
ilirectioii  of  Jlio  W'rdo  and  \'allo  del  ]\laiz.  Under 
(Jarcia  C'onde,  C^dleja  sent  a  detachment  in  [)ursnit, 
a!id  1  Icri'ei'a  sustained  an  overthrow  at  the  lattei-  |il;icc, 
losiiii^  seventeen  pieces  of  artillery,  andagi"i'at(]uantity 
of  aniniunition,  ba,i^L;age,  an<l  pluntler,'^"  ]Ie  hosv(\<r 
took  rcven<^o  hy  ordeiing  twelve  Spanish  capliMs 
l)ut  to  death,  one  of  whom  miraculously  esca|)ed  u> 
tell  Iho  tale.^'  After  this  defeat  ILerrera  retired  (o 
Ai^ayo,''^  where  he  e\[KM.'te(l  to  he  joined  by  the  ii  - 
Yoked  troops  of  Iturbe.  Venegas  had,  however,  in 
the  mean  time  despatched  Colonel  Artvdondo  with  ;i 
force  via  Vera  Cm/,  into  the  disati'ected  distiiet;  and 
his  approach,  tooether  with  the  offer  of  jKii'doii, 
caused  a  counter-movement  in  favor  of  the  royalists. 
]  lerrora  and  other  chiefs  were  seized  in  their  (|U;ii- 
ters  and  delivi'red  up  to  Arredondo,  who  summarily 
exi'cuted  tlu-m.''''  "^riuis  terminated  the  career  of  t!p' 
lay-friar  ]  I ei-rera,  charged  by  some  with  more  tli.ni 
ordinarv  ci'Ueltv,  yet  whose  high  courage  and  abili!\ 
in  the  iield  were  second  oidy  to  his  love  of  country 
and  devoti(»n  to  the  cause  of  independence.''^ 

»"r,',()r/a  Coiiilr,  ill  G-a.  tie  M<r.,  ISII,  ii.  XV2~7.  Tiiis  action  took  iil.i.o 
on  tlio  "J'Jil  (if  .Miii'i'ii,  tliiiujili  UustiiiiiMiitt',  i'lKiil.  Hist.,  i,  liKi,  larci'ri  !y 
jrivi's  tlic  '1M\  as  till!  ilati'.  iJaivi'a  ('oiido  after  liis  liln'ratimi  at  Aciilcn  ful- 
low  111  ('allcja,  aiiil  jh-ovimI  tiiiu  ut'  iiis  iiuwt  cllioioiit  ofliocrs. 

•"  Mariaiu)  ( 'aiilcnui.  tlio  Mnli<li'!('L;ailu  of  Valk;  ili'l  Maiz  a|)]ioint('il  liy  (ln! 
insiM'iri'iils,  «)ii  tlio  ('iiti'aiiei!  lit  <  laiila  Coiido  into  tlio  town,  was  shut,  li:iv,.i' 


Im 


loon  piMvoil 


1 

SOllt  to  til 


piiliu''  to  ( iiiroia,  Coiiilo's  statcnit'iit,  to  havo  L'ivcu  his  cuii- 


o  inassacio. 


(I 


ih-  M< 


ISII, 


m. 


Tlio  prosont  city  of  Victoria,  in  'ramaiilipi 


'<;'!-..  ( 


/<•  .1/. 


ISII,  ii.  :i.")li  7,  414. 


^'  Aiaiiian  iiululiioa  in  soino  rather  severe  strictures  upon  llerrpra'seliiiMC- 
iendo  sii  (joiulucta  una  ili;  las  mas  teas  iiiaiulias  do  la  insuiiieiioii  y 


ter. 

tanfo,  (luo  el  conj^reso  do  Taiiiaiilipas,  <(iic  en   \S'2i  caiiiliio  los 


liollllil'es  ilo 


casi   toiliis  las  antiL'iias  polila 
I'fspeto  li   la  deci  liiia  pulilie 


del   Ni 


itandc 


.no  .si'  atrevio 


pucbl 


.-/.  M, 


ia  puliliea,  li  poiier  el  do  llurrera  ii  iiinguuo  do  aiiuci.ud 
ii.  I(i:{. 


UK  VOLUTION  IN  TKXAS. 


271 


Wliilt;  tlicso  (•^•oMts  uxTo  tnkiiii;'  place;  in  San  Luis 
Piitosi  and  Nuevo  SaMiaiidi'r,  cliaiii^cs,  unl'avdialilc  ti> 
tlio  indc'poiKk'nt  rauso,  wnv  also  (icciU'i-inLj  in  Ti'Xas 
and  C'oaliiiila.  Aixtut  the  l)rL,nnninn'  of  i'V'hruaiy, 
I'^nacio  Aldania  had  been  (.U'ctcd  hy  tli<;  rcvohit  idiiaiv 
loadei-.s  as  minister  jjlitnipotuiitiaiy  to  Ww  I'nitcd 
Stak's,"''  Padre  Juan  Salazar  beini^  coniniissioncd  to 
a<i<>nij)any  liiin  and  act  in  his  stead  in  case<jt'  accident, 
sickness,  or  death,  lleitook  with  liini  no  less  than  one 
liinidi'ed  bars  of  silver,  besides  a  lai'Lje  sum  of  mom' v  lor 
the  |>urj»()so  of  j)urchasint^  arms  and  pri»eurinL«'  the  as- 


sistance of  30.000 


anxi 


liari 


cs. 


At  the  time  when  Al- 


(lama  arrived  at  JJejar  the  action  of  Cajitain  Casas  was 
catisinL'' general  dissatisfaction;  and  ii  eounter-i'evolu- 
ijou  was  already  in  seci'et  o|»eration,  In-adt-d  by  the 
s'lbdeacon  Juan  ]\Ianuil  Zambrano.  Zanibrano  and 
Ills  conh.'derates  took  occasion  to  spread  suspicions 
alidut  the  object  of  Aldama's  mission.  J  Le  was  rejire- 
st  iited  to  be  tin  emissary  of  Napoleon,  as  (evidenced 
by  liis  uniform,  which  was  ornamented  like  those  of 
l''rcncli  oHicers.  If,  indeed,  lu;  br(»u,nlit  auxiliaries 
liiini  the  United  States,  would  they  not  probably 
iivail  themselves  of  the  op[)ortunity  to  ^ain  |)osses- 
'-iiiii  of  the  province  which  was  regarded  with  sui-h 
C'lVi'tous  eyes?  On  the  ni_!L;ht  of  the  1st  of  ^Tareli 
Casas  was  madt;  [)risoner,  while  Aldama,  Salazar,  ;uid 
tlirir  escort  were  detained  under  the  pretence  that 
till  ii-  [)assports  wei-e  not  in  order.  ^V  new  i^ovei'n- 
iiient  was  then  formed,  with  Zanibrano  as  ju'esith.'nt. 
This  at  once  jiroceeded  to  estal)lish  itself  as  fn'mly  as 
]"i>sibl(;;  troo[)s  were  ori^anized,  partisans  of  tin-  revo- 
I'itiouists  werede[)osed  IVom  oiHce,  and  the  impi-isoniMl 
biiinpcaiis  released.  The  uni'ortunate  Aldama  and 
Salazar  were  afterward  C!>nveyed  to  ]\[onflova  in 
('•laiiuila,  condenmed  to  death  by  a  court-martial,  and 
cxecuted.^"^ 


"''I'lu'  certilic'ito  nf  i\v\  iiutlicnticity  of  tin-  si;,'iiaturfM  ini  liii  aiip.iiiitinonS 
is  ^iL'lUMl  (HI  Uk!  Citli  of  l'\l).   //«  rii't  iil'Z  >/  JliniliK,  ( ',,/.  Diy.,  i.  'J;tl  -•_'. 

■"'(!<i:.    (A    J/,.c.,    Ibi-J,    iii.    lOS7-'ji;    U.,    lsll,    ii.    "<U;    Ikrnainhz   y 


272 


niDALfiO'S  CAl'TURK  AND  DKATH. 


Tliosij  nioiiK'iiious  iimtttT.s  wcic  wliullv  uiiliiiowii  (o 
Allciulc!,  as  well  as  to  tho  rovolutioiiists  at  Monclina, 
Avliic'h  woio  (lustiiied  to  [)rovc'  most  iiital  to  hiinseiraiid 
]iis  associates.  L'Knitenant-foloiU'l  Ij^iiacio  Kli/oiido 
liad  at  first  i'avored  iii<lt'i)eiid(.'iico;  but  Iiavin;^  taken  df- 
I'eiK-c!  at  Alleiulo's  refusal  to  pi'oniote  liilii  to  (he  iL;iad(! 
of  lieutenant-general  in  reward  for  Lis  services,  Ik- 
secretly  bettanie  disaffected,  and  cast  about  him  in 
Hoarch  of  means  of  revenge.  When  Zand)rant)  had 
gained  control  at  J^ejar  he  sent  two  connnissioneis, 
•  •attains  Munoziind  Galan,  to  connnunicate  with  Ca- 
lleja  and  the  viceroy;  and  these  finding  tho  conspir- 
acy i"i{)0  at  JNIonclova,  disclosed  to  Elizondo  Allende's 
intentions,  lie  therefore  dotorminod  to  delay  mat- 
ters  no  longer,  but  seize  the  ])orsons  of  the  revolutioii- 
aiy  leaders  on  their  arrival.  Accordingly,  on  the 
night  of  the  ITth  of  ]\Iarch,  at  tho  head  of  two  hun- 
dred troops  and  armed  citizens,  ho  made  the  levohi- 
ticnary  governor  Aianda  prisoner,  surprised  such 
soMiers  of  the  garrison  as  had  not  entered  into  liis 
designs,  and  possessed  himself  of  the  artillery.  Jle 
then  pro(;eede(l  to  establish  a  government  council, 
which  appointed  Simon  Herrera  j)rovisional  govei'Udr 
of  the  province  on  the  25th  of  jNIarch.^'  j\Ieasurcs 
were  now  adopted  for  the  seizure  of  Allende  and  liis 
associates.  Guile  and  j)crfidy  were  brought  into  play 
without  scruple.  The  regulations  of  the  more  reliiicd 
civilizations  have  j)roper  murder  and  im[)roper  :nui- 
dor,  righteous  and  unrighteous  roblxny,  holy  and 
unholy  treacher}',  and  tho  like;  but  these  Sj):uiisli 
royalists  j)aid  little  attention  to  such  rational  and  l)c- 
iielicent  rules.  The  utmost  precaution  was  taken  that 
Allende  should  receive  no  intelligiMico  of  what  had 
occui'red  at  ]\[onclova,  and  i-emarkabli;  as  iv  may  seem, 
that  leader  entertained  not  the  slightest  suspicion  of 
tho  trap  which  was  being  laid  for  him.     Advised  that 


/)(nv(/'w,  Col.  /)(»•.,  i.  10S-'220.     The  first  iiutliority  MH.pliosacopy  of  aiiuui- 
fcst  piililislicil  l)y  .Vlilimii  cxprnssiiitf  liis  i-upt'iitaiioi'. 

*'  L'uiiu  dc  I'aiu,  ill  AVi/a.V',  Mix.  Siijlo  XIX.,  iii.  137-9. 


ELIZ  )N'nO'S  PI/  »T. 


273 


llic  rrvolutldiii'l  ■!  v.tiuM  arrive  at  tlif  \vtl!s  oi'  liajaii 
(III  till'  iiiiinii;i;4'  ni'  ihc  i!ls(,  I'^li/,(>in!i>  arraiii^cd  to 
iiif  t  tliiiii  \\it!i  all  (lih!  lioiMM's;  and  on  Uic  I'Jtli  sal- 
1  Cd  I'ortli  with  '612  \\^^^\  appointed  ti'oops,  liaviiii;*  iii- 
r.iiiiii  d  -JiuKiu/  that  liu  wtndd  wcletjiinj  llioiii  on  thu 
Itt.id. 

l'ri\  idiis  in  ^taltill'^•  oil  llnir  illstancd  Joenioy,  a 
cnuiicil  was  held  liV  (In-  ITVoInt  ioliai'V  Iradcis  in  ordil' 
to  aii;;n''''  aWoiit  the  cliicl' coiniiiaiKl  and  lli<'  niaiiaLTo- 


uiriit  of  t  lie  cause  dunn''"  their  ahs-'iK 


'11 


MS  was  (III 


llie  liUli,  and  in  turn  hotli  AIkisoJo  and  Arias— who, 
;is  the  readei'  will  recollect,  ]»layed  a  soiiiewliat  du- 
l/jMas  li  le  at  Queictaro — declined    to  accept  the  I'e- 


Mii:||sl 


hilit^ 


i  h(!    coinniaiid    was 


iinal 


IV 


'IVeli     to 


l";!iacio  IJayon,  the  licentiate  Anieta  heini;'  hib  .suc- 
ciiil,  and  Jose  ^lai'i'a   Licea;4'a  his  third  o!;icer. 

.\\  was  now  ready  lor  their  dejiartur'' IVmiu  Saltillo. 
Tli(  ;i-  load  lay  llir(»u_<j;'h  a  rnjjf'^eil  dr^cil  in  which 
v\;.tir  could  only  he  ohtaiiied  at  loni^  intei'vals  and  in 
siiiall  (piantities,  (Veil  when  the  (»cca>ioiial  wells  were 
ihl  dry;'"'     'idle  thirsty  men  and  animals  v.o;;ld  liast- 

to  the  Wells  dl"  iJajan  to  refresh  tlienisc  hcs;  and 


c  I 


illere 


i:iiz 


ondo   wailed    lor   thein 


d.l 


iv<iraiiJe   lor   nis  (lesi-'ii. 


( 


oncea 


T 

led 


11:  M'lMiind  was 


111    a   recess,  in 


lit  ill  his  rear  lifty  ol'Iiis  men,  and  in  his  iVwnt  placed 
all  c'lnally  well  hidden  anihiish.  Ai  nine  n'cloclc  on 
ill''  liiiiniili;^'  of  the  lllst,  .Vlle'ide  appeared  ill  si^'ht. 
lie  had  left  Saltillo  w  ilh  a  force  ef  nearly  li.OUil  men, 
tweiily-liiur   pieces  ol"   artilli  rv,  a,   n'l'eat   (piantity  ol" 


d 


I'Weirv,  and  inort)  man  liali  a  million  oi  iiioiiev 


Hi 


lit 


was  accom|>aiiied  hy  all  the  ]irincipal  leaders,  who,  to 
til-  iiiiiiih.r  sixty,  t levelled  in  I'mrteen  carriau'es. 
'ill!'  inarch  across  (he  desert  was  most  toilsome,  and 
^Uih  was  Alleiide's  eoiiiideiici'  that  no  inililarv  order 
vas  pr(.'served.  and  a  lonj^  strau'.^'lin.i;"  hne  eiivi'loped 
I'l  iliist  revealed  to  I'^lizoiido  how  easily  his  desi^ai 
Would  he  accomplished.     The  carriaL^'cs  and  horsemen 


Bu 


M..!ii.  .V 


r.  II  sii- 


fi'ii:.  iv.  H,".  stntes  that  tlio  \\x\U  wcic  liUuiI  tip  liy 


i  null  r.     I  si'c  II  1  LToniui  I'ur  ihi;  assL-rtiuii. 
Uisi.  Mf-x.,  Vol.  1\'.    la 


III! 


•JTl  ini>AI/:0'S  CAI'TUKF.  AM)  DliATir. 

iiMlin<i'(iit  LCiiMiiis  \V(  r«!  liir  in  ;i(l\:iii(('  o|"  tin-  iiiain 
IxhIv,'"  tliij  artillciT  l)ciiiLf  slowly  »lr.-i;^:Ljc{|  alonn  m 
the  real-. 

Fray  IVidro  l»ust,aiiiaiil('  with  live  suldirrs  was  tlic 
first,  tu  a|>|>n>ac;Ii.  J'assjnir  tliiMii;^!!  lilts  drawn  ii|i  liv 
]']|iZ(»Md(»  t(»  I'cccivc  the  cliicls,  tiny  WvH-  sallltc«|  ,ilnl 
uiisus|iici(»iisly  continued  tln-ir  way  till  tlicy  airivnl  ,it 
tlic  aiiiltiish  in  the  r«';ii',  when'  tli<'V  \\*'V>'  roiii|Hllf(|  to 
surii'iidi'i'.  Tlitn  rolluwcd  a  tr»M»|(  of  sixty  men,  wlm 
wi!ie  similarly  made  captive  and  safely  l)t»inid.  Iliili- 
eit.o  lit)  <)])|»(tsiti()n  was  met.  Presently  the  liist  i-w- 
ria;^e  arrivt-d,  escmted  hy  ahoui  a  dozen  soldiei>." 
These    atti-mpted     t<i     I'esist,    Imt    Weli;    oVer|towe|vi|, 


a  IK 


I   tl 


iree    o 


f  them  killed.      And   thus   I'ell   into   {■. 


zoiido's  hands  the  oc<'U]>ants of  cai-iia'^o-  aflei"  ean"i;i'^v. 
till  all  the  chief's  were  caj)tui'ed  with  the  exceptioii  w|' 
]  lidaloii,  who  was  far  in  the  rear.  Alleiide,  howc.i  !■, 
had  not  yielded  without  a  stiu^. 
upon   him   to  surrender. 


i: 


'.onuo  c;i;ii 


4' 


raitor!      ciie< 


I  A 


lend 


and  tired.     Jjiit  tin- shot  was  without  etl'ect.     101i/."nil< 
then  ordered  his  men  to  tire  into  t  he  cariiiujfe. 


MiiMc 


W 


as  acoornpanied  hy  one  ol  his  sons,  who  was  a  liru- 
teiiant-o'eiieial;  also  hy  ,1  iineiit/  and  Arias,  llyllie 
discharut'  his  son  was  shot  dead  and  Arias  mort.illv 
nde.i."      'I'liereiipon    dimeiiex    suirendered    liini- 


wou 


sell',  and  Allende  was  overpowered.  I><»th  wen 
curely  hound  an<l  conveyed  to  tlie  rear.  'I'he  \n-\ 
to  arrivi!  was  IIidalL;o,  who  mi^dit  still  have  escniH  1 
liad  any  suspicion  ot"  these  occurrences  het-n  excit.il; 


hut 


e\en  the  firing  created  no  alarm 


W 


lell    c.il 


upon  to  surrender,  the  stout  old  hero  prepaicd  to  de- 
fend himself,  pistol  in  hand;  l>ut  his  escort,  compos  I 


^"Tliis  orilcr  of  iiiiircli  liiul  In 


i,'cstt'il  l)V  Kli/i)ii(lci.      lie  liail  scut  t'l 


•iiiiiciic/.  ii  Hdlilieruf  Miinc'lovii,  luiliicil  IVilio  Ik  riial,  wIid  jsaiil  tliat  mi  iinuiiiit 


,1   tl 


u:  suaivity  (it  water  ii  won 


I.I  lie  liittei-  I'oi-  t 


>1  iilli 


■I'l's  tn  ''It  \v 


ih 


I'M  III  ail\aiR'<-  o 


f  tl 


le  main  IkkIv 


iiu  eari'M^i's  ami  a 


If  all  I 


II  tl 


II'  III  111- 


I'iiii'i" 


the  s 


"I'i'iy 


III  llii;  uills  Won 


lis 


i|    lie   (luieUiv  exiiailsleil,  wllilu   liv  this  anau.'c- 
■  "     cl    I ■ 


liieiit  tlie  wiIIm  wouIiI  lie  reiili-iii.-slucl  liy  the  tunc  tli'ise  in  the  lear  came  '.;|i. 
.liineiie/,  re|ilie(I:    '  I'lies  liieli,  asi'  In  hale,  me  paiece  liiiiy  bicli  lo  tjiie  vd.  ilkc. 


y,'.  /<! 


iirniii,  ill  III  riiiiiiili:  II  J)i!ra/(iK,  ('ill.  hill-     ii.  HI 


III. 


'''  It  was  <iecu|iii'il  liy  wuiiieii.   ( 'urilln.  Si  ri 

*'lle  died  iifcw  hours  uftorwuiil.   lb.;  Xcjntr,  M,.i\  Sij.  XIX.,  iii.  UO. 


FAi.i-  OF  Tin:  ai;my, 


979 


ol   ;i  X' 


'I'l'  iif  hiiisiuii'ii.  iiiti'iv.ii(\l  .iiid  (•ii<r'';i(t't|  hiiii 


\<>  >iiir<iii!('r,  i<|iri'>i.'iitiii<^  tliat  rrsi^f.-iii 


(•••   won 


M 


l>0 


i;>i  los.  I'^iiidiii;^  liiiiiscir  uiisii|»|Miri('(l  l»y  his  in.ii,  lio 
liiid  a.-'ilc  liis  wi'jijdtii,  :iM(l  with  MiKlisturln  i|  sci-rnity 
vl<  Idcil  hiiiiscll'  a  |ii'i>iiiit'r.  Well  mi^ht  hf  havo 
ciirsi'il  Allditli',  ami  the  want  nf  \\;it(  hriihiiss  jintl 
i;vii(r;il.'li:|»  that  Ijroii-^ht  tht-m  all  1<>  sn-li  ;i  |ias-i, 
alti  r  wir-tiiin'  tilt'  iiiJiiia^eiiK'iit  iVoiii  his  h.iiids. 

So  ICli/, mdo's  ticadirry  tiiuiiii>lu(l.  In  his  powrr 
Wfic  ni>\»'  all  the  LiTcat  chirls  iunl  nri'^jnatitrs  ot* 
tlir  li'VoIntiiill.^"  X»'V(I'  was  jilot  nioic  |M'lfidinJls|y 
|iliiiiiird.  Ill'  ui(ii-(>  snfcr>;>,ruily  accdiiipji^lird.  I  ^i  .i vin;jf 
ii;-  |)ii>niiiT.s  securely  hound  and  in  diai'iL;'*' ot"  a  stntULf 
I'nivt',  Mli/itiido  ;»t  llif  ht'jid  (»!'    I  aO  in<n  iii»\v  niaifhi'd 


a'''ani--t    llu'  main 


hod 


V,  ronsixtniL;'  o|  some    l.joo.  a 


liM'^'iic  hchind.  Till'  li'^htiiiL;'  was  all  on  one  >idr.  'I'Ik^ 
artilli'rynii'ii  in  the  \an  wen-  Nlaiii,  a  ]Miriion  of  tin; 
trn(i|K  which  jollowt'd  jtasscil  oNcrlo  !']li/,oiidi»,  and 
the  iVNt  were  disjKTScd.  AhoUt  i'ortv  of  the  I'evolu- 
ti'tiiists  wcri!  slain,  Sl);i  taken  prisoners,  and  all   their 

Ills,  e(|ui{>a^v,  and  trca.suiv  fell  intolhu  hands  of  tho 

,.t..,..  la 


LTl 


\  ictoi 

Th.> 

who  ilc 


i>ii 


Iv  IMTSOII  o|'  note  win 


o  escai)e<i  was 


Irlarti 


44 


it  the  hrst  attack  u|ion  the  artillery.      I  his, 


'•"riif  i.-iiitiirt'il  luailtTs  cDiisistcd  iif  fuiir  iih'IiiIm  is  nf  ivlmiLii'  orilris,  cii.'lit 


(if  llir  Menhir  clfrjiy,  ami  ■!'.•  nlliixTM  ut'  all  ^'i;ii!i 


fnllllil 

liv.,  ii.  4I.S-U. 


oilii  i;il   list  call  lio 


III 


Mi\t.  .">'/'</.  A' /A'.,  iiL   111-."),  ami  l/i  i-iKiiiiliZ  1/  JJarnlus,  Col, 


"Tliirf  nci'oiint  is  inaiiily  fi'"in  the  report  of  tlu'  iirovisiimal  j,'ov»Tiif)r  Her- 
rcii!.  ill  fni;,  (/.•  Ml.,.,  Isll.  ii.  :i(((l  ;t.  tlii^  saints  .sourcir  wiiuli  siipiilicil  Cal- 


villn,   Alan 


il   Nt.';.;i('U'.     Accoriliiii; 


to   Nfla.  til 


aiiiiitiiit    lit    tiiMsmu 


i'al>tiiriil  iii.silvii-  liaiHaiul  Kiiii  \\as  ulxnit  •J.OdO.lMK*  i|(.llar<.   f.Ve..  (/,•  .1/. 


Iill.ii.  !!JI.      Iiii|MiilMiit  ilniiiiiii'iit.s  in   //< 
4II1-JI,  4.VI-!I(I,  .'.17    rs,   liavt-  alM.  liirii 


ilcatii  lint  \< 


ill  Z    1/    /hirilln^^    I    II/,    J>iil\,    ii, 

ilU'il.      I'lli/.iiiiilii  met  widi  lii<« 


II''  alter. 


Ill   Isl.'l  ill'  wiiit  nil  an  (•\|icclitioii 


t..  T, 


.1 


>ijit.  \\a.-s  iiiKrt.iily  WKiiiiiltil  wliilc  in  lnil  liy  din'  nt  lii.s  lifiitiiiaiit.s,  u  Im,  it  ii 


il.s.-H'I'tfii,    \V'H 


li.s    iiasiiii    liv  \\  itiicssiiii.'  till'   cMriitiuiH  (iidi'ii 


h:i/(iii(l(i.     'I'lu-  iiaiiio  111'  this  a\oiiL't'r  nf  llidal^'ii  was  Sen: 

i.iii  t!u!  luiiik   lit'  till!  rivL'f  San   Maivos,  ami   was  tin  ro   Iniiicil.    IJunfi; 

Vii'iil.  Hi-t.,  i.  ;!|i|  ."lO. 


.1    l.y 

I'ili/llllllo  lijlll 


'«',■ 


ill    M, 


isjl,  ii.  :v_'0.     N(",'n't(',  !iiiw>'V{ 


wlii'tlur  lriiiitiMU'i'(iiii|iaiiit  il  tlic  retreat  in;,' 


hiel-i. 


I- 


I'lUile  lesiiKer  e.iii    datns   feiiaiieiites   si    ilia  <i  in 


<(iii>iilers  it  (lonlitfiil 
s  |iiiiit<>,  jMle.s,  iiiiu  no 


i:!''- 7.    i: 


.1/. 


tVuu's  stati  lileiit,  liii\vi'\er,  tliat  Alknile  ti 


S,ii. 


•Y/.V. 


III. 


tli..t  t!a.'  latter  rLauruuil,  ic-nioNcs  all  iloulit.   II 


I'larte  witii  linn,  am 


tl'iKllKl 


V.  ,j.b,S, 


kz  1/  Jjiivulu«,  tijl.  JJoc. 


270 


lIinALfJO'S  C.M'TriM".  AN'I)  DI'ATII. 


li(>\\ ever,  only  liusti'iic.l  liis  (loom,  l-ir  AIIimkIc,  com- 
viiici'l  oC  liis  |nrli(|y,  liad  !•  ft  okIcis  with  |{;iyi  n  to 
lia\''  liiiii  Ix  Ihailcil  ij'lic  ictiiriHtl,  uliidi  was  jii(tiii|il- 

\\    iliilic.'''       'i'llr   IH'isoMcrs   UCruciUiXCycl  tt)  .Mti||(l«»\;i. 

uikI  ('\»'rv  |'i'*'«"Ui<i<iii  taken  ti>  jiri'Vi'iit  l!nii- rscijir, 
Tlic  |iiiiici|tal  cliitl's  wiTo  l<«Iij;r<|  ill  a  liniisc  jhmn  idivl 
r<irtlic  |im|nKi-l)y  lIcMrtTa,  the  <tt!n'rs  liiiii;^-  cMiilin.  I 
ill  till'  |inMi'jiii.  ( iiH'at  «\citeiiii'iit  pivvaili'l  in  ih.' 
rity,  and  lili,',<>ii(l(»,  not  ronsidcriiiLf  liis  captivts  in 
salt'  !\i'L'|)in;;",  ;>('iit  (o  OrliDa,  who  was  a|i|»l'oachiii'4 
Sahilht,  rofjU'stiii!^-  ofliini  a  rcLiiDn'cciiniit  ofAoo  nun, 
uhich  Was  iiuniodiatulv  di'sijat-hcd  to  Moinlowi  liv 
forced  niaivlies. 

i\s  the  (■  ij)tiire  li.id  Keen  made  on  tefritory  nnd  •(• 
the  n'o\er!ii!K':it  o|'  the  coniaiKhiiKe  ,L;ciieral  of  lii,- 
inteiior  jn-oxincrs,  it  was  neci-ssary  to  si'iid  thiiii  to 
('hihuahna  lor  (rial,  where  re-idrd  tin-  liri:^adii  r  N'l- 
inesio  Sal -edo,  who  tlii'ii  held  thai  position.  (  ):i  tin- 
L'Oth  ol' Mar<'li  the  principal  ]»ri>oiicrs,"'  inchidiii'.;'  Ili- 
dal'^o,  AlK/iide,  Jimenez,  and  Ahasolo.  as  ;ilso  t  hr  i(  '^•- 
iilar  and  si-i'ular  e'-clesiastics,  wci'e  led  loiili  on  thiir 
loll'-'  joiiriieN-  t  •  t!iat  city.  Shackled  hand  and  I'ot, 
inonnted  <»n  niiserahlu  hoasts  of  hiiideii,  and  escurtil 
by  a  stronii^  i^uard,  the>e  unhapj)y  ni-'H  taiiit'iiily 
traxelled  the  two  hundred  lea^ias  ol'  roiiLi'i  ro.td 
Mhich  coiniected  the  two  citii.'s.''  Their  siiirciiiius 
Avere  painCid  in  the  extreme;  i\en  ilieli-  hnlt  li\-  iii.;!it 
adorded  little  reliel'to  their  «traine<l  niu.-^cles,  as  thi  ir 

*•'  Mdiiifii^tfo  ill'  ('ufiijri inih/irttiioporJiinn  yFurtinciin ;  Afuninii,  II'kI.  .!/■/., 
ii.  'JICi;  /.'(/  tnninii' ,  Cunl.  Ili-il.,  i.  MCI.  Ai'coidiir^'  ti)  tlii.s  l;i.--t  iuillun',  tlio 
rcii.-iiiii  fof  Allon(li.''^<  onler  was 'i>>ir((iio  era  wmi.iI  dc  ([iiu  linlii.i  jiv.Milnk!  i.!i:v 
mu'Va  |icrfi.Iia  .sidirc  las  ;iiitoriorc.s. '  //).  Xogicto  states  fiiat  Iiiartc'.' ili  uli 
vas  licU'i-miiioil  ii[ion  Iklmusc  lie  liail  failiil  tuattaik  ( lir  royalist  iiniiy  iiHae 
I'rar  iliiiiu^  tin;  i'iiga;ioiiiciit  at  CaldiToii  as  oiiliTiil.  J!  lyu  ilistiiirtly  sia'.cs 
vliy  lie  was  put  in  ilcatli:  iif^'lcut  ti>  roinlci-aid  in  tlio«'ii;,Mui'iJKiiti  a  I  (Iimiki- 
jiiati)  aiitl  Caliji'iuii,  tlii'ir^'li  siiiiiiaipiuil  l>y  Imth  Aliciido  aiil  lliijaljio:  liis 
uasto  of  till!  great  tre  isiiic  which  lie  olitaiiied  at  S.in  Luis  ami  Zacatccis;  iiil 
tlie  fiiMve  stis|iicioiis  of  tiearlicry  with  whifli  liia  cniidiict  \\  a.s  it'gaiil.d. 
Itayoii  ucld.s:  'Y  \ol\i.i  iiiiiii'iiido  (sii')  de  liaher  iiilliiido  i ii  la  iiiisiim  dc  luj 
geiioi'alt's.'  Ill  I  iKimli:  II  Dunil'ix,  C'l.  ]>ii<\,  v.  ."iSS  !l. 

^''Ollicial  list  of  iianics  ii  j^iveu  in  H  iz.  df  Mir.,  ISl  I,  ii.  W\'\7\  (J. 

*' .\t  I'urras  the  coniiiiaiider  of  the  e.scort,  Mamul  S.iKeilo,  tlio  ■.'nvrnior 
of  Texas  deixxsed  liy  C'asas,  siuit  all  the  ecelesiast  ius  w  itli  tiiu  e.\cej)lion  ol  Hi- 
ilalgo  to  Diuaiigo.   Ilvni'nak:i/  JJdvulo/i,  (Jul.  JJor.,  i,  48. 


AC:  USATIONS  AND  DKPOSITIOXS. 


m 


I'l'ilcl'S    \V( 


■re  iK'Vcr  li>i'  a  inniuriit,  ii'iiiovi'd.      ()ii  tli 


niliia 


o 

lU 

iidaiiti^    Sulft'dn    Iiail    alit-adv    made    I'cadv    lin* 


d  111'  April   (Ik'V   iiiulii'd    tlitii-  (K.^Jiiiatioii.     Tl 


llic   (i(vasit»ii. 


It 


was   not   I'vcl'v   <lav 


I'.nd 


siifii  a  siiiM 


•taclc 


L'   as  Hidalutt  an 


(  liil 


lualiua  (I 


niiciais 


niidiK-tod  in  chains  tlii-ini'^li  lu'i' stiTit-;.     So  nn  tliu 
\>{   Salf'cdo  i>>U(d  a  )»i(ic|amatii)n   i;rantin^"  luiini-'- 


n  I  tail   till'  inlialdtants  of  the  ciLv  to  \ii  ii'- 


til 


ninanci'  ol"  llir  inisoiK-rs,  and  prcsciihin;^'  rules  to  Ik« 
(ili-i  r\('d  on  (lie  oi'CM-ion,  tlic  int",  in';c!:K'iit  of  which 


uld   hi'   \isilod  with   severe   jiuni.->hii;i'i.t.     Any  e.\- 


\Vo 


|)t•<'>^|i!!l    O 


I    eltl 


ler  ^yin])athy  o 


hat. 


wa. 


oriii> 


U-n 


i* 


\\( 


i\ni^"    |>assed     lliroUi;Ii    this    orde,  I,    the    plisimel'S 
I'e  ineari'eiate<l  wilhout  I'eUioval  of  their  frlters,  in 


tlh'  places  assi'^iied  for  that  ii'ii'pose." 

( )n  the  'Jath  d  nan  dose  Km/ de  JJnstainantt- \\asa]»- 
ji'ijiit  d  to  draw  u,  die  ])i'elinnnai'y  ]»i-oc.'edin'4s  for 
tin'M' t  rial ;  and  on  t'le  Oth  of  May  .>llo\vin^a  iniii- 
l.nyciiurt  was  estahlished, 
audit  or,  secretarv,  and    Ion 


composed   of  a  |)i'esident, 
r   voting'    meiul»ers.      'Vlw, 


jii-osirntion  rested  entirely  U])on  the  declarations  of 
the  jirisoners,  .special  jud'j^es  beini(  appointed  to  c\- 
iiiiiiM'-  theiii  and  take  their  deposii ions.  Those  wero 
then  suhniitled  to  the  ahovi^nuMitioned  t  rihuiial,  whicli 
pi'ouounced  its  verdict  in  accordance,  and  |>assed  sen- 
tence. The  menihers  ot'  the  court  wei'e  .Manuel  Sal- 
ccdi..- 'pivsident;  Uafael  I^racho,  auditor;  and  captains 

I'ldlo    Xolascd    (';ii' 


isco,  Josu  Joa(piin 


I 


al'ie 


an( 


Siniuii  I^lias  ( Jon:',ale/,  thrco  of  tlie  \( 


w 


ineiuoi'rs. 


AuL-'id  Ahella,  the  director  of  the  po-ial  >eivie(.'  at 
was  ap[»ointed  on  thu  same  dny  on  which 


Z; 


icalecas 


1  :i'ut;iii;s 


n  ^.Tonjis  wore 
v.fiv  to  t.i! 


iill. 


il  tl)  l)i;  foniic'l 


uov  iuiv  wcaiioiis  L'iiiT.c'i 


tlio  stntt-*,  nii'l  rctui'ii   t.>  llieii 


I.'  ivjsitioM  in  lili'-,  iwi)  < 


<v  III 


nvr  (i.'i':i.  oil  «■  u 


1:  tl 

Il     SI 


10  in- 

I...  of 


LCUpaliDUrt  as  SDUii  ;.s  '.u   p.  Ouiurs  wuic  lii- 


c,iiviM;it  ■.!,  ,s' (/,•«./ 1,  ll'i.iilo,  ill  /'/.,  i.  ."i-d. 

'Iliilal4«i,  .VlU'iiili'.  . 1 11,111  Al.laiiia,  aiiil  Jimciifz  wcfo  i.Mii!iiu'il  in  stparato 


aprirtiin  nt-i 


.1"    til 


luilu'i'  1  ill  tlic  I'raiic 

■■'  lint  hltl!  iJiJVC 

■;'  1   liavc  11 
VCitin,'  liieliiliiT. 


lu  C'ilk';,'i;  (it    llif  fX^u'llid    jfsuits.       I  lie  u,!iol'  ciuU  Wff 


ist-aii  iviiivi'iit. 


;/;•<■'(', 


.1/. 


..•.  s;,,. 


XI X 


(It  IVx  n,  will)  cDiiiliicteil  tliu 


I  r.)-r>.». 

])ri:i.);u  Ti  t  )  t '!ii!niaiiua, 
ii)t  boon  ablt;  to  ili^covcr  tho  liaiaca  of  tin;  .^ocrciaiy  aii'l  f>jiii'lll 

llo  wcapuil  with  ililliculty,  tliroiiyli  tliu  assistance  of  tliu  uoiuli;  ilc  Sua- 


27S  lIIDAI/iOS  CAPTURE  AND  DEATH. 

tlic  coui't  v,;is  fiiiiiH'd  t(»  t;ike  tlio  depositions  of  Hi- 
<ialL;"",  Allciidc,  .iiKiii  AMaiiia.  :iii<l  Jiiiicm'Z.  On  the 
7tll  lie  coiiiliiOllccd  his  duties.  It  \Voul<l  l)('(»lltof  ]>l;i<'<.' 
to  enter  into  the  details  of  tht-  inuncrous  depositions. 
Hidalgo  and  AlK'nde,  insti'iul  ot"  l'avoi*in;j,',  lathei-  (i[)- 

1' 


)ose<l  eaeli  ollx.'! 


th 


AHende  had  met  with  niiu-h  to  tronlile  liii 


n  snici' 


liis  si'i/ui'''  of  the  i^-eiu'ral  inanai^^einent  and  liis  jiill- 
ure.'''  It  '  id  lietiia  iearful  ivs[)nii-;il)iiitv,  i*"-'  he  W'  II 
luiew  thai  lalluic  was  almost  certain  death.  J lidaI^■o 
was  mild  and  inodeiMte  in  all  his  actions  and  expi'es- 
«ions.      J  le  could  make  allowances  lur  tlie  tempei' ot' 


the  soldii'i',  and  i'or 


so  <>"()o(i  a  solilicr  as 


Idi 


All 


elide,  aiK 


ono  t'ni.;aL;'e(i  ni  so  nook- a  cause;  lu;  could  even  1oi-l;i\o 


M 


Wnl 


tlic  unjust    ivpi'oaches  ot"  a  j'licnd,  hut  he   could 
ioi'Lj'et  the  sad  failure,  the  lost  cause — no!   it  was  not 
lost.      As  sure  as  the  sun  continue(l  to  rise  and  set, 


the    erito    de    ])olor 


es    won 


Id 


never    cease    rmunu 


thi'oue-hout  the  land  till  ^lexico  was  free! 

The  deposition  of  Ahasolo  displayed  tin;  cliarac'ei' 
of  that  h'ader  as  one  of  the  most  pusillanimous,  lie 
never  had  l)een  Lrr<-'iitlv  trusted  hv  his  associates. 
JJuriu'jf  tJK!    latter    ilavs    of  disasti'r    his    lulvcuar 


n- 


ness    luK 


I  h 


jeu    aiM>arent,  and    now,   in   oei 


'I'l 


111      MIS 


hie,  he  lel't  no  means  miti'ied,  howexcr  dasiaidly.  t  » 
save  it,  accusiiiL;'  everyhody  whil(>  shieldin;^'  liini>:  !l'. 
He  had  known  nolhin,!.;',  he  testifi(Kl,  ahout  the  re\.>- 
hition  until  the  L;Tito  ile  ])oloi'es  had  l^'ouc^  I'orth:  lie 
had  attempted  to  jL;ive  Colonel  Canal  at  San  Ali^ui  I 
information;   he  had  wished  at  the  eonnneneenieni    to 


S( 


■par 


dc    1 


innsL 


If   I 


rom 


th 


\n  rebellion -cverv    <iie 


which    statements  was   a   lie.      Thou^'h    he    had 
made   colontd,  an<l  after  that   inajor-e^t'Ueral, 


h.TU 


W  ,is 


withal 


a   cowaiv 


I.      When  liidaluo  attacked   (iua 


11,1- 


tiairo  <Io  l.i  ]/i.;niin,  frcini  tlmt  city,  when  it  fell  into  the  IimihI-;  (jf  the  in 
j;i'i)t-<.    A/t'iiinii,  Hi.<l.  Ml).,  ii.  I'.l. 

Uiihil,L,'i  el.iiiinil  that  it  «as  l>y  orih'v  cif  .XIIi'imIc  tli.it  the  Eiiri'ppiin 


Milt 


elm. 11  I   ami  oilier  |iliuei  were 


liill 


eil.  jiinl  J 


MIeiiile 


lliilaluo  u  i;li 


lieiiig  llie  rails'  (^f  all  liie  evils  wliieh  li.iil  In  fallen  thi'iu;  hi'  eniiies.siMl  ilial 
liu  wwlicil.lu  j/uisuu  liiiu.   JlinnuuLz  ij  JjJrjluii,  Cvl,  JJn.,  i.  14-1."),  i>J. 


TRIALS  AM)  KXKCUTIONS. 


279 


s  (if  tlio  iii-nr- 


jua'o,  ]\r  I'lMiiaiiH'd  in  the  liousr  of  Ilis  fricii'l  JV'dro 
Otero  duriii'^'  tlic  coiihst,  ami  tlii)ii!:;li  lie  was  |iiTst'iit 
iit  tlir  battle  ttf  ( 'aldcioii,  it  was  iiol  witli  a  williii;,;- 
hrait.  lie  said,  and  lie  was  one  ol'tlie  first   to  llei-I 

I  lis  accusations  a'j^ainst  the  leaders  ol'  t  he  insur^'eiits 
Well-  vill.inous:  he  hroU''ht  iiniiistlv  on  lIidal"'o's 
niinistei',  ( 'hico,  a  tlooni  which  otherwise  he  would 
lia\c'  esca|»ed."*  liitwocn  Al>asolo's  inhiTent  hase- 
iios  and  I  hi'  liiuli -minded  conduct  ol"  ]ii>  will',  I  )ori;i 
Maiia  Manuda  di!  Jvojas  y  'i'ahoada,  his  woitldi'ss  liie 
\v;is  spared  to  him.  Ol'all  the  |)i'inci|(al  pi'oinoters  of 
the  rc\-olut  ion,  he  alone  did  not  hesitati'  to  ci'awl  away 
iVoia  a  deatli  which  })()stei'ity  will  loi'evei-  pi-ocjaini 
{glorious.  J  lis  j)r()|)erty  was  contiseated,  his  ollspijnu- 
was  attainted,  and  he  was  condemned  to  ten  years  im- 
]i!  isonment.  J  le  was  sent  to  CVidiz  and  incarceiated 
ill  the  castlt!  ol"  Santa  Catarina,  where  he  ended  his 
davs,  attended  and  cun.soleil  to  the  last  hv  his  laith- 
t'ui  wile/'-' 

Thi'  tiials  were  condu(.'te(l  with  cveiy  j)(>ssihle  de- 
sjiatcli,  and  on  the  lOtli  of  ]\Iay  thive  of  the  cap- 
tives were  led  I'oi'th  to  exiMaition.""  On  tlie  I  itli  two 
ui'ire  met  the  san»e  i'ate,  and  on  the  (ith  of  dune  five 
<i|  hers,  amoUL;'  whom  was  Mariano  1 1  idal^'o.  hrot  her  of 
the  L;'eneral.  Allelide  suli'ered  on  the  •_'(ith  of  the 
same  month,  in  company  with  Jimenez,  tJuan  Ahlama, 
iiial  Manned  Santa  ^iaria,  the  e'oveinor  of  Monti_'rey ; 

''('liiiii  liiut  Ik'cii  n'L.Mril((l  us  a  jirisdiicrot'  iniiuir  iiii]»irtaii(.'o,  aii(l\vn~<  left 
ill  Moiulnv.i.  Wlicii  Aliiisiilii  tcsiitifil  tliiit  lie  tr;ins;i(ti'il  lliilalijij's  faliiiii't 
I  iiMiios,  ainl  liail  )ntii  aiiimintcil  l.y  liiiii  in  ( ir„iclal:pi;ira  iiiiiiistcr  of  )_rrini^ 
iili'l  justice,  niiliT.s  til  scinl  liilii  to  ( 'liiliiialiiia  Wire  ilL'.s]iatclifil  to  tlic  aiilli..r- 
i:ns  lit  MoiK.'ldva.  'I'liis  siaKd  lii.s  fate;  iir  wa.s  i;uii(Ii.'iiiin.il  ami  r\i  oiilt  il. 
Al'i, 11(111,  llisi.  Mij..  ii.  iMi  7. 

'llo  clitiMli  |'M!».  ,I/<-;m,  J/r.r.  // ,s7r>-  A'.  .-.,  iv.  l,-,_'.  \(.,'r«tc  states  tliat 
li'-  was  iiii|irisniiril  for  life,  altlioiiL,']!  in'oil'icii''..'  an  ollifjal  iloi  iiinciit  in  «  liii'li 
tin:  tirni  of  lii.i  iiuprisoiinu'iit  is  ^'ivoii  as  ti'ii  years.  M<x.  Si;/.  A/A.,  iii.  '.'ii.'!. 
,Sf  ;ilvi,  III ,i)iiiiil(Z  11  hiinilnt,  ('ill.  /till'.,  i.  IS,  and  AIihhkh.  Hi*/.  .'/'./..  ii. 
I'.H)  I.  .Miasolo's  wife'  after  iiis  deatli  letui'iieil  to  New  S|),iin,  w  lieio  she  ile- 
V'ltril  herself  to  the  lieiievolont  as.sisUinei^  ui  the  iinfoitMnate,  and  tiie  eiltua- 
tiMii  of  her  son  liafael.    ///. 

"  l,L'naeio  CaniaiL'o,  \vli<>  had  eariieil  to  lli.iho  llidali'o's  sumnions  to  siii- 
render:  . I iKui  li.uitista  Canaseo,  hriLiadier;  and  .\','nstin  .Manoi|uin,  ;i  ci'iui- 
!■  :d  lilieiated  at  ( Iniidahijaia.  and  employed  liy  llidaL'i  to  eonduet  tho  iiiOM- 
fcuueof  SjMiii.irds  therw.    Ili  iii'(,  diz  ij  JJufaUi^,  Col.  JJu\,  i.  7'>.  -H. 


2S0  11I!)AL(;0.S  CAPTUUK  AM)  DKATH. 

jukI  on  the  Inllnw  iii^j^  ilny  tlic  unrortuii.Mtc  ('liico   jiinl 
tliive  ollu-rs  \wvc  put  to  death. '^      All   these,'  victim 


to  il 


1  ('   ( ■; 1 1 


i>i'  oi"  iiulcncinlciice   wnc    shot  with   thi  ii 


);,iks  til  tlio  liriiii^'  [tlatooji.sa.-s  traitors,  and  tlicn'  prop- 
•rty  coiiliscatcd. 
\Vitli  roix-'ird  to  (ho  jji'isoncrs  who  litid  hccii  Idl  in 


M 

tl 


OllCio 


\a  and  those  who  had  Keen  sent  to  Dnrani 


le  laore  )  i  oiaiiiciit  ol"  tlie  joi'mer  were  shot,  the 
eominon  soMii'i-s  hein;^"  <-ondeinncd  to  iiaiirisoinnmt. 
jn  tlu'  ease  ,.i'  ihe  iriai's  and   elei-'^v,  more  lornudilv 


hiid  t 


(I    I  »(^   (;;).-( 


•r\cd  out  of"  r 


espt'ct  to  I'eclesiastical   ju- 


risdicti.n.      f'iix   ot"  them   were  eondenined    to   death, 
hut    till  ir  e'.crieal   de''*i'adati 


t  liev  coul 


I  I 


)(■  k\ri 


oil     was    liec('ss:il  y    h(  jore 
•uted  accordin'>'  to  estahlish"d  i'lu-ni. 


Doe-tor  Olivares,  the  Uisho])  ol' J)lU'anL!,'o,  howex'el',  r  ■- 
i'used  to  de"4rade  them,  and  an<4'ry  j)assanes  were  intei- 
chan^'ed  lietween  him  and  the  intendeiitc  Jjoiia\ia  on 
the  matter,  'i'in^  prelate  was  iiiilexiMe,  hut  thr  in- 
teiuleiite  was  uot  to  l)e  del'eated.      ilv   his  e  imnian  I 


the  condemned  prK'.sts  were  i)roU'^ht  li'oiu  t 
ithout   their  eeelesiastical  rolxs,  and 


eiMls 


Ih 


w 


^o   I'Xi'cuiei 


It. 


'i'hi'ir  hodies  were  then  dressed  in  t!ie  habiliments  ni 
t  lieir  r-'speelive  orders  and  deliveretl  tt)  the  eura  l')i' 


burial. 


The  execution  of  Hidal'jfo  was  for  some  tim 


e    (le 


laved  hy  these  ecclesiastical  formalities.  On  tlie  I  lili 
of  3.1ay  the  hislioj)  of  jJuran^'o  conunissioned  ['"r;!!!- 
cisco  Fernandez  A'alentin,  canon  of  tliat  catiie.jr;d.  !o 
act  as  (_'(•(■!(  siastieal  Judge  in  the  case;  and  to  hiai  h:i  I 
been  submitted  by  the  military  court  the;  declaialions 
taken  by  .Vbella.  On  the  l-Uh  of  June  they  were 
j)roved  by  him  and  ordei'ed  to  be  returned  to  the 


ainlitor  JJracho.      The  arrival  of  additional  evidon 
however,  still    pi'otracted   Hielale-o's  trial,  and   il   w.i 
not  until    th<'  ;ld   of  July   that  Uriicho  jjresenled   t 


■''  Six  (itliffs  wcro  seiitcnccil  to  iinpii^onniciit  for  ten  years, 
tioii,  Antlii'.s  -Molaii.)  hciu^  .suntonccd  tor  lilV.    /:/.,  7i. 


Willi  line  (.'\cr 


Siiif(i<\    .'/'.(•.   Sr/.  A/A'.,  iii.  .'{i2;>-4.     Tiiis  author  siippliin  .a   cdpyif 


Julia V las  <iii 


Icr  lor  til-'  cxcfiiti 


1 

tonus  wtro  nut  to  lire  ut  tlicir  heads. 


11,  wiiioh  contains  an  injunclion  that  Ihu  pi 


coui:Af;i:  and  calmness. 


281 


l]i('  court  Ills  o]iini()ii,  n<]vo(\'i{ii)<_;'  sentence^  of  (Icalli.'* 
liut  lii.'loro  this  sriitciicc  ciiiiM  \h;  fitluT  ])ii)n()Uiu*c'(l 
i'V  {\vcuioi\,  civil  and  caiiDniral  law  ri'qr.ii'cd,  as  iii 
t!ir  ca>c  l)i'i'(  re  iiiciitioiicd,  lliat  the  jtrisoiici-  should  bo 


(led    a:id   i'>);iiiallv  handed   oNei;  hv   t 


le   eccU>i- 


ji-lical  JiidLie  to  the  .secular  authorities.      J^idiop  Oli- 

v;ui's  was  una'ile  I'roui  a'j'e  iwul  inlirinilv  to  undertake 

tli''  tfdi  >us  journey  in  order  to  pei'lorin  t Iie-e  cei'e- 

iu   |)(  rsou,'''  and    a   further  delav   was  <'au.>cd 
>.,.,,, r  i'>..  A'.  I.,,..! ;,,    ..1,..  1..,.' ii..'    .1     .  .'..,.4. 


iiilllcS 


•  v  th 


e  (,1'Uiur ■;  o 


r  iJr  Val 


eiruu,  V 


ho  1 


lesila-cd    ,(»   act 


iiM'iu    t!ie   au;ho)'i;:atiou    lir>t   exteudi'd    hiia    hy    the 

ted   that   1  lidalLi'o  shoidd  he  sent 


li,-li'iM,"'  and    su''''>'es 


\n    l)uraU'4"o.      The   |)relate,    however,   explaineil    his 
ri'.;hl    to  dele^-ate   his  powci's   under  ceitain    diiiicul- 


\\<>   to   alio 


tiler,   and   conlirniiu'j:  \'aleiitin"s  lu'i'viou- 


ciiU 


lUiissiou,  exjiressed   the  ex]ieetation  that  he  would 


;ii.    one 


)i"ocee  I    in   the   uiattei 


(;2 


A 


ccoi'(iui'.'lv,    on 


tlic  'J7th  of  -luly,  willi  the  cura,  the  cha[i!ain  of 
the  army,  and  t!ie  local  superioi-  of  the  fiaiM-iscaii 
cniiNcnt  as  h;s  associates,  he  |ironounced  thi'  sfutcnctj 
nf  df.;ra;!aiio:i  a;^''ainst  llidalij^o,''''  and  on  i  he  •J'.uh 
|ir'  ii'ccded  to  carry  it  into  execution  hy  di\"estain'  hi:u 
cihi^  ^acervloLal  robes,  uccordlni^"  to  the  jU'cseribed 
foi'in  of  the  cliurch. 

Iu(itriv'al  li;;liit  llidah^'o  was  conducted  into  tlie 
|i!vsenee  ^'l'  t!i.'  ecclesiastical  ooniniissionei' Jud^'e,  an<l 
I'lr  t!ie  lii'sL  time  since  t!ie  day  of  his  ca[ifure  was  rc- 
1  !sed  from  \\\i'  fetters  which  o|)])resscd  him.  Then 
111'  v,as  ruhed   in  the  sacred  vestments  of  his  jirieslly 


A  copy  (if  Iir.iL'hi'.-t  diot'imi'ii   is  fiipiili  •■!   in  /'/.,  iii.  i;iJ  s,     Xo  ilin- 


(.'ini'i't'iil  ilo.'i'h  Iio  i-'imiiU'va  wmiM  Kc  !■ 


til  s  ciiiiiiiiilU'il  liy  linliilrn.      n 
.^illli.stl■.>  tl  1  Altl   illM,  l.l: 


;i  jiiinishiiii  n:    t  ^r  t 'n'  .•itrmi- 


IITU'  l;l    CD 


li  y  ill.'  j.'r;n.'i!i,'  mi 
tiiar  he  sluniM  liu 


li-^liiH':s   ins   i)rn.'say  imIiiul.'.  'l>ero  (S 
a  v\  iiiiliklili!  carauti  r  ilc  S.u'iidnti!  i!i'  l,i 


I  111  til 


w.  u;n  ucitiirr   liaiiiuiaii   iiur  piiluu.*.  ln'   jiiui 


l 


'I'lio  ci'r<'mimy  <'f  ili'"r,-i'latii):i  nf  a  priest  I'oulil  only  ]»•  [ir;-|'  innuil  liy  (liu 


•i-^liop,  iiuiuiiliii'4  t  )  caiiiiiiii-.il  1  i\v 


Ai 


iiizo  :l  (  ,  (  !i  (K  li'da  Inriiia.  para 


•iiaiiti)  ■ 


I'.if 


ri','i'a.  '  n  I  i  laiisa 


f  prcsido  uura  niilai:'()  liasi^a  Uo^ai'  i  ii  caso  urireiitii  v  licccsaritj  a  ik'''iaila 


lid 

ilo.' 


,  III.  r.i'.i. 

lii.sli-tUTi;i.laUd.)iilv  isth.   /'/..'Jl  I-K; 


CopViit    ill 


iK.mljt!,  Vvl.  Dor.,  i, 


ij  Hja.i'iiix' 


l!i     Ijill 


iDDlicl  ill  /./.,iii.  'Ji2:i-a().  aii-l  //■ 


ruitn 


d'-.U 


,  1.  on  /. 


:s2 


HIDALOO'S  CArrUnR  AND  DF.ATir. 


calling",  and,  on  liis  kiioos  Ixfui-o  tlx^  judi;!',  lu^iivl  liiin 
c'Xjtlaiii  to  till'  ;jss('iiil)l(!(l  witnesses  of  llio  (•crciiiiiin- 
tlio  cause  of  his  (li'^-radatioii.  T\\r  sciitriico  was  ii.iw 
I'cad  to  liini,  after  wliidi  liis  sacei-dotal  garments  wciv; 
taken  iVoni  Iiini,  and  lie  was  lianded  ovt  i-  lollic  secu- 
lar authorities,  an  t'arnest  a]i|)eal  Ikmul;'  made  l>y  tin- 
eerlesiastieal  jud_L;'e  that  his  j)unishnient  Hii^ht  h^'Uiiti- 
jLJ^ated,  so  that  neither  the  death  ])eualt\'  nor  mutila- 


tion 


dioul 


d   I 


)e   unit,  se 


lien    tile  eeremoiiv  \va> 


ended,  J  lidal<^o  was  aiL;ain  fettered  and  coiidueted  [t 
1 


lis  ee 


]>(ioi'e  (]ayhr(^ak  on  the  niorniiiLj  of  tlio  ."list  of 
Julv,'"  IlidalLi'o  was  led  forth  from  1  h*' i)rison  in  which 
he  had  heeii  eoniined  for  nion^  than  tlii'ee  months. 
With   his  usual   perfect  tran([uillity,  he  had  recci\-,' I 


t 


iiose  s( 


lit  to  take  him  to  the  place  ol 


e.\ec 


utiou,  and 


liavii)';'  hnished  his  last  hroakfast,*'"  ho  rose  and  imh- 
cated  that  he  was  pri'iiared  toa('('omj)any  them.  The 
jtlace  selected  was  an  'iclosi'd  court  in  tlu^  rear  of  1  lie 
hospital;  and  as  he  slowly  proceeded  thithei',  imj)ede  1 
l)V  his  shackles,  his  I'ortitude  and  sei'eiiitv  did  not  \'<iy 
a  nioiiieiit  desert  him.  IfeiiieniheiMno' that  he  had  I-  IV, 
some  sweetmeats  under  his  ])illow,  he  sto])|)ed  and  ic- 
(jUostcd  that  tlii'y  iiiiL.;ht  he  hi'ou;^'ht  to  him.  Tlnx- 
he  distrihuted  amonn'  the  sokliers  that  composed  the 
iirini;'  ]>latoons,  assurini^  them  of  his  for'.;ivi'ness. 
Aware  that  orders  had   heeii   i-ivcn   not  to  tiro  at  his 


Iliad, 


and  as  it  was  not  vi't  liu'lit,  Ik 


t..ld  t! 


lein  that  III 


(•r 


order  to  ^niide  their  aim  he  woidd  place  his  hand  o\ 
his  heart.  After  heilii;' hound  U|)on  the  seat  of  e.Kccii- 
tion,  raising'  his  hand  without  a  tremor  to  his  hrea>i. 
lie  reiiiiiuK'tl  the  soldiers  that  it  was  the  mark  at  which 


/./. 


i.  r.T-s. 


'J" 


'I'l 


11:1  ('('iiiiKuiy  \^':i 


s  cNilIi'il  the  (loanul;icii! 


iI.mI 


MM  IS  tin.'  cliiti!  ,1,'ivc'ii  liy  Ncijii'te 


Mr 


Si:i.  MX.,  iii.  :(:!!».     'I'l 


U!  '.'71  h, 


as  iTpdltc'd  ill  the  olliiiiil  iliirmni'iit  siij»i)lifil  toC'ril/  aiil  liuuriiii;  ijiilcof  S(;it 


Ksll, 


^i.v 


/'/.,  iMt:;.    iiiistiiiiiMiitc,  1. 


I  iiiist.iUf,  since  Hiiliiliro  w;is   <Ii'i;im( 


li'.l  .,11  the  -iinli. 


|ii\V 


I'll  liv   Miiiii^ 


111, 


Kt:it('H   that    liiiliil'j;<)  was  cx- 


CCUtt'll    'ill  tl 

y/;x/.,  i,  -^rr^. 


\hi  do   lialn'i'isc  vorilicailo  la  liaiiuida  lii  ;,'r 


.ion.'  ViiiiL 


"'•OIpsi  r\  iii;i  that  less  ir.ilk  than  usual  hail  lucii  siqiplicd  iiini,  he  if 


UCStc 


that  ho  ini'.'ht  have  tiic  saui 


uas  his  la.i 


(;  quantity  a.-i  [iirvinn 


<1\-,  iiliscrviiiLr  that  tlioii^ii  it 


'ht  not  oil  thai  account  to  drink  less  of  it.   Jb. 


AXALYSIS  OF  CIIARACTKR. 


2S3 


l<!;i 


tlicy  wcro  to  aim.  Then  tlu-  sii^iial  was  ^-ivcii  niul  the 
toMii  lirod,  I'liou'^li  one  l»nl!('t.  |»ii'rct,;(l  his  hand,  it 
ihilcti  t.>  touch  th(!  heart,  and  I  lidali^o  still  rt-iiiaiiu'd 
erect  ill  his  soat,  iittciiiiL,^  words oi' prayer.  A  second 
Millev  was  discliar'jfed,  cutting'  the  cords  which  seciu'ed 
hiiii.  III!  now  lell  ujxin  tlu;  e-roiind,  hut  lilb  was  not 
\'l  t'xtinct;  and  it  was  only  ai't<'r  thi'ee  niore  shots 
\\(  re  lire(|,  the  muskets  hein<^  held  close  ti:>  his  breast, 
that   he  hivathed  his  I  >.,t  '' 

Tlie  heads  of  I  lidal^'o,  Allend(\  Aldamn.  and  Jinu>- 
iir/  wei'e  sent  to  (jruanajuato,  and  suspeniled  in  iron 
ca'^o's  at  tlu;  four  cornel's  of  the  allKMidin'a.  Their 
ImkIIo  Were  intei'i'cd  in  th(>  chaj)el  of  the  third  order 
of  {''ranciscans  in  Chiliuahua,  where  they  remained 
till  ISl';'),  when,  hy  oi-der  of  cou'^ress,  the  remains 
v.i'i'e  traiislerred  with  the  skulls  to  the  cathedral  of 
MeNJeo,  where  they  wei"e  d(>|)osited  with  soli'inn  hon- 
eis  in  the  chapel  of  los  Ueyes,  the  f  )nnei' l)urial-j)laco 
et"  the  victu-oys,  and   later  that  of  the  i)residents  of 

the  ]V[)Uhli( 

■  J'rnilcro,  in   Ifernnn'hz  1/  Diirrilni^,  Cif.  J)of.,  ii.  fifl.'i  4;  Xri/rrtr.  }[<  r. 


OS 


A7.V. 


~(i;  ]>ii.-itaiiliiiil'\  ('mil.  IHkI.,  i.  'JUJ 


re  iMiioli  lli'l.ilu'o  \\:v\  lii'cii  iiUi'lldrd  1 


IKl 


J»u 


11111'  Ins  iiicar- 


(ilia- 


pi',  :l  S|iall 
A 


i  Hil  (if  Ma 


j(irc:i. 


'I' 


|i'iral  iiaiiicil  ( )rli';„'a.  an 


.1  .M( 


itinii,  aiiil  ill  token  of  liis  ''ratitiulc,  iho  cvt'iiiii 


lies.'  iiu'ii  triMti 
I, 


liiii  ".vUli  I'l'i'at  (•(lusiijcr- 


lii'lciri 


1k'  waa  I'M'cii 


to.l   1; 


vmli'  oil  liis  prison  walls  with  a  pii'i-'i'  of  iliari-'oal  two  staii/as,  which  wer 


1(1,  wiih  the  exception  of  oiie  line 


They 


ai'o  as 


,s  folh. 


Orfi'^ii,  tu  ciiaii/ii  fiiia, 
Til  Miiliili'v  oi.l.i  KiiiaMi' 
Siciiiiirc  to  liaf  11  iipi   liiiblo 


Mil  ;;i'lilc'  iwir_iilia. 


]. 


I  il'lh'  IHnl.c'i'iiill 


1 1'l 


'>i..<l 


111 


■  ll, 


linili; 


■  •ri'ido 


Cull  nil  |>iila'i'  ili'svaliilii 
'}\v  III  laiiii.i  va   :  iiiiii'ir, 
Mic.li'  i-i'tiiliiiir 


,au  r.iVdi'  r.ci 


Ipida 


Jlc'lclhT,  tu  lairii  I'.irai'DQ 
lla  ailiiii.il  I  ".rii  I'l'i'ioia 
I.ii  (|il<-  I'iil'  lajiHlicia 
V  t'.vijo  l.i  cuiii|Ni.>iuli; 


I)as  naisiii'lip  iil  ilisvaliilo 


Kii  ciiaiit'i  t' 

l'allr,(  I  \>, 

V  11-1,1. |,,„1,,  M„ 


CI  iHlinai 
11     I 


ilu 


'JV'  ill  las  niMcia.H  Iclldiilu. 

jiophthei,Mn  was  also  found  wfittcii  on  a  wall  of  lii- 


/'..■j:.>-i.    T! 

'1.1  1' ii-ua  j.'iiarda  1 1  pe.scuezo'— The  ton-jue  is  guardian  of  th 


-1 


//«>/.  .l/<,y'.,  ii.  'JOii. 
•  iiiisult   ullieial   docuiiients    in    Jh  ni'iiidi  z   y   1>> 


CV.    Doc 


11. 


i 

I 


284  HIDALGO'S  CAPTUJir:  AXI>  DKATir. 

Since  tlic  l»c'L;i 111 liiiL;'  in  isiOof  lli(lal;^f(i's  short  ca- 
reer, he  has  hccii  lu'ld  in  varviiin"  ('strrni  at  diUc'i'eiit 
Ihiics  and  hy  diilVirciit  jiersons  and  classes,  llu  has 
hi'eii  placed  in  ahoiit  every  category  of  Iminaiiity,  and 
adjud^-ed  t()  he  ol"  every  orih'r  ol'  heinj^',  vwvy  shad" 
of  (piahty,  IVom  an  aiiL^el  of  h^'lit:  t<>  a  hloody-niindcil 
and  re\"('nL,''eful  monster.  A  hiief  analysis  ot"  his  chai- 
acter,  from  a  stand]»oiiit  intended  to  he  iinj)ailial, 
hri!iL;s  t!)<'  fi)i!ouiMi;'  i'e>ults: 

\\\'  w  ill  tako  il  for  u'ranted  that  tlu.'  eaiise  in  whirji 
he  en^'a'^vd  was  Just,  that  t!ie  inijiulst's  jd'oinptimj^  to 
it  Were  nohlo,  for  it  is  nut  neccssai'v  to  say  at  this 
<lay  that  it  is  !'iL;'ht  to  ovcrlhi'ow  tyranny,  to  achi<'\i' 
lihcrty,  to  (h'livcr  one's  eountry,  or  that  his  memory 
should  i)o  held  in  holv  repute  who  lavs  tlown  his  lifu 


for  tl 


lesi 


thin' 


w 


]]ei'or('  cmharkiii'^'  in  liis  hi^•h  cnterjirise,  llidal^'o 
as  an  liumhle  ]irio.~>t,  of  more  than  ordinary  ucntl  •- 
ness  of  nature,  and  relinement  of  int(jllect  and  cullur.  . 
Som((  have  sou;.;iit  to  hi>sinear  liis  fair  lame  Vviih 
cliar'j'es  of  eonduet  not  consistent  with  strict  nioralits; 

O  t 

l)ut  nothing'  of  moment  has  over  heeii  proved  a;jjaiiist 
liim  in  tliis  direction;  and  wer»j  it  so,  tliose  who  hold 
such  matters  in  .such  serious  esteem  will  have  little 
to  sav  if  thev  will  examiiK^  into  t!ie  state  of  society 


m  tne   iilaci!  ai 


nd  at  the   tinu;   he   lived.      It  sh 


ows  a 


small  mind  to  attempt  thus  to  h-little  L^-reat  men; 
and  it  is  still  worse  when  the  ehar'^'s  l)r(ni'''ht  forward 
are  palpahly  false. 

Almost  without  knowinjj^  it,  and  surely  hefoiH'  Ip' 
intended  it,"' this  L;entle  j)riest  found  himself  at  the 
liead  of  his  ])eople  cryiii^"  ;doud  to  heaven  iorliherty, 
swearing'  to  hea\en  that  his  eountry  should  he  fi'ei'I 
Jt  has  heeii  said  of  him  that  he  was  not  a  L^reat  '^v\\- 
eral;  he  never  pretended  to  he  one.  }lc  has  heeii 
charged  with  extreme  cruelt}'.      ]''rom  some  stamh 

'■''' III  liis  (Icclnratidii  liu  ^itatoa  that  lie  ik'ciilcil  (u  jtiin  the  rcvoliition.-iry 
party  veiy  .'.lulili  iily,  'y  <|"^'  ^'"  iiii-iiiiacinii  ;'i  la  Imlijujiuloiuiii  liio  li>  ijiio  lo 
iiiili,i;i'i  i'l  <li tiiiiisi' <(.in  tiii'tii  li^'cru/ii  o  llaiiiast' iVcucai.'  l/iri<aiitkz  y  hui'u- 
lo-:,  Cul.  Jyoc,  1.  10. 


TIIK  NATION'S  IIONOaS. 


2S.1 


(•(' 


jioiiifs  tills,  IK)  (!(>ul)t,  is  tnio;   l)ut  the  tiiih'  and  |ila 
iiiiist  \>c  r(iiiciul)ci\'(l,  and  al>i>  tliat  it  was  tlic  ci'iirltv 
(if  the  sur<;;tMiii  to  savi'  the  Ixxlv  ratlu'i'  tliaii   that  of 


till'  savaiic  wlio  drlinhts  in  toi'tun 


Ji 


idal'^'o  liad.  Iii.- 


wtirk  to  do;  ifci'Uclty  could  nt)t  !»(•  aNoidcd,  tlu'ii  t  lu'i't; 
liill>t  !)(>  criK'lty.  J  l(J  would  |)Urcluisi' t!n' Iii;4li('st  \n-\\r- 
tiictioii  willdu  tlic  roa<'li  of  huuianity;  il"  loMx-rv  and 
iiiuidir  were  |>ait  oj'  tlu-  prirc,  siill  it  must    !>  ■  paid. 


Vrt 


!•  all  tins,  JU(l^■lnn•  t  lie  man 


I'aiib 


liassinLi'  unili'i- 


I'lvifW  his  past  1  iff  and  his  prrscnt  |)urposr,  his  mind, 
li(  art,  and  dis|)osition.  and  I  do  not  think  ho  can  i)o 
calliil  criiL'l,  i\'V('iiL;vt'ul,  and  l)loody-min<lcd,  as  soint; 
lid  stam|t   him.      War  is  a   L^rcat   v,  irkcdiirss;  and 


W.il 


il  tins  sjH'cics  ol  rohix'ry  and  nuirdci'  niav  cvv'r  l>o 
ju>lilicd,  tlu'iv  is  so  little  (lillcrcnce  hctwi'cn  tlio 
Di'lliodox  artick;  and  the  (piality  ol'  reprisal  as  prac;- 
tisi'd  in  the  present  crusade  that  it  is  not  worth  dis- 


(iissuiif. 


Some  liave  said  that  Ilidalu'o's  intention  was  to  es- 
talijish  a,  re[)ulilic;  it  may  have  heen  so,  hut  it  is  no- 
where shown.      Za\al;i  liolds  to  the  conti'ary  opini!>n. 

no  iioliiicd  or   militarv 


I  her*;  appt'ars  to  ha\'e  heen  no] 
plan  adopted  hy  the  leaders  of  the  revolution,  hui  lied 
ciloii;;-  as  they  were  upon  a  tide  of  e\ents  which  tln'y 
could  hardly  control. 


The  1; 


iru'e  cla-s  ni 


^r 


exico.  o 


f  th 


lose  wno  ever  since 


the  ^'rito  de  ]3olores  liave  sec:med  to  deli;_;;ht  in  i^'ath- 
ei'iii''-  t'\  idence  and  makin-j'  charu'es  dania'''in'''  to  the 


I'lU'    nriine    of  ILidali;-!),   i.- 


iduallv  hecomiii'. 


h 


I  Would  hidi'  noihiii'L;'  in  any  historical  cliaraeter.  \ 
Would  not  he  blind  to  tht;  faults  of  my  lui'o.  Neither 
woukl  J  nuii'niiV  ilaws  of  character  untd  a  little  fault 


i-  made  to  appear  larger  than  a  L;reat  ]irinci[ile. 
Moreover,  there  has  heen  much  spiiilation  as  to 
w  liat  Would  ha,\e  heen  the  result  had  he  j)ursued  a, 
diiirrent  eoursc;.  ] lis  iiriuness  of  purpose  and  opinion 
ha-  heen  called  ohstinacy,  because  he  would  not  yield 
to  Allendi'aiid  the  oth 


Ci  s. 


lEiid  he  marched  on  ^[ex- 
i'";  had  lie  retiretl  part  of  his  force  to  the  mountains 


II 


1  i 

i 


2S0 


HIDALGO'S  CAPTURE  AXD  DEATH. 


an«l  (Irilkd  tlicni,  disinissin-^  llio  nTcat  rabblL;  and  l;is 
ai'iiiy  (»r  |iillai4t'rs;  had  lie  |iriiclaiiiiL'(l  a  svsUmii  nf 
lilxral  institutions;  had  lu;  \>vvn  slower  to  I'oh  and 
hiitclu'i-  S|)aniaivl.s;  liad  he  hctterjirotcctcd  the  civolcs; 
had  he  doiK.'  ditl'civnl  1_\-  in  a  hun<li'c(l  othi-r  wavs—thi; 
ru.stdt  would  have  boon  (HH'crcnl.  J)oul>tloss.  JUittho 
<[Uestion  is  not  what  ini;j,!it  havo  como  to  ])ass  if  thn 
jtiinio  mover  in  Mexiean  indejieudeneo  had  been  a 
(liHerent.  man  and  aet('d  (nU'ei-eutly.  As  it  is,  though 
not  without  his  iaulls,  .Mc\i(;o  may  well  be  ])roud  nt 
her  hero.  J^et  his  memory  bt;  honored!  Jjet  his 
name  bo  enrolled  anion;,;'  the  world's  eham[)ions  ol'lili- 
erty ! 

J  [is  eountrymon,  j^'i'aleful  to  one  wno,  in  tlio  yloomi- 
<'st  hoiu'  ol' hoj)e,  stood  I'orth  so  learlessly  as  their  (h- 
I'ender,  havo  rightly  embalmed  his  memory;  and  his 
name,  _iL,n'owini;-  bri^htor  and  briL,ditor  as  the  a^^xs 
pass,  will  be;  handed  down  unsullied  to  remotest 
generations. '"^ 

'"On  tlio  10th  of  July,  182;?,  a  con(,'rcssional  decree  was  passed,  dcdaiiii',' 
Hidal^jo  and  tlie  otlier  inisii'ljial  lia.lors  in  the  striitr^do  for  indc^endciici'  tu 
be  '  licntMm  ritns  do  hi  ])atri.i  en  l;imiIi)  luroicD,'  anil  mdercd  a  inoninnrnt  in 
their  honor  to  ho  eieeted  in  t'hiliuahiia.  <i'<iz.  <li'  Mix.,  ">  do  Ago.-sio,  ISj.'i; 
J/(  riiiniili-.  1/  /)(ir(il(if,  ('i,f,  J>,i'\,  ii.  (ido.  In  iS(!,'{  IJenito  Juarc/,  havini,'  re- 
tired wilii  tile  government  to  Dolores  on  aeeonnt  uf  the  Kreneh  invasinn, 
))assed  a  deei'ee  elevating  the  tow  n  to  tlie  raldi  of  eity,  and  ordiring  that  a 
nionninent  laaring  a  statue  of  Hidalgo  shoidd  he  ereeted  in  the  ])rineijial 
j)Iaxa,  \lv  [irniionneed  the  lion.ic  in  whieli  lU'lalgo  had  lived  to  lie  the  ino|i- 
eity  of  the  nation,  and  proviiled  that  it  shouM  he  jiroLi'eted  and  ]ireserve(l  in 
its  original  state  .so  far  as  possilile,  at  the  exjtense  of  the  government.  /■/. .  ii. 
(ill.  In  IS7;>  tlk'  eongiess  de^reecl  tlial  thi'  natiomd  llag  should  he  amui;;!!y 
Iioi-ited  on  the  Sth  of  May,  liidal.;o's  hiitlid.iy,  and  raised  half-mast  higli  "U 
the  ;!l>th  of  -luly  in  eomniemoration  of  his  death.  A/.,  ii.  (il4-l.').  I'resideat 
I'oflirio  Diaz  in  IS7S  ordered  that  the  monument  at  Dolores.  Avhieh  hail 
hitherto  not  heen  eierted,  should  he  huilt.  The  estimate  of  its  eost  w.is 
§10,(llK),  whieh  amount  was  eo\  ered  hy  jiro  rata  eontrihutions  levied  n]ioii 
the  .slates,  in  ihe  same  year  (!enei-al  Diaz  deereed  that  a  monument  .^ImaM 
also  he  ereeted  in  Hidalgo's  honor  on  the  spot  where  he  was  exeeuteil  in  (hi 
liuahua.  /(/.,  ii.  ()l.")-li(.  In  the  (iazcta  tie  Mfxko  of  August  '.\,  ISH,  w.is 
[luhlished  iiii  alleged  eopy  of  a  deel;ir,\tioii  professed  to  In;  Hidalgo's  soli  iiiu 
rerantation  of  iiis  eri'ors,  made  some  weehs  liehire  his  de.ath,  and  dated  (  !ii 
huahua.  May  IS,  ISIl.  This  s[iurious  stitiineiit  was  prohahly  ])i'onuUgat  d 
in  order  to  tuin  independents  against  tin!  cause.  It  is  superllniais  to  deny 
.sueh  an  assertion.  No  attempt  m  hieh  can  properly  he  called  such  was  ever 
made  to  estahlish  its  truth.  He  who  for  a  moment  could  hold  to  sueh  aa 
opinion  totally  misei)neeives  the  ehar.ieter  of  the  man.  'J'o  death  Hidalgo  was 
inditl'erent;  and  he  would  lu'  the  hist  man  on  e.arth  to  uphold  to  his  follawei-', 
according  to  the  teuor  of  this  deelanitioii,  the  enormity  of  their  crime  in  ic- 


Bir.LIOCillArilY. 


is: 


iMlliui;  jii'iiiii'tt  Uie  uovi  riiiiiciit,  aii<l  to  riitnat  t'.ic;ii  to  rrturii  to  tlicir  lUity. 
li.a  llii-i  urtiiic'i!  wa.s  I'oiiuiiur.ly  fiii|(l(iycil  |iy  tilt'  iiiyalists;  t'l  iiliii<ist  uxi'ry 
|M  'iiiiiu'iit  |iiitrii)t  c'liift  wlio  was  ixciiiicd  ilui  iii;^  llic  war  of  iutUix'inlfiK'i) 
sii'  li  u  iii'aiitatiim  was  attiilmtfil  iiiiil  |iiilili>luil. 

'J'lic  ilocuiiR'iits  wliiili  idiitaiii  llic  alli -fcl  iiiiiicicliniis  at  tlii,t!i,l  df  lli- 
ihil.:.'!',  fi  n)|iy  i>t  xUiiili  in  sii[iipliiMl   liy  Ui  riiaiiiii  /  y  Itavalos  in  lii<  '  '■/.   Po-., 
)|itii    ti)   j:iavc  iliiiilits   as  t(i  tin'   aiillii'iitiiiiy  nt'   all    tlif    tos- 


1. 


-lit. 


an 


tiiiMiiiy    jH 


(1.      Milili  ot   tlic  I'vidii 


li 


|.ii'sciiL  liiil.i!i;o  ill  till'  liicist  oiliims  lii^lit  (k^.-- 


ii'('  IS  \\ar|ie<l  ami  jxai 


il.l.'.l 


NO  as   li' 


il'lli^   III    tile 


■lllllillts    Wtrc    iii'M 

hi 


Many  ot  llu'  .'Mliiiis 


II 


tt(  rill  liv  iiiiii,  ami   must  nf  tli 


III  iiu'iil.s  attrilmti'il  tn  otlur  ilcilaraiits  arc  in 


)t   ti>  l«J  Ir.iiil    11 


i:n' 


1 


laiiiiiit,    lio\vi'\  IT.  aizruu  \\\ 


111   N 


cLTite.    will)  (  iiili'.iMii's  ti 


|.iill  as  ;,'illll- 

liiiw  that 


till  s,'  ili)i.'iiiiu'iits  aru  u  liiilly  apoi'i  v|ilial.  ami  'i|ii<'  csd-i  iIdciiiiiciUiks  mi  piiiilcii 


1,1. ir  li'  I'll  iiiiiirini  si'ii 


tiili 


>,  III  cuiisuleiai'si.'  coiiiu  aiilciitlco   lo  <  ii   clliis 


tnil 


.1/. 


Si  fill  XIX. s  iii.   'l',\.     I  liavf   fuiiinl  iiiaiiv  I't  fin'  ^-t.iti  iiU'iit.s 


■III  I'liiitailU'il  I'Diiiilpiila 


iti'il 


III'  sii|>])iir 


t.'il  1 


V  ipilu'i'  aiitliDi'itii' 


it  ivlialiil- 


III  til  i^miri'  t-'iitiiily  tlii^  lia  hirmioii  il'l  cum  Ji  id-i/'ju  uiul  tlic  aci 


i;v,  111 


IMiiyiiii:  p.'iiii'is  wii 


ilil 


caiCL'lv  lie  \M>i'. 


i'lii.' uliii'ial  iil';;aiis   nf  tlio  j^'uvt'iliiiu'llt   liatili'Mlly  iiiajxililieil   tin-  siici'i'sses 


■I    till'  inyaiists  aiiil   tlic  rcvirsus  n 


I  tl 


ic   ri'ViilutiDiiis; 


1  nil  I II  Ills   ri-jiDi'ts 


fniiii   L'l'mials  iianatiiiL;  vii'tinics    wctl'   iiivarialil\'   inililislicil,   Imt   many  nf 
tlirir  ilispatilii's  wliioli  rcprcsi'iiti'il  tlio  true  coinlitioiis  <if  alia 


lis   UlTC    lilll- 


il   tl)   tilt'  set 


iiiy   lit   till!  ;.'i)Vi'niiih'iit  arcliivcs,    tidiii   wIikIi    liny  liavi 


1  ri  II  limui^lit  ti>  li^lit  liy  ililleiiiit  ri'scaii 


r.ilsti 


iiiiaiitc 


l( 


I  rii.'iinli'/  V 


Ii.ivalos.  ami  X('j,'riti.',  iiinl  iiseil  \>y  niiiiieroiis  aiitlims.  Willi  re;.'aril  Id 
tliiisi;  ]iulilislii'il  iluiiiiLC  the  war,  tliiy  are  valiialilo  ami  ivlialilc  in  si  far  as 
tlii'y  rrinisi'iit  tlic  imivt'iiiciit  of  armii's,  the  ^.'ciieial  results  of  cii_'a;,'eiiii'iits. 


Ull 


I  a  liioail  view  of  tai'  coinlitioii 


if  tl 


10  eoiiiitrv. 


IJul 


tl) 


th 


spt'ctivc  iiiuiihers  of  opposiui^  lorees,  of  iiisurLTeiits  killcil  ami  easiialtits  siis- 
tiiiieil  liy  the  piveniini'iit  troops,  tlicy  arc  untrustworthy;  while  from  the 
(lniiiiiiciits   that   were  shclveil  ji  true   iiietiire  of    the   position   is   olitaimil. 


'i'lii'  press  liiiii'^'  iiinler  the  eoutrol  of  tl 


ovcl'lilneli 


t  ill 


nici.iiiiii's  I 


It    tl'lllKl 


I  Witl 


nil   to  ilctestatioii   that   of  th 


pniikietioiis   luhorinu;  to  aihaiiec  the  royalist  eaiisc  am 


it 


niepemleiits.      Leaniiil   men    Jiiinteil    heavy 


itteinptiii'^  tn  iii'ove  on  jihilosophii  al  ami  political  jjioiiinls  the  illegal- 


ity ami  want  ot  justice  in  the  inuvi'ineii 


t:  l.isl 


lolis   issue 


pa 
ml 


torals 


il 


■rtatnnis  iirLtuiii','  on  the  iniquity  ol  the  iiisui  lectioii  ami  pim  l.iimin 
■  ■      ■  ■  ■  f  tl 


1"",^ 

the 

iil- 


)iiiilition  of  the  leailcrs;  ami  jioets  saiii,'  the  piai.>es  of  the  loyalist  coininam 
CIS,  euiiip.nin^'  tliuin  with  the  heroes  of  antii|uitN  ami  leiiowiieil   Koinaii  l;ii 
C'lals,     (  alUja  Was  suiiciior   to    l''aliius   Maxiii 
jilllarof  the  totterii);^' nation.     'J'lic  ailulatinii  v 


iiiiaii  j,'in- 
-uiiii  irtiii'' 


Calleja  Dr  Ji 


Mil 


laialKl  liitwicn  him  aiiij  Fal 


iriano   I'eiistain  eoinpose 


t)  Willi 


h  th 


il   ('ril/C   the 
truly  aU'ectiiiL'l     In  honor 
il  a  ilriiikiii_'-son;4  drawing,'  a 
oiikr  Ml  Iciior  ile   I'oiiceriail.i 


11 


withtlio  foUuwiiig  ilecastich,  supplieil  hy  Scjnie,  Mix:  Sij.  XIX. 


r.iti 


III  triiti'i  ri'tii':inili>, 


Cill.'.jii  111'. 

i:i  r..lii.i  ti'iiinl" 


.11.1.1 


I'l 


Illl.Jll    V.'ll.'i.'ll.l.i 


1    p.H'. 


.|1|.- 


Kii  rl  int.'  inilltii 


iiliilii; 

iiili.-i..lo 


11    SI-    |.l|. 


il,. 


Ill  F.,1 


inipiinr 


III  I'.  .11    Ull   I  .llli'llli. 


Alii  liiili.i  iu'i'i..ii.'s  p.  i|il.'Xas; 


T..1I.. 


i:ir; 


1" 


ti'iiiiiliir. 


isions  of  minor  I'eniu  ',  too,  swainieil,  scurrilous  111  almse,  vile  in  vitupera 


tl.iU,  JCJ 


•ittl 


le  one  snic. 


111 


oi 


I 

ri'\iil',itiiin. 


Icred  to  the  ot!i 


Ihit 


1  siclieiiin,ii  with   llattery  and  sytoiiliaiit    horn- 


no  lair'aa^c,  liowever 


sh; 


.'fill.  I 


lowevei'  lai- 


ii  ions,    was   uniialatablc    to   gDveniineut,    if   it    lirought   odium    upon    tl 


(Icncral  list  of  authorities  for  the  last  four  chapters;  liiistrimaiife,  Cain- 
li'iraid  ik  Cull(j(i,  I    lOS.  pasoiiii;  Id.,  Caad.  Ili-t.,  i.  -JO-'J'J'J,  -i;!;--!-,  iv.  J3- 


2SS 


iiii).\r/!0's  cAi'TriiK  ANT)  i);:ATir. 


V_'(i  7,  ii]).  II:   /'/.,  ill  Ciirn.  '/'/•'■<  .s'/';//.;i,  iii. 


A/.,  (t'lhiiiilc 


I  1;   /•/.,   \,,-  I'lii 


I'i'l,     \  .    SMIl.     lli> 


Ai 


II,  1.    M. 


CI.  7t- 

JA  ...  i 

iji  .1,  -jji.  •-•..".>.  ;i:.i)-4.  :t!i-'  :!,  -nc 
4:i.s-!),  .'ill  s,  .•1)1.  ;;i  \.  iii.  ,■•[>.  7.\ 

.S-4,  4!)-S(t,   111  IKI.  -JIT  :!l,    tl')  -J;   /,/..   t,l„-'iH  S''<l',,s,  i.   |.J.")-..(I;  Z, 

tist'iirni)  ( ",r. 


I.   i.i  >i, 


r,u.»,  iip 


7 -J I,  II 1 1.  till- J;  .1/ 


■1-7-',   I'J-Jvj. 
A'./'.  .!/-..•..  iv. 


AVr.  .1/,. 

;;(;  ihf 

WW  mi.  iDi  -j:;,  (;i.s  -jo,  ti'.i:!  I,  7(i"i--jj,  ;;;;i  47. '7'iJ-i.  H7;i-;K),i,  dii  -jo.  iv. 

I7(J-.SI.  II7J  ■:.  .ssj-!M).  V.  ,S7  !»,  .V.S-!»,  ,sil    J,  Sili;  hUjH)*.  \ur,(i<,  ii.  f.  ."»  I(t, 


•J'.  :).">,  u»! I  !)■_',  •j()7-it;t.  ■^!).i-:»):i,  :!f.s,  ;i,sh  ;./.,  a 

'/<  ■.  //  I'lii-ii/iis,  i\jl.  JJiic..  i.  imd  ii.,  ]'iissiiii,  iii.  -'4  1-7.  '-U\,  '.):i>. 


f.  I.- 


:>,  01;  iJi'irh)  Mr.,-.,  V.  'JIO,  Nii.  417- \  xiii.  .'SI  I,  ;,S.l 


:i.);i 


(i,  l'J.")-7,  l-:'>  <■'.  I7I~-J,  70!>  l(>:  .\,,irr/r,  l,:.-t.  Mil.  Sij.  A/A.,  i.  |i;.!,  I(i;» 


•_",)..,  -J.i, 


'>-s,  -js.)-;;!!.'.  ai'.i  :iL',  .•;:i!i(i7,  :i7'J  4iM;  (i 


.!/. 


i.  i;v»-.-,,  i; 


:ii:i  so,  4  .1   ■',  171  s-'.  »ss,  .-,117  il. 


.l.>l> 


■,ti..-;., 


!);;-(!,  iiij-i(i,  {■,i\,{\ 


>;>  (i:). 


<;7,>  (i,  tisi. 
Dill  ••    10  .. 


i>.  7  lti-74.  7N."i-!>l,  SI  1  (;(>,  ,s7;i   i.  ,ssi -  >  <,h)S--j,s,  ',)ki.  ii.Vi  il, 


lOI'.l 


1(I,sl'  (i.  ii.   I  .1 1,  1   -SI,  )iii.v-.iiii. 


4..;!-').  i!i 


()sl-s,  7(1 1  7,>.  :;{i!i  70,  iii.  I7s-i  ;i.  •_M7  l.'>,  -17.  liilti.  4u.">,  Ii.'.,  iv.  I7'ii-I. 


117   I  '.  I  II,  l7l-'>    -"J.'i  Ii,  :!01-s, 


s.  ;is;i  1!;!,  v.  17:)J-:J.  Ml,  Isl 


.Si, 

'-'l.'i,  vi.  ITltl,  '.).  .•;:i7,  417,  (>.'!7,  vii.  17'.i.'>,  !'-li>,  -")  i>.  I-I,  I    "    '!  i">,  viii.  17ii.i.- 


1(1 1,  i;  7.  •-•.'17,  ix.  isoo  I.  1,  .''S  M-J,  I: 


•-•II,  ^i. 


iso'j  :i,  I.  17,  177,  -.m: 


:!,  xii.  IsOl-."),    117  -iK  lw;-."i. 


4; 


.V.   IMI.S. 


.•U:r 


(,,1.  I)inii.,\.r,  7,  Iv).  u)!.  ■-••■!  :;.):  A/.. /;;i 


IMI,  V.  17.  •.  I'L,  Isl  I    I-',  xi.  '-NJ-;i;  A/.,  ISi:!,  XX.  -J.!.")-:';  1,1.,  Jihiri,  !■:.,• 
lV-'_'-:{,  viii.  l.'i  i;);  ('"n.,  Ti-ri  Sl'i.,  ii.  17-',  iii.  r.>l-"',  '-'7- -i );  C'lnni,  A' 


.\'.  i: 


•■J" 


i.  -J'.ii,  :ioi  t;,  .•!i_'-i,".,  :!I7-I'.i,  .•!-'.V(;i:  i: 


."> . 


.4.1. 


did,  (iL'l;  I'/.,  X->f! 


M!rlt.,:]\- 


■.  JA 

ill  .S'o 


JA 


(I'co'i.,  viii.  (iiil;  li'irt  rii,  lli-l.  .A/'i'y 
7A''/.,    ISS  -JO;!,  -.'l.S   10;  A'-,/,/'/;.. 


.1/. 


■J   !-S;  i,i  iiiiin.  AilU-'umn  ./ 


!»-4J;  ;i'vr»/'f,   A'. 


J/. 


4s  7'i: 


A/:;ii;;  Ills/,  fimi/).,  i.  >SS  !K!,  ii.  l!»."i;  ^Vr..  .lA.c.  IVli.  1  Vv.  l7J.Siiii(l  17.>0,  in 
A  r:  mill.  <',iiii/.(;/il.,  l;j-l()4,  "Jo,"),  -.■i(i-7,  -s;{;  IrVfj-.V' H //•  //  filnclic..  'i'l'ili) 
Am.,    I    110;  <;t,ir.illi'!i   l>iir'l<i,    Tifl/ro  J.'rlm.,   i.    1,(7  ;j(i;    I  'Kt;/' ro   Ui(hr,-<r', 


xxvii.  S7  !»J;  llctn/,  //;.s/.  J/. 


1^:7, \.  I.jS-8();  (W/;c/ v/Vf.  yV/.  .]/».   <.l-l.' 


•Jli-!t,  l!i;i-(i:  II..  i:i,\ii(iX.  K^i,.,  iias;,iiii;  l>-a'<rn  j  Uuiki,  Mr.c.  //f.s-.'.,  !)-l;l; 
Li/if/o  lie  S'l.KihiK,  Jiiiiu  •-'!»,  1S7:I,  4;  lln  r,li.ild'',  L's-i'li  I'olll.,  i.  L'l.S-.ii!; 
Jtliiiliju,  Iii  I'l.  ( 'iini,  !)-lS,  i;j,")— i;!;  Di/rasu  il,  I  ( 'lira,  pp.  .'■';  JJ.rhirtnrion  J'-it., 
Jp|\  4;  K.Ci'in,-/.  I>li,iitiiilii<,  ])p.  1(1;  Eyjiiii-I.  Ihth.  .lAx.,  Jip.  1.");  (IoiiziI'K,  <  J. 
A'.  I. ion.  |.'.:J,  •Ji;>-40;  Jil.,  Hill.  Aijikk  ('.,77-!SS;  VrnijiL-i,  M:iiiij!i.-<t<>,  \<\\ 
\y";  I'!.,  <)ril<  ii'iir.n,  7;  /'/.,    Manijir^lo,  ]ip.    10;   A'l  fl  ij  V '''/'".  /",'i""' 


Z< 


tllllK'OI't, 


Mr 


ix.  .s.')7  y.'J;   /'/.,  l\isiu-ah<.  pp.    Il.s,  iiiul  .s;   A/.,  AV//  '.w 


liisti-iii-.,  pp.  .s,  -Jl,  iuul  '-'4;  An-oiii-,  lll<'.  '/  '/•-//.,  l(il-.'j;  /./.,  A'/'-v.  .!/• 

is,-.;  .lA)  •;//'('■',  A',,sv///i/ /•//;«/.,  i:j;i--.'i:i;  .!A',///;.w,  A'. 


•-M:!-I;  a, 

•js4-(i.  ;!J 


h'>. 


.  I  /'/.    (/('    Joll'ld 


is. 


-7;  -lA' 


//; 
(i,  isj  !),  .■.j:)-;!7,  iv. 


/ -...I,  ..(.i-.i; 


' -■,  AV.'/V.r,  i.  -70,  ii.  .V.)-(ii);  I'rnz,  J)iir.  dVir/.  E-ilml.,  i.  117  -  •, 
-C;    I'i.iiirf,   l.'ol.   Mi.c.   Due,   -li.l;  lliislntiiunie,   in  AUjrf,   Hi 


Ciiii:/!..  iii.  I7>^;  y*/.,  in  ''<u"0,  'y'/r-t  N/;/.,  iii.  I.j!.-!);  JjniiiriJ'.r'i',  f.ixir: 


M' 


A, 


//;.s/ 


rnrr. 


V" 


.M.S.;   (J'turli rli/   Uiri(ir,  vii.    "J-'il  7,  xxx.    H 


A(>  (i4:  A I 

la 


\'ir.  i,i:/.<r!u^(i,  pp.  14;  Va'ilorino,  ('nnti-nt  'ci  m. 


(  (!'(  inu! 


o,    III  c/'iriir 
111,  IIS;  Z'f 


V,  y/;.s/.  j/o-..  i.  i-j!»,  .-.i;' 


n:  lioi,,E 
Zi 


>,  II. 


vi.  (iO,  li.i-:!4l,  ].;i.s;iiii,  4111,  4.'!;i,  vii.  •J;m;s7,  jtassim,  (i.)ii,  ('i< 


0,    Sii 


..>    (  .1.,  (  1 


»-  S.,11. 


\iii.  110,  ix.  7;!7;  L'l  iiiitnlm.  Iii.-inn- n,  i>p.  ;>  i;  l.'li,  A 


L.coiIhh,  ii.  ;i(M-4;  lliUi 


M( 


i'jii:ii-in-,  I'p. 


i.  .Ss4-!;;  Ih-itiiih  Oit.irt.  /,'. 


]'.i„,lh 


(II.   I  i-'ii-i 


/-■,  -140  •_';  llnht.  (;,,,:!.  K^laL,  ii.  17-l!i;  .V 


.'1:  y; 


(:<o,j..  I. 


.'J'.t-:;o.  ii.  .".Cl-.-.,  (i_'4-!l,  .■i4,  .■>(),   i:iO,  -m,  v.   K;  >,  viii. 


!)i(-S, 


ix.  41);  .V(. 


( 'nici 


ii.  4(J()-7.  4S();  Siilo,  jJiir.  <t/ir 


.l;;n.    Is7 


Ji(t»io<,  J)(j-r'ii 


!l.  passiai; 


A'(./«- 


JA..-.  mid  Mil.,  'J!)-4:!;   / /.,  JA..-.  A'  f.,  i.  4»-l; 


y.Vc.  ill  S/,fi.i.-.i,i).,  ('.;!  4;  A'r.-.  r/cs  J),-ii.c  JAo/('A.-t.  Apl.  1,  ISiL',  .".;i:2-4S;  / 


Xiiii:  M,,:.  II:  I 


iicr/n,  Concifi',  [it  ll 


I'lniiio,  ;!0J-4;  J'oifoii,  EiUih- 


qnahx  and  Vol.,  271)- S'J;  I'dn.  Star  and  Ih  r^dd,  ,"  opt.  'Jit,  ISul);  l'(iii--c'', 
JWttci  Oil  Mir.,  ap.  :'._';  I'cdrir.a,  lihuj.  (AiiidiHos,  ;}-•_'[);  J'oiicc  dc  l.ioiu  il 
Mtdcnci,  I'id'i  S.  I',  de  J(ti!i'<,  i^i\  147;  A'of.'c.  Aiiiiali<,  I'tiy.,  xxxii.  I),';  Jv'< '•'•. 


FrirniKR  nicFKiiKxciis. 


sso 


Iw.  i(ii>l  .V.  '-.J.  i:u   !•. 
MS..  IS.-,;  /./..  /lr<r.  I 


'i  rrlfi  ",   Mi'illnr 

ii.  •JI7-."><>:  .1/' 


VV 


ri:  .V 


/; 


fdiiti. 


A. 


Mi  J 


ISJ-I,    I.SS   Itl,    KVt   !l(l,  '.'iMt  (i;    Mill' 


/■'r'liiiii'  ;'/>.  S!';  Mlrli.  J'ror 


J/« 


.'U.")!   Miilln\    I!' 


M. 


II,  Sill 
•-••-'7:   Mi.iifiil  ,1  I),. 


■itnl. 
in'li 


M< 


]>, 


IS; 


MilU,  Hixt.  Mi.1.,  H:i  !•;  Miiijir,  M<j:  A-Jhi,  i.  -js;!  il.  ii.  -jsii  7;  M<irlhii- 

.*"/.<>/«.    //(>'.  .1/'.'.    I!ii\,  i.  ;!l    ."iS;    /i/.,  i/r'   /((•(    /I'lir     Aiiliiili  s.   |i|i.    IS;    .)/.  .r.   // 


/•-('•A 


/>o 


/   I'liiii,  111 


I.-.I-: 


.1/. 


.1/. 


<.».   /,7    I'll,  nil    ilr  Clll<lii 


(Iwrnt,  ls.'14,  i)|>,  4;  Mi'.e. 


•,iili,  <!<r.ila< 


VV- 


l\\;   Al- 


ii 

A'.bolf,  Ml 


•21    .Mmv.    IS(iS;    /• 


Id;!;  (;■!<■.  Mr.,  •_'7  .Ijiii.   ISIKI,  :!(t;  A/iniil.  //('i'.,  in  /'mi.  Ilnl 


rl.  Col.;   A  In 


.Ml 


"I    .1/. 


hull 


<il  V 


»l 


.1- 


M;    Viill,i!i,l:,l,    L.rhni-tnr 


VV 


III:   Vilo 


Dil'i 


III. 


VV 


1,11  rrri'miii  -i. 


I'l' 


-  init 


V 


11: 
i'l'- 


\fUiih'.-<  I'lioii.,  ill  I linuiiiili-.  II  I'driiliiK,  Col.  J)o<\,  iv.  |S()-I;  Ortiz,  Mir.  In- 


/./..  /.//(■■,  !I-H);  a 


ill  I  C/iiii/.o,  A/'iuilix  lli-^l.,  fidiii  I. II  S'. 


iilii 


ill-  /.u 


It,  in  Aa  K<ii-illa  <!<■  ih-.-idi-nie,  Supt.  4,  ISdS,  ;{;  (I'minri/,  /lis/.  .Mir.,  IS- 
(lallii,  lloiiihri'i  /hislrn,  iii.  '_':{7-;tll'-;  (lui-i-iii  Condi,  in  Si 


'I'i'J;  (iitriia  //  (iuii-ia,  /'rosjuriiliuli--',  pp.  1 1 ;  Hin-r 


IK 


Ml 
vi.  I(i 


./"  .1/. 


-V.  1',  in   />o'-.  //Ist.  Ml  J-.,  SIT.  •_',  iv.  17";  Ci'i-rh  Coinnii  r,-'   o.f  lln 


i'l-airn-'.  ii.  ll'i-17;  /'iinlliiii,  /Unvloni,  i.  'I'-iA;  /•'loriiniii,  llisl.  I' 


:il'J-14;  /■'i-riii,Si-i  luii  ill'  la  Vie,  l-'J7;  /' 


j: 


•iiii/i 


,,1.1-1,-  IV,/.  .1/,/.  Mir. 


■1  !•_'.  S_'-4,  !),■)  (1.  l!»J-.">:  /•V,W,  //;.</.  Mir.,  I4S,  I.VJ  :?;  Conrif,' <''iitil!--nH  Am., 
p|).  V2;  Mi'r.  Fiil  ij  Vail,  nli-,  \t\i.  ~;  Moiit,uiii,  Hijlfriom .-<,  pp.  'I'l;  Calrillo, 
/  ,\c«/-,vo,  jip.  \[i;  Moii/i  rill-,  /'/-uf/d/Mff,  pp.  \\;  Criollo  S,  ii4hli,  /'roi-l(unu,\,\i. 
4;  .V(..'.,  Aloi-iii-ioii  ilil  /tial  Coliijio  ili  Ahoi.iniloi,  pp.  .'U;  Carla  il,'  nil  Con- 
;/'.  I'l'-  !^;  /Ji  I'll  rniiii,  Krliorlaiioii,  jip.  'Jd;  ^/clll^r,,illal,  Sirinon,  pp.  11; 


/..  /;.  /•' 


/' 


r/„ 


((;(«,  p]).  !(;  I'liiii/io  .1/  J'iroi,  Miiiiijii ato  /-'i/iniiiii/i.,  ]ip.  'JO; 
C'liiifiill-i,  }/aiiilli'-<t'i,  p|).  "JO;  Are  Ernilila,  hiiiloijD,  \\\,.  7;  I'lansihli'  (lozo,  \,\\. 
4;  I'.iilirnlad  S'tn-*.  Znili  /n  ml.,  p]>.  8;  /l,ris/aiii,  y,%s  il  .''n.^i'li-iiti-,  ]ip.  ].-»; 
.i/,  J'..  I'll  flu  I  l/h-iiil  ill  I  C,  If  I!  idi<t,i,  pp.  I'.S;  I  'oUadii,  /nl'iii'iiii  ,  p[).    I"-';  /i',.<//«- 

/''V/r/,  pp.  •-'();<•(„•.'  /■:,/.  .l/,..r.,  IS  Kncr.  lS-_'7,  -J -"it;  /•/.  ;/f,..<,  no.  i.;  .1//- 
Ji,/iii.sn,  17;  COnl'irii,  //i.l.  El,  im  nlnl,  pii.ssiiir  l.'in  rii.-<,  I'on'i-nir  Mi-r., 


I. it  1 1 


■il  /• 


i,)--JS;  (.„„/, 


Ill  .V 


.1/. 


1,1  (! mil.,  \-2i);C,dlr.  ,1A 


, ;//.  V 


70. 


,75:/, 


oiiii-ro. 


Mcr.   tlio,/.,   viii.  (ilO-ll;  S-nnlii-.,   Villa  /'ii,li.   Sa,irad.   I'roj.,    V2\\ 


olniiiiii 


•2M   70;  >'.</'.  l.iln-ii]la,-U-ii,l„,  1770.  MS.  ')i2:.V.  .1/ 


-'/ 


lls- 


1,1  ,1, 


Sal /../-(.I.  /'.  /■'.  '/').  •'■ 


d,-  11 


VV 


/•I. 


/',i,lri\  pp.  4;   A/.,  Mini.  Clirisl../',.i;i.,  ])p.  :iO:  San  Salrndoi- (I- 


/.I.   I,',jli'ri,/iii.i,    pp.    17;    '/'oral,   /)i .si.iniiino   ,1,-    /-'i 


y.«..vv.  JA 


///(/ 


slnra.. 


r>()-j 


'iiiiii'i,  m  Sor. 


r. 

M 


.m;i-'JS;  / 


roci  II, -111.1 


uli;  /I 

I  r.  (iio;/. 

/nil 


// 


1111,111. ■  Am. 


I'.n-,  /ill, 

Mniji  r. 


i.  -J;! )   I;   A/', 
/»/ 


A''  /. 


,  I'l'l  IIIIOII 


;;l: 


ii.  7-S;  Ilh>si. 


.MS.,  IK 


7;    /^;rv/c 


Ili  JO  1; 


i:.  I"  4"i(l,  iii.  ,'}1-:{1m;,  iv.  (JO-.VU,  v.  l.'i-.Sl.S;  Ciii,lit,l  ili  M,r.,  /'roi-lama,  pp. 
Ill;  I'intiiii-lii  i-oii/rn  I11.1  ."^cdnriori-.i,  no.s.  i.  ii.  nml  iii.  pj).  I'J;  J>i,ii\  </'■  .!/■  ,1'. 
./'(M-x,  S  .\y(,s.   ISll.  pp.  4;  /Jiur.  Oji'-.,  Mrli.  |-J  Jiinl  !:>,  Is7;»;   1,1.,  Srpt.  I.\ 


Ihn;!;  /)iir.  Unli:   //l^l.  ( 


i,  s~!»,  l-j^l;{,  10,  ii.  :v\-\\  (i-j-;!.  iv.  i: 


>.  X.  (i:i4;  J),  i-r, -bo  Intern.  M,r.,  pt  iii.  US;  Dnnhar.  Mir.  / 


l!\.<,  l/iii.  M 
v'l',.  .V 


")1;  /J'Ariii/,  /ii'si-ri/).  (lin-rnli'  Ai 


a/)' 


•J--'!); 


■  in 


M- 


I. •!.')-  10;  Dii/'ii/,  /!o 


;:tO;  /', 


'  '  ol. ;  />i 


ii.  1 00- •_>;;■_';  j)i! 

/'nil 


SO-  I ;  Jtiaz  ( 'n  '• 

I'aJliidoli'l,  in  <'(;/. 

,  ^iiiiliid,  ivJO,  pp.  IJO, 


'.iiid'irionr.i,  ii.;  //as.itl,  ^fl  ,■.  rinil  (In, if.,  1  Ki-.").">;  Ki  nni-'lij,  Ti.v,i<,  i.  '_*71; 


III .1111. iili'z,  Eiiuil.    Mil.,  IS;  KiiiilatI,  A 


lii-'il!i!-it->rln. 


.1- 
Lpt.    l."i,    1S7S;   l.r.ana  //   /', 


ii.  ()!)-7''';   l-a-'  Clii 


/'ro,li. 


II, lid. 


pp. 


/Md    A  I 


Dr 


Eriiortii'-l,).'!,  pp.    10;  /,/.,  C.iria 


fiS-71;  A 


I'li.it, 


:mi;-S: 


Samntliuia,  /.'ei-idtftrh.,  xiii.  4sl-'J;  y,f(  /'»,«/.  Mir.,  i v.  "J  12,  271 ;  Liurrv,  J)Q'- 


■  ■/'U-lm.,  i.  13-'_'J;   Aro/f,  '  Vm  (A-  Sunt,  d,-  ihoni. 
S'iii,j,!l,-o,  in  M.r.  So-.  Oio,;.  111.,  i"  cp.  iv.  (Jo7-8. 
llisr.  Mtx.,  Vol.  IV.    10 


pp,  o;  Lliiarc-i,  C and  1-0 


CUAJTEU  XII. 


MOllKLOS    AND    UAVOX. 

isll. 

Stah:  (ii*  TiiK  Itr.Vdi.iTidN  aiteu  IIiiim.i;i>"s  ('vi'Trur.— IIkkikxpiiv  cir  Md. 
nKM>s-  Ills  ('ii.m;a<  ri;ii  -Ills  Mi;i;ii\i;  w  nil  lli|p\i,i;c,  ash  ('oM.^n^>l(l\• 
--^[ol:l;l,()■.  in  .MiciKiACAN-'riii;  KiiVALisT  I'AKis  I  >i:ki;a  Ti.i  >  .M(ii:i  i.ci-i 
MAiiciiK.-i  I'd  Ciiii.i'ANciMiii    Tin;  l'AMn,\  iii'iiiio  IlKwosCxniin.  di' 

TlXTLA — l)KFKArii|-  mi;  UdVAIJST  l''ri:NTK.S  — ACoNSlMliM  VSl   l'l'l;l.<M  II 

— Uavov  liKTurAis  ii;iiM  Sai.tili.o— Hk  Dkikats  Ochda — A  ■ri;ui:ir.i,i: 
M  \Kiii--T)ii:  I'LATi'iPiiM (ji'TirK  I\srii(ii;.M'  I.kahkii— Uavon  Kvaci-  mks 

ZacATI.CAS— Tut  .JU,Lo"h    IlulNCS   IN    \'aM,A1io1,I1i    -KkiKKAI'   (IF    Till;    In- 
sriKiKNT.S. 


With  the  liciids  of  the  leaders  cutofl'  iii;ny  Ohiii^ht 
tlint  the  revolution  was  ioi-evri-at  an  end.  And  m>  il. 
nii^'lit.  have  been  had  the  iuo\-enient  reste(|  in  iiimh'^ 
hand — •liiat  is,  had  it  oi'iginated  solely  with  tliose  nieii, 
Of  with  any  one  set  of  nuni,  or  had  it  heeii  de|."ndr!it 
I'or  its  i'in;d  sufC'ss  on  aught  else  than  the;  mi^'hty  |)o\vti' 
JndeDeiidence  was  not  an  accident.      1 1 


h  - 1  • 


ol   Jil'o'jfl'ess. 

had  waited  its  j'ull  development  "n  the  wond)  oft 
and  now  its  hrin'^in^'-Corth  was  (  Ttain.  The  hirth  "l" 
li'oedoin  in  Aniei'i<'a  had  loic^-  'eeii  predeterniinc  I. 
("ut  oil'  the  head  of  e\'ery  i-evol»  ionist  twenty  tiim -. 
and  twontv  times  new  armies  ^     uld  arise  rtiiiil   the 


It  d 


real  draiion  was  slain. 


ell'lc 


When  tidings  (»f  the  cauture  ■   *  Ilidali^o,  All 
and  th('ir  army  reached  ]\[e\ico,  the  rejoicing'  of  l! 


I'ovaiists  was  threat,  as  we  may  ima'.^uit' 


Tl 


le 


irst  Ti 


j)ort  was  conveyed  without  particulais  in  a  des[)atch 
iVom  Othoa;  and  thoU''-h  the  vicerov  coiikl  rel\  uiii'ii 


UoVAIJSi'  IMMoR'IN.iS. 


•.•:ii 


IV    I'V    Mn- 
MoKKI.liS 

\nn:i.  '>'■' 

I   IM'Ul.S-'Kl) 

'ri.ui;iiu.i: 
KvAiT  \Tr..s 
iK  Till;  I'-- 


ml  so  !'• 

iiinii'.i 

-.(•  nifii, 

p"llilf!lt 

noWfi' 
111.      ll 

)ii-tli  "1 
niiiui' 1. 

mil  ill" 

of  lilt' 

tir.-t  !v- 

rsjiiilcll 
■Iv  Ul"'ll 


t!i,'  sLiiti'mt'iit .'  Mini  cjiiixd  till'  Im1I>  to  III"  niii'4.  Jir.d 
.vil\nt.s  (>r  artillcrv  to  \)v  lii-cd,  tln'  iii(lt|'rii(lfiif,  pjii'ly 
ill  il;i-  altsclici'  of  » It  stalls  was  l(i;it  ll  to  ai'C(|)t  it  a--  1 1 
L:itrr  iiil'i)rniatioii,  ImWfVii-,  coiilli-iiicd  the  iiitclli^i'i 


Ml' 


iuid  di's|)i)ii<lciicy  i»rf\  ailed  aiii(»iiLi,'  its  ranks.  \'ciir'_;as, 
111  till- contrary,  was  juMlant.and  ri'Ljardcd  tlir  >iiii|pr-  •^- 
sioii  of  tiif  i\:lK'Hion  as  cssfiitially  aff()iii|ili.>li((l.  I  Jut 
lir  (11.1  ihit  iTcoj^'nizi;  the  t'Xtt-iit  and  dc^rci'  to  wliidi 
iiidpi'iak'nt  jil'ilici[iK's  had  juTNadrd  (he  lower  (la  -^f-^, 
ll  i-  true  that  iVolii  the  swccpiiiL;'  disa>tci,>  whidi  had 
htU  ly  l)(_'('ii  sustuini'd,  ihooidinaiT  ohsci-wr  iiii;4lit  won- 
(In  that  thu  cause  was  not  ah'cady  ahandoiied.  iJiit 
diiiiiiu;'  the  year  !s||,  thus  l-ir,  the  iiisiirreetifui  ha  1 
sincad  with  siu'itrlsiiiL;-  ra|tidily,  which  had  e.HTied  it 
•r  the  m'eater  [»otlioii  <»!'  XeW  Spain.      The  asjxct  ot' 


(i\ 


t'le  re\dlulion  was  however,  iiiateriall\-  ehaii'j'ed  sim-e 
it->  iiici|iieiicy,  and  the  st niL;'L;'le  had  now  assunie(l  ninro 
till;  cnl.ir  (if  iiidi\idual  and  predatory  warfai'e.  W'iili- 
L  aii\  toi'iii  of  '••ON  ei'iiiiieiit ,  or  I'Veii  a  reeo<i'nized  head 


uu 


ai'tei  llidal^i'o's  eaptur*.;-- lor  llayoii's  eoniniission  a^ 
cMiiiiiiaiidei-in-ehiet"  was  not  i^ciiei'ally  acknowledL^fd 
— each  proviiieial  leader  act(!,l  independently  aeenri I- 
lii>  |ileasiire.  .Vi'nis  and  money  were  waiitiir^, 
il  as  leaders;  and  owiiii;'  to  this  lack  of  plan  and 


a->  \\i 


I'es.sc-; 


1  riiiiipK',  and   the  ahseiice   of  colu'sidii,  the  .sue 
\'.liiih    they  reju'atedly  gained  were  hut  temporary 


'ieu  efl ell,  mor(-'over,  their  chiefs  kiK'W  liltl 


e    ol 


tlu 


Hit  "I'war,  and  many  of  them  were  wholly  unlettei-e(I. 

t'li  ihe  other  hand,  the  royali.^ts  had  auioiin'  tlieiii 

1  ■aii(  i-snot  onlv  trained  to  the  militarv  iirol'ession,  hut 

1/  •        I 


el  practieal  exiierieiict,'  uiwarlai 


>  ---hiu  ol   nearly  a 


11  tl 


'V  w (•!•(.;  m  p 


le  arms 


in   t' 


coiintrv 


th. 


\i< 


'jis  W(.'re  We 


11.1 


isciiiiined 


aiKl  aoi)ve  ai 


iheV  held 


'its,  ;uid  eould  therefore' supply  tliein>el\-es  iVom 


il'ii  ii:i 


'I.      Xeverthel 


ess, 


o 


ver    a    vast    awn    detached 


les  (i|   iiisurL!"ents  s[)run<.i'   nito  existence 


led 


some- 


times hy  iiohlo  and  ])atriotie  men,  but  too  often   !i\' 
»le-ji,.i;j,lin.s    and    escaped   criminals,  who  carried    ou 


'(--;. '!'  .V.u\,  Jt.li,  ii.  ;ioi-j. 


-:r-^l 


'U\ 


m 


202 


MORELOS  AND  RAYOX. 


little  bettor  than  a  guerrilla  warfare  in  their  vicinity. 
Such  bands  generally  kept  themselves  in  impregna- 
ble positions,  making  descents  upon  unprotected  towns, 
and  desolating  the  surrounding  country.  Althougli 
the  royalist  Ibrc.-es  occu[)ied  all  the  most  important 
towns  and  the  immediate  vicinities,  the  revolutionists 
graihially  gained  control  over  tlie  country  at  large. 
(jruanajuato,  Jalisco,  Michoacan,  Zacatecas,  and  large 
])ortions  of  Puebla,  Vera  Cruz,  San  Luis  Potosf,  and 
]\Ie\ico  at  the  close  of  1811,  were  almost  completely 
in  possession  of  the  insurgents;  and  their  eneniirs, 
oonliiied  t(j  the  fortified  cities,  were  not  suffi-.-ienlly 
numerous  co  assail  in  all  parts  the  numerous  hordes 
which  Infested  the  country.  The  main  efforts  of  liu' 
royalists  being  directed  against  the  better  organi/.i'd 
arnnes  of  the  independents,  they  could  send  out  only 
detachments  against  such  guerrilla  bands,  as,  gatncr- 
ing  strength,  made  themselves,  from  time  to  time,  llu' 
terror  of  particular  districts.  In  these  cases  the  in- 
surgents were  generally  routed  and  teniporarily  dis- 
persed with  heavy  loss,  no  mei'cy  being  shown  to  those 
taken  with  arm^  in  tlieir  hands.^  It  was,  ])erhai)s, 
tlie  very  best  policy  the  revolutionists  could  have  pur- 
sued, altliough  adopted  without  [)olicy — these  incessant 
diversions  which  weakened  the  eft'orts  of  the  royalists, 
and  rendered  useless  the  concentration  of  their  forces. 

There  was  at  this  time  one  man  only  who  stood 
forth  conspicuous  among  the  revolutionists  as  an  ail- 
mitted  chief,  a  leader  round  whom  they  might  with 
some  de^gree  of  confidence  rally,  a  fit  successor  of  iii- 
dalgo;  and  somewhat  strange  to  say,  this  new  man 
was  the  friend  and  disciple  of  Hidalgo,  like  him  an 

'■'On  tlic  ;^Oth  of  .Inly,  ISIl.  Vcnegas  issued  .1  procLunatioii  to  tlu^  ilU'ct 
that  the  period  for  which  the  mdulto  had  hocn  extended  was  expired,  auil 
that  such  aa  liad  not  availed  theninelvcs  of  it  were  toeousider  theiusehes  ex- 
eluded,  especially  tiiose  who  still  continued  to  excite  or  aid  insurrection.  LI., 
G!)0.  Nevertiieless,  it  was  still  not  I'efused  to  those  who  l)eu;rcd  tiiat  it  iiii::iit 
bo  granted  to  them.  M  .ny  of  tliose  thus  pardoned  again  took  part  wilii  tlic 
revolutionists  when  the  teni]iorary  [)eril  in  which  they  found  tLcnis^lvc.-j  \v;i:j 
passed.  Alamun,  Uld.  M<j.,  ii.  -31. 


JOSl':  MARtA  ]MORELOS  Y  PA  VOX. 


ecclesiastic,  and  like  him  a  devoted  lover  of  liis  coun- 
try. His  name  was  Josd  Maria  Morelos  y  Pavon. 
He  was  born  on  the  30th  of  September,  1705,  on  the 
rancho  Tahuejo  el  Chico,  near  Apatzingan.''  His 
parents  were  honest  and  respectable  people,  the  father, 
!^[anuel  jMorelos,  being  a  carpenter,  and  the  mother, 
Junna  Pavon,  the  daugiiter  of  a  school-master  in 
Valladolid.  Jose's  education  was  the  most  element- 
ary, and  on  the  death  of  his  father,  his  widowed 
iiiotlier  was  in  so  straitened  circumstances  that  sho 
oave  the  care  of  her  sen  to  his  uncle  Feli|)e  Moru- 
los,  who  owned  a  mule  train,  and  trafficked  between 
^Icxico  and  Acapulco.  The  young  man  sometimes  fol- 
lowed the  train,  and  sometimes  looked  after  the  stock 
on  the  rancho;*  although  his  ambition,  supported  by 
his  mother's  wishes,  had  ever  been  a  })lace  in  the 
church.  At  the  ago  of  thirty-two,  by  great  effort 
and  self-denial,  he  succeeded  in  gaining  admission  into 
the  colloije  of  San  Nicolds  as  a  sizar,  or  servitor.^ 
Here  he  studied  natural  and  moral  philot^ophy  under 
the  guidance  of  Hidalgo,  who  was  at  that  time  the 
rector,  and  for  whom  ]\Iorelos  ever  afterward  entei'- 
tained  the  fji'tiatest  regard  and  veneration.  Having 
been  ordained,  he  was  appointed  temporarily  to  tho 
cun.'s  of  Churumuco  and  Huacana;  ami  later  the  ben- 
efice of  the  towns  of  Caracuaro  and  Nucupetaro,  in 
the  department  of  Tacamb  'To,  was  conferred  upon 
him.  The  stipend  of  this  curato  was  small,  but  tho 
hanlships  of  his  early  life  had  instilled  into  Moreh^s 
habits  of  frugality,  and  he  managed  to  save  enough 


'  I'li.ftamcuife,  Ciiad.  Hht.,  ii.  40S.  It  was  goiieriilly  bilievetl  that  Valla- 
ilolid  w.is  the  birtliplace  of  Morolos,  and  tho  iiaiuo  nt  that  city  was  coiiso- 
(HiLiitly  i.liaiigoil  in  IS'28  to  Moi'clia,  in  h<Mi(ic  of  tlie  patriot.  Alainau,  how- 
ever, fuppurts  ]5iistaniantc.  Hint.  M<j.,  iii.  ap.  S.i.  lu  />/.,  iv.  ap.  47  S,  will 
bt'  fdiiiiil  a  copy  of  Mort-los'  registry  of  baptism  at  Valladolid.  The  full 
naiiu  u'ivea  to  liiin  was  .Tosi5  Maria  Tcclo. 

MJii  one  occasion,  wliile  pursuing  a  bull,  he  was  thrown  senscdess  from  hia 
lioisc  by  coming  in  contiict  with  the  l)raiich  of  •',  trcf.  The  blow  canst  il 
a  p'lniancnt  scar  on  his  face.    /</. ,  ii.  .TIG. 

•'The  Spanish  expression  for  this  grade  of  collegiate  is  rajienfi'.  Some  an- 
thm.s  state  tliat  lie  entered  tho  college  at  the  age  of  twenty-tive.  ycjnfp, 
nut.  Mil.  Jlex.  Si'j.  XIX.,  i.  313. 


21)1 


MORELOS  AND  RAYOX. 


I 


of  liis  inef»nie  to  purcliaso  a  mocU'st  liouso  iii  Va!!.i- 
Jolid  ill  IHOl.  This  dwelling  was  the  only  piivulu' 
property  he  ever  owned. 

At  the  date  of  the  u'rito  dc  Dolores,  Morclos  n\.!s 
aro.it  fortv-iive  years  of  au'o.  lie  was  sti'oir''  pliv-- 
i.ally,  with  plenty  of  brain  power.  Not  al)o\(j  m  - 
diain  lieiglit,  thii'k-set  and  solid,  he  was  capable  at  till.-; 


tiinc  ot   jjieat  endurance. 


Hi 


IS  complexion  was 


healthy  dark   brown;  eyes  clear,  dark,  and   brilHa 
ith  a  L,lance  now  quick,  searchinj^,   niai^netic,   m 


^^ 


stern  ami  meditative,  and  ai^aiii  la[)sing  into  j)rotbui 
reverie.  Yet  he  was  no  dreamer;  he  was  more  m; 
of  the  woi'ld  than  Hidalgo,  thongli  in  regard  to  1 
ill''-  hi!  would  be  almost  called  illiterate  besich;  the 


i:i 


ear, 


a'''' 


or 


j)(-l 


ores. 


liiit  he  had  siitficieiit  education  to 


f  his   si'enius,  whicli   must  cmt 


swer  every   purpose  o 

be  regarded  as  among  the  greatest  of  his  age. 

There   was  a  whirlwind  of  energy  in   his  iac:.^;  11 


!0 


\Vlt>l 


very  atmos[)here  about  him  seemed  impregnated 
tlie  latent  force  emanating  from  Ids  form  and  pres 
The  eyebrows  were  heavy,  and  met,  giving  the  con 


Iiro 


tenancc   an    expression    (jf   invincible    delermiiiatioii. 
The  sha{)e  and  size  of  the  head  also  showed  gi'eat  meii- 
tal  power.     .Vbout  the  mouth  and  lower  jaw  tlie  diai 
acter  lines  were  deeply  traced,  features  geueraliy  W(  11 
cliist  lied,  the  <'hin   bein<jf  rounded   like  Cicsar';^  on  a 


1 


\omaii  me 


lal,  1 


lere  au'am  < 


lisnl 


play 


ill'. 


tl 


le 


pr 


eSiMlce  (. 


an  indomitable  will.      He  was  grave  and  goy  at  on 


vr 


li  you  woul 


dwell  u 


11 


ipon 


the  f( 


ormer 


Pl 


lase  ol 


(lb- 


position,  k't  your  eyes  rest  on  the  up[)er  j)art  of  tlh' 
faf-e;  if  upon  the  latter,  then  look  at  the  lower  j);;r;, 
"^riu'ro  was  altout  tlio  mouth  an  expression  at  times  (  i 
almost  repulsive  firmness,  yet  tempered  always  ly 
frankness;  there  was  about  the  whole  face  a  liaruio'iy 
and  erpiilibrium  always  present  in  some  f.jrm  and  ile- 
gree  in  great  men.  His  c;iiergy  was  of  the  devouriii'4' 
type.  In  l)attle  his  eves  Hashed  witli  a  sinister  llglit; 
his  voice  assume<l  a  dejith  of  tone  which  his  soldurs 
thouuht  was  like  the  thunder  ef  a  u'od;  and  he  some- 


CHARACTER  OF  MORELOSi. 


2D3 


tiuK'S  bccauio  so  liiiiiLny  wlicii  llms  arousotl  that  he 
would  pauso  ill  the  heat  of  ii;^litiiij^  tiiul  call  lor  soiue- 
tliin;^  to  eat.  lie  thought  no  more  of  danger  there 
llian  when  recitin<>-  ]>raver.s  in  the  cloister.  And  not- 
wiihstantling  all  this,  in  the  ordinary  affairs  of  life  he 
(!is|)layed  a  decided  ini])assiveness,  a  countenance  so 
siTcne  as  never  in  the  slightest  degree  to  reveal  the 
woridngs  of  the  mind.  Xor  was  lie  lacking  in  con- 
versational ])owers,  in  courtesy,  or  even  in  sj)rightly 
good  hunioi'.  Nature  made  him  master  of  all  her 
sarviii'jf  moods,  and  "jfave  him  the  discretion  to  use  them 


t;) 


ii'OO 


I 


l)ur[ 


)()se  as  occasion  tlemanc 


ded. 


J  le  wore  various  uniforms  during  his  militai'V  ca- 


ncer; hefore  he  became  a  soldier  his   dre 


ss    was 


tl 


le 


usual  habit  of  a  cura,  not  the  extrenio  priestly  robe, 
hut  a  long  black  fi'ock  coat,  black  vest,  knee-breeches, 
stockings,  and  buckled  shoes,  lie  suffered  constantly 
iVoni  headache,  which  was  greatly  I'clieved  by  a  ker- 
•  liirf  always  worn  w^ound  round  the  head,  and  usually 
sup])lying  the  place  of  hat  or  hood. 

The  character  of  jMorelos  will  stand  the  most 
searching  scrutiny.  Under  closest  analysis,  its  strength 
a;id  beauty  shine  brightest.  His  originality  and 
sound  iudixment  command  our  hi'>hest  admiration. 
I'ogether  with  great  militajy  ability,  wdiich  enabled 
liini  to  design  wise  combinations,  he  possessed  excel- 
I'ut  dist-riniination.  He  knew  how  to  select  his  olli- 
ccrs  and  aixents.  Uneducatc'd  thouiih  he  was  both  in 
till'  arts  of  war  antl  policy,  his  marvellous  instinct  and 


■vision,  imited  with  sound  common  sense,  a'ained  1 


'  d' 


or 


iiiii 


1  higli  renown,  not  only  as  war  commander,  but  as 
iHilhical  chief.  The  most  minute  affairs  and  matters 
|>raj)parently  insignificant  im[)ortance  never  escaped 
his  watchful  eve.      He  recognized  the  imixirtance  of 


as  ii   e\ 


ervtl 


mm"  re 


Itfutiou   to  trifles.      It  seemed 
red  his  attention.     A  riiri*!  cathoh(\  he  alwavs  con- 


I'L'IV 


dl 


sea  unnse 


If  bef( 


ore  gomg  into  av-tion;  and  his  relig- 
s('nn)h's  were  such  that  after  his  first  engagement 
le  never  personally  celebrated  mass,  but  tlelegated 


)U> 


290 


MORELOS  AND  RAYOX. 


tlic  i)erf()rincTnce  of  that  cereniony  to  an  army  cliap- 
lain.  Liko  Hidalgo,  lie  lias  been  cliarj^ed  with  ciui.'lty ; 
but  reiterated  accusations  of  this  kind  seem  silly  as 
brouufht  aijjainst  one  who  makes  it  his  business  to  kill 
and  dania'';e  his  fellow-creatures  for  the  time  as  mi.ch 
as  [)ossil)lc.  The  difference  drawn  between  the  kind 
mandviller  and  the  cruel  one  is  little  else  than  con- 
ventional subterfuge."  Here  in  particular  it  was  the 
exterminating  system  of  warfare  pursued  which  ini- 
[)osed  u[)on  revolutionary  leaders  severity  and  a  I'ig- 
orous  system  of  death-sentences.  The  dev(>i^')n  ol" 
]Morclos  to  the  cause  was  unbounded,  and  his  tirnmess 
of  soul  held  him  to  whatsoever  course  his  judgment 
marked  out  as  the  best.  He  was  thoroughly  consis- 
tent; for  the  attainment  of  independence  he  s])arc(l 
neither  liimself  nor  his  enemies.  Serene  withal  and 
im[)assive,  alike  in  prosperity  and  disaster,  he  neither 
gave  M'ay  to  arrogant  self-assertion  nor  yielded  to 
dejection.  But  conspicuous  among  all  his  great  (jual- 
ities  was  his  perfect  disinterestedness.  No  [)ersoiial 
motive  influenced  him  in  his  valiant  struijo'le  ibr  lih- 
ertv.  His  own  asj^grandizement  was  what  he  least 
thought  of.  To  decorations  and  titles  earned  by  his 
victories  he  was  Mholly  indifferent;  he  preferred  the 
simple  appellation  of 'Servant  of  the  Nation.''' 

When  Hidalgo  moved  toward  Valladolid  after  his 
capture  of  Guanajuato,  Morelos,  whom  the  news  of 
the  insurrection  had  alreadv  reached,  hastened  thitlur 
to  learn  what  it  all  really  meant.  Hidalgo,  howi'vcf, 
had  left  the  city;  Morelos  followed  the  army  toward 
the  capital,  and  overtook  Hidalgo  at  the  town  of 
Charo.     Thence  he  accompanied  him  to  Indaparapea. 


"  ' Af[iiplla  cniolilad  calcnlada,  con  qiic  friamcnte  volvio  sangre  por  saiigro, 
y  pago  i'l  sua  t'lU'iiiigos  cuiitnplic'ail(i.s  los  males  que  do  cUos  lecibio,'  Siali 
is  Alaniaii'.s  uiifaii' appreciation  of  liini !  IliM.  Mcx.,  ii.  ^i'2. 

''Morn,  Mcj.  y  kii.-<  l'<r.,  iv.  'JS-t-'J;  JJiistamaiitc,  Ehr/io  MoreJoK;  Ahtwnii, 
IIiM.  M,J.,  ii."  :n.J-lG,  .•U-J-4,  4'2:]-l;  Mrx.  Itvl'ut.  Art.  Foiido,  I'.'-l.");  /'/. - 
«'/•(),  /!' r.  Mi:v.,  ]oi,  4Ul;  /Cavala,  li'v.  Mtx.,  50-8,  03-4,08-0;  Hallo,  Jhna- 
brcs  Iludt.,  iv.  7-10. 


FAREWELL  TO  HIDALGO. 


297 


Tiic  cura  loltl  him  that  the  only  oljjcct  ho  liad  was 
the  incle[)endeneo  ot"  the  country,  which  decided  ^Tore- 
Ion  at  once  upon  his  course  of  action.  He  otiered  his 
.services,  and  received  a  commission  from  Hidalgo  to 
levy  troops  as  his  lieutenant  on  the  southern  coast, 
and  furtiier  the  cause  of  independence  in  conformity 
with  verbal  instructions.** 

The  preliminaries  for  the  expedition  having  been 
concluded,  Morelos  bade  farewell  to  Hidalgo  aiul  re- 
turned to  his  cure — bade  him  farewell  i'ov  the  last 
time,  for  these  two  friends  and  fellow-})atriots  never 
again  met  I  When  he  arrived  at  his  parish,  Morelos, 
^\  ith  all  the  stern  enthusiasm  of  his  nature,  aj)i)lied 
himself  to  the  work  in  which  he  had  engaged.  Call- 
ing to  him  twenty-five  followers,  he  anued  them  with 
lances  and  a  few  nmskets,  and  then  directed  his  ,ste[)s 
to  Zacatula.  It  was  an  humble  beginning,  but  it  led 
to  mighty  results.  The  want  of  military  organiza- 
tion in  the  territory  he  was  invading  was  favorable 
to  his  designs.  The  militia  companies  of  the  different 
towns  were  wholly  undisciplined,  were  never  assem- 
bled for  the  j)urpose  of  drill  or  other  military  instrue- 
ti(iu,  and  their  arms  were  stored  in  the  residences  of 
the  commanding  officers,  most  of  whom  obtained 
their  positions  as  a  mark  of  honor,  and  had  never 
seen  the  soldiers  they  commanded.  On  the  arrival 
of  Morelos  at  Zacatula,  he  was  joined  by  Marcos 

*  These  instructions  were  to  the  effect  that  Morelos  in  the  towns  throu,'^h 
whicli  he  niiglit  puss  shoultl  collect  the  arms  and  assume  and  reestablish  the 
giivcriiiiient,  reinstating  under  suitable  guaranties  those  who  had  previously 
hulil  (ilhee,  provided  they  were  not  Euroi.euns;  in  such  cases,  he  was  cinpownvd 
to  apiMijiit  otiiers.  Europeans  were  to  i)e  captured  by  him,  and  their  property 
i.''iiili.-s(_uted  and  used  in  the  p.ayuient  of  his  troops.  The  captives  were  U>  bo 
sent  to  the  nearest  intendencia.  Opportunity  was  to  lie  given  to  siicii  Kur,)- 
I'eniis  as  were  married  to  unite  their  respective  families,  in  order  that  thoy 
miL,'ht  retire  to  their  own  country,  or  be  removed  to  some  ishind  whicli  would 
hi' Nclieti'il  for  their  destination.  The  n)ain  object  of  this  expedition  to  the 
s'liiith  was  tlic  capture  of  the  port  of  Acapulco.  Di'dararioii  dc  Morclu^,  in 
III  n^iiiiilizy  Diiralo/i,  Col.  Doc,  vi.  18.  Ncgretc,  wlio  evidently  never  s:i\v 
thu  ilixlaratiou  of  Morelos,  quotes  a  long  passiigc  out  of  Alanian,  wlio  viiy 
tk'urly,  and  almost  in  Morelos' own  words,  recounts  tlie  particulars  of  this 
uiterview  lietweeu  tiie  two  leaders.  The  language  of  Alaman  is  mystery  and 
loiifiusion,  however,  to  Negretc,  who  laively  confesses  that  he  does  not  under, 
ttaud  him.  Hid.  Mil.  J/cx.  Siij.  XIX  ,  i.  317. 


2!)S 


MORELOS  AND  RAYOX. 


Martinez,  captain  of  the  militia  cavalry  of  diat  port, 
v\itli  lii'ty  men  well  j)rovi(lecl  with  arms."  Thence 
Moreios  marched  to  ]^etatlan.  Success  again  attended 
him.  (^regoi'io  Valdeolivar,  the  captain  in  command, 
was  in  tlie  city  of  Mexico  at  the  time,  and  jMorelos, 
having  surprised  and  captured  his  wife,  com})elled  her 
to  deliver  up  the  keys  of  the  quarter  in  which  the 
isrms  were  stored.  Jiy  this  procedure  ho  ol)tained 
jiossession  <^f  fifty  additional  muskets,  and  as  many 
lances.  11  is  I'orces  were  also  incri'ased  by  more  than 
100  men.  Henceforward  the  i)rogress  of  ]Morelos 
was  rapid;  and  on  his  march  to  Aca|)ulco  folhnvers 


"'  ;Afr/...- /'r%','<;Cai;1".iu,;tu    lj(Y    ^i 


daily  flocked  to  his  standard.  Passing  through  Tec- 
pan,  Zanjon,  and  Coyuca,  ho  arrived  at  Aguacatillo, 
his  forces  now  numbering  3,000,  all  well  armed  wilU 
muskets,  swords,  and  lances.  Unlike  Hidalgo,  3Io- 
relos  would  not  permit  the  rabble  to  follow  him;  ho 
would  not  have  an  army  of  undisci[)lined  and  ri'- 
r  tctory  men:  he  coniined  himself  to  a  small  l)iit 
<■•:..  .lent  force.  At  Tecpan  he  won  to  tlie  cause  t!io 
il'  ana  family,  wh>)so    chief  members    soon   distin- 

"  \fiu'tiiu '■  .'icconipauicd  Mon.'los  during  tlio  first  five  iiKintlis  of  the  caiii- 
pai.i;.!,  and  ',rad  tlieii  sent,  l)aol;  to  Zaeatula  witli  the  titli;  of  comandaide  of 
tlnit  port,  to  wlduh  the  prisouers  taken  ia  future  were  scut.  Dedanifkni  ile 
Mordos,  19. 


ADVANCI']  OX  ACAPULCn. 


209 


X 


"ulslied  tliL'iiisL'lvos  by  tlioir  l^ravciy  iiiid  abilities, 
;  i!(l  wc'iv  .sL'lccicd  by  ]\I()relos  as  lii.s  principal  oiticcrs. 
Theie  WL'i'o  llirec  br(»tlK;rs  of  thuin,  Juan  Joso,  Aii- 
t(»nii>,  and  HL-rniuni'g'ildo,  and  they  ])r()Vod  dt.-votrd 
ii)lli)\VL'rs  of  ^.lorelos,  and  i>i'L'atl v  assisted  him  with 
uirii  and  arms. 

From  .VL;uacatiIlo,  IMorelos  advanced  against  Aca- 
pulco,  wliither  Captain  Antonio  Fuentes,  coman- 
(hiiite  of  Tecpan,  had  lied  on  the  ap])i'oac'h  of  the  in- 
sinu'cnts.  Seiulin-j:  forward  a  detachment  of  700  or 
!s(JO  men  under  Cortes  and  llal'ael  Vaklovinos  to 
occupy  tlie  height  of  Veladero,  which  connnands  the 
11! 'it,  tliov  en<j:;iu'ed  on  the  13th  of  Xovemb(n%  1810, 
with  a  force  of  400,  which  Carreho,  the  governor  of 
Acapulco,  despatched  against  them  under  tlie  com- 
mand of  Jjuis  Calatayud.  The  alfair  too];  a  some- 
wliat  ludicrous  turn.  Neither  royalists  nor  revolu- 
tionists had  ever  been  in  action  before,  and  after  some 
dcsultorv  tirinu',  both  threw  down  their  arms,  turned 
siiiiuitaneously,  and  lied  from  the  field. ^'  The  dispersed 
liists  with  others  from  Aeai)tdco  ioineil  ?dorel 


rov 


J' 


lo- 


ilui  ing  tlio  three  following  days  to  the  number  of  GOO. 
^Meanwhile,  the  I'iso  of  this  new  leader  and  tho 
sjji'cad  of  thi3  revolution  southward  caused  the  viceroy 
much  uneasiness,  tho  more  so  Ijecause  all  his  best 
li'oops  and  oiiicei'.s  were  with  Calleja  and  Cruz,  [uid 
it  was  dilficult  for  him  to  place  in  the  field  an 
ndc'iuate  force.  However,  he  ordered  tho  Oajaca 
lii'igade  to  l)o  got  in  rcaihness  and  tlie  fifth  coast 
(hvision,  under    Ca})tain    Francisco  P;ii'is,  to    march 

he  first  operations  of  J?;i)'is 


ii'j'auist  the  insursjfent.- 


Wc 


ro  successful.      On  the    1st   of  Dec 


cmi)er 


he   d 


is- 


Tscd  at   tl 


10  ai'rovo 


M 


oh'dor  a   bodv   sent  a'.rainst 


.iiii  by  ]\Iorelos,  under  A^aidovinos,  and  suc(ji't;ded  in 

(Icneral  Xiuolas  Brawo  says  tliat  a  (Inunincr  boy  of  (lie  iiisiir^out-f,  in  li 


I'flbi't  t 


I)  coiioual  liiiii.s( 


•If, 


Clllll 


roportod  it  ti)  tho  llpcin;^'  ivvo'iitidiii-it^ 


1)1  il  a  t'.vo.  ainl  iioticiii''  tiio  lli'_'lit  of  tlio  I'oval- 


ittil   tlic  ill 


ilio  tlioii'unoii  I 


ins  of  t'loir  opponents,  wlii 


(1  1) 


1" 
■en  ca^it  away  in 


<\  o)I- 


th' 


!>■ 


1' HiMinauto  afiscrts  tliat  tho  insurgont-i  rallioil  at  tho  cry  of  a  parrot  pcrcli-'d 
ii:i  a  trri'-top,  shouting,  'Fuogo!  tnogo!'  whoa  they  liL';^an  to  run.    Alania,!, 

ii'i<.  .1/vm  ii.  ;jui. 


S03 


MORELOS  AND  EAYOX. 


Ill 


uniting  liis  force  with  the  sixth  division  of  the  coast, 
commanded  by  Jose  Sanchez  Pareja.  At  Tepango, 
also,  the  insui'gents  suffered  a  reverse,  a  detacliment 
under  Cortes  and  Martinez,  who  had  been  sent  to  at- 
tack the  royahsts  at  Chikipa,  being  defeated  with 
some  h>ss  by  Guevara.*^  With  better  fortune,  how- 
ever, Miguel  do  Avila  gained  on  November  'J3d  a 
slight  success  over  Fuentes,  who  had  landed  at  the 
harbor  of  Marquez  with  300  men  from  Acapulco; 
and  on  the  13th  of  December  the  same  othcer  re- 
pulsed at  a  place  called  the  Sabana,  the  united  forces 
of  Paris  and  Pareja,  who  in  conjunction  with  Fuentes 
were  advancing  against  At;uacatillo. 

Hitherto  the  operations  of  Morelos  in  the  field  h;id 
been  neither  important  nor  brilliant;  and  })iqued  at 
the  insignificant  results,  he  determined  to  anticipate 
Piiris'  meditated  assault  upon  Aguacatillo.  The  royal- 
ist leader  had  fallen  back  to  Tres  Palos,  and  ^Morelns 
decided  to  surprise  his  camp  by  night.  Accordingly 
on  the  4tli  of  January,  1811,  he  secretly  despatched 
Avila  with  GOO  men,  who  defeated  the  royalists,  nearly 
1,000  strong,  with  the  trifling  loss  of  five  killed.'- 
The  result  was  most  important  to  the  revolutionists; 
GOO  muskets,  five  pieces  of  artillery,  including  a  howit- 
zer and  a  large  quantity  of  ammunition,  and  other 
war  stores  fell  into  their  hands,  while  the  re[)utatioii 
of  their  chief  s])read  far  and  wide. 

Morelos  now  directed  his  attention  to  Acapulco,  iu 
the  expectation  of  gaining  possession  of  the  fort  with- 
out difficulty,  Carreho's  assistant,  an  artillery  otiieer 
named  Gago,  having  secretly  made  ofltbrs  to  surrendei' 
it  to  him.  With  GOO  men  he  marched  in  person  from 
the  Sabana,  and  on  the  night  of  the  7tli  of  Februar}' 
secretly  took  up  a  position  on  the  eminence  of  las 
Iguanas  in  front  of  the  fort.    Early  next  morning  the 

"  Ouevnra  was  the  father  of  General  Nicolas  Bravo's  wife.   Id.,  ii.  .'i-1. 

^''  Dcrldracioa  de  ilordo><,  '20.  Vcnogas,  iu  his  attempt  to  niislcail  tlio 
public,  publisheil  a  garbled  account,  saying  among  otiicr  things  that  the  1  i-s 
of  the  royalists  was  next  to  nothing,  while  tliat  of  the  insurgents  amoiuiUil 
to  200  killed.    Gaz.  de  Mex.,  ISll,  ii.  Gl-2. 


MOVEMENTS  OF  TROOrS. 


301 


])ioe<)nccrtetl  sifi^nal  was  seen  at  the  appointcrl  hour," 
ami  ]\I()rel()S,  dividing  his  force  into  two  divisions, 
placed  one  under  a  man  from  the  United  iStates 
named  Ehas  liean,'^  and  the  other  under  Avila. 
These  officers  were  directed  to  approach  the  castle 
i'l'om  dilferent  ])oints.  But  Gago's  overtures  were  all 
a  i\:\ut;  and  when  one  of  the  divisions  had  advanced 
w  itliin  I'avorable  range,  the  fort  and  vessels  in  the 
liarhor  simultaneously  opened  fire  n])on  it.  ^lorelos, 
ivalizing  the  treachery,  (juickly  withdrew  his  men. 
lie  then  concentrated  his  forces  on  the  Iguanas  hill, 
and  laid  siege  to  the  fort.  For  nine  days  he  kept  up 
a  steady  tire  with  foui'  pieces  of  artillery  of  light  cali- 
hie.and  a  h<jwitzer.  Carreho,  however,  by  a  success- 
ful soi'tie  on  the  I  Uth  gained  })()ssession  of  the  artillery 
with  the  exception  of  one  gun.'" 

After  this  loss,  and  being  threatened  by  Nicolas 
Cosi'i),  who  had  been  appointetl  by  the  viceroy  com- 
mander in  the  st)Uth  and  had  already  joined  IMris, 
}dorelos  raised  the  siege  and  retired  to  the  Sahana, 
where  he  remained  for  a  month,  after  which  time, 
jirostiated  with  sickness,  he  was  conveyed  to  Tecpan, 
having  left  Francisco  Hernandez  in  charge  of  the 
troops.'*^ 

l)uring  the  two  following  nuMiths  no  opei'ations  of 
iiajiortance  were  undertaken.  The  insurgents,  how- 
ever, lirmly  held  their  position  against  Cosi'o,  who, 
having  apj)roached  the  Sabana,  was  comj)t;lle(l  by 
]  Ici'menegildo  Galeana,  who  assailed  him  at  daylight 

' '  A  li'.'ht  wtis  shown  oa  tlio  fort  at  4  o'cldck  .v.  .m.    l><rlanirioii  ti-  J/o/v  - 

"This  man,  callcil  simply  Julias  liy  Morolos,  wilh  thruc^  others  of  liis 
touii'.ryiuoii,  whoso  iianu's  wliv  l)a\iil.  Colli',  and  AVilliaiii  Ak'niliii.  'lad  lii.iii 
ik'tottiMl  ill  iiia[i])iiig  the  cimntrv,  ami  \\ere  iiii|iiisoiieil  at  -Veaimlr  i,  wlu'iieu 
tliey  ellV'uteil  tlnir  e.-5ca])e,  aii'l  assisted  th"  iiisiirg'jiits  in  tlieii- night  attaek 
iip.in  iViris  at  Tres  I'alos.    /lii-<f,i,ii'nifi\  Cii'i'f.   ///•>..  ii.  !». 

'■' Xegiuto  says  that  Morelos  uieiitioiis  that  only  one  pifi'u  wa;i  eaptui'ed. 
Thu  woriLs  of  Morelos  were:  'Qtiitadu  toda  sn  ariilleria,  exei  jito  una  sola 
pie/a.'  Sec  .lA  .(•.  ,S'/;/.  A/A'.,  iv.  I'.)5.  See  Orozon's  account,  m  Ih  rimmb:  y 
I)<'r,ilus,  C„l.  J)ii,\^  iii.  -JS,"). 

''■'liie  forces  left  under  Ifernandez  nunihered  alxmfJ.lJDl).  Of  these,  1,000 
Were  stationed  in  an  intrcnelieil  position  on  the  Sahana.  the  remainder  oec.i- 
1  viiiL,'  ill  detachments  podts  at  Agnacatillo.  VeUidero,  las  Cruces,  and  a  point 
;u  liic  loot  of  the  uuesta.    Dwluracioii  dc  Morclu^-',  '21. 


3)2 


moi:f.los  axd  rayox. 


(Ill  tlic  4tli  of  \|)i'll/'  to  retire  to  las  C'nicjs,  v.lii.'i 
liad  I)L'cii  occupied  hy  Fueiites.  The  viceroy,  in  dis- 
^;ust  at  (  'osi'o's  want  of  success,  and  perhaps  ot'  loyalty, 
heiiiL;-  a  Mexican,  placed  Fuenti-s  in  connaand.  A^aiii 
on  the  ;>Ut,h  oC  Ai)i'il  and  the  1st  of  May,  A\ila  suc- 
cessfully re]  )elled  an  attack  made  hyFuentes,  who  f'  II 
hack  upon  las  (,'ruces  and  .\'4iiacati!lo,  iVoin  which  the 
insurgents  had  heen  coin])elled  to  withdraw. 

In  the  mean  time,  Monies,  i'ecstal>lishe<l  in  healtli, 
had  returned;  and  iindiuiL;'  his  i)(»sition  on  the  Sahana 
n(j  lonufer  tenable,  owing  to  the  ditliculty  in  ohtaining 
j)rovisions,  which  were  intercepted  hy  detach nunts  m' 
tlie  enemy,  he  ahaudont-d  it  on  the  ;Jd  of  ]\[ay.  Dc 
termined  to  extend  tlie  Held  of  his  operations,  he  left 
Avila  well  fortiiied  on  the  A'eladero,  antl  ut  tlie  head 
of  no  more  than  ;500  men  marched  toward  Chil[)aii- 
cingo.  With  this  small  I'orce  ]\[(jrelos  eutei'ed  U[)(iit 
a  cam})aign  which  shook  Spain's  power  in  !^^exico  to 
its  foundation.     Alter  a  march  attended  with  uuu!i 


lah 


or  un( 


I  suil 


ermii' 


o' 


durini''  which  ho  overcame  all  i'( 


sistance  oil'ered  hv  the  rovalists,  ho  entered  Cliilpaii- 
cmgo  without  oi)[)osition  ow  the  24tli  of  May,  lils 
forces  being  now  increased  to  GOO  men  well  [)rovided 
with  muskets  and  arms  taken  from  the  euemy.  J  Jut 
he  received  still  more  important  su[)[)ort  from  the 
Bravos,  one  of  the  first  families  of  that  cit}',^"^  Theso 
devoted  patriots  henceforth  shared  with  the  (Jaleauas 
the  highest  confidence  of  Morelos. 

The  royalist  troops  whom  he  had  come  in  contact 

"ITcriiaiuloz  li.-iil  the  cowardice  to  ilco  wlien  Cosi'o  drew  iio.ir  his  i)o.siti'iii, 
anil  his  soliliers  selected  ( ialeaiia  to  lead  tln;m.  Ih. 

'"There  ■were  tlireo  hrothera,  Leonardo,  Mi-'uel,  and  Victoi'.  Xicoi.iH 
Ih'avo  was  the  sou  of  Leonardo,  and  hail  lately  niari-icd  the  daugliter  of  ( Ine- 
vara.  Alumaii,  /li.-<t.  M<j.,  ii.  XM.  Lustamante  stati.'s  that tlie>e  hrotheis,  iii 
order  to  escape  frorii  the  impoiluiuties  of  the  coinaiidaiitet!  of  i'ixtlaaiid  (l.i- 
lapa,  who  persisteil  in  I'eipiiiing  their  services  airainst  tlie  revohitionists,  re- 
tired to  their  hacienda  at  C'hichihual«>,  and  secreted  themselves  lu  a  cave 
called  Micliapa,  where  they  reinainccl  for  seven  nioutiis.  Wliile  hero  tiiey 
received  a  letter  forwarded  to  tlieni  from  Moielos,  descriliin;,'  the  suH'erin .;■■! 
of  ids  troops  from  Imnger,  an<l  soliciiini^  aid.  They  responded,  and  their 
help  contrilnited  greatly  to  the  victory  wlueh  ;i  ilctachnicut  of  .Morelos  iindi  r 
Ilernienenildo  (Jaleana  gained  over  tlie  royalists  in  aa  action  at  the  liacieiiJ:i 
of  Chichihnalco.  dual,  hisl.,  ii.  IJ-IO. 


d 


OALICAXA  AND  IIRAVO. 


303 


\\\\]\,  and  who  wcro  under  tlio  diroi'tion  of  (Juiroto, 
lad  ictrciitt'd  to  Tixtla;  and  .Morelos,  without  allow- 
iii!^-  (larroti!  tinu;  to  i'u[»airhis  losses,  lollowcd  with  all 
^|i('('d.  On  the  2()th  of  ^lay  the  insurgents  arrived 
heiore  thc!  town,  and  although  the  I'ovalists  were  well 
jirotected  hy  I'ortitieations  and  provided  with  ai'tillery, 
ihe  attack  was  conunenced  without  delay.  'I'he  con- 
test was  Idn^'  and  ohstinate,  hut  after  six  hours  hard 
iightin;^',  during-  whii'h  a  portion  of  the  town  was  set 
on  lire,  the  royalists  wca'c  driven  from  the  fortiiied 
points,  and  retreated  to  the  church,  where.-  niost  of 


them  wi're    made    prisoners 


I!J 


] 


jesKles 


th 


iresti 


o'O 


ained  1)V  this  victorv,  the  material  results  wert3  of 
liij;-h  importance;  eight  cannon,  200  nuiskets,  and  (!00 
jirisoners  heing  captured.  During  the  two  following 
laonlhs  ]\[oi'elos  was  actively  employed  in  repairing 
and  streiiiitheninsjf  the  fortilicaticjus  of  Tixtla,  in  au'>"- 
nienting  the  number  of  his  forces,  and  ahove-  all  in 
attention  to  their  military  instru(;tion  and  discipline. 
When  these  successes  became  known  to  Fuentes, 
lir  recognized  that  it  was  of  paramount  importance  to 
anc,4  the  progress  of  Morelos;  and  stopping  prepara- 
tions to  attack  Avila  at  the  A^eladero,  he  concen- 
trated his  I'orces  in  his  pursuit.  Taking  up  a  j^osition 
at  Cliilapa,  an  important  town  four  leagues  distant 
\'v"\\\  Tixtla,  he  made  his  dispositions  for  the  reca[)ture 
of  the  latter  town.  ]\[eantime  ]\Iorelos,  having  com- 
pleted the  defences  at  Tixtla,  leaving  there  a  garrison 
<i  I  O-t  ujen  under  the  conunand  of  ]  [ermeiiogildo 
(<  ileana  and  Nieokis  Jh-avo,  returned  to  Chilpancingo, 
and  on  the  lath  of  August  cele[)rated  the  \irgin's 
isioii.      Fuentes,  dulv  informed  of  this  division  of 


a>r(  I 


tip 


eiiemv  s  lorces,  an 


d  the  diversion  caused  at  Chil- 
panijiigo,  hastene<l  to  avail  himself  of  th(!  op[)ortunity, 
ami  \igorously  assaulted  Tixtla  on  the  same  day. 
<<aKana  and  JJravo,  however,  resisted  the  attack  with 

'"'I'lie  cum  cif  Tixtla  ilclaj'L'd  foi- soiiu!  littlo  tiiiiu  tlu' <nitr:m(j(j  of  tliu  vio- 
t'li'-i  into  the  i-iiuirh  liy  tlii!  uli'VatidU  nt'  l!io  liost  at  tlu' fiitram  e.  /'/.,  ii.  17. 
1  :ii-  a'lioiiludau  iiji[)(jituiiity  to  tlic  Kiidiii;^'  Kiiicor.s  and  a  portion  ut  tliu  troopd 
to  liicct  tiicir  L'scapo.  Mvra,  MiJ.  //  mui  Jui:,  iv.  ',i<. 


;wi. 


ii! 


ill 


■  iii 


804 


MORKLO,^  AXn  HAYON. 


iiiiiliiicliiir'' hravcry.  and  liniilv  niaintaiiied  thi'insi'lvts 
ill  tlic'ir  positions.      Tlio  assault  was  coutiiiiU'd  diiriii;^' 


tilt'   whole  of  llio    I 


ollowiii'4   <lav 


an* 


I    tl 


ic   <jani^oii, 


>vIios('  aiiiiiiiiiiition  was  almost  rxliaiistod,  was  now  i 
critical  pnsition.      Mmclos,    liowuvcr,   was  already 


a 


liastoninij;'  totlicii'  assistance,  and  on  the  17th  assailed 
the  real- of  l"\u'ntes'  force  with  .SOO  cavalry  and  1(J0 
infanti-y,  sui)|)oi'ted  hy  thret>   cannon.      (jJaleana  and 


] 


*i'avo  iniinc(liatelva\ai 


ilcdth 


lemselves  of  tills  diversion 


and  sallied  from  the  town.  Fuentes,  thus  attacked 
in  front  and  rear,  ordered  a  retreat,  which  at  tirst  was 
coiuhicted  with  order  and  deliberation.  A  drt'iichiiii; 
rain-storm,  however,  commenced,  impediiiL^  the  inovc- 
inents  of  the  royalists,  and  rendei'inn"  their  ammmii- 
tioii  unserviceahlc.  Moii'los  now  ordered  (i;diaiia 
and  i>ravo  to  come  to  close  <]uarters  with  swonl 
and  hayonet,  while  he  swept  down  ujx)!!  them  wit!i 
the  cavalrv.  The  change  threw  the  rovalists  into 
confusion;  completely  I'outi'd,  they  fled  in  all  dii'er- 
tions,  leaviiiLj  on  tlnj  lield  "JOG  killed,  more  than  ;!()0 
muskets,  two  ^nms,  and  a  (piantity  of  other  arms,  as 
the  spoil  of  the  ^■ictors,  who,  moreover,  caplm..! 
8(I(i  j»risoners.-'  Three  days  later  Morelos  marchc  i 
into  C.'hilapa,  whitlu'r  Fueiites  with  a  remnant  of  hi> 
scattered  force  had  lied.  The  insuru;ent  army  was 
now  over  l,r)00  stronj;',  and  the  (h-feated  royalist.  a> 
Well  as  the  (Jajaca  troo])s  stationeil  there,  ahandotird 
the  t(nvn  on  its  aj)proach,  leavini>'  two  pi(^(v.\s  of  artll- 


Ic 


cry  and  a  (piantity  of  ammunition. 


At 


v..iii.apa.,  Ilic 


artilleryman  da^o,   whose    perfidious    di!si<>;n  had  so 
nearly  in\-olved  Morelos  in  disaster  at  j\c;.pulco,  w 


o.   W 


IS 


|o 


ca[»tured,  together  with  Jose  Torihio  Xavari 
after  havini;'  received  from  ^[orelos  ,s200  with  whidi 
to  raise  troops  I'or  the  independent  cause,  had  passid 
over  to  the  royalists.      The  unfortunate  men  were  suiu- 


marily  exec 


■nted.-^ 


/'iir'r  '/'  M„rifi 


ri  iti.-i 


ll< 


ill ::  1/  DiirnloH,  ('of.  JJof.,  iii.  ."^T.    '11 


•  IlL'- 


urcs  ill  tlii.H  (U'spatfli  iKlilrisscil  to  I! 


what  iVoiii  those  ;^'ivcu  by  Moivlos  in  his  (lccl;u;itioii,  t'c 


tlio  (hiy  aftortho  hattio  ililFi' 


lutor. 


A  hi 


Hi 


M 


J- 


iti-'J;    JjiifiUn. 


•itc,    Cuad.    JJisl. 


flROWINTJ  POWER  OK  MOIiF.LOS. 


SOS 


Tlio  jiositioii  of  Morclos  wms  in  the  lii^host  dcj^rci 
satislac'tory.  Voiioi^as  liad  iimiuMliat».'ly  at  liaiid  iioi- 
(her  (r(»()})s  nor  an  eHiciunt   Icadci'   to   sond  ai^Minst 


iiiM,  and   tlio  rauiy   season   now   approacJun;;'   won 
iuve  Idni  IVci'doni   IVoni  molestation  loi*  sonu-  tii 


<ld 


as 


no 


to  conic,  llcwonld  thus  bo  ahlo  to  devote  himself 
to  the  or'n'anization  of  liis  [oi-ccs,  while,  wluMievcr  he 
chose  to  advance,  Oajaca,  Puehla,  and  ^[esico,  oidy 
defended  l>y  a  lew  (•omj)anies,  lay  o|)en  helorc  him. 
IjuL  while  all  was  thus  hii^ht  oveihead,  the  hoji/on 
was  not  without  clouds.  A  conspiracy  directed  against 
\[\<  life  and  cause  was  at  woi'k  in  his  own  ranks, 
which  hut  for  his  ener^•y  mi;i;ht  have  i)een  attended 
ith  t'.ital  consecpuMices.      His  method  of  snp[)ressinLj 


w 


It  was  charactiTistK 


The  iirst  inlorniation  I'oceivod  hy  ^[oi'elos  of  the 
caiitine  of  llidali^o  was  hy  inter(.*ei)tod  letters.  Fear- 
ing- the  effect  on  his  folhtwers,  lie  ke[)t  the  matter  to 
liiiiiself,  hut  commissioned  J)avid-'-  and  Tahares,  hoth 


(it    WllDlll 


hatl 


re'i(lere( 


1  hi 


m  I'-ooi 


I  service  in  the  attack 


U])oii  IMi'is  at  Tres  l?alos,  as  his  aj4;ents  to  solicit  the 
aid  of  (lie  United  States.-^  On  their  journey  tliither 
tln'V  met  llayon,  who  infornnul  them  of  his  appoint- 
laeiit  hy  llidal^'oand  Allende  as  ca[)tain-general  of 
t!ie  re\i>hitionaiT  forces  and  ordei'ed  them  to  return, 
iderred  up;)n  Tahares  the  rank  of  brigadier, 
iuid  that  of  c(donel  U])on  i)avid.  ^lorelos,  liowevei', 
"11  their  arrival  at  (^Idlapa,  I'efused  to  recognize  their 
iiiiiissions,  and  dee[)ly  olfended  they  withdnnv  to 
C'hiliiaueingo  on  the  pretence  of  atteri'ling  to  [)rivate 


liaviii'j'  CO 


(•1)1 


iJerl. 


ii'iii-tiin  < 


!<•  Morclof,  "Jl-'J;  Morn,  Mr},  y 


iv.  :jor-:{.    lioth  r.us- 


tiiiiuiuti;  aiil  Mora  dillbr  wicli  thy  stateuKjuts  ot  .MoreU)^  ;is  rcganls  tlio  iiiiiii- 
Iwi'df  lii.-i  t' )rL'e.s  aiul  thoso  of  t'le  prisoiuix  and  guns  caiitui'od.  On  tlio  lOth 
of  Sept.  Monlos  issued  a  burk'sciuo  piMflaiiialiDn,  auuiiuiuiii;^  tiu'  ilisapjiL'ar- 


i'.iii 

l.V  I 


■oiiiit!io  ISJi  of  Aug.  (if  tin;  junta  patiiotica,  \\\ 


liad  1. 


tahlisliud 


uiMit.  .s  in  (,'liilap.i.  IFo  cxlioi  ;■>  tiie  viet'iny  and  inti'iidintcs  of  tliu  piov- 
lacus  t.i  [iiiMi.sli  tlii.s  announi'iMncnt,  i.'i  (ji-dcr  that  tho  \vlK'rual"iut.s  of  the 
junta  may  lie  di.su(j\i.rfd  and  reported  to  liini.  Jlirnundiz  i/  lidcalux,   Col. 


III. 


■■One  I  if  the  four  men  from  the  U.    "i.  wlio  had  escaped  from  Aeapulco 
ami  jiiiie.l  Moi'.-Ids. 

•'•■'I'ara  ne^oeiar  la  alianza  eon  loa  Estadoa  vniJos.'  Dcdaradon  dc  More- 

los,  -i:;, 

IlLvr.  Mi:x.,  V..L.  I\".    -.lO 


'  fl  ^9 


I 


300 


MORKLOS  AND  RAYOX. 


business.  Thence  they  hetook  tlienisclves  to  tlh 
eoast,  and  in  conjanction  with  one  ]\luyo,  who  wa. 
servinn'  under  An  ila  at  the  Vehidero,  fomented  an  in 
suncction,  the  aim  of  which   was  the  kilhn<>-  oi"  i\u 


uided   ju'opnetors  an( 


1  all 


>erson« 


hel 


onuinii'  to  tl 


w 


hite  race.  The  jio[)ulace  of  the  coast  towns  eaueily 
joined  in  the  project.  Ignacio  Ayala,  who  had  l»(iii 
a|)i)ointed  intentiente  by  Alorelos,  was  si.'ized  and  coii- 


IIikhI  at  Te<'[)an,  but  succeeded  in  etfecting  his  esca| 
While  Avila  was  al)sentl'rom  Veladero  for  the  ])Ui|»o,vj 
of  disarininii'  J)avid  and  Tabares,  Mavo  suri)rised  tlic 
oflicer  left  in  charge,  made  him  and  others  i'aj)tive,  and 
attached  the  trooj)s  to  the  iniquitous  undertalcing. 

The  news  of  these  proceedings  soon  reached  Mo- 
relos,  who  hastened  with  an  escoi't  of  100  men  ti>  the 


scene  o 


f  d; 


uiLi'er, 


][ 


IS     1)1 


resence  sutliced  to  over 


I  We 


the  mutineers.  The  troops  returned  to  their  allr- 
giance,  Avila  was  reinstated  in  his  conunand,  an  1 
J3a\  id  and  Tabares  were  disarmed.  With  the  proi.i- 
ise  ol'  placing  lliein  in  charge  of  an  expedition  inl  ) 
Oajaca,  he  brought  them  back  to  Chila|)a,  wliert-  liv 
his  ordtirs  they  were  secretly  beheaded.'-'  lie  a! -i 
instru(;ted  Avila  to  execute  Mayo,  who  was  accord- 
inu'lv  shot. 


When  news  of  the  capture  of  the  revolutionary 
leaders  at  las  Xoriasde  Uaj an  reached  Kayon,"''aw;iio 
that  Ochoa  was  marchiiiLj  against  hiiv,  and  that  E'i- 
zondo  was  making  a  similar  hostile  movement  IVoiu 
31t)nclova,  he  determined  to  abandon  Saltillo  and  (U- 

-'/'(.  Moirlds  fcarcil  a  pulilic  cxccMitioii  mii,'Iit  cause  distiiihaiu'i',  as  t'lc 
ooiis|iiratnis  had  many  ailhcrL'iit.s  in  the  ai'iny.  Jiii^triiiimilc,  Ciiin/.  //'>'..  ii. 
'JO  ■_*.  Thi^<  author  (niiit.s  to  inakc  mention  of  the  deeeption  [uactisi'd  ni 
tiicni  hy  .Morehis,  who  himself  makes  the  ailinis.ion  in  ids  deeiai'atiou  :  '  ll'-. 
^ulto  la  niuei'te  de  aijui'llus  diis  (|nc  se  le.s  mando  dar  en  Ciiilaita  hasta  dond; 
los  eundujo  con  el  pretesto  de  darle.s  una  ex])edicion  ])aia  ()axaea.'  [i.  -' •. 
lie  moreover  .set'Uis  to  have  lieen  unaware  lliat  David  and  'I'aliares  !i  1 
luen  (leS|iatelie(l  as  commissioners  to  the  I'.  S.,  asserting  that  they  hail  li  a 
Hcnt  to  liayou  to  inform  Idni  of  tiie  situation  in  the  south. 

'^^  Custamauto  .states  that  at  this  time  Jiayon  received  an  order,  lieaii.i,' 
the  sif,'uatui-c  of  Alleiule,  to  place  at  the  (iis))osal  of  Kli/.oudo  the  ti(iii|w  ii,i- 
dm- his  command.  CikkI.  ///.^^,  i.  lilO.  llayon  could  only  concludv  that  su>..i 
a  couiuiand  wad  a  iahi  icaliuu  of  the  royalisU,  and  paiil  no  heed  to  it. 


RAYOWS  MARCH  TO  ZACATIXAS. 


307 


rcct  his  course  to  Zacitccas,  wliicli  Avas  only  ilifi'iulcd 
1)\  a  small  t^anison.  UuriiiiLj  tlio  latter  Jays  of  .Maivli 
lie  accordingly  evacuated  that  town,  his  forces  amount- 
ing to  about  4,000  men.^*^  Ochoa,  duly  informed  of  this 
movement,  hastened  to  intercej>t  him,  and  on  the  1st 
of  April  an  en^-agcment  was  I'ought  at  the  delile  of 
I'inones.  The  action  lasted  six  hours,  and  eniled  in 
lavor  of  the  independents,  Ochoa  retreatint^  to  Acj^ua- 
nui'va.-'  This  success,  in  the  achievenu  nt  of  whii-h 
the  troops  behaved  exceedingly  well,  gained  pivstige 
I'nr  the  cause,  Kayon,  without  further  molestation, 
continued  his  niarcb.  to  Zacatecas,  but  the  dithcullics 
with  which  he  had  to  contend  were  so  great,  that  had 
a  iiii»re  energetic  couunander  been  o[)posed  to  him  he 
would  have  been  overwhelmed.  At  Pin(Hies  a  large 
portion  of  his  [)ack-n>ulcs  and  })rovision  and  water- 
wagons  i'ell  into  the  hands  ol"  the  royalists.  Tlio  coun- 
tiy  was  destitute  of  A)od  and  water,  and  the  suller- 
iiigs  of  his  troops  were  fearl'ul.  Sickness  broke  out 
aiuoiig  them;  many  died,  others  went  mad,  and  most 
of  t!ie  animals  perished.  ]\[a<''uev  and  cactus  iuice 
Mas  drunk,  producing  burning  pains.""^  If  a  well  or 
iii-iijiiiiicant  stream  was  found,  the  men  fou'/ht  lilce 
wild  beasts  over  it.  At  a  place  called  Las  Animas 
tlicic  were  symjitoms  of  mutiny.  A  council  of  war 
was  held,  at  which  it  was  resolved  to  jtetition  for  the 
grace  extended  by  the  general  pardon,  lla^on,  com- 
pilh'd  outwardly  to  acquiesce,  neverthekss  postponed 
taking  the  necessary  accion  in  the  matter,  and  many 
ilcserted. 

'•"  Ai'cordini,'  to  }rorii,  Mij.  y  Kim  Rir.,  iv.  IHS.  Ochoa  in  liia  reiioi't  nf 
tin.  .'M  (rf  April  status  tluit  ILiyon's  ai'iiiy  iiiuoiiiitoil  to  (1.(100  iiirii,  "-'.oai)  of 
Mliniii  were  cavalry,  llo  liail  also  -\  jiu.'cus  of  artillirN  ami  ^,ix  cuhL'riii.i. 
'.•(/■-.  'Ir  M,u:,  isll,  ii.  ]-2-20. 

■'  I'l.,  KSll,  ii.  I-JOO-;!  '  '  -'22,  contains  a  copy  of  (Vhoa's  detailed  ir- 
piM't  (if  tliis  enga,L,'finint.  ^  l.e  hiigadicr  i'onci',  wlio  with  f  Hir  .soldiers  li.;:  I 
.s(]iiinae(l  from  the  main  body  of  the  levolnt  ionistn  in  or.'er  to  ohserxis  Ihu 
i''tii:itef  the  enemy,  was  made  c;i]>tive  after  lieini,'  moftallv' wounded.  I.e- 
fuie  lii.s  death  he  eummunicited  to  Oei.oa  Iho  plans  of  Kaycii.    /  /.,  J'J:.'!). 

■'■.hjso  Maiia  Anxirenn,  who  had  heen  made  intendentc  of  N'alladolid  \<y 
Hid;d_ii,  died  i,i  j.'reat  .snli'eiinj;  from  liie  ell'oets  of  tli'.s  juiee,  at  tiie  eoie-i j 
lie  liii>ioiieios  de  (liiadalupe,  about  a  league  from  Zajalecas.    Aliuiiai:,   Hit. 


h4 


ii;  ;t: 


Hi 
ft  4'! 


r 


m 


i  'J 


30S 


MORFXOS  AND  RAYOX. 


The  captain-iTPiK.'ral,  however,  bravely  piisheci  for- 
Avard.  Aware  that  there  was  abundance  ( »t"  watei'  at  1  h l- 
liaeienda  of  San  Eustaquio,  which  was  occu])i(.(l  ]>y  a 
royalist  force  under  ]^arrainzar,  he  sent  forward  ;i 
♦  letachment  und(.;r  the  diniction  of  Anaya  to  attac!; 
the  place.  Anaj'a  succeeded  in  sur[)risini^  the  enc.iiy 
and  dispersed  them.  From  this  time  the  sufferings 
of  the  independents  were  mitigated.  At  San  Eu>t;i- 
([uio  llayon  halted  for  two  days,  in  order  to  refiv.^h 
his  exhausted  men.^''  On  the  11th  of  April  he  jmI- 
vanced  to  the  hacienda  of  Pozo  Iloiuh),  whence  hr 
detached  500  men  under  St)tomayor  to  take  possession 
of  Fresnillo,  which  was  done.  As  llayon  approa<lui  I 
Zacatecas,  he  sent  forward  another  detacluncut  nl 
e(pial  number,  under  Anaya  and  Victor  Rosales,  to  re- 
connoitre. Thev  were  attacked,  and  lliivon  sent.losj 
Antonio  Torres  to  their  assistance,  while  he  tool;  uji 
a  [)osition  on  the  cerro  de  la  Bufa,  about  a  league  dis- 
tant from  the  city,  with  the  rest  of  his  Ibrces,  which 
amounted  to  little  over  1,000.  The  ro3*alist  coiiiiiiaii- 
der,  C(»lonel  Juan  Zambrano,  deeming  his  position  in 
Zacatecas  untenable,  withdrew  to  the  ceri'o  del  tjiillo. 
and  there  intrenched  himself  lie  was,  however,  siii- 
jtrised  by  a  night  attack  conducted  by  'l\)i'ivs,  with 
whose  j)revious  successes  in  Xueva  (lalicia  Ihercaili'i' 
is  already  acquainted.  The  defeat  of  Zambrano  \\a> 
complete;  his  camp,  artillery,  ammunition,  am'  hag- 
gage,  with  500  bars  of  silver,  fell  into  the  ]ian<ls  if 
the  assailants.  Zand)rano  lied  to  Jerez,  ten  or  twelw; 
]<>ag'ues  distant,  and  on  the  following  day,  the  Ijtli 
of  .\[)ril,  llayon  entered  Zacatecas  without  opposi- 
tion."'"    Thus    terminated   the   retreat  from  Saltillo, 

'-' r>iistainanto  gives  a  ilotailod  nccomit  of  Rayon's  march  from  S.iltill", 
having;  nhtaiiicil  it  innsonally  fmin  IJayou,  Cii'vl,  //'i.^/.,  i.  •3l(l-4.  Ahiuiini,  to 
v.Ikhii  Uayiiii  also  nari'atcil  the  uvciits,  curroborutos  Jiussianiaiite  in  all  iii.iia 
paiticnlai's.    J/ 1st.  Mi  J.,  ii.  'Jdl. 

•'"//.,  ii.  'Jli"-';  Mnni.  Mcj.  y  sii<  /?'■'■.,  iv.  170-'2;  liustaDianti',  i|Uiitiii,' 
from  tlio  Ahln/ia  <l<:  (.'/o/jiuiKiiiijo,  no.  I'.l,  vclatfs  that  iu  the  attack  on  ilio 
royalist  camp  a  .small  cannon  was  liioni_'lit  into  )>lay  liy  t\\v  icvolulinni-t-. 
'I'lio  u!ini-cariia','c  luin;^  hi-dkcn,  a  soldier  voluntarily  supiplicd  it.s  want  ly 
placing  himself  on  hisliands  and  knees  and  suppntinL,' thi' piece  on  his  h;i.  k. 
I'ho  recoil  of  the  piece  shattered  his  spine  at  the  lir.^t  dischur^'e;  this  did  nut, 


RAYON'S  POSITIOX. 


with 

lo  \v;i  < 
Iki-- 
IMS  dl 
.\Vrlv<! 
I  Jill 


la 


iiiii.', 


MlltiUn, 
l.'illMII,  I') 

all  iiKiia 

(|Uiitin',' 

rk  on  ilio 

\itioiii  ts 

want  I'Y 

li-i  li:i'  Ic. 

silid  nut, 


v.liicli  i\\o  constaiicv  of  till'  n'oiu'rals  and  tlu'  fortiludo 
nf  the  .soklicTs  who  I'ciiuiiucd  Ihitlil'iil  have  I'ciuhTcd 
I'aiuous. 

During"  the  time  wliicli  Rayon  rcinained  in  Zacato- 
wliich  was  less  than  a  month,  lie  occupied  him. ^rlf 


( M .- 


willi  indefatiu'ahle  inchistrv  in  au<>'mentini>-antl  (hilhi 
Lis  I'orces.      JIo  made  cannon  and  wa^'ons;  and  all  ll 
ces  of  the  place  in  clothing,  munitions  of  wai' 


le 


icsoui 


and  iiioncv  were  put  in  requisition.  J  he  rich  nime  of 
(^hiihradilla"'  was  thrown  ()])en  to  all  who  chose  to 
V  rk,  oi'c  third  of  tln'  metal  to  ^'o  to  the  lahorers. 
Will'   l!i'      nceiitivo,  thousands  toiled  ni^ht  and  dav, 


and 
it  w 


nount  of  metal  was  secured. 


xVsf 


ir  as 


as  po'  ;iole,  Rayon  also  orLTanized  the_L(overnment 
^fllie  pi'ovince,  retaining-  in  their  otKces  all  those  em- 
who  u'ave  satisfactory  u'uarantees  of  their  ad- 


•reiici.' 


to  tl 


le  cause. 


:\[i 


t)reovei',  JiavmLT  convo 


ked 


''elh' 


lli'H) 


lal    iunta   of  the  numicinal   coriiorations,  he  laid 


e  them  his  plans  I'or  the  estahlishiuent  there  (tf  a 
|iio\  isional  representative  governmenc  of  the  nation, 


nidc 


pendent  of  Spain. 


At    the    same    time   he   sent  a   communication   to 


on  ins   marcii  a-jams 


h 


^t   1 


nm 
hed 


Caileja,  wIkj  was  already 

iVti!;i  San  Lu's  l*ot(.si.      This  address,  which  reac 
Calleja's  hands  nv   tiie  iiacienda  of  Cairo,  sets  forth 
xplanatit>n  -i:'  tiio  cause  and  object  of  the 


i 


i.i\  on  s   I 


lV\tl 


nti 


on 


•herons    imprisonment    of   tin 
Siiaiiish  monarch.  J,  •  strtes,  W:'S  no  im|)e(limcnt   to 


d 


tin;  estaiaishment  oi  .i  junta  central  oi'  of  provincia 


l.'Wivcr,  deter  one  of  liis  comrades  fiMnt  follow  int;  lii.s  cNaiinile,  wlio  lieiie; 
Veil  eiiveied  witli  .saekiiiu'  sustained  littU'  injury.  When  the  eani[>  w.is 
t,il>.  II.  the  tirsL  Mildier,  linn  iit  tiiu  jioiiit  of  diatli,  nsked  if  (he  sliot  wliiili 
li :  1  In  I  II  lir<'d  IVnni  ills  liaek  had  taken  elleet,  lieinL;  .-m.s'.vered  in  the  allliiii- 
iilive,  lie  exelainied,  '  I'ni's  iiien,  aiicira  niueri)  eon  ei.sto !' and  .soon  alter  ex - 
I'livl.    Ciitiil.  Hist.,  i.  'J(l.')-0. 

■''  The'  (iwneis  w  ei'  >|i:\n.'Hrds,  tl\(>  eliief  heiiii,'  Ferniin  de  Aiie/echea,  v  ho 
iiiid  r<  tired  lo  Mexit    .    A/iiiii(ni,  llinl,  J/(/.,ii.  '.M,'!. 

■'■i!a>on  oaiiiSL'd  ;■  :  no  coined.  Altlmii-h  the  coins  McixMif  inferior  w^rli- 
iii:ii!>-lii|),  they  uerc  \  ■■•'.■  \n\  at  Vera  Crn/,  tlieir  value  iieini;  at  the  rale  of 
nine  I  (  ales  to  the  lies.)  i:  tc,  'I'hey  l)nre  tiie  initials  !.,.  \'.  ().,  \\  liicli  aeeord- 
n  l!  lo  llustanianti' meant.  I.'i/mr  I'iiirit  Dnini'i.  ('hiiiI.  I/is/.,  i.  iil7.  Ne;.:ietc 
i-M-.e-^U   iiliotlier  inleipretatiou  (if    the   Ktteis,   namely,   LiVdiduo.-i  vicanli.i 

"J-  iiiido.-i.  JA.i.  Si<j.  XIX.,  iv.  an. 


liv  ' 


310 


MORELOS  AND  RAYOX. 


;     ! 


't  !) 


M 


juntas  in  the  peninsula;  and  tlie  design  of  New  S|);!in 
was  als<j  to  instal  a  national  junta,  or  congivss,  al'di' 
the  jireeedents  established  in  the  peninsula.  Whilo 
Spain  was  being  tieasonabl}^  delivered  up  to  tlic 
dominion  of  Nai)oleon,  the  rights  of  the  crown  being 
alienated  and  the  hoi}'  re'ligion  prostituted,  the  olt- 
ject  of  this  congress  would  \)o  to  put  an  end  to  the 
systems  ol'  apj)ropriation  of  tlie  pro})erty  of  corjiora- 
tions,   and  the   exaction   of   so-called    patriotic  loans 

vMMiliinr  the  country,  tli(> 
aid   the  ecclesjaslicul 


hicl 


I   ^\•(. 


and  dtinations   \v 

riu'hts  of  ]*Yvrnando,  howe^ 


i>'o 


vernnient  being  niainfaine;  and  linally,  to  juv- 
vent  tlie  surrender  of  New  Spain  to  the  French;'' 
This  address  was  signed  conjointly  ])y  linyon  an<l  Li- 
ceaga,  and  dated  the  2'2d  of  April.  On  the  'JDtli 
Calkja  des[)atched  his  answer,  in  which,  after  com- 
menting  U{)on  the  cruel  and  desolating  system  ol'  war- 
fare ado[»ted  by  the  insurgents,  and  the  outside  dan- 
ger to  which  it  has  exposed  the  nation,  states  tliat 
the  government  will  hold  no   I'ui'ther  correspondiMic 


wUli  tliem,  and  concludes  bv  olferiu'j;  them  i'or  the 
last  time  the  beneiit  of  the  general  pardon,  on  the 
condition  tliat  all  arms,  ammunition,  and  funds  be 
delivered  up.''^ 

( )n  the  receii)t  of  this  reply,  l^ayon,  conscious  of  liis 
inability  to  I'esist  the  attach  of  Calleja,  who  continned 
jiis  march  without  interru[)tion,  aban^loned  Zacatecas 
ith  the  intention  of  proceeding  to  ]Michoacan.     In 


w 


^  Ihujoii  ij  lAccuijii,  in  Iliriuiiiili-.  //  Jhini  !ii!<,  i'vL  Doc,  iii.  'JTO-SO.  Tlii-i 


iiiiiuilL'.st  Wii.s  fuiuanlcd  to  I'allcja  l)y  ii  coniiiiis. 


loii  colli))!! 


l:!v)l,lll'r  Jos 

L'iilliiii's  cliiiiiliiii  .Miicl  hail 


st'd  of  l!:ivt'ii'.s 


t! 


Josv  .Miuia,  !i  I'laiici-Ciiii  jialii^  iiaiiicil  (lotor,  who  had  I'oriin'ily  hicn 
Kuiiic  i)  .('t'lnlclK'y  over  him,  and  thivo  Sjianiar.N, 


•J 

liMlll'vO'lt'^i  \\ 


ho  had 


d  ill  ZacatuL 


mil  «  hoiii  llavon  ;,'( 111  roii;,!y  sciit 


ill  ui'diT  that  tlit-'V  iiiiuht  I'.srapc  from  insult  oi'  outrau'c  at  hands  of  hi.-s  Iroo] 
(.'allija  ri'SpoiKkd  tolhi-s  liliorality  liy  cansiiiL;  liayoii's  hrotinr  (o  l)oar'".stc 
II..' was,  however,  lihoiati'd  liv  the  iullneiue  of  tliu  coi 


ido  do  Casa  Kii',  wlt't 


took  this  opiiortiinity  of  i^howing  his  i.'ratitndr  for  the  kind  treatment  ho  ha  1 
ricri\ed  diiiiii'j;  tlie  time  lu!  was  a  laiitive  of  j"'  '   ' 
Meiiiio.    jliisfdiihni.'r CikkL  ///'.v/.,  i.  'JOT,  -10, 


■  f  llidak'owiilH; 


t.'olldu  (llld 


i.t!(t(riii  I 


Bust, 


li'  ('iidijit,  in  llir)iaiiih~  y  J)(ir'ilo>',  (\<L  /''" 


■Colli 
imalilo   nialii's  the  sliMiii^e  Htateliieiit   that  Calk 


ni. 


-0-1. 


ili'cred  to  maiiitaia 


i; 


lyoii   ill    jiossessioii  o 


tin 


fiind.H 


II  Ins   [iiiwei',  wmrh  aniouiiiei 


'\W 


^l.Oi'.O.OIlO.   Ciiitil.  lH^t,\.  -IM.     \ot  one  wdi'd  of  hneli  a  inoposal  ;'.p, 
LaULJa".-)  iv^ily. 


PURSUIT  BY  EMPARAX. 


311 


or;lc'i'  to  I'otard  Callcja,  lie  left  ]losalos  in  the  city, 
with  iiistruotious  to  hold  out  to  tliu  last  cxtremitv, 
and  then  eileet  his  retreat  by  wav  of  Jerez.  Ou  the 
iii'^iit  of  the  1st  of  May  Callija,  who  had  advanced 
1  I  ( )joealiente,  received  information  of  Ilayon's  ri'treat, 
and  innnediately  des])atched  Colonel  Einpiii'an  with  a 
i-troiiLj;'  divi.-ion  and  six  cannon  to  intei'cept  him.  On 
tlio  ."^1  of  May  Calleja  entered  Zacatecas  without  o[)- 
|ii  >ition,  llosales  having  availed  himself  of  the  beneiit 
(''<'  the  |)ardon  which  was  granted  at  his  request  to 
liiin  and  Ids  troops.'"^ 

^leantime  Emparan  inarched  witii  great  ra[)idity  in 
pursuit  of  liay(jn,  aiul  on  the  same  day  on  which 
(  allcja  entered  Zacatecas  overtook  him  at  the 
liarjcnda  de  Mafj^uev.  The  en<>-agement  which  fol- 
lowed  was  most  disastrous  to  the  revolutionists. 
Th(iu<>h  occu])vinix  a  stronuf  position  on  the  adiaeent 
rili-c,  thciv  were  routed  on  all  sides,  the  artillerv  of 
t!u'  enemy  oj)eiiing  upon  theni  with  telHng  precision. 
liuyon's  troops  were  dis[)ersed,  his  demoralized  officers 
finving  off  a  <j;-reat  i)art  of  the  treasui'e.^"  Twentv 
pieces  ot'artilleiy,  and  a  (juantity  of  muskets  and  am- 


1  luiiition,  iell  into  the  hands  of  the  victors.""  jMore 
ti;aii  100  prisoners  were  captured,  all  of  whom  Em[)a- 
r.iii  leleased  exce[)t  live,  who  wei'e  executed. ^^ 

Aft  el"  this  defeat  Rayon,  still  maintaining  his  inten- 

'  P(irti<  de  Callijn,  in  Ifcrinnitliz  //  Ddndo.i,  Col.   Dor,,  iii.  iS-J;  Gnz.  de 
illoj.-i,  liDWcvcr,  cait.seil  l.'i  of  the  iusiiryeiits  to  lio 


JA 


IMI,  ii.  4_'i-:).     (J, 


bliot.  liiistdinaiifc,  ('and.  His'.,  i.  'Jlii. 


■K 


ii|iaran  gives  an  cxatri^ciati' 


liif  iiisurL.'cnts, 


,_,iilalM,T('s. 


II,' 


P'< 


■(■(.'isadiis  a  ocdcr  c 


•dc:  II  hiir'd'i".  Col.  I)<i'\,  iii.  '1K\ 


Hit  of  the  imiulicr  slain:  'So  vicn 
1  ( 'ainpo  con  mil  y  (iciioL'ientcjs  ii  ilo.t  mil 


Al; 


imaii,  M  no  lucc 


iveil 


Ills  iiiloiination  from  tlio  liuutcnant-colonel,  .Jose  Myria  IJu.slamante,  aUaeheil 
t 'tlic  aitiilcry  of  therevohitiunists,  states  that  the  iimmunition  wau^oim  liein^j 
i:;isi,'il  with  tin,  the  !,'litter  allonU'ti  an  eseelK'nt   maiU   for  tlie  ene;iiy".s  /^iin- 


Oneof  (h 


Hons  stnifl;  liy  a  shot  eaiisuil  ^^reat 


.!er.    II, xl.  .\l,j. 


ii.  -li'.l.     Xeu'reto  adds  that  tlie  allot  caused  the,  (.■xplo.-ion  of  the  aniniuiiition. 


.1/ 


S,.j. 


XIX., 


iv.  .-)!. 


(iir.,  lie  Mtx.,  KSli,  ii,  -HI-'-!.     Tlie  ammunition  was  of  such 

th 


ifc 


us  uNiilains  tln'  iii-ii^m 


(jiiality  that  the  greater  portion  of  it  was  useless.     Tl 

licMiit  loss  hiustained  iiy  the  royalists,  who  liad  only  lour  wounded.    //).      i!us- 

taiuante's  aeeouut  inlimates  lh;it  Kavoii  oulv  made  a  show  of   resistance  in 


onli'rti)  secure  till!  retreat  of  his  main 


l)od\ 


Bii'ii,  in  view  of  the  disastn 


'Id.,  CtiiJijiu/iu-ideCidl'Ja,  11l'-13. 


is  not  cree 


libk 


(/.  Jlisl.,  i.  214.     Tliid  vcr- 


■  9 


V 

'i 


■m 


:  r*  "I 


; 

Si 
I 

,  ti 


:5| 


•  /I  w 


MOIIELOS  AND  RAYOX. 


tiou  of  ciitoriiJLi,'  ^liclioafaii,  ivtii'cd  to  La  J^ii'da  [ 
uiipursucd  by  Euipiinui,  Avlio,  little  iiK-liiiod  to  l»e 
snb.serviLiit  to  (.'alkja's  orders,  under  .some  ])retext 
directed  Lis  course  toward  (juaiiajuato.  At  La  Pic- 
dad  llayon  could  not  collect  more  than  al)out  '200  d' 
his  scattered  troops  and  SoO,000  in  money.  Not  dis- 
heartened, however,  and  havini^  obtained  in  that  town 
a  few  arms  and  three  cannon,  he  proceeded  to  Zanioi'a, 
where  ho  orn'anizod  a  force  of  over  400  men,  whom 
he  [)lace(l  under  the  conunand  (jf  Torres,  with  insli'iic- 
tions  to  proceed  to  IMtzcuaro  and  unite  his  di\isi(i;i 
with  the  tro()[js  under  the  revolutionary  chiefs  l'adi>! 
Navarretc  and  Maiui-l  Muhiz.''"  In  the  nei-^li bur- 
hood  of  Patzcuaro  Torres  was  vio-orouslv  attacked  bv 
u  rovalist  force.     The  '-ontest  lasted  nearlv  the  whole 


lay 


without 
insurgents  fr 
miner 


tl 


le 


the  enemy  beinix  fiblo  to  tlislodi>-e  tlio 
■om  the  ])ositi()n  which  they  taken  u[)  en 
o   of  la   Tinaja.      Torres,   howevei',    was 


6"6^' 


severely  wounded  in  the  arm,  and  his  troops  were  sn 
hard  pressed  that  their  defeat  was  inuninent.  At 
this  moment  llayon  arrived  with  reenlbivements;  the 
royalists  were  soon  routed,  e^'en  losing  their  bau'ua 
v.hich  thoy  had  left  at  Huiramba. 

The  conjunction  of  the  insurgent  leaders  being  thus 
accom])lished,  Payon  prejiared  to  attack  Valladolid. 
Alter  Cruz's  de[)arture  from  that  city  in  Januaiy, 
only  a  small  force  remained  for  its  defence.  T<trcuati> 
Trujillo,  wlu),  as  the  read(3r  will  recollect,  had  Ikhmi 
appointed  military  connnander  of  the  province,  was  s  i 
arrogant  and  tyraimical  that  he  brought  iqx)!!  liiia 
the  hatred  of  the  inh;d)itants.  ]Iis  conduct  was  n^t 
conducive  to  the  pacilication  of  ^Michoacan;  in  fact,  lli'! 
whole  j)rt)vince,  with  the  exception  of  its  capital  and 
tile  immediate  vicinity,  revolted.  Alter  the  fatal  (l;iy 
at  the  biidge  of  Calderon,  ^luniz,  and  a  number  'I' 
other  chiefs  who  had  sustained  defeat  there  or  el.sc- 


'■"Tliese  loaders  were  rcsjwctivoly  the  ri'volntionary  comirunulcrs  in  thi.' 
tlcpaitniuutti  of  JVitzciuiio  iind  Tacaiiibaro  in  Mielioaeaii.  /(/.,  C'tnul.  JIk'., 
i.  '2lo. 


ATTACK  OX  VALLADOLID. 


31:5 


wlu'r(\  t(K)k  rcfujjj'c  in  tlio  ruii'i^vd  districts  of  ^liclioa- 
caii/'  whci'o  (jvcn  the  iiisalulji'ity  of  the  climate  in 
a  lari^'o  j)orti(>n  of  the  province  served  as  ])rotection. 
Here  they  soon  j^'athered  strength,  and  linally,  l»y  the 
(iidperation  of  their  forces,  I'ound  themselves  in  a  po- 
sition to  assume  the  oftensive.  Rayon,  tliercforo, 
formed  liis  plans,  in  concert  ^ith  the  other  leaders, 
I'lir  a  combined  attack  on  Valladolid,  and  on  the  2'.>th 
ni'  May  the  heig'hts  adjacent  to  the  city  were  ()ccu[)ied 
hy  lai'L;'e  bodies  of  insurgents,  \vh(/se  nundjei's  wire  esti- 
mated by  Trujillcj  at  seven  or  eight  thousand.''^ 

The  besiegers  without  delay  opened  lire  (Mi  the  city 
with  their  artillery,  which  consisted  of  twenty-Hve 
jticces  of  ditferent  calibre.  The  ell'ect,  however,  was 
insignificant,  owing  to  the  long  range  and  poor  gun- 
inry.  On  the  f)llo\ving  day  Antonio  Linai'es,  who 
had  1)een  sent  from  Guanajuato  to  the  assistance  of 
Tnijillo,  succeeded  in  entering  the  city  before  day- 
light. The  royalists  now  attacked  the  enemy  antl 
iiillicted  some  loss,  ca[)turing  tw'o  cannon  and  dislodg- 
ing' them  from  one  of  their  p(witi(»ns.  With  this  suc- 
cess Trujillo  began  preparations  Ibr  a  general  assault, 
b'at  the  insurgent  leaders,  aware  of  the  reeidorcement, 
and  disappointed  at  the  absence  of  any  demonstration 
in  tlieir  favor  on  the  ])art  of  the  inhabitants,  secretly 
retreated  on  the  night  of  the  1st  of  June  to  Taciim- 
bar.  ).■'■- 

In  the  mean  time  events  of  great  moment,  wdiich 
will  be  narrated  in  the   following   chapter,   had   oc- 

'"TiMJillo,  ill  a  letter  ti)  tho  viceroy  iKitt'il  .luiK' 2,  ISII,  rc[H)rt-i  'Lireuii- 
i'lii  lie  iiiMS  (lu  ili)ec  e;il)eeilla'<,  ((uo  por  liaberlii.<  eeliuili)  ile  tmla-i  partci  hu 
iiriiUH  del  Ivey  se  luiu  rel'ii^'iailo  a  cata  proviueia  al  ahrigo  <le  sua  nioiite.s  y 
ivcinsos.  (/((;.  (If  M<  r.,  ISli,  ii.  502. 

"  '  Sii  ti)t;il  iiuuliDS  In  liiieeii  HiiMr  a  (liice  mil  ciuMiii'^'os,  pei-o  yo  crco  iii> 
fiiisiilin,  do  sieto  ;i  oelio  mil,  .sill  ((iio  sea  e\;i;.;erad.).'  lie  als  »  m.'iilioii.-i  tiic 
liMiii vi  '.f  till!  eliief:!  iippo.ied  to  liiin:  el  elc'i'l^' )  Xava"ri;te  mid  ui'.ier-iof  the  re- 
li-iuiis  (i.iler,  and  tlie  e  iptaiu-L^eiierals  Muni/,  Torres,  Uayoii,  Lie,ea>:a,  Hiii- 
drill  II  I,  Sal  to,  (.'arraHeo,  and  ]{.;uuew,  'eon  otiMS  do  iiifei'ior  jaez.'  Oil  tlieii 
lil'piiaeii  ai^'aiiist  tlio  eity  tin;  divisimi  Uiider  'J'orre.s  was  vij.'i)rou.sly  attai.'ked, 
.May  'JTtii,  liy  Ciiptain  lolipe  lioliledo,  who  after  a  oiitest  of  three  liour.i  v.aii 
cuiii[);illed  to  retreat  with  1  i.s-;.  /'/.,  4!):)-,")0().  In  this  eii.LCa.T-nieiit  tho  left 
anil  of  'J'liiTc'.s  w;is  siiattei'ed  liv.i  ;4i'apo-shot.   Jjuxlaiaaiitc,  CuaJ,  Jiia!.,  i.  -oL 

'-Gi:.  dcMcx.,  ISII,  ii.  JOJ  G. 


I 


i 


i). 


III 

' '.    i  i ! 
'     '  ■  i 


4 


iii 


,1 


31 1 


MOr.ELOS  AND  RAYON". 


II 


cui'ivd  ;it  Zitiicnaro,  and  lluyoii  witli  a  small  (^scoi't 
had  already  procoedod  thitlici".  Previous  to  his  do 
parturc,  lie  organized  the  niilitary  govermnent  of  tlie 
vai-ious  districts.  To  Torres  he  assigned  P;it/euaii) 
and  Uruapan;  to  Xavarrete,  Zacapo;  to  ^[arianii 
Caneiga,  l*anindicuaro;  to  .\rnhiz;,  Taeanibaro;  and  to 
the  guerrilla  chief  Luna,  Act'unharo  and  Ji.'recuaro. 

The  insurgents  now  for  some  time  confined  tli'ir 
operations  against  V'alladolid  to  a  mere  blockade, 
which  though  maintained  at  a  distance  eil'ectually  cut 
oif  Tiujillo's  communication  with  the  ca])ital.  This 
inaction  Listed  nearly  two  njonths,  durin"";  wliii  h 
3Iufiiz  occupied  himself  in  increasing  his  forces  and 
armament.  Cannon  wm-e  cast,  muskets  were  coii- 
sti'ucted  of  Ijronze,''''  and  every  preparation  made  Ibr  a 
more  determined  effort.  On  the  L'Jth  of  duly  the  iude- 
])endent  leaders,  again  reunited,  a|>pcai'cd  belbi'c  the 
city,  their  forces  now  amounting  to  10,000  or  IlVJ"() 
men,  with  forty  pieces  of  artillery."  On  the  "JUth 
jNIuhiz  sent  to  Tri..;illo  a  peremptory  sumuHJUs  to  siu'- 
render  if  he  would  not  see  the  city  put  to  lire  and 
sword.^'  To  this  connnunication  Trujillo  vcnichsafrd 
no  reply.  On  the  21st  the  insurgents  opened  fire,  Irat 
M'ith  little  cttect;*"  and  on  the  hjllowing  da\ ,  the  city 
being  invested  on  all  sides,  the  attack  commenced, 
"^riie  i)rincipal  assault  was  directed  against  the  southein 
entrance,  under  the  immediate  coniiiiand  of  Muniz. 
Trujillo,  however,  successfully  repulsed  it,  driving  the 
enemy  back  upon  their  lines  with  heavy  loss,  and  caj)- 
turin'»;  eiuiit  cannon. 


( 


*''  'Que  coiiio  los  .ircabuccs  del  tiempo  do  la  conquista,  crnn  iiiuy  ju'siidos  y 
K  '  disi):iral)aii  cciii  iiu'riiii.  neecsitaiido  (Uis  lioinhivn  para  su  iiianejy.'  Almiini., 
Jllsl.  .]/,).,  ii.  ;!91;  /lii^fiimmiii;  Ciuul.  J/i4.,  i.  "JS-t. 

**<i'iiz.  (li-  Jle.c,  ISII,  ii.  070-1.  Ijiistaiuaute  states  that  the  artillery  coii- 
Bi:it('d  (if  "JJ  Lcuns.   Cnail.  Ilia'.,  i.  "284. 

'■'f/a:.'/c"lA .(.•.,  ISIl,  ii.  807. 

*^  Ijustaniauto  states  that  a  soldier  of  Trujillo,  named  Polayo,  ohservin,; 
that  liu.'  elevation  of  tlie  insurgents'  ,1.,'uns  was  too  .Ljreat,  sc.'nt  a  note  to  Miini.-; 
inforiniiiL,'  him  of  tlie  error.  The  me-^.sen^er  intrusted  witli  the  letter  ili'- 
iioimeed  IVlayo,  who  was  immediately  shot  at  the  gallows,  where  his  ho'ly 
■was  left  iian;.,Mn,:,' with  f!io  letter  attached  to  his  back.  Cuad.  lli.-'t.,  i.  -i'r, 
Alamuii,  1 1  ill!.  Mcj.,  ii.  'Mij. 


I 


RETllEAT  OF  THE  REVOLL'TIO.VISTS. 


31,-> 


Oil  11k;  other  side  of  the  city  affairs  went  otlicrwise. 
Koblcdo  was  uikiI)1(j  t(^  iiiaintaiii  liis  position  a(  the 
Santa  Cutalina  (j!ato,  and  Ti'ujillo  hastened  to  his  as- 
sistance. On  his  entrance  into  the  city  lie  was  lilled 
w  itii  consternation  at  the  conl'nsion  which  })revailed. 
!Men,  women,  and  children  in  wild  alarm  xwre  rushiiiLif 
through  the  streets,  shrieking  and  wailing,  and  ]ir:>- 
claiming  that  the  city  was  in  the  pow<'r  ol"  the  insui-- 
g  ■Ills.  Soldiers  were  Hying  from  their  posts,  and  all 
seemed  lost.  Trnjillo,  however,  displa\'ed  rare  cour- 
age and  presence  of  mind,  liaising  the  ci-y  of  victni'v, 
and  that  Calleja  was  approaching,  he  succeeded  in  al- 
loying the  panic,  and  hurried  iorwurd  to  the  Santa 
C'atalina  gate. 

There  the  greatest  disorder  prevailed;  the  artillery 
v.as  dismounted  or  in  the  hands  of  the  enemy;  the 
^^l(liers  were  tleeing,  casting  down  their  arms,  and 
tiii'owingoti' their  unifoiMus.  Arresting  the  Hiidit  with 
elders  to  kill  all  who  did  not  rejoin  their  ranks,  Tru- 
jiilo  sallied  on  to  the  plain  and  attacked  the  enemy. 
1  le  was,  however,  comj)elled  to  rv^tire;  and  although 
ill  a  second  charge  he  gained  some  slight  advantag(^, 
]iis  position  was  des[>erate.  His  troo])s  were  giving 
V.  .ly  at  other  points,  and  all  was  apparently  h)st.  At 
lliis  crisis,  when  the  yictory  of  the  insurgents  was  no 
1  Higer  doubtful,  to  the  inexpressible  amazement  of  the 
r  lyalists,  the  besiegers  retired  fi-om  the  C(^ntest,  re- 
ti'ating  in  good  order,  but  abandoning  twentv-two 
cniiiion  to  the  enemy.  Divers  reasons  are  assigned  as 
ill''  cause  of  this  extraordinary  movement.  Some  at- 
tiil)ute  it  to  the  miraculous  interj)osition  of  the  image 
rl'ilR'  saviour  in  the  sacristy  of  the  cathedral,  'i'm- 
jillo  claimeil  that  the  valor  disjdayed  by  a  portion  of 
liis  troo|>s  caused  the  insurgents  to  withth'aw;  but  the 
ini'ic  probable  explanation  is  that  advanced  by  IJusta- 
liiaiite,  namely,  the  failure  of  ammunition  and  the 
envy  and  jealousy  of  Muhiz,  who,  being  the  only  one 
^v!M>  had  sustained  rei)ulse  during  the  day,  refused  to 
liuiiish  the  other  chiefs  with  cartridixes  when    their 


[4il 


316 


MORELOS  AND  KAYOX. 


own  supply  l)oc;uMo  t'xluiusted.'^  With  eriiniiial  scll- 
i,slllles^?  he  I'utii.sud  to  others  the  success  iu  which  lie 
couhl  not  sliare.  Tlie  insurjjfcnts  pursued  their  way 
unuKjlested  to  Acuicho,  while  Trujillo,  bewildoN -l 
with  jistonislunent,  in  the  exuberance  of  his  joy,  was 
so  lUr  lorgetful  of  liiniself  as  to  liberate  more  tlian  :!()() 
prisoners  from  the  jails  and  dungeons  of  the  city.'"* 

'"  "Nk  ([r.iso  (liir  i'l  Ins  coiiiiiiiclantcs  Anayii  y  otros  iii  un  cartuclioilo  lua-iil ; 
ti'cinta  carj,'as  (|m;  ^alvc'i  ciiiiiiili)  fiu''  dcrrotailo:  (jue  hc  niiiiituvo  csiH'ciailur 
. .  pur  no  cdiitrildiir  ;i  la  yloii.i  du  las  cDluiiiiias.  .  .ijuo  tuvicnJii  iia-jn'  lUnx- 
cioii,  <)  iiu'jor  siiorto  iiuc  la  tie  Muniz.'  IliisiiniKiiitc,  Ciuid.  llial.,  i.  'ls{\. 

■■"Tlio  jiartiiitlars  of  tlii' operations  a,L;ainst  Valladolul  liavo  Ik  en  deiivid 
from  'I'nijillo's  and  otlier  olllcers'  reports  piib'islied  as  (pioted  in  tlie  ofiici.d 
gazette  of  Mexieo,  ami  fi-oni  Tiiistamante.  Otliir  autliors,  a.s  Mora,  Mi.r.i/ 
.•<iin  III  r.,  iv.  ■_'.">.")  !) ;  Alanian,  Hit.  M<j.,  ii.  Hlll)-.S;  Torrente,  l!i  i\  IH-t.  .1,/,., 
i.  •24_'-:i;  and  \e.-rete,  Mi..:  .SV;/.  A'/.Y..  iv.  1I4--_V),  l.")l--J,  I.m-O,  I.")!)-;.-),  m;;,- 
j)ly  no  additional  inl'orniation,  aUliouj,di  iu  minor  details  some  discrepant'ijs 
ure  ub.servuUe  in  tlicir  several  narrations. 


CHAPTER  XIII. 


i 


ESTABLISlIMi:XT  OF  THE  JUNTA  DE  ZITACUARO. 

1811. 

rAi,Li:.iA's  \i;\v  System  of  Military  OiiiiANizATioN — 8frrKi;.ssi(>N'  ok  tiik 

iNsruRKCTION  IN  Xri'.VI)  SAXTAN'DEIi — PaCIKICATION  OF  8 AM  Ll'IS  PoTO- 

si  -  Di;i'E\T  OF  iNsriicKNTS  IN  (irAMAjrATO— J'oiiLiEu's  ()pi:i;ations  in- 
Xrr.vA  (iAMciA — Tokiik's  Activity  and  Sevf.imty— His  Dkfkat  at 

ZlT Art  Alio,  ANIi   Df.ATII — PiAYON  FoUTIFIES  ZlTAd'AKO — EmPARAN    Re- 

TiuNsiii  Spain— CoNsi'iiiAC'Y  to  Seize  the  Viceroy— I'uoci.amatiov 
or   Cali.eja — Events  tn   ^Iiciioacan — Condition   of  (1i:anaji;ato — 

Si'Ur.Ali   OF  THE   ReVOLCTIOX. 


Ox  tlu'  day  (•!'  his  entrance  into  Zacatccas,  Calleja 
]>i'i)c!ainie(l  the  usual  pardon,  adclin_i^  the  customary 
llii'cats  in  case  of  non-coini)Hanco.  All  stra sulci's  and 
stiaiii^crs  were  ordered  to  return  to  their  homes  within 
Iwriity-four  hours,  imder  pain  of  heinuf  treated  as  insm'- 
,L;ciits.*  Then,  having  pureed  the  city  by  an  ap])r()pri- 
•dU)  sl;inLi,']iti'r  of  ])atriots,  the  royalist  leader  om-e  more 
niiHiilelled  the  government.  For  its  future  security 
lie  'ifganized  five  companies  of  infantry,  one  of  cavahy, 
and  an  artillery  corps,  aii(lai>pointetl  Martin  do  ^[edina 
ill,.  M'lvoi-nor  of  Colotlan,  coinan(lant(^  and  intench'nte 
"i  t!u;  [)rovincc.  On  the  KJth  of  }^h\y  Calleja  ])ro- 
i-ccdod  to  .Vn'nascalientes  with  an  army  greatlv  re- 
iiiiccd  in  numbers.  The  separation  of  i'^mp;iran's 
division,  and  of  another  detachment  under  .Miguel 
I'lcl  ('ampo  sent  to  operate  against  tlie  insurgents 
in  ilie  ]]ajio  of  Guanajuato,  had  left  him  with  lit- 
tle more  than  1,000  men,  while  the  revtjlutionists 
Vvt  Tc'  again  increasing  in  strength.     This  dismembor- 

'(-•'(; -A  Mc.r.,  ISll,  ii.  4-20-31. 

(.■tl7) 


"t 


'■:n 
'  •  [ 


'■mi 

I 

m 


i ;! 


CIS       i:stai;lisiimext  of  tiik  junta  di:  ziTAd'Ano. 

iiiriit  (il'liis  famous  ai'iiiy  of'tlic  ceiitro  was  a  ^'licvoii-; 
ti'diiltlc  (i)  Callcja,  the  moiH,'  so  Itt'caiisc  lie  could  m u 
llial-  no  iliii'aMf  results  would  l>o  llieivl»y  attaiiH ,!. 
In  tlu!  altilitii's  of  his  captains  lie  had  little;  conlidcucc; 
j)lau  as  liu  nii^^'ht,  he  foresaw  uiitlci'  the  [nvscnt  systcin 
onlv  faihu'c.  W'hilo  at  A'jfuascaliciitcs,  he  thercfoio 
sul)niittcd  to  ihc  viceroy  a  plan  of  military  ornani/.a- 
tion  which  he  thoU!L?ht  miL'ht  liasteu  peace.'-  llo 
Would  ai'ui  ;dl  the  towns  in  the  kin^'doni  lor  their  ov,  a 
defence,  and  thei'ehy  avoid  the  ci'i[)plino'  eU'et't  (»f  di- 
\  idiuL^  and  suhdividin^'  the  standing  army  intosejctioin. 
The  troops  would  likewise  he  relieved  i'roni  loni^  and 
i'ati^■uin.;■  marches  fi'om  one  point  to  another.  JJy 
a  judicious  dis[)osal  of  the  rei^ulai'  troops  in  suita- 
ble localitie-s,  assistance  could  (juickly  arrive  at  any 
point  attaiked.      IJoth  Calleja  and  the  viceroy  rcc( 


)' I'- 


ll ize( 


1   th 


J.- 


le  risic  mcuri'ecl  m  placniLT  arms  m 


.k 


the   I 


laii: 


of  the  peo[)le,  and  thus  estahlishini^  a  |)Ower  wliidi 
mi'glit  tui'u  aL;'ainst  the  n'overmnent.  Nevertlu'!v'-.s, 
C*alleia  itelieved  that  such  danLTor  could  ho  avoided,  aiil 
the  vi<'eroy  adopted  the  plan.  Henceforth  this  systc.a 
Avas  [)ursued  ]»y  the  royalists  to  the  close  of  the  war. 
The  system  was  [)ut  into  immediate  practice  as  t'ai' 
as  possil)le,  and  was  methodically  develojxMl  and 
extended  as  circumstances   allawe(k      In    each  town. 


es    !■ 


jV'i- 


companies  of  infantry  and  cavalry  and  hattei'i 
artillery  were  raised,  the  strength  of  which  was  j 
])ortiouate  to  the  nuinher  (.)f  inhabitants.  \]\  housi'- 
liolders  were  com})elled  to  take  service  in  these  cori^, 
which  were  placed  under  the  direction  of  a  conian- 
daiite  de  armas,  in  wdioui  were  also  vested,  where,  r 
practicable,  the  judicial  functions.  At  each  town 
I'rom  100  to  150  of  such  troops  were  to  be  in  constant 
service  and  daily  drilled.  Arms  were  at  lirst  snj)- 
plied  by  collecting  weapons  in  possession  of  tlio 
inhabitants.  All  persons  not  enrolled  in  these  mil- 
itary corps  were  forbidden  to  keep  any  kind  of  amis. 

'Sco  copy  <>f  the  plan,  datedJuue  8,  1811,  in  Hernandez  y  Duvalos,  Cut. 
Doc,  iii.  'Jbii-yy. 


ATTlTUDi:  OF  AFPAIIIS. 


.11 :) 


Only  iiiulijtci.'1's  ami  otliri's  wIidsi;  occiijjat'b'iis  so  ro- 
(|iiiri;l  it  wviii  nliowcd  ji  liatchrt,  aiul  Iviiiio  without 
a  |)oiiit.  J II  the  country  haciendas  and  I'aiidios, 
iiKH'coNiT,  amncd  s(|uadrons  were  oi'j^ainzcd,  oouii>os('d 
of  nicni'oijr.s  vai'vinijf  iVoin  six  or  ci;;ht  to  lii'ty,  accoid- 
iiiu-  to  the  I'ehitive  ini|»oi'tancu  ot"  the  plactvs.  This 
sy.stini,  afterward  a(lo])ted  with  some  modifications  hy 
^loi-elos  and  the  other  in<le[)eiident  leaders,  resulted 
in  placinu'  all  ^lexico  on  a  war  footiiin';  hut  it  did  U'lt 
iircouiplish  at  tliis  tiini;  exactly  what  (,'alleja  desii'ed. 
J'ractically  it  arrayed  the  nation  a,Ljainst  itself.  At 
the  commencement  of  the  strife  the  creole  re^Milars 
even  could  not  be  relied  U[)on,  and  in  the  llrst  eny;aL;'e- 
iiicnts  great  mis;_>ivings  had  been  entertained  by  the 
viceroy  in  regard  to  them.  Their  conduct  at  Lns 
(Viices,  and  the  sul)se(|uent  skilful  management  by 
Calleja  of  the  troops  under  his  connnand,  had  greatly 
rc!i  d  this  anxiety,  and  now  by  eidorcing  armed 
IV  >cc  in  the  towns  against  the  attacks  of  the  in- 
suiuv  iits,  friends  and  brothers  were  sometimes  Itrou'jht 
face  to  face  as  enemies. 

Well  aware  that  Zacatocas  was  still  far  from  secure, 
tiiid  that  Guanajuato  was  exposed  to  invasion  at  any 
time  by  the  insurgent  I'orces  in  ^Michoacan,  Calkja 
made  such  dispositions  for  the  ]irotection  of  those  prov- 
iuf^cs  as  the  circumstances  of  his  [)osition  admitted. 
As  tlu;  northern  and  eastern  ])rovinces,  called  the 
pinNincias  internas,^  were  now  free  I'rom  insurrec- 
titiuary  movements,  the  troo])s  in  thosci  regions  could 
l)c  advantageously  employetl  in  securing  Zacatiu-as 
uud  CUianaiuato  against  lu)stile  inroads,  and  at  the 
same  time  i)rotecting  the  frontier  of  Duran^-o.  C'a- 
llcja  accordingly  addressed  a  letter  to  Governor  Sal- 
coilo,  urging  lilm  to  instruct  Loj)ez  and  Ochoa  to 
occupy  with  their  divisions  the  defiles  of  (Jolotlan, 
rialtenango,    and    Juchi[)ila;    at    the   same   time    he 

•Tu  May  1811  the  provincins  intcrnas  wcro  divided  into  two  conuindiini'ii^H 
gi'nri'uli;s,  sulijoct  to  tlio  viuoroy's  autliority,  liy  ;iii  order  of  the  Siniiiisli  gov- 
iiiimeiit,  whieli  waa  conlinued  hy  the  regeiiey  in  July  1SC2.  I'roc.  LiUr. 
Curt  i  del  Mintdro,  aud  Id.,  Ileal  onlen  Majcr,  MS.,  iios.  0  y  7. 


It 
II 


Iliil!) 


Hi! 


m 


i  !; 


r,-20         I'.STABLISHMEXT  OF  THE  J'JNTA  DE  ZITACU.VRO. 

niadu  aii'aiiL^cments  with  Cruz  to  send  a  portion  of 
his  {'orcos  in  tho  sanio  direction  for  the  ])urposo  of 
ooopei'atinu;'  witli  Emparan,  whom  it  won  liis  inten- 
tion t(»  despatcli  to  Laijfos.*  Calleja's  })lan  was  to 
occupy  with  tho  main  (hvisions  of  his  army  the  dis- 
trict cxteiKhni^  from  Lai^os  to  Queretaro,  thus  kee[)- 
in;^  in  subjection  the  most  important  part  of  tlio 
countiy,  and  being  in  a  position  to  hasten  quiddy 
to  tho  assistance  of  the  forces  operating  on  the 
nortli  and  soutli  of  tliis  line.  Tlio  carrying-out  of 
this  j)lau  was,  however,  fiiistratcd  to  some  extent  by 
the  <lc!\'('loj)ment  of  events  whieli  necessitated  tlie 
om[)loyment  of  the  lieavy  divisions  of  3%nipar.'iii  .md 
Linares  at  other  points,  tlic  latter  being  des])at(.']i('(l 
to  tln!  relief  of  Valladolid,  as  already  related,  and 
the  former  being  sent  to  Zitacuaro.  The  departure 
of  these  forces  I'rom  (riianajuato  exposed  that  pi'ov- 
incG,  and  even  Queretaro,  to  innninent  rislc ;  and 
Calleja,  ordering  ])iego  (larcia  Condo  to  move;  to 
San  Fclii)o  with  the  division  ho  commanded  at  Sau 
Luis  Potosi,  and  ^Miguel  de  Campo  to  station  liiui- 
self  at  Salamanca,  hastened  to  l^eou,  whence  lie  |iro- 
ceeded  to  Guanajuato,  entering  the  city  on  tlie  "JOth 
of  June. 

AVhen  Calleja  returned  to  San  Luis  Potosi  after 
his  victory  at  CaldenMi,  he  found  himself  in  a  vorlcN. 
of  insurrection.  No  sooner  had  the  army  <if  tlie 
centre  marched  from  Cuanaiuato  for  (jruadal;ii;:i;i 
than  a  numl)er  of  insurg.,'nt  bands  sprung  bih)  exist- 
ence in  various  parts  of  the  ]>rovince.  The  most 
})rominent  among  tlieir  leaders  was  Albino  (rai'c(;i, 
commonly  called  El  Blanco,''  who  in  the  neighborliodd 
of  S."lanianja  and  Santiago  carried  on  hostilities  willi 
such  dariu'j:  and  shiU  that  \u)  became  one  of  the  mo>t 
celebrated  guerrilla  chiefs  of  the  revolution.      In  llio 

*Si'n  C:illcja"s  ilesp:itcl»  of  .Tiily  .Tl,  ISIl,  in  G.tZ(/<'  .V.x.,  ISll,  ii.  717  ">. 

'■(iareia  was  a  native  of  Salanianca,  a  town  sitiatod  in  tlio  sinitln'in  put 
of  tlio  I'lVvu.^-.  lie  tlorivoil  tliis  .sobiinuot  of  Maiico  from  hoiiig  ciipiil<'l 
in  Olio  anil  b^-  a  fail  from  his  liorso.  A/umuii,  Jlint.  Mcj.,  ii.  -49. 


IX  XUEVO  SAXTAXDF.R. 


321 


;  and 
)V0  to 
it  Sail 
liiui- 
10  pro- 
0  -JOtli 


('isiiict  bctwiH'ii  Iliilt']iai)aii  and  v^tU'i'Jtaro,  A'iliaLjraii 
\\;is  still  liaiawsi'iL;' I'onxoy.s  and  iiitf;'!'U|!iiii'L;' connmi- 
iiiriifMii  with  tin;  capil.-il.  'Jdic  liiily  I'cu'ioii  of  tlio 
1  l;!astcca,  the  inoiintaiiis  of  the  Sierra Gofda,  and  tluj 
jiaiii  -  (>r  A[)aHi  to  tlio  nortli  of  the  Mexican  eajiital 
:-.v,ai'nu'd  v.itli  })i'edaloiy  lioi'dcs.  Xuevo  SantandtT 
v.;is  in  open  insnireelion;  portii^ns  of  San  Luis  J\)- 
t(i-i  \vi  iv'  still  unpaeiliod;  while  t]i(,!  forces  left  in  Zaca- 
t'cas  and  Aguasealientes  were  inadequate,  as  ihc 
iH'iiih  r  is  awai'e,  i'oi'  the  security  of  those  cities. 

While  the  events  nai'rated  in  the  ])!'ecevliiin'  chaj)- 
tcr  were  occurring'  in  Zacatecas  and  ^Tichoacan,  I  he 
insurrection  in  Xuexo  Santander,  under  tlu;  hvader- 
sliij)  (  f  A'illerias,  was  successi'ully  su))])ressed  hy  Ar- 
rMJonilo.  ]Iavinu,'  hc<'n  invited  hy  that  chief  to  es- 
jHiiisc  ihc  indejiendi.'ut  cause,  Ai'i'cdondo  caused  the 
cniiijiiunication  to  1)l'  burned  hv  the  hanL>'nian.  and  on 
l!;e  Ith  of  ?day  niai'ched  fi'oni  Agayo  against  the  in- 
MU'gcMls.  Villerias,  haxing  sustaiiunl  s;'\eral  succes- 
si\c  defeats,  tied  toward  .\ratehuala.  where  he  w;  s 
(iM'icome  and  slain  hy  a.  royalist  i'oi-ce  sent  against 
liini  hy  the  junta  de  seguridad  of  Cat"]'ce,  luider  the 
direction  of  i\\c  cura  Seni})er,  l\idre  ])u<jue,  and 
^ic;iii(ii'  San(diez."  Tho  insurrection  in  Xuevo  San- 
lan(!i  1-  was  low  conliued  to  Tula  and  its  vicinity. 
On  tli(>  i^lst  Arredondo  approached  the  town,  an<l 
lui\  iiig  routed  the  insnrg't'uts  v^ith  considci'ahleslaugh- 
1'  I',  ( iitered  Tula  the  I'oUowing  day  Avith  little  opposi- 
li'iii,  All  the  leaders  and  princi[)al  men  were  hanged, 
iiiid  t!uir  bodies  lel't  suspended  from  trees,'  Although 
ilic  iiisiu'roction  in  this  province  v.as  thus  thoroughly 
'•I'l.^hcd,  \  ent'gas,  i'earing  that  assistance  to  the  i'e\- 
cliitimiisls  might  arri\'(!  lV(»m  the  l^nilod  States,  dare 
ii"t   reduce  the  munber  of  troops,   the    efiBcIeucy  of 

''.•"..  ./.'  .1/r.r.,  isl  1,  ii.  i;r,  7,  .')0!)-10.  Aiitniiio  [.opez  do  Saiilii  Aiinn.  ,i 
i:iilri  I  (■  tlic!  Siuilii  CvuA  i'(.',';iiu('iit,  m'jis  rcnimiinilcil  hy  ;Vrreili)Uili)  for  lii.s  ual- 

):;l!t    rlMilluct    in    (1110    (if    UlO    (•ll^.'a'.JClllCllts    illluilcil    tt    ill    tllO    U'Xt.     /'/.,  -JWi. 

111! '  i  i  i  lu!  Ijrst  lime  that  Saiitu  Aiiiia':s  iiaiiiu  nii]  cai's  iu  ]iriiit. 

'/'/.,   .)J7-H.     Ariviloiulo   tills   tlio    VK'or  )y   tiiat   at.    tin'   iiiissinii    of    Ola 
t'liTil,  jjijioro  Ills  arrival  an  u:;f.)rtmiatc  iifi.sviiu'i' \wi  >  .sloul^  i-o;i.iU'il  altNu 
li'Ha  iIkj  K'l't  ui>\vanls.  hy  tlio  ludiaiis,  ami  citcii  1 
iii.-.i.  Ali.x.,  V.ii.'iV.     ■_! 


i :  li 


[1! 


;!!: 


.•522         IvSTABLISIIMKXT  OF  TIIM  JUNTA  D.':  ZITAfl-AIIO. 

wliicl)  lie  {■veil  incrcasod  by  sii])|)lyiivu"  tluMii  willi  a 
coiisidcralilc  ti'iiiii  of  tifliHciy.  Itiirbt;  was  tiansil'i'icl 
to  t!i(.'  !4<»V('ni(irsliij)  of  Colotlaii  and  An'cdoudo  aj)- 
|)oiiit<-'d  to  tliat  of  Xuevo  Sautaiidcr,  which  w;!s 
sliortly  aftcrsvard  iiicroasud  in  territory  by  the  addi- 
tion of  the  lluasteca.** 

\t  +his  time,  ^[ateliuala  again  became  the  scene  if 
an  insuri^ent  dei'eat.  In  June  the  unfortunale  tow;i 
was  taken  possession  of  by  Bei-nardo  Gomez  de  Lara, 
better  known  ))y  tlie  sobricjuet  t)f  Pluacal,  Lara,  1  y 
birth  an  Indian,  was  the  most  ferocious  of  the  insiij- 
<^'ent  eliiefs  wlio  iid'ested  portions  of  San  Luis  I\)t(isi. 
('a[)tain  of  a  l)and  of  half-savage  Indians,  lie  directeil 
his  hostilities  not  only  against  Spaniards,  but  against 
all  who  wei'c  not  of  his  race.  At  ^latehuala  and  i;i 
the  vicinity  he  put  to  death  a  number  of  victims,  and 
by  com[)elling  the  inhabitants  to  join  his  baud,  raised 
his  force  to  more  than  a  thousand  men.  On  the  "J  1st 
of  June  he  M-as  simultaneously  attacked  by  a  company 
of  Arredoiido's  troops  under  Antonio  Elosua,  and  a 
force  bi'ought  up  by  Semper,  the  cura  o\  Catorce.' 
Assailed  on  opposite  sides,  Huacal  was  routed  A\ith 
slaughter,  between  two  and  three  hundred  of  his  fol- 
lowers being  slain  and  a  large  nundier  taken  prison- 
ers.^'^ He  himself,  though  wounded,  effected  lii> 
escape  and  retired  to  the  I3a  Jio  of  Guanajuato.  Souk- 
what  later  he  entered  San  i^Iiguel  el  Grande;  but  tlic 
inhabitants  recovering  from  their  first  j)anic,  surpiised 
and  captured  him,  with  a  number  of  his  princi])al  \\>\- 
lowers.  Huacal  was  put  to  death  in  his  prison,  ai;d 
his  body  I'xposed  on  the  gibbet.  This  occurn^d  about 
the  encl  of  the  year.'^     By  this  success  the  northeiii 

"'Ifasta  la  Sierra  ftonla,  confiuaiKlo  con  cl  Meztiuital  y  los  llanos  do 
Apaii  y  laa  costus  ilu  Tiixpau  in  ol  scno  nirjiuano.'  Alamaii,  Hist.    M'j.,  ii. 

"Tlic  combined  attack  was  unpremeditated,  as  the  royalist  leaders  wi'c 
not  aware  nf  eaeli  other's  movements.  This  nearly  led  to  a  disaster,  as  llio 
.soldiers  o{  Elosiia  lired  upon  those  of  Scni|)er  before  tliey  disco\  ered  that  the  y 
were  fiiends.  Uaz.  de  M(.i:.,  18II,  ii.  12;i.j-(i. 

'"//.,  ISll,  ii.  744-0,  l'2;!4-0;  Itarrlbanin,  Mini.,  in  Soc.  Mtx.  Oioij.,  vii. 
291-2. 

^^  Bustamank,  Cmd.  Hid.,  i.  202;  Liwa'jn,  Adk.  y  Ucd.,  190. 


IX  XUEVA  GALICIA. 


323 


portion  of  San  Luis  Potosi  was  reduced  to  obedience, 
;nid  during'  August  the  operations  of  the  royahsts  in 
tliu  (hstrict  of  Kio  Verdo  and  the  southern  part  of  the 
pi'o\ince  com[)leted  the  pacification. 

In  Guanajuato  and  ^Nlichoacan  the  condition  of 
atfaiis  was  far  (Hfferent,  and  tlie  revolution  was  assum- 
ing' alarming  ])roportioLS.  Calleja  was  fully  alive  to 
the  grave  ditficulties  of  his  position.  In  a  letter 
aildressed  to  Venegas  from  Guanajuato  ori  the  20th 
of  .Vugust,  he  describes  to  him  in  strong  colors  the 
iiu>;tinguishable  vitality  of  the  insurrection  and  its 
sUong  recujierative  power;^"  and  again  on  the  2Gthof 
Scpteudjcr  he  reports  that  the  forces  of  his  division 
(icciipying  the  district  between  Lagos  and  (}ueretaro 
were  insutficient  to  keej)  under  control  the  ubiquitous 
guci'rilhi  bands.  Meantime,  however,  Garcia  Condo 
and  Miguel  del  Canipo  were  rendering  good  sei'vico 
in  their  respectlvi!  localities.  Jose  de  la  Luz  Gutierrez, 
at  the  head  of  4,000  men  well  provided  with  arms, 
was  signally  routed  at  San  Luis  de  la  l^iz,''''  and 
Alliino  Garcia  sustained  a  similar  defeat  in  the  val- 
li'V  of  Santiairo.^* 


I'lii 


I: 


When  Cruz  returned  to  Guadalajara  after  his  suc- 
cessful recovery  of  To[)ic  and  San  Bias,  he  applied 
himself  with  his  natural  activity  to  the  su})pression 
•  it'  I  he  rebellion  in  other  porti(,)ns  of  the  province.  The 
]iiinripal  districts  disatfjet<.;l  were  those  represented 
liy  the  important  towns  of  Zacoalca,  Sayula,  and  Za- 
]iothui,  and  on  the  2Gth  of  February,  Cruz  despatched 
('a[)tain  Porlier  with  thegreater  portimi  lA'  the  troops 

'-'L:i  insurreccion  cstii  todavia  miiy  li\ii)s  (lu  caliniir;  clla  rctona  coiiio  la 
liiilia,  a  iir(i[K)rciou  ([lu;   se  curtail   sus  cahozati.'  /jii.-<f'tiii(iiil(\  CdiiiiHii'ia.^  dii 

ci'/.;,,.  i'_>7. 

"  Till' action  took  placo  oil  the  .Itli  of  .fiily.  Francisi'o  (inizariM'iti'^\M', 
till.'  iJllicLT  ill  coiiiiiiaii(t  of  tlio  royalistrt,  fcceivol  Callcja's  liinliest  ('oiniiKMiila- 
tiiiii  uu  tins  oooasioii.  ifn~..  d'  Mix.,  lSlI,ii.  7'>l>.  In  suli.s('i|Ufiit  o|ioratioiis 
t-iviTil  Icailiiii;  iiisurgL'iit  chiefs  wcro  captured  ami  shot.  Among  them  was 
Lu/,  <l;itierrcz. 

"Oil  tlio  'JUth  of  June.  Garcfalost  five  cannon,  ami  was  prevented  by  this 
tit  fc;it  from  approaching  .Salamanca,  where  he  had  great  iutliience.  Gaz.  de 
M'x.,  1811,  ii.  74'.). 


Ill 


824 


r.STABLISHMKXT  OF  TIU:  JUNTA  l»i;  ZITACL'AlKi. 


at,^;iinst  tliat  rc'Li'ion,  iiistnictiiiu^  liim  to  cxLCutu  ni(;>t 
cxciiijilary  ])iiiiis]iiiK'iit  iijxm  the  rebels.-''  ^\t  Zaco- 
alco  Mild  Suyulu  J?<ii"lirr  jiu't  with  no  opposition,  tli.' 
insurgents  retreatin;.^'  Ix^lore  liini  in  tlie  dii'fcl  inn  ui" 
Zapotliin;  but  on  tlie  od  of  ]\Iareh  lie  fbuglit  tbcin 
at  some  little  distance  I'roni  that  town  and  dcti'.-iliMl 
tliem.  Xo  (litKenlty  was  experienced  ]ty  him  in  iv 
lucinjj;'  t(»  .subjection  the  other  towns  which  h,  d 
shown  svmptoms  of  rev(.)lt  in  tliat  region."'  J*orli(i' 
now  int(;n<led  to  advance  farther  southward,  and  sen! 
ibrward  Manuel  del  liio  to  Colinia,  but  the  li;)stll;' 
attitude  of  tlie  Indians  in  the  tei-ritoi'V  of  Colotlnii 
and  Xayarit  ibrced  ('ruz  to  ivcall  the  laru'er  ])ort;();i 
of  the  ti'oo[)S.  (Adleja  had  des[)atclied  i'rom  Zicatc- 
(•:is  the  cura  of  ^NFatehuala,  Jose  Francisco  AI\;nv/., 
uitli  a  division  of  the  trt)ops  of  the  proviiicias  intcina-. 
ag-aiiist  the  revolted  district;  but  on  the  27th  of  ManK 
tlie  l)eHiL;;erent  ])adre  was  repulsed  near  the  town,  b'  - 
iii^'  badlv  wounded,  and  (.-ifcctinn"  his  retreat  witlidii" 
liculty.  Xej^rete  was  therefore  sent  with  ii  ibj  ,-c  frnia 
Xueva  Galicia,  and  more  successful  tlian  Ahaicz. 
roon  reduced  all  the;  towns  in  the  I'eg'ion  between 
(\)lotlan  ami  Juclii[)ila.''  Zapotlan,  howevei',  on  the 
withdrawal  of  the  rovalist  troops,  an'ain  revoltecf  ami 
Xeti'i'ete  nroceetlinn"  tliither  iiiHieti'd  a  sevei'e  defeat 
Upon  tlie  insurgents  on  the  (!th  of  May.^'  Xeverlhe- 
less,  the  revolution  in  Xueva  (Jalicia  was  not  easily 
eratbcated,  and  C'ruz  aiul  his  officers  were  kept  in  con- 
stant occupation  in  one  [lart  or  other  of  tli(!  [)io\in(e. 
On  the  liath  of  June,  lioj)ing  to  strike;  an  etfective  blow 
ut  the  ringleaders,  he  issued  a  proclamation  oiferiiig 


''('ni/.  ill  Ills  iiistniL'tions  to  Torlii  r  siiys:  'No  ilovo  iipi'ilonaisc  laviiti  .i 
iiin.ynu  rcveldu  .si'ii  ilu  In.  claso,  cDiulicioii,  y  cdad  (^ul'  I'iumv.'  Ih  riiumli:  H 
Jhmilns,  Col.  Dor.,  iii.  •J-J4. 

"'Si(>  his  cdiTi'spoiuloiice  with  Cruz  tliiriiii;  I'r 


11(1  Maivh  (if  thi^  uMn 


II 


t  rn 


iik/izi/  Jj'jrdlo/i,  Col.  J)iK\,  iii.  •_'J[-;i."i,  •JHI-li 


Col.    l>OI 


lie  Mi.v.,  ISII,  ii.  411;  r,i,-t,-ili'  Xiyr-li',  in  //- 
iii.  'J70---'. 


(A:  //  Di'ii'iil'i 


ile  M, 


ISII,  ii.    .»( 


>( 


The  h'adcr  of  tlic  iiisar^ciits  \\ai  t!if 


'iiifaiiu!  lego  (ialliij.'a,'  \\\m  n'tircd  w  ith  a.  few  l'iii!')\V(i's  to  Toiiialliiu.  .Ahiut 
the  I  lid  of  August  l^o  was  tliflc  taken  iirisoiKTiiiid  shot.  .[I  iiikui,  U'i"!.  M'j', 
ii.  '2'M--M. 


-A 


PROVixcK  ov  m;:xico. 


n-j.j 


1T\V, 

a!iv 


lor  the  delivery  «»r  iiisuri'i'iit 


C.lH-'lS,    ( 


lead 


or 


These  striiiu^enl,  measures,  howowr,  \vi'i'ciit;t 
LU'rcttial.  Ill  order  to  corresijoiid  with  (  alleja's  wislK-;., 
;iii(l  coiipcrato  with  hiiu  in  the  [iroteclioii  ol'  Zacatr- 
aiid  .Vgiiascalieiites,  Xe^'i'ete  and  C'oIoulI  ^lainul 
1  Rio  were  des])at(']ied  with  eoiisiderahk'  detae'h- 
uts    ai;ainst    diilert'iit    bodies    of    the   insuru'eiit.;. 


f;i~ 


nil 


Tlifse  ollieer.s  defeated  the  ('iieisiy  in  a  nunilu'r  of  cii- 
oaueiiu'iils  foiin-ht  dtu'iiig  the  months  of  .Innoto  Sej)- 
tiiiihif,  while  two  otlier  d.ivisions,  resj)efti\ol_v  nn 
t'lc  conraiands  of  .Vn'j'el  Jjinares  and  Colonel  Pastuiv 


uei 


did  !>0()d  servic;e 


•j.) 


!  hiring-  this  ]>eriod  the  rehdlion  develoju-d  to  a 
!.i,i(a(  extent  in  tlie  })rovinee  of  Mexico,  and  ilie  [)rox- 
i.iiitv  of  the  insni'^^'nt  bands  whicli  soon  infested  it 
lint  oiilv  caused    thi;   vicerov   increased   anxielv,   hut 


cX|ii)--e( 


I  t! 


le   weakne 


)f  the    <••  )vc.M'nnie!it   in    I 


M'ln 


uualile   to   8Li[»[)ress    ]io>:tihtu's   cari'U'd    on    ah.nosi    in 
si'dit   of  tlie   capital.     .VlthoU!.;-li    Jlidalgo   liad    hee!i 


nil 


■<i  iccess 


iiroai 


r.'\-M!i 


fid 


in   I'oiisnur  nmc'i  eiitnusiasiti  (Uirin'''  ni 


th 


I  into  ]\[exico,  Ik;  had  sowed  well  tl 


le  scei 


ii'ion.     His  departure  did   not  allay  the  a^i- 
l:iti  'M  ill  the  towns  of  the  'I'ohica  N'alley,  and  it  spread 


r:!!i|  llv  to 


I'll.ll'O. 


I  lose  o 


f  ^i: 


tinascaltei>e( 


It. 


Sulti 


el)ec 


aiK 


I  Z 


i!a- 


.Vlt!iou'.di  authority  was  (quickly  reestablished 
ill  ihe  ciiy  of  Toluca,  the  country  was  soon  overrun 
liy  guerrilla  bands.  Haciendas  and  (hesnialh>r  towns 
v.iii-  attar-ked  and  '•:'.Li'''ed,  coiuinunication  between 
t'ii'  oatlyiiiy,'  cities  and  the  ca[)ilal  was  almost  closed, 
tra\<'l  oil  the  hiidiwavs  was  iiii])ossiblu  without  stroir'- 
I  ^I'ei'ls,  and  sentinels  were  lassoed  at  the  very  j;'at(.'s 
ct' the  clty.-^     The  viceroy  at  first  attem[)tcd   tl 


le  or- 


''TIio  rewards  ofTorcl  wciv  propirtumiito  to  the  iiiilitiiry  t,''"t'l(s,  the 
It-i'.ilii-s  liciiig  rated  iit  S.'iOt)  a  head,  their  colnnel.s  at  !?.'!0l»,  ssuh-ollieerM  at 
••^hiit.  anil  an  oriliiiary  individual  at  S'lO.  Cm/  in  tlie  same  proelamatioii  eii- 
iii.lrd  that  ill  every  tnuii  wldeli  had  lapsed  into  revolt  after  the  exteii.'siiMi  of 
til  •  iadii' 
</.  .1/. 


iti)  til  it,  all  tlio  rebelliou.i  iiiliahilaiita  should  l»o  put  to  death.    <i 


'II.. 


Isll, 


■)ii.  7*i;!-(i,  SI  I  11.  s:?(;-s.  m;;  70:  //, 


111.  '.'ST-!!,  •_':i.-i  (i,  ;ilU- 


Wanl,  J/t.c.  ill  ISJ:,  i.  ISO. 


:i'js-;i,  :i;j'j-i, 


■i-i). 


.08, 


ill  ~.  V  l)acal'n<,  Col. 
170-1. 


i' 


hi 


III 


320 


KSTABLISIIMKNT  OF  THE  JUNTA  DK  ZITACL'ARO. 


iL;';inizati()ii  of  \()liiiiti'L'r  troops  of  ljor??e  supported  liy 
siibsciiplioii;  l)ut  this  force  proved  a  lUiliiro.-^  lir 
tiler.  aj)poiiited  Juan  liauti.sta  de  la  Torre,  a  captain 
of  the  reu'iuient  of  Trcs  A'illas,  militarv  counuaiidrr 
of '^Foluca,  and  assio-ned  to  him  a  strong;  body  of  i'cl;u- 
L 


irs 


To  describe  all  the  operations  of  "^fon'e   would  1 


'1 
enteriiiu'   into  monotonous   details  ot   simil; 


10 


ir    evi'iits. 


IL 


)rocee( 


le.l 


aiiainst   the  r 


J- 


1(1   duriiiu'   that  and    the;    threi;   succeediii<>'  months 


ai 


Ll'umed  a  number  ot  VK'tori 


,'bels  eariv  m  Jamiaiv 
li 


f 


l)V  which  h(,'  red 


Ucc 


the  valleys  of  Toluca  and  '^Peniascalte[)ec.  About  llic 
l)eL;'inning  of  .V[)i'il,  however,  the  iiilial)itants  of  ducn- 
tillan  au'ain  rose  in  ix>\'ol(:.  The  \icerov  oi'dured  Toric 
to  chastise  tlu'iii  and  clear  the  highway  to  \  allad'.ilid 
of  guerrilla,  bands.  On  the  lolli,  alter  two  hours 
and  a  half  of  incessant  iiring,  Torre  entered  ,](»■!)- 
tit  Ian,  "ha\ing  had  th(>  j)articular  pleasui'e  of  lc;i\!ng 
lour  hundred  dead  U[)on  the  lield,"  whicli    he  bcli.'xcl 


won 


hi 


act  as  a  restraint  ujxmi 


^tl 


K!  enemies  o 


t   ( 


il>); 


tl 


le  Kmi 


an( 


1  tl 


]()   CO 


untrv, 


jitacuaro,  in 


:^ri 


clioacan,  s 


till 


remamet 


1  in  tl 


IC  l)(i\\M' 


le  insur' 


jeiits  under  ]3enedicto  Lopez,  wh 


o  iia;|  si 


z 

oftl 

tained  \arious  defeats  at  the  hands  of  1'orre.  Tlio 
town,  sui'rounded  by  lofty  hills  on  all  sides,  can  only 
be  a]>proached  by  three  dei'p  and  narr(»w  caiiMis, 
namely,  those  of  San   ]\[ateo,  Tuxpan,  and  los   L.ei- 


reies; 


an 


(1    J^opez,    driven    trom   \)hv'c   to   ] 


hlacc    111 


the   less   rugginl  valley  of  Toluca,  had  taken   refugi. 


,,.|, 


10  iiaiiio  <i 


f  ijii 


art 


tiiiiif 


iitrniii   rniriiitr  \va><  givoii 


to  tliis  f^i-cc. 


!Mora,  the  uutrai'cs  cmimiittt'il  liv  it  wen 


wor.-io  tiiaii  thu: 


A  tl 


U'i'iiriliii::  1" 
u'  ill  ur.'i'U.s, 


Jh 


/.    11  .-'lUf 


/.'tr.'iv.  I: 


Torre  was  a  native  of  Spain,  l)eiiiL'  burn  in  tlie  niounlain.s  uf  SaiitaiiUi'. 


'(.Viiisult  ^' 

''I'nn 


</,'  .lA- 


ISI 


ii.  4:1, 


fuitl 


s|ilayeil 


1   in   a  niei'ui 


fill 


a  straiiLre  ini\tnr(.' 


savKPiir. 


,f 


IC,  -JJI-T,  •-';!.•  S,  -Jd.-)  :.'). 
lucrrilcss  Hcveritv  aiiil  icli'-'inii-* 


Jle  iiiTsecuted   the  iiisiir^'eiits,   not  m 


leliels,  hut  as  uretehos  east  outside  tin;  jiale  of  the  ehurrli  hy  ('xeoiiiiiiiini- 
ealioii.  His  cruelty  anil  faiiatieal  |ii(^ty  are  well  illustrated  in  a  )>roel.i:!i:i- 
tioii  which  ho  addressed  to  the  iiihaliitants  of  Temascaltepec  on  the  I  Itii  •  f 


.M 


ucli. 


\V1 


ille  o 


eluiles  liy  wislnn 


ll'erin^'  them  t'lo  elioiee  of  the  iiidiilto  >u'  death.  In 
them,  with  the  lord's  grace,  all  haiipiness.   /'/. .  1 


^''Bdahiiniiiil'',  C'uiiijftrnis  dc  ('(t'I'Jii,  \',u.     See  map  previously  given. 


DKATII  OF  TOURK. 


n27 


ill  tlic  iMoiuitain  wilds  of  Zitiicuaro.  Ton-o,  liavinjjf 
;iilvaiu-o(l  during'  ilxc  iiiglit  U[)  the  San  Matoo  canon, 
iit  (layliglit  on  tlie  i!'2(l  of  A[n'il  attarki'd  tlio  town, 
his  force  consisting'  of  700  men  provided  with  artil- 
li'i'v.  At  tlie  openinjif  of  the  en<jfa<xenient  tlie  in- 
iiiitrv  led    l»y  AY'ntura   oSIora,  second   in  coniniand. 


gained   sonic  advantai-e.      ])V  a  ira 


dlant 


charLi'e 


th 


■y 


iii.-i( 


le  themselvi'S  masters  of  the  hill  of  the  Calvai'io, 


•h   connnanded  the  town;    but  th 


oni 


tl 


lev  ca!i- 


turcd  the  enemy's   n'mis,   they  Avei'c   nnahle   to  hold 


III 


ir    jiosition    again 


>t     tl 


le    immense    numiiei's    l)v 


•jiich  they  avci'c  in  turn  assailed.      ]\loi-a  and  Cap- 


tain 


I 


lUera  were  slam,  aiK 


d  tl 


le   soldiers 


l.rol 


<e  a  IK 


ran  to  the  artilleiy  for  refug'e.  J?ursuers  and  piii'- 
>ue(l,  howeyer,  were  so  intermingled  that  the  artil- 
li'i'vmen  couLl   not  fire  \yitliout  inllictimj;  heavy  loss 


upon 


tl 


leir    own    men: 


aiK 


1    tl 


le    crowd    rusiiiiiL!'    m 


aiiionij'  the  ranks  of  the  main  body  threw  it  into 
I'liiifusion.  Finding  it  impossihlo  to  arivst  tln^  jviiiic, 
Tnrre  tried  a  retreat  by  the  M'ay  he  had  come. 
When  he  had  reached  the  narrow  entrance  to  the 
cahoii,  however,  he  found  that  a  breastwork  of  loose 
stones  had  bi-eii  thrown  uji,  behind  which  a  host 
had  collected  to  cut  him   olf.      His   destruction  was 


;nw 


Certain.     The    soldiers    lost    all    lio[>e.      A    1 


e-w 


<i!ily   escaped   to    tell   the    tale,      '^foi're    })ri'[)ared    for 
(li'alh.      lie  confessed  to  Padre  Arevalo,  tlie  cura  of 


aliniiaJuja,  who  acc()nii)amtM 


d  h 


m 


ant 


I  tl 


len  under 


lii--  guidance  end(>avoi'ed  to  (>scape  from  the  tra[)  he 
Lad  riitin'ed.      Acconi[)anied  by  a  few  horsemen,  he 


SUCCCl'dlM 

iiig    day 


I   in  extricating  himself,  and  on   ih 


jollow 


ex'eii    i)asse( 


d   T 


uxi)an    wi 


tl 


lout 


ani 


\ing  at  the    hacierida    of   Xaripeo,    1 


liarm. 
lowevei' 


On 


lie 


was  cajitured  with  his  companions  by  InMiedicto   l^o- 
I'lZ  and  taken  back  to  Tuxpau.     As  they  crossed  tlu; 


idge  of  that  town  Torre  was  killed  by  the  nati 


\e 


Who 


W 


diowered  stones  upon  him  until  his  dead  body 
as   covered.     TlkJ   fruits   of  this  victv.i_)    were   the 


ill 


')% 


J- 


3-8         ESTADLLSILMEXT  OF  THE  JUNTA  Di:  ZITACUARO. 

capturo  of  all  the  eiieiiiy's  arms,  auimunitiuu,  *^uiis, 
uikI  baggage,  and  iiioi'e  than  oOO  })risoiiers. 

llayoii  was  at  this  ihue  at  Tusantla;  and  on  receijit 
of  the  inij)()rtant  news  hastened  to  Zitaenai'o,  wheix; 
he  assumed  connnand.  With  consitleiahle  skill  lu; 
pr()ee(;ded  to  put  the  town  in  a  state  of  defence,  I'cco;;- 
nizing  the  inij)ortanc(!  or'  its  ])osition  as  a  centi';.l 
point  of  operati'.)n.  A  ditch  was  cut  round  it  li\e 
varas  wide  anil  a  league  in  circunifei'ence,  which  coull 
be  converted  at  will  into  a  moat  by  inundating  it 
from  an  extensive  dam  with  which  Zitacuaro  was  piM- 
vided.  Behind  the  ditch  a  concentric  barricade  tluv.! 
varas  in  width  was  erected,  all  the  assailable  portinii  ^ 
of  it  beinijf  covered  with  cann(jn,  the  number  of  wliiciL 
was  increased  as  rapidh'  as  guns  could  be  turned  out 
of  the  foundry  which  Ilajon  had  cstablislied.  Tli' 
roads  also  leading  into  the  town  were  closed  again- 1 
hostile  ap[)roach  by  ditches  and  breastworks  of  tii!)- 
ber. 

The  defeat  of  Torre  and  destruction  of  his  divisioii 
almost  neutralized  the  previt)us  advantages  gained  by 
him.  Conununication  between  Valladolid  and  tlu." 
ca|)ital  was  entirely  closed,  and  the  valley  of  Tohica 
left  open  to  the  insurgents.  Venogas,  in  this  extremity, 
being  unable  to  detach  any  more  forces  from  tho. ',■ 
retained  in  the  cai)ital,  had  recourse  to  those  undei' 
tho  connnand  of  Emparan,  who,  contrary  to  the  orders 
of  Calleja,  had  approached  toward  Valladolid.  That 
commander  was,  therefore,  instructed  to  unite  h:  ^ 
division  with  the  forces  under  the  lieutenant-colon, 1 
Jose  Castro,  then  at  Tultenango,  and  proceed  witli 
all  possible  despatch  against  Zit:icuaro.  This  separ;i- 
tion  <jf  Emparan's  im[)ortant  Jivisiou  from  the  army 
of  the  centre  caused  Calleja  great  annoyance,  and 
from  this  time  date  the  ditferences  Avliich  ai'ose 
between  him  and  the  viceroy,  and  which  afterwarl 
develo[)ed  into  ])ersonai  cnnnty.  Emparan,  wh  > 
estimated  more  correctly  than  the  viceroy  the  diiii- 
culty  of  the  undertaking,  was  not  inclined  to  engag  j 


DEFEAT  OF  EMPARAX. 


329 


iii  it  without  luiviiin"  lirst  made!  ovoiy  I'easoiiahlo 
jiroparation,  Yv'itli  tliis  oLjcct  !io  occupied  liimscll' 
lor  souiu  tiuie  at  ^laravatio  in  [)utting  iu  g«.)oil  oidor 
his  arlilleiy  trains  arul  arnis,  in  osjI lectin;^'  supplies 
){'  [trovisioiis,  by  iiiloi'iniii;j;  liiiiiselt'  tliroUL>'Ii  s[)ic.s  of 


11 


IC  s 


tvvw. 


titli  an( 


)0!S 


itioi 


I  o 


1'  tl 


lo  cneinv,  aiu 


1  iiiak 


lit'. 


liliiiscli"  ac(piaintc(l  with  the  topoo-ra|)hy  (,>t'  the  (li^ 


trict.     Thi. 


[)ru 


iloiit 


clolav  rjavu  uini)ia<>'e 


to    'V 


eiio- 


L^as,  who,  ill  laco  of  Torre's  late  disaster,  hliudly 
regarded  the  capture  of  Zitiicuaro  as  presentlnL;;  HtlK; 
(litHcuh'y;^'  and  in  his  conmumicatioiis  with  Callcja  he 


r.\lircs:ie( 


1   liis   dissatisi'actioii   at  Eini) 


[)ar, 


ui  s    ( 


hhit 


ori- 


lu'ss,  wroni^ly  attributing  it  to  want  of  energy  and 


IIK 


lination. 


Akhough  Venegas  Nvas  anxious  to  j)laco  the  expedi- 
tion under  souie  other  lea(K.'r,  circumstances  prevented 
his  doing  so,  and  he  ordered  Eni[);ii'an  to  advance 
against  Zitiicuaro  without  further  dehiy.  ]unp;iran 
;uT(irdingly,  thougli  suH'oring  in  health,  led  out  his 
division,  composed  of  2,000  of  the  best  troops  of  Ca- 


ic  a,  s 


u'lny,  and  by  forced  marches  under  drenchi 


ii'jr 


rains  arrived  on  the  1 'Jth  of  Ji 


vitl 


une  v.'itiun  six  leagues 


I  I'h'  town. 
)ll;)\v(.' 


Ent 


erinu"  I) 


y 


tl 


le  same  canon  as 


that 


and 


d  by  Torre,  lor  two  days  the   royalist   army 
'i  great  dlMicuhy  pursuetl  its  march  U[)  the  narrow 
rnggiul  bed,  continually  impeded  by  obstructions 


tiii'>)wn   m 


the 


WJ 


I}'   ly   the   iiisurgeiits. 


iUjerging 


iiin 


the  n'looniv  ravine  on  to  the  more  open  u'round 
glen  in   which  Zitucuaro  was  situated,  Einj)a- 


raii   too! 


UI 


X  position  on   the   2  1st,  in   front  of  th^ 


gel  It 


IV  risiULi'  o 


1 

levat 


ion    of    i^Or: 


:,L 


ill 


uizaniUos  near 


th 


i  :|i 


-' 'Siruilu  iiiiliiiliil)lo.' lie  writes  Calloja,  'i|uc  la  iTuiiiou  do  Zitiicnaro  c'3 
il'sjnvfiablt',  y  <|UL'  il  siux'so  dosi^i'auiail;),' t'aafc  i.-t,  of  Turru,  'fiu^  cl'ccto  do 
haljci-j  diri;3'iilo  lual.'  Jlui'diiinnff,  Ca,ii/"iri'ii  (li>  ('iil/'Jn,  l'2;!-4. 

'■'l '.ilk'ja  liad  already  tVirwardcd  Lvnuplaiiits  tu  tlio  viceroy  injiiriciiis  (o 
Liiip.i'.iiii.  Veiiof^as  thus  iiillueiioeil  was  not  sparing  of  liiiii,  and  tnlil  C.dleja 
t  lilt  it  would  ho  neecssary  for  him  to  conio  and  tako  ehiirge  of  thi'  e\[)>'ililioii. 
l-'ulK  ja,  however,  explained  to  the  viceroy  how  iiiii)ossible  it  would  lie  for  him 
t)  d-j  w)  at  tha  presv'iit  time,  and  . suggested  that  tho  eonimaiid  bo  given  to 
rniiiilo.  /./.,  I'j;!-,").  As  the  reader  is  aware,  TrujiUo's  position  lit  tliis  ti;;io 
prcv;ukL'd  llio  possibility  of  his  leaving  V'uUadolid. 


n 


■  ' 


■   '\ 


'  : 


V  \ 


Hii 


n 
} 

I! 


r,ro 


ESTABLISHMIZXT  OF  THE  JL'XTA  PE  ZIT.VCU.MJO. 


t :)\vii,-'  Oil  \\\v  fiillowiny  (lay  tliu  royulists  to;)!;  ]ios- 
scission  of  the  hill  \vitli(>iit  difticiilty,  and  also  roiittd 
a  sfroiit,'  body  of  iii.siir_L''tiits,  (jstiuuitod  at  10,000  or 
]-,000,  wliicli  assailfd  their  roar;  hut  all  attempts 
to  tako  the  town  ^vel■e  prevented  hy  the  (Htch,  whirli 
\\i\H  lilh.'d  Avith  water  and  defo'iided  by  well  tiaiiied 
infantrv  under  cover  of  the  barricade.'*'  After  nine 
liours'  ii^-htinLj;-,  durini;'  which  the  troops  suH'cnd 
]iea\y  hiss,  Eni])aran  withdi'ew  to  L(.'S  Manzanillos, 
VvJiei'i;  his  soldiers  bivouacked,  comfortless  and  (hs- 
sjtirited."' 

When  the  dull  morninjjf  came  with  its  leaden,  rain- 
char<je(l  skv,  the  royalist  leader  recoj2^nized  the  hoin- 
lessness  of  any  i'urther  attempt  aL>'ainst  Ziti'icuaro. 
^Jhe  Li'round  on  which  they  had  fought  on  the  ijreced- 
ing  day  was  inundated  and  was,  indeed,  an  ini{)assal);.' 
swamp.  ]-^ael;ing  means  of  crossing  the  moat,  an; I 
A\ithout  provisions  or  ammunition,  Emp;iran  cursed 
in  his  heart  the  viccro}'  who  had  forced  him  for- 
ward against  his  better  judgment.  Retreat  was  thu 
only  course  left;  and  mustering  into  line,  he  retiii  :1 
through  the  canon  to  Toluca,  his  force  reduced  one 
half.''^  Here,  prostrated  by  fatigue  and  exposure,  the 
wound  received  on  his  head  at  the  battle  of  Caldenm 

-^r>iistaiiianto  say.s  tliat  F^iuparan  sent  out  two  (Ictaclimcnta  to  forage,  one 
ill  tlio  ilircvtit)!!  of  .San  Matoo,  ami  the  other  toward  the  town  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, ami  that  tlio  liist  was  entirely  de.stroyed  l)y  the  Indian)^,  while  the 
oUicr  only  .saved  itfself  ))y  liight.  i'lmd.  I  list.,  i.  '21A.  Mora  also  tVillow.s  tliiti 
occonnt.  Mij.  ij  huh  Jlcv.,  iv.  LSG.  Eniparan,  in  his  rojiort  to  the  viceivy, 
inalus  no  mention  of  these  reverses.  Gaz.  do.  Mex.,  ISIJ,  ii.  5;)S;  nunlois 
Alaman, 

^"^\niong  tlie  infantry  were  200  soldiei'sof  the  regiment  of  Tres  Villas  and 
]0()  de.scriers  from  the  ^'arrison  at  X'alladolid.  Atdntan,  lli-t.  JIiJ.,  ii.  'M'>. 

^' linstamante  .state.s  that  diu'injf  the  iiiyht  great  alarm  was  eaused  hy  a 
stiatagem  of  Jtayon".s,  '.rlio  fastened  paper  lanterns  to  <lrove.s  of  donkeys, 
Vihieh  were  then  driven  toward  the  royalist  camp,  t'uwl.  Hist.,  i.  22.").  .Mo;a 
enlarges  upon  this  .story,  and  .says  that  Einpilrau's  soldiers  were  thus  ihruuu 
into  panie.  JA;',  ii  nv.-i  lt(V.,  iv.  1S8.  Eniparan,  in  his  report,  however,  af- 
liims,  'en  hi  iioelio  no  se  advirtio  eosa  (pie  niereeicra  ateneion.'  (/«;.  dc  Mcx., 
Jhll,  ii.  GOl. 

^'-  liiiytutiuiHtc,  CiKi'f.  in.-i/.,  i.  22.').  'Logro  por  fin  llcgar  a  Tohna,  inn 
poco  ineiios  de  (piinieiitos  homhres,  eomo  coiista  de  la  revi.sta  que  [lor  (iidcii 
del  virey  le  pasii  eu  esta  eiiidad  el  conde  de  Alcaraz.'  Mora,  Mij.  >/  ••^us  /i''/-., 
iv.  ISS.  Tlie  aecounts  given  ))y  Alaman  and  Biistaniaute  of  this  disa  t(r 
dill'er  considerably.  Tlu!  former  follows  in  the  main  the  report  of  CalkjiV 
given  in  O'uz.  de  Jlex.,  1811,  ii.  597-004. 


THE  VICEROY  IX  PAXOER. 


831 


l)ri';ikiny  out  a<j,'aiii,  Empilraii  lay  at  the  ])()iiit  of 
(Ic.itli.  lli.s  conditioii  did  not,  liowcvcr,  ])i"0V('Mt  A^cmio- 
ti.is  iVoiii  vi'iitiiiu  his  Avi-atli  ui^oii  tlic  iiid'ortuiiato  chief. 
The  fault  was  altogether  his  own,  but  ho,  being  ruler, 
must  have  some  one  t(j  throw  the  blame  u})on.  JIo 
sent  the  conde  de  Alcaraz  to  Toluea  to  investigate. 
Disgusted  at  the  treatment,  as  .soon  as  his  health  [ter- 
I'.itted,  ICmparan  asked  permission  to  return  to  S[)ain, 
although  the  result  of  the  investigation  left  him  with- 
(Mit  ])rijudice.  ]Iis  recpiest  was  granted.  On  his  ar- 
lival  in  the  peninsula  he  retired  from  militar}' service, 
aiid  died  shortly  afterward.  Thus  ended  the  cart;er 
(if  one  of  the  few  royalist  chiefs  who,  while  no  less 
1  lave  than  com[)etent,  was  able  to  temper  success 
with  mercy. 


While  those  reverses — vvhich  were  the  more  pro- 
nounced bv  reason  of  the  coincident  successes  of 
}I()relos  in  the  south,  and  the  aggressive  o|)erations 
of  the  insurgents  at  Valladolld — V\'ero  causing  A'^ene- 
gas  great  anxiety,  an  unforeseen  [)eril  was  thi'eaten- 
iiig  liim  in  the  capital.  As  early  as  April  a  jilot  was 
Iniined  to  seize  the  person  of  the  viceroj-,  and  force 
liiiii  to  give  orders  for  the  release  of  ]:Ii(hdgo  and  liis 
Icilow-captivcs.  The  prime  mover  was  Dona  Mariana 
liodriguez  do  Lazarin,  a  woman  of  great  daring  and 
devotion  to  the  cause,"^  and  with  such  en(}rgy  and 
t.ict  did  she  manage  the  matter  that  the  p^aiis  of  the 
(■inspirators  were  alroad}'"  arranged  and  the  day  ap- 
pointed. On  the  evening  before  this  day,  however, 
oik;  of  them,  Jose  Alaria  Oallardo,  mindful  tliat  ho 
iiii'-iit  lose  his  life  in  the  coming  adventure,  bethou-'iit 
liiiii  to  })rovide  for  the  saving  of  his  soul  by  confessing 
t  I  l\ulre  Camargo  of  la  Alerced,  divulging  thei'ein 
the  particulars  of  the  conspiracy.  (  amargo  imme- 
tliaicly  informed  the  viceroy,  and  Gallardo,  who  v/as 

■MVIifii  tlic  ranks  of  the  iiidopcndcnt  party  were  in  di-apiiir  at  tlio  ncwa 
lit  tiiu  CM'iitiuv  of  Hiit'.liio,  Diifia  !!SIiii'i;ina  at  a,  nicetin^ir  in  her  Ikiusu  propobcil 
t  I  siizo  the  viceroy,  and  obtain  tlio  rcluasc  of  tlio  captives  or  hau^;  him.  Z'-re- 
C'  iv,  Man.  R<:v.  Max.,  359.     Tliis  was  tlic  origin  of  the  April  conspiracy. 


■  t" 
t. 


332 


]:st.\i;i.i->iimi:nt  ov  thi-:  junta  dh  zitacuauo. 


ti|)|U"(.'lu'n(li'(l  w  illiout  loss  of  tiiiit',  in  ii^jrct  tciiMr  dis- 
closed the  liiinies  of  all'coiicenied.  A  miliilKi'  uci-,' 
arrested  that  ni'^'lit;  and  as  I'lirilier  iiil'oniiatlon  was 
]L;'aiiieil,  a  gi-eat  many  jiersoiis  of  lii^ii  position  wer.' 
found  to  be  iniplicatt.Ml.'"  Donu  Mariana  and  her  Inis- 
hand  wore  eonliiied  in  a  dungeon  till  Deceinbi-r  I;-i^(), 
when  tliey  were  hheiated  l)y  the  exertions  of  Z>i'  - 
cero.  Although  it  does  not  a|i|)(!ar  that  any  execu- 
tions IMlowed  the  tHsc()\ery  of  this  [)lot,  many  m" 
those  ai'rested  lan^'uished  for  a  Ion;.;'  time  in  ini-oa.  ' 
'J'he  faihire  of  this  cons|)iracy  did  not,  howexci',  de- 
ter others.  JMots  tliicl;ened  in  the  capital,  and  v.lw.i 
tlie  failure  of  .l']in[);iran's  attack  upon  Zitacuaro  hcciia  ■ 
known,  the  bokler  i'ons[)irators,  hopin:^^  to  deal  a  11;:- 
ishing'  hlow  at  royalist  power  in  Xew  8[tain,  au.ii.i 
formed  a  plot  to  seize  the  viceroy.  Their  jil. in  waU  > 
attack  his  escort  on  the  ;}(1  of  AuL,nist,  while  he  v,;i. 
taking;'  his  customary  eveniuL;"  ride,  in  the  [)a<eo  (K'  U 
Vi^'a,  and  haxing'  secured  his  [)erson,  tt)  conduct  iiiia 
to  Zitacuai'o,  and  deli  \er  him  into  the  [)ower  of  IJun  m. 
There  he  would  he  coerced  to  issue  orders  consiga::!  ;• 
the  provernment  of  the  kin;.;'d()m  to  llayon."'  iliii 
ag'ain  a  traitor  rLiari^'d  tlio  plot  on  the  eve  of  its  a, - 
complislunent.  On  the  night  of  the  'Jd,  out^  (  Vist(>- 
hal  ^lorante,  who  had  atten;led  the  last  meeling  of 
thec()ns[)irators  v,  hen  tlieir  plans  v.-ero  finallyai'rang'd, 
(.lenounced  the  iM'oceediiiLi's  to  VeneLjas,'"  who  inmic- 
diately  gave  orders  for  necessaiy  i):'ecautions  to  l>.' 
taken.  On  the  following  morning  the  pi-indpal  con- 
spirators were  arrested,  and  in  orde'r  to  all.;iy  the  agi- 
tation caused  bv  tiio  dis'-ovei'V  and  the  milittU'V  mcas- 
ures  taken,  the  viceroy  on  the  same  day  issued  a 
proclamation  informingthe  })ubiic  of  whathad  occuri'c  I. 

^'  Among  tlu'iii  riiilro  Bclannzaran,  nftcrwar.l  bislmp  of  Moiitt'rey,  tlio 
liKU'(jui:i  of  Itay.is,  tho  fuiiiits  of  Saiui:iLCo,  Jtuijla,  and  .Mciliua,  and  st-v- 
t'l'ul  liiuli  olauials  in  lliu  .s^  rvioo  (,i  tlio  govei'miicui. 

^■•('oiisulb  /Instil iii(iiil<\  MiuilrvL,  jip.  .")!;  aii'i  Mi.i:.  Hi-fat.  A.  tic.  Fond  >, 
\'l.     /eivci-ro  \va;^  tlie  aiiLlior  of  tho  woik  (juoLud  in  uoto  W.i. 

'■''-(.'iizilc  Mcx.,  1811,  ii.  780. 

^'  BiistaiDaiito  crroiieuiisly  states  that  it  was  a  woiiiaii  who  divulged  tliu 
Jilot.  t'iiud.  JJift.,  i.  'JjJ. 


coxsriHACY  ciiusHi:ri. 


383 


riwrccdiiurs  were  at  (iiico  hrotiLjlit  nLjaiiistthc  prisoii- 
iis.  and  tlic'ii-  trials  coMductL'd  with  tlu^  iitiuw  t  lia-tc 
^i.\  of  tiicm  were  coiidciniu'd.  t;,  ilcatli,  and  i-xccnti'*! 
(<n  lIiD  "JUth  of  tin;  saiiu-  inoiitli."' 

AnioiiiLf  those  arrested  \\\\\'  tlii'ee  Aii^'ustiiila:i  I'li- 


-luaii  Xe|)(tuiiiceno  de  Castro,  \'icente  Xenreii 


OS. 


anil 


aniu 


1  I 


vosendl. 


Cast 


I'o   was  (li'!>'l';uk(l 


«V    lll( 


cr 


■It  >iastioal  court,  and  liandt'd  over   to  th 


e  sirnlar 


jKiwcr;  the  other  two  were  depiisiHl   I'roni  their  reli^-- 
ii>us  (li<''nities,  and  sentenced  to  eonlincnu'iit  in   the 


invt'iits   ( 


f  tl 


leii"   order    in 


.Ml 


mila. 


Tl 


le    (rmiMia 


I 


cniiit,  howev(_'r,  deniandeil  the  stin-eiidei' ol"  all  three. 
This  uave  i-ise  to  disputes  het'.soen  the  two  juiisdic- 
tions,  and  tlu,'  viceroy,  decniin<4  it  inij)oHtic  to  (  xhihit 
till'  spei'tacle  of  an  e<;ch;siastic's  execution  in  ^lexico, 
iiiially  sent  them  all  to  llahana,  to  in-  there  conlined. 
( 'a-lio,  howc\er,  died  on  his  way  thither  in  thecasth; 
n|'  I'h'ia,  where  so  nianv  others  under  similar  cii-cum- 


stances  IkmI  lie  'U  releasee 


1  fi 


■om  durance  hv  ( 


leath 


licsc   were   i  In 


Mi, 


Aviil 


licciieiadi)  Antonio  Ferrer,   I^'niuio  Citiifio    luiil    Jcisi'- 
I,  sulii'lerii.s  (if  tliu  ei)ninieieial  rc^ip.u'iit,  Aiitmiii)  Jl-.ili'imuz 


ni  whose  lioii.  .- tliocoiis[)a'ators 


.nil 


'tniL'-i,  an 


11' 


IX  rincria 


■ik 


.M; 
Tl 


11  lano  ( loii/.alez. 
il 


'J'l 


ic;  exeriition  ( 


if  1- 


errer  \\i\a  lil'ile  Kss  tlian 


le  onh'  evideiu'e  aL:amst  liliii  was 


the.  I 


uniineiatioii  <il  one 


M; 


•1 


'l'<  ran,  an  olHeial  ot'  the  seeretaria  ile  e:iniara  do  vireiiiato,  who  stated  that 


I'ener  on  the  nioniiii''  of  the  lid  of  Anmist  had  invited  him  to  ,l;o  iirnie 


I  an.l 


liur.t'haek  that  af'.iTnoon  to  tin;  jiaseo  de  la  \'iga,  an<l  made  him  ae:[iiaint"il 


v.itli  till 


1'! 


u.s  formed  for  tliu  exeeuti 


tlu 


e  di  sii:n. 


Xo  otiier  will 


Jjeareil  ai^aiust  him,  and  he  strenuously  deiiieil  Teran".s  assertions,  maiutaiii- 
ia;,'  ill  hi^  deelaratiou  that  he  knew  notliiiiL,'  of  t!ie  ]ilot  before  tliat  morniiiL,'. 
."•'o  weal;  was  the  ehar^e  that  the  iiseal,  .lose  Ituiiion  t).ses,  only  ventured  to 
Jiioposo  tlieiiuuishme'ib  of  .six  years  imprisuniiieiit.  The  Spanish  liarty,  how- 
ever, were  loiid  in  theii' demands  fur  his  death.     1'" 


errer  was  a  lawver,  am 


I  t<i 


liuiMV  of  tiiat  elass  were  attaelied  to  the  e: 


if  iude 


lellileiiei 


Th 


v.at  iaiportaiied  so  urgently  that  lie  deelared  if  llie  erimiiial   eoiirt  did  not 
iiiipose  eajiital  iiunishaieiit  ii|ion  I'Vrrer  he  would  do  so  himself.     'J'lio  [iresi- 
t,  the  oidur  llataller,  <i  Spaniard,  wished  to  save  hi.;  life,  Lat 


(lent  of  that 


eoui 
le   two  alealde 


d  T. 


le  siiiteneo  of  death,  and  llatalle 


\\\v 


■h 


11  I'errer  hearil  t!ie  sentence 


d  U. 


.th   A- 
•i,L,'nec 


(1 


uerieans,  prouounei 
I  the  deatli-warraiit. 


lei! 


senseless  m  t:ie  eourt. 


ovei  whelmed  with  the  injastiee  to  which  he  was  vieti:n.  Alitindii.  Hit.  MtJ., 
ii.  oTO,  .'iT-  .'5;  Zircaro,  Mini.  !!•  r.  J/i.c,  4'2t-S;  Jiiistam(iiitf,Ctiad.  H'lsl.,  i. 
00.     A  declaration  asserte.l  to  lie  written  hy  him  'sin  suge^tion  ni  r.edueciou 


lie  luulie 


.■tore  iiij  ( 


nizing  the    justice  of  liis  s.'iiti'iiee,  w;is 


pahlished  iu  the  ollioial  gazette  two  days  after  lii.s  execution.   (/'C  tlr  .lA 


7S4- 


'r.csidus  Alanian,  IjiHtainanto,  and  Zereecro,  already  (piote  I,  consult 
/•'(,  //(V.  Jdl.,  i.  ,'!,'),S-!);  Mcc.  ('ahihlo  Mcliop.,  pp.  11,  in  J)"-.  E'-ffs. 
■  ,  -M"'.,  ii.  no.  4;  and  Ihntand::,  ij  Duvn(o<,  Col.  hoc,  iii.  4;iJ-U. 


I 


if 


fl 
■fi 


Ii 


3"4         ESTABLISILMEXT  OF  TIIK  JUNTA  Di:  a.'TACUAKO. 


H   :? 


XotwitlistandinLf  tlic  triiiniiilis  obtaiiud  bv  the  i:i- 
(lo[)t'iKleiits  at  Zitacuaro,  and  the  successl'ul  pro^TLss 
ot"  ]\I{n-cl()s  in  the  south,  llayoii  rceo^iiizctl  tho  want 
ot"  c()0[)eratiou  ainoiij^  tho  rcvokitionaiy  leaders.  \\y 
a  uiiioii  only  could  permanent  advantage  be  gauied 
over  an  enemy  who  e()uld  concentrate  an  overpowri- 
ini^  force  at  iiiiy  point  and  destroy  them  in  detail. 
With  a  view  of  centralizing  authority,  llayon  formed 
the  plan  of  a  national  junta,  under  some  show  of  pop- 
ular election,  and  he  corros[)onded  witii  Morelos,  who 
indorsed  his  views.  Then  he  convoked  an  assuml)ly 
of  as  many  of  the  principal  inhabitants  of  Zitiicuaro 
and  land  owners  in  the  district  as  could  be  eollectcil, 
and  laid  tlie  matter  before  them.  This  mcetino-  was 
held  on  the  19th  of  August,  and  an  act  was  passed, 
establishing  a  supreme  national  junta  consisting  of 
three  members,  to  be  increased  to  five  as  occasion 
might  i'equire,  and  nominating  for  (.'lection  Kayoii, 
Jose  Maria  Liceaijfa,  and  Jose  Sixto  Verdusco,  the 
cnra  ol  Tusantla.*'^  For  the  installation  of  this  junta, 
and  the  election  of  the  members,  the  principal  chicl's 
were  convoked  the  same  day  to  give  their  votes  on 
the  matter.^^  The  act  of  the  ireneral  junta  was  con- 
firmed  by  them;  the  nominees  were  elected  b}' a  largo 
majority,^-  and  took  oath  to  maintain  tlie  rights  of 
the  church  and  the  king,'^  and  shed  the  last  drop  of 
l)lood  for  liberty.  The  electors  then  swore  to  ohey 
the  decrees  and  enactments  of  the  newly  created  coun- 

*"  Bainh),  ill  ffi'riiniido  y  Ddvalox,  Col.  Doc.  iii.  340. 

■"  Tlio  iiMiiR's  of  those  iisscmbluil  were:  I^'nauio  Uayon,  minister  of  the 
nation;  Lieulcnant-Ltcncml  Jose  Maria  Liceaga;  .Jose  .SiyLo  Venluseo,  :is  ivp- 
ii'sentative  of  ( Jeiieial  Morelos;  the  inariscales  tie  cainpo  Iguaeio  Martim/ 
mill  i>eni'iUcti>  Lope,-:;  IJrigadiers  ,Jo.si' Mari'ii  Vargas  'iiiil -Tuaii  Alharraii;  lie- 
iiiijio  Varza,  as  rejireseutativt!  of  O'Mieral  ,Iiis('!  Antonio  Torres;  dilnnel  Mi- 
fiiul  Serrano,  as  representative  of  (leut'ial  ToriI)i(j  lliliilroho;  (,'a]itaiii  Maiiii'  1 
Manzo,  for  the  eoniniis^ioiier  Mariano  Ortiz;  the  eoniui'ssioiier  Toinds  Oni '; 
the  qiiarterinaster  Ignaeio  Puiieo  de  J  in;  and  sub-inspeetor  \'ioenie  i/;i- 
guirre.    /-/.,  iii.  403, 

^-Itayon  naturally  had  great  propondoraneG  in  tliii  .isseniljly.  which  at 
most  was  only  a  partial  representation  of  tho  independent  leaders,  A  Uw 
other  persons  present  gained  votes  to  the  iminhcr  of  four,  and  two;  !:nd  niio 
was  cast  for  Morelos  !  /Ii.  AlaniaiLsaysof  llayon's  intentions,  'sicndosa  plan 
que  la  autoiidad  reeayese  en  el  niismo.'    IlUl.  Mcj.,  ii.  ,'U(7. 

"Even  now  they  were  not  ublo  to  act  wholly  independent  of  royalty. 


SUPREMA  JUNTA  XACIONAL. 


335 


cil.  which  was  styk-d  the  Siquvn.a  Junta  Xac'l<)n;il, 
ami  a  circular  copy  of  the  proccodiip^'s  was  stnit  to  tlio 
(liilbi'iait  chiefs,  calling'  u[)ou  them  to  take  the  oath  of 
allci^iauce  aud  exact  the  same  from  the  troops  and  iu- 
hal)itants  in  their  respective  districts. 

The  news  of  the  establislimeu^j  of  a  government 
was  leceived  witli  <j;'reat  joy  l)y  tli  '  revohitioiiists,  and 
thcv  now  indul^'ed  in  th'3  most  sai.Lifuine  liojtes  of  tlie 
a''c()in[)lishinent  of  their  lii^h  aspirations.  Tlic  rc'sult, 
linwcvcr,  i'ell  i'ar  short  of  tlieir  expectations.  'I'he 
f^iil)i"('nia  junta  i'ailed  to  receive  s^^ncral  recognition; 
many  of  the  mihtarv  h>aders  refused  (»he(n('nce  to  it;" 
others  only  acknowledu'ed  its  a;;tlioritv  when  conven- 
iciit,  while  the  Villagranes  even  jilaced  themselves  in 
hostility  to  it.  But  what  contributed  most  to  its  in- 
ctKciency  wasdisai'Teementamonufits  members.  Some 
f-aid  it  had  no  title  to  obedience,  not  having  been  con- 
vciu'd  by  the  nation.  !Morelos  and  some  others  did 
Hot  like  the  idea  of  still  holding  on  to  the  skirts  of 
royalty;  they  thought  it  a  species  of  dece[)tion  ruling 
ill  tlie  name  of  Fernando,  when  pure  indei)endence 
alone  would  satisfy  them.'*''  'J'he  members  of  the 
junta  tried  to  soothe  his  scruples,  and  in  a  lijtter 
dated  the  4th  of  September,  defended  tlieir  action 
on  the  ground  of  expediency.  Although  they  as[)ired 
to  imlependence  with  no  less  ardor  than  their  c(il- 
k'agiies,  they  found  it  advantag(;ous  to  tln^  cause  to 
lU'oclaim  l^'ernando,  inasnmch  as  many  Eui'opeans  as 
Well  as  wavering  Spanish  Americans  had  thereliy 
been  induced  to  join  them.*"  IJut  Morelos  could  not 
countenance  a  measure  which  he  foresaw  would  lead 
to  complications,  and  although  he  was  appcjinteil  the 


'Iril 


m 


".\ll)in(  (lurefa,  remarked,  'No  h.iy  iii.as  rcy  qiu!  Dios,  ni  iiiiis  alteza  ([uo 
nil  ci'iiM,  ni  inus  jiiiitiKHie  la  (loilcw  rio-s.'  JSii^tainautc,  (hni.!.  //(^^.  i.  '-".is. 

''  'No  ur.i  r;i/()ii,'  says  Mori^los  at  liis  trial,  'cii'^afiar  a  las  gtnti's  liaeit'iidi) 
iiiiii  rcisay  siv'inlo  otra,  os  decir,  pekar  pur  la  iiiduiinideiicia  y  Miiiuiier  (|Ue  so 
iiaeiiipiir  Fernando  \ll.'  Alumiiii,  lliM.  Mi}.,  ii.  :!S1. 

''•<riiz.  (/«  Mi'.i:.,  ISl-J,  iii.  4S!).  This  lettin-  fell  into  tlu'  possessinn  of  (,'a- 
llfja,  at  the  capture  of  Cuautla  iu  May  1S1'_',  together  with  others  papers  of 
Morelo!).  (Jnerra.  maintains  that  this  docunieut  was  a  fabrieatioii  of  the  roy- 
aliatd.  Jirr.  X.  K-<p.,  ii.  4Jl)-l. 


:;;;g        KsTAiiLisiiMENT  of  the  junta  i>::  ZITACUAHO. 

I')i;r(li   iiiciiibL-r  of  llio  junta  of  Zlli'icuaro,  liu    la  11 
ulooi'.'' 

I'll  '  cstablisJimcnt  ol*  this  junta,  liowovcr,  causi^l 
Vc-nen'.'.s  considv'i'alilc  alarm.  l£u  could  not  closo  his 
eyes  to  the  fact  that  oven  the  uicro  si'Dihlancc  of  u 
L^'ovrrnnicnt  would  i^'ivo  i!n[)ulsc  to  the  revolution,  iuid 
aii'oi'd  ;i  danii'ei'ous  o[>])ortunity  to  the  insur^'^'iit  lead- 
ers ot"  luntiuL;'  under  the  direction  of  lulers  who  wo'i; 
no  more  illenitimately  constituted  than  had  heen  t!ie 
junta  of  Sevihe.  Its  destrucfci(*n,  therefore,  was  ot' 
th»^  first  im])ortan('o;  and  (,'alleja,  who  had  alrea  ly 
been  oi'd.red  to  proceed  ai4;ainst  Zitacuar;>  jd'or 
ICmjJihan's  I'epulse,  was  again  urg'ed  to  use  all  \)(k<>i- 
ble  despatch.  In  order  to  counteract  thi^  elTect  fi'oiii 
the  Use  of  the  iiai  le  of  Fernando  VII.  by  t!i<'  nc.ly 
organixed  junta,^'  Calh'ja  proclaimed  in  (JuaiiajiKiln 
on  the  'J8th  of  Sej)teml)er  that  no  junta  w;ts  here 
rocogni/.t'd  (>xcept  the  national  congress  of  the  cijrtes 
in  MjKtin.  noi-  any  authority  as  legitimate  eX(;ept  that 
of  the  \  ic(n'oy.  He  moreover  ])la<'ed  a  prii-e  (if 
$10,000  on  the  head  of  Itayon  ami  those  of  his  jirlii- 
cipal  associates. 


'I 


:U 


PI 

i 


"While  Calleja  v.'as  mahiiig  his  preparation,  to 
assault  Zitacuaro  with  that  unhurried  leisurely  sys- 
tem always  pursued  by  hi,n,  and  which  in  this  ciso 
detaim-d  him  till  the  end  <(f  tlu>  year,  a  varietv  ol' 
events  occurred.  The  danger  to  which  A';dl;i  loli  I 
luul  b(Mii  exposed  (hiring  July  caused  X^'negn-,  a-; 
soon  as  ]]m[);iran's  troops  had  reco\'ercHl  I'rom  \\\< '\r 
fatigue,  to  desjtatch  (*olonel  ,1oa(piin  Castilloy  l)U.-ta- 
mante  with  his  battalion  to  the  assistance  of  Trujillii. 
This  ()ili('er,  having  joined  Linai'cs  in  X'alhidolid.  pru- 

^"  Consult  /f'  rrrrrn,  /,',  c.  .V''r.,  3:)!>-10n;  niixtamnii/r,  CiinJ.  Hif..  i.  J''.'!  », 
^ror'l.  M.j.  //■•<■/. 1  liir.,  iv.  ;i.)S- 1(1;  diiirrri,  Ihr.  N.  /:'>/».,  ii.  4()'_'  !(>.  M  le- 
|ii:<,  ill  ii  1  liter  to  ]{-iyiiii  iluto.l  Aii-jusf.  I.'i,  l,.ll.li;iil  jircv  in'isly  f.-iiH'tiiiin'il  t!ii' 
pi'iippsi',!  c>;;ilili.sliiiniit  of  ii  sinirciiK;  jiliil;i.  uud  .Mpimiiitod  Vi  iiIusim  in  liis 
ri!l>U'sciit.iti\  (;.     Z;uii;iu()i:s  llisi.  M(J.,  \ii.  .i."!!)  <1'J,  .sil|ij)li('s  (i  i'i>;\V  nf  if- 

''Tlic  )  iiiclaiiiiil.i')ii:<  aiiil  ciiiiituiciitH  of  tlio  j  until  Imru  tlii  i  lit-'ailiir  :  I.l 
SrDciii  I'l'iu.iiiili)  Sfipiiuio  y  c'u  :sii  Real  Xoiiihr.,' li  S-i;ii'riiKi  .TiiiUa  X.:ii";i-'l 
^Viiit'iioaiia,  etc.    Ilcniaiahzii  Dilnilo.i,  Col.  Due,  iii.  JiSJ'J. 


f1' 


IXSUr.OEXT  DEFEAT. 


S»7 


c'ccMlcd  on  tlic  Gtli  (if  Sept. 'nil )CT  ni^aiiist  Muiii;'.,  avUo 


A\; 


posted  iit  Acuitzio  with  8,000  men  tiiul  thirteuu 
iiiicc-s  ol'  a  ■tillcrv:  ami  on  lliu  iollowiiiLT  <lav  dofcatrd 
]iii)i  and  raptuivd  liis  ^'uiis  and  aniniuiiitiiin.  He 
111. Ml  inarched  to  l^atzeuaro,  whieh  was  oeciipicd  hy 
Torres,  who,  howovei-,  (Hd  not  await  his  attaek,  hut 
retired  to  Zaca]^  >.  ind  unitin'j;'  his  forces  with  those 
of  X.'ivarrete,  took  up  a  ])osition  on  the  Isills  iioar 
Zi|)iuieo,    wliere    lie    gaAo    liattle    to     the     royahst.- 


T 


orres  wns  as  unsuccesstul  as 


M 


iniiz 


1 


le  was  ro 


Litcd 


wi 


th  iJTeat  slaiiii'liter  and  the  loss  of  twenty-one  can- 


noli. 


Extr 


enie   severit}'    w;is 


e.\ercised    by    Castillo 


■r    these    victories;    at    Zi[)iineo    moi'e    than 


00 


prisoners  were  put  to  death.  And  Castillo  seemed 
to  i'c!4'ard  other  kinds  of  butchery  with  faxor,  ns  he 
conuaeiided  to  the  favoral)le  notice  of  T''.iji!lo  a 
(li';i';oon  who,  in  the  pui'suit  at  Acuitzio,  slew  with  his 
()v,  H  hand  a  brother,  sayiiio",  as  the  latter  })leaded  for 
liis  lllo,  that  he  knew  no  brother  who  was  a  rebel. 

( )n  the  de})ai-ture  of  Castillo  I'roin  Tohica  with  ;i  con- 
si(lcral)I(!  portion  of  the  troo[)s  stationed  then',  Jiayon 


(Icli 


i'lniiied  to  extend  his  o[)eratlons  into  the 


proNince 


if    Mexico,   and  sent   detacluneiits   in    the  dii'ection 


am 


I   T 


eiiamjfo. 


Iiese    nuide    mi'oads 


nf    Ixtlaliuac; 

to  ilie  !j;"ates  of  l\)luca,  and  W'ne<4'as  des[)atclied  Ca[ 

tiiia   Porlier,  who  had  returiK'd  to   Mexico,"  to  tak 


\e 


COlUllKilK 


1  of  the  force  in  that  city.  On  the  IGth  of 
Si'pteiiil)er  Porlier  inarched  from  Tohica  a_;"ainst  tlie 
iiisur^'Liits,  and  on  the  '2 1st  made  an  unsuccessful 
attempt  to  dislodi^e  them  iVom  a  stroiiij;"  position  on 
the  liill  of  Teiiann'o.  The  loss  of  the  I'oyalists  was 
coiisidtMable,  and  Toluca  boino-  threatent;d,  I'oiTier 
I'ctraced  his  8te[»s  thither.  Hefore  his  ai'ri\al,  on  the 
10th  of  October,  the  city  had  been  assaulted  by  the 
ciiciiiy,  and  was  cannonaded  ibr  the  live  foUowin-^' 
cl.'iys.     ^leanwhile  the  viceroy  had  despatched  a  ibrco 

liiul  passed  through  (liiaua junto  in  Aiiirust  on  liis  w; 


ru/.,  and  t'oni 


ihiutcil  to  till!  i'ii|)ital  a 


CdUVO 


roni 
vof  IUJIlus 


<!ii:iil,ihijara  to  Vera  (         . 
f  sihcT  ]ila('(cl  under  liis  ohirgc  hy  Calk'ja.   AUiiiiaii,  Hint.  M'J.,  ii.  lilO; 


liiiisUunuiiic,  < 


'(iiiipdftd.i  lie  ('allija,  129. 


Hiai.  Mkx..  Vol.  IV.    2i 


33S 


ESTABLISH ME\T  OF  THE  JUNTA  DE  ZITACUAliO. 


of  500  lULi)  IVoin  tlio  ca])!!;!!  U)  the  assistaiu.'C  of  tlio 
bcsicf^cd.  I\n'li('r,  on  the  ai'rival  of  this  detachiiiciit, 
assumed  the  oifciisivc,  and  drove  the  insurgents  fidiu 
their  j);).siti<)ns  Avith  the  loss  of  their  artillery,  anus, 
Jind  annnunition.  Of  LOO  Indians  taken  j)risoiiers  all 
were  drawn  up  in  file  and  shot,  e.\'cej)t  one  wIkj  \\as 
dismissed  to  hear  the  tidings  to  his  countryi\H!n.''' 


The  vicero}'  now  ])eremptorily  ordered  Call 


cja  1() 


mare  1 1  aijfani: 


<tZit; 


u'uaro. 


Calh 


el  a,  aware  o 


ftl 


u;  iK'ii! 


in  wliich  (luanajnato  would  lie  placed  hy  his  depart- 
ure, was  neverlheless  compelled  to  obey  these  instruc- 
tions, anil  unwillingly  left  that  city  on  the  lltli  'if 
!Novem1)i'i',  ha\ing  heen  I'rustrated  in  his  attempts  to 
provide  lor  the  safety  of  the  i)rovince  by  arrangements 


w 


itli   Arredondo  and   Cruz,   who,  indeed,  wer 


e    n  1 1  i  V 


occupie<l  in  ])rotecting  their  own  territories,  'rims 
abandoned  to  its  own  n^sources  of  det'ence,  the  city  ol' 
(Juanaiuato  lav  exposed  to  the  Jittack  of  numcrcus 
bands  of  guerrillas  who  <>'athered  round  as  soon  as 
C'alleja  was  out  of  sight.  On  the  2Gth  that  indi'fati- 
gable  chief  Albino  (hu'ci'a   occupied   the  hill   of  S; 


111 


.M 


lu'tie 


I  witl 


I  some  12,000  men,  anil  opened  iu'c  on  t 


dii 


ci 


ty.     An    attempt   made   by  a   party  oi'  royalists  to 


capturi 
fail 


no  eni-niN's  canmui  bv   assaii 


e<i 


nearly  every  man  bciii'. 


ling  tl 


leU'    V'AV 


kille'd;  and  the  iii> 


i;!'- 


gents,  taking  advantage  of  their  success,  pushed  I't 


war 


:l  into  the  town,  and  attacked  the  plaza.      1  f i 


]io\\ov(i',  they  lost  a  camion  which  they  had  jilac,! 
in  the  plazuela  of  San  Diego,  and  Albino  Gan  la,  aware 
that  reenforcemeiits  were  approaching  from  Leon  an  I 
Silao  to  the  i-elief  of  the  h(>sieged,  hurriedly  wi: !i- 
drevv'  to  the  hacienda  of  Cuoxas,  where  a,  oreat  nuM- 


jcr   ot 


Ins 


1^.11 


owers  dispersei 


]>ut  althoui 


h  tl 


insurgents  i'ailed  in  their  attempts  against  tl 


ii.  ;il)_'. 


<tr  Mr. 


1811, 


ii.  !)."j7-(iO,  O: 


SO,    100.")-!!);  A/o 


le  (' 
Jli- 


5' Tlio  <losp:itcIi  of  Vii 


L'lnilcil  in  Rucli  tonus  as  to  c;i;i-<o  i'a- 


lloja  iilclilioual  oll'oiioc.  !iii<tiin:niitc.  ('ct)ii/i'n'if(x  'A'  ('nllijd,  1I{-'-.'?. 

itlizii  D'iritlas'CuL    />0''.,  iii.  MT-i*. 


■LI.,  Ciuiil.  nut.,  i.  4J1-7:  //' 
Cniz  hail,  muioovor,  instniotoil  CaptMiu 
liiiiisolf  ill  ro.ijiucsii  to  assist  (.iuaaajiiato.    hi.,  iii.  4'_"J-oO. 


I  L 


10^,  tliou  at  La ■'«.•!,  t-j  I 


i 


I    Ii 


IX  QUERETAKO. 


330 


nr.;l  the  principal  towns,  wliicli  woro  attacked  in  tni 


11. 


"as  ovei'i'iin    l)v  tiorcc   bands   of 


••'uer- 


tlie  province  \v 
rill.is  and  subjected  tliroiv^'liout  its  length  and  breadth 
to  tlie  scourn'L'  of  [)re(latory  warlare.  In  tbt;  iieii.!,'h- 
lMirin;4  ])rovince  of  ^liclioacau   the   aspect  of  allaii's 


U!l( 


Krwent  no  material  cliam 


Alt 


lionnh  tlio  capi- 


til  was  relieved  (Vom  inunodiatc  danger,  it  was  (ho 
only  place  held  absolutely  in  possession  I)y  tlu.'  royal- 
ists. Duriii!^  tlie  last  thice  months  of  the  year,  vaii- 
xneditions  Were  sent   into   the  districts  of  IMtz- 


ous  e 


ouaro,  Tacambai'o,   Ario,  and   Urnapan,   but  thon^'li 


tl 


le  t>'ovornment  loi'ces  succeec 


led 


m   di'ivni''' 


M 


urn/. 


and  otliei'  ciiiels  iVom  place  to  placc^  desti'ovin;_;'  the 
fuunderie.s  which  they  established  and  burnini;-  their 
ciiiPis,  tlieymacU^  no  p(}rmanent  ])roL;'i'ess.  \\\  Xiuna 
(J.ihcia,  ('rii>:  was  Diore  successful.  On  the  jirinciplo 
el'  ( 'alleja's  new  system,  military  companies  wei'e  oi'- 
gaiiized  in  most  of  { ht;  towns,  and  bytlieir  coi'ipei'atiou 
ill  resisting' the  })redatory  attacks  of  the  revohilionists, 
the  province  was  gradually  reduced  to  tranipiillity. 


The  citv  of  (.hieretaro,  well  fortiliec 


d  and 


Li'ari'isoneo 


vra-;  secured  against  attack,  but  the  surrounding  ter- 
iitery  was  no  more  extMupt  iVoni  ci\'il  strife  (ha'i  tin; 
iieighl)oring  provinces,  and  the  comaiidante  IJi  hoilo 


-en 


tfp 


'(luent  e\|)e(htion' 


au'ams 


t  tl 


\o  I'e'hel 


1.,  r,;l 


Wiio  m- 


tciM'Upted  the  comnumication  between  tlie  capital  and 
(}iU-^retaro  to  sucli  an  (^xtent  that  only  immense  con- 
veys strongly  escorted  could  jtass  througli  the  infested 
(.li^tili'fc.''     In  comnumication  with  the  insurgent  h'ad- 

■'"'' T'losc  cxpo.litioiis  wvw  gL".iora)ly  i'oiinn;iiiilril  liy  l'i'i'ii:iii.lfi  K'nnrfi)  M:ir- 
ti:u','.  :iii.l  iliU't'oiis.)  ilo  l:i 'i"'in'(',  l).>th  lMlro[)L'.ui  S|i;iiii  ird-i,  au.l  wlio-ic  frmcity 
}:iiuril  f.ir  tlioiii  iiu  iiit'/uiiiiiiH  iKiti'iicly.  Tlio  t'ormrr  iuiliil','Oil  liin  l>lii<i.l- 
t!iirstiiiL's,i  l)y  puttiii;^  liiiuDiI  ca])tivi's  tn  iloath  Nvilli  lii-t  own  li-iiiil.  ami  tlm  lat- 
U'l' ivupcL'tcil  in'it.licr  sex  iiur  a,i,'i!  in  tlin  linti'liui-itM  uliii-li  liu  p;  i-pcli'atcil. 
Aliiiii.!:!,  ///'<'.  .1/'/.,  ii.   tlH-O.      i'arli.'ulai's  ut'  tl;o  ciiL'a-.'ciiiriit-i  ia  l^liirii'tari) 

Will  iwfuuua  ill f/r.. -/.•.!/. r.,  isii,  ii.  in»-:.i,;iM  i.'.v.n  (;. (;:i, 1-7  )-',  707-11, 

7ll»-.'i,  7ii'l  1,  ll)-'-'-l,  111)-'-;!.  Il;l'.-il;  llrr,ianilrz  ,/  l),U-uln.t,  Col.  Dor.,  iii. 
.'i;!li  7. 

■"'Ill  til"  Mth  of  Xovc'iuImt  a  <iiii\-ciy  r(iiisi^,tiii';  nf  "J.OO'I  ji  i  uuili's,  uii- 
<li-'i'  t!i"  I'lnnliiot  of  (.'(•loiiol  AiiilraiK',  ciiti'iril  .Miixii.'o.  IV'-'idc.s  Hi):)  liars  ol'  sil- 
V'V,  it  coiivoyod  u  grrat  i|nai)lity  of  artiiii'M  of  coiisuiiiption,  ami  it<  safi;  ar- 
rivil  UMH  iimattin'of  I'l'joiciu  ^  t  )thi!  iuli.il)itaiit:<of  tin;  capital.  AmtraiU^  left 
ii'  \i,ij  .yjiML'  ilay.s  latof  with  a  ivtuni  convoy  six  loauuca  iu  lon^'tli,  escorted 


il 


i\ 


340 


ESTABLISHMENT  OF  THE  JUXTA  DI^  ZITACUARO. 


ij  i  4 


•m 


is 


ers  in  Qui'iotaro  wcro  IIkj.sc  operating  in  tliu  lluas- 
tcca  and  Mexico.  The  pnjii^ross  made  by  the  revo!:!- 
lion  in  the  eastern  jiart  el"  the  latter  province  \v;is 
rapid  and  alarniini^-.  JJnring-  August  and  i  he  suceeed- 
ing  months  of  181 1,  the  insurrection  spread  southwaiil 


w\ 

-'    (  \    I  Afvlrl;-,,,.,,.'/ 


'y.     \    \i^*''^■"!iM''^■ 


\   '^  i'  \     \       i.. '.■.■■* .-  *''__^- — - — ' 


Easteux  DfSTiacTs. 

liy  alxia.v  of  troops  100  stroii'^'.  On  tlio  'i.'M  lio  was  attacked  l.y  tlio  \'il!  i- 
graiifs,  Auayas,  ami  Corrca,  tliu  curaof  Xii])al;i,  wlic)  had  doclaroil  i'orllir  i'  v- 
olutiou  anil  liaci  liixiiiiiailo  hii'^'adiorlij-  tlio  junta  of  /itiiciU'iM,  and  apiolni-  I 
coniandantc  of  lluii'hnpan  and  .lilotepcc.  Althoug'i  llio  in.siirgt'nirf  wore  r<-'- 
]ml.scd,  tlicy  snccci'tk'd  in  drivin;,'  oil'  ^^.mK^  jiack  nmlc-',  an<l  tlio  action  wis  so 
brisk  that  the  liisliopof  (Inad.dajura,  wliov.as  rotuniin,;,' to  his  dioccso,  w;i-;  in 
(l;mj,ii'  of  huing  oiipLurud.  Aliinvui,  Jll.^i.  M'J.,  ii.  407 -S;  Or..  dcJ[cx:,  l^^Hi 
ii.  1108-11. 


mi 


:   ■■': 


IN  TLASCALA. 


341 


ilirouo'li  the;  ])laiiis  of  Ajiam  aii<l  extended  across  Piio- 
l)la  lu  the  conliues  ut'Oajaca.  Toward  tho  close  of  tlio 
year  the  territoi'V  of  Tlascahi  was  iiiva(UMl,  tlie  v\ty 
iittacl\ed,  and  many  of  its  towns  and  their  districts 
(Irvastated.  The  hii.;hway  l)etweeu  the  capital  and 
()iizal)a  was  almost  closed  to  the  royalists,  and  coni- 
iiiuiiication  with  \'era  Cruz  interru[)ted. 

The  lirst  ini[)nl-eto  the  revolutionary  mov(^nient  in 
the    jilains   of   Apam  was  j^iven  hy   Jos.j    Francix-o 


( ),-orno,  a  liii>hwa\'man  hv  ijrofession,  and  so  illiterat 
that    lie    only  succeedeil    in    learning"    to   scrawl    1 
iKiiue  wlien  he  became  prominent  as  a  lead 


w, 


n. 


us 

IV- 


iir_ 


(;o 


Ueete 


(I  a   l)antl 


(lot)  or  I  ()()  men,  lu;  enter 


'('( 


I 


Z.icatlan  on  the  oOtli  of  Aui^'Ust  without  oj)position. 
Ihi'c  he  was  [)res('ntly  joinett  hy  ^lariano  Aldama — 


;i  Tela 


ti\e  of  tile  Aldamas  who  had  been  the  associat 


es 


1  Ii(hd"4o — with  the  raidc  of  major-p^ener'al ;  and  their 


raiiiil  nroM'ress  soon  causi^ii  niconvoniencH 


n  th 


(;  (\'llil- 


t.ii  liy  the  stop[)a^'e  of  supplies  from  tlie  haciendas  sit- 
Icd  in  tlie  plains.      W'uei^'as  accordiu'^'ly  despatcheil 


ua 


ail  c.Mjeiiition  a 


liti 


list  Zacatlan  under  tl 


le  commaiK 


I  of 


a  iia' 
err  ' 


d  captain  named  Oiriaco  del  Lhuio 


T 


lis  (.'l!i- 


aiiKHl  a  scries  o 


but    \\\> 


1    su 
d 


(H'esses   o 


ver  tl 


le    l!isur''< 


■nts, 
>tea(l 


i>]  ( 


s  sanguinary  aiiu  oi)pressi\u>  j)rocee(linL;'s,  ms 
xtinguisliiuL;' the  insurrectionary  s[)irit,  only  served 
to  milame  it.'"''  Thus  ( )sorno,  tlioUi,di  repeatedly  de- 
feated and  his  lollowers  dis[)ersed,  ever  rea[)[)eared  at 

'  'Siiuli  is  tlio  st;it«'incnt  i)f  (':dk'j;i  in  lii-i  manilii'sto  sii]i])licil  liy  ^fartincna 
ill  hii  \'(  iiUvl'  vo  ()ri[i<'ii  di  ii  Her. in  S.  J:'^/i.,  10  7.  O.siinio  \v;i-i  cimv  iiti'  1  in 
I'r.ilila  I'ni- inlilicry  iihiut  llii;  yc:ir  17:'').  Ho  atlaiiiuil  to  tlic  r;iiik  cif  iiiajor 
gi'Mci-al  ami  lieutenant  L'cueral  in  tin;  rovdliitionai'v  service.  JjiisLanianto 
glii-Jii  (iv^r  tlio  criminal  auteee  lent  (»f  tlii.s  leader.   C:niil.  //i<f.,   i.  ;i.")S. 

•"'A:  the  l)ej,'iiinin'^'  of  the  revehitiua  the  !X'>vern:>r  of  JIaliana.  Ii.-nl  sent  to 
Mi'xio  )  ;i  uuni'),!!' ot'  ua\Ml  olUoer.i  who  \vi.she.l  tj  talce  ser\ii-.'  i.i  the  royalist 
tiiiiiy.   /<l.,  i.  ;>.")!). 

■■  An  onler  wliii-li  Ik;  issueil  to  tlu;  olFect  tliat  no  one  excejil  a  [luliH.-  ehar- 
;ir!rr  iniglit  ritleoa  horseback  c:iu.sjil;^reat  and  general  diseoiilcnl,  and  many 
joined  Osorno  in  order  to  .save  their  horses,  whieh  wore  regarded  widiallee- 
lii'a.  iVnni  lieing  taken  for  military  work.  Still  more  o[i|i!o.'.-si\o  was  l.,lano'3 
sysiiiii  of  Imrning  the  hiimes  of  the  country  ]ieo]ilcon  tho  ranehoa  .seattcreil 
tliioa-li  the  plains,  in  order  to  coniptd  tho  iidialjitant-i  to  con;^re,:^:at(;  in  tho 
l:a';.'er  towns  and  oppose  the  insurgents.  Ii/.,  i.  3tiO-l;  O'az.  de  J/cx\ ,  iSll, 

ii. ;):'..'. 


=!i 


342 


ESTABLISHMENT  OF  THE  JUNTA  DE  ZIT.\CUA1J0. 


some  ]K)iiit  distant  from  the  scone  of  his  hite  revcrs^o 
at  the  liead  of  his  leunitod  men/'"*  and  liis  name  becaiuo 
as  celebrated  in  the  plains  of  xVpam  as  that  of  Albino 
Garcia  in  the  IJaji'o  of  Guanajuato.'^'' 

*■"  Aldama  liiid  IjL'cn  treacherously  iimrdcrcd  Ly  one  Jos6  Maria  Ciisnlla, 
vlio  n,'('uivi'<l  liim  iiit(j  liis  liimso  uiuler  tin;  giiiso  ot  Iriuiidship  audassassiiiiittil 
liiiii  while  .'isii'cp.  /!iis/(tniaiili',  C'uad.  llUt.,  i.  '6ii',\.  iiy  hia  death  Osonio  suo- 
cecdtil  to  Mio  (.li'of  L'diiimaiid. 

''"Iiuta  .s  of  tlio  niyalist  operations  in  the  jjlains  of  Apam  will  bo  fouud  in 
Oa-..  lit  Mix.,  1«11,  ii.  «71-8,  1)31-0,  9S7-91,  lOoU-S. 


CHAPTER  XIV. 


SIEGE  OF  CUAUTLA. 

1S11-18I2, 

PorToPw  Cos  Joins  Rayon — The  Rkvolutioxauy  Puess — Pi;r.rLEXTTY  of 
\i.ni;(;as — liisiioi' CAMnr.i.o'ti  Failure  as  a  Mediator — Si;com>  Cam- 
paign (IE  MoRELos — Calleja  Takes  ZiTACtTAno — Destui'itidn  oe  the 
City— Reverses  OF  Porlier— Arrival  oeSpani.sh  Troops — Trii  .mi-hal 
IIntry  of  Calleja  into  Mexico— Jealousy  of  Veneoas— Callkja 
Marches  against  Cuactla — Description  of  the  Citv-Li.ano  at 
IziXAR — Calleja  Repulsed — Cuautla  Invested — .Suiuerincs  uf  the 

JlK-ilEUED — MoiiELOS  EvaCU'ATES   THE   ClTV — CaLLEJA   RlTLRNS    1  O  THE 
(Al'lTAL. 


JM!  ? 


When  Morelos  returned  to  Cliilapca,  after  ilie  siip- 
]iiessioii  of  the  conspiracy  formed  by  Tabaros  and 
J)avid,  he  found  himself  in  a  most  favoraljh)  position 
1i>  make  at  leisure  and  without  interruption  his  prepa- 
I'niions  for  another  campaign.  i>y  the  dispersion  of 
liic  royalist  troo))ssent  against  him,  he  held  possession 
ui'tlie  country  about  him.  Protected  from  attack  on 
liic  north  by  the  river  jMescala,  and  the  dee[)  ))eslifer- 
uus  valley  through  which  it  ran,  he  was  equally  se- 
c'li'c  i'rom  molestation  in  the  dii'oction  of  Oajaca.  TIu3 
rcc'oiit  defeats  of  troops  from  that  province  had  kit  it 
ill  alarm  for  its  own  safet}-,  without  either  the  incli- 
nation or  means  again  to  assume  the  oftensive.  Dur- 
ing' the  next  three  months,  therefore,  ^Iorcl(.»s  devoted 
liiiiiself  with  untiring  activity  to  the  more  thorough 
organization  of  his  I'orccs,  and  espociall}'  to  the  estab- 
li  hiiicnt  of  systematic  order  and  harmony  between 
cMstes,  the   correction  of  the  abuses   practised    upon 

(  313) 


m 


i 


i 


I 


344 


SIEGE  OF  CUAUTLA. 


Spaniards/ uiul  to  the  collcctioii,  j)r()j)er  inaiiaj.^oiiU'iit, 
and  K'^ltiiiiatu  application  ol'  j)ublic  iv-uts  and  eliuich 
titlic'S  within  the  tcn-itory  uiidci-  his  contiol.'-  In 
order  to  I'aciHtati;  matters,  cai'ly  in  October  he  Ibinied 
a  new  province,  ^\■hi(•il  he  named  "^recpan,  out  of  the 
southern  [>ortion  of  the  territoiy  which  at  that  tiiiKj 
com[)rised  the  intt^ndencia  of  ]\[exico,  and  erected 
Tecpan  as  the  capital,  with  the  title  of  the  city  "I" 
Xuestra  Senora  do  (jluadalu[)e,  whihj  at  the  same 
time,  as  a  punishment  for  the  pei'tinacious  oj)jiositl')n 
of  the  inhabitants  of  ^Vcapulco,  tiiat  [)ort  was  degradiMJ 
from  its  rank  and  title  of  (.'iudad  do  los  lieyesto  that 
of  la  (.*ono'rega('ioii  de  los  Fieles,  the  lowest  grade  of 
munici[)al  conununitit^s  in  the  Jmlies.^ 

The  preeminence  displayed  by  Morelos  in  ability 
to  direct  the  re\H)lutionary  movement,  continually  e\- 
})Osed  his  life  toother  dangers  than  those  of  ojjcn  wav. 
J3ark  and  secret  plans  were  formed  ibr  his  destrui'- 
tion  b}'  poison  or  ca[)ture.  In  September  ISll  ho 
i-eceived  a  letter  from  one  Padre  Alva,'  warning  liiiu 
of  a  [)l()t  to  poison  him,  and  inlbrming  him  that  t\v  » 
men  were  already  on  their  way  from  ^l.exieo  with 
that  object.  As  Alva  had  nnnutely  described  theiii, 
they  were  arrested  on  their  arrival  at  Chilapa,  ;iiid 
sent  to  Zacatula.  About  a  year  later  a  similar  di-i  :n 
was  meditateti,  of  which  Calleja  seems  to  lia\e  b;  .;ii 
aware;''  and   still   later   llayon  a})[»rised   him   of  the 

'Oil  the  l.'ith  (jf  Octolicr  he  puMislioil  ;i  ducrco  to  this  cil'ci^t:  M^liu'Miri 
sicndi)  ciilpailos  iilgiums  ricos  Jvuoiii'i):^  i')  crinllu.s,  no  .so  li(.'clio  iiiaiii>  do  .-'iw 
biuiii's  «iii()  L'Dii  orcKii  Ivxiuesa  del  Superior  do  Li  IOx[icdi<-!i(jii.'  Ih  rnawli:  y 
Jhh-'dns,  Co/.  J)or.,  iii.  .lO-_'.   irA). 

^At  thu  l)(>giiiiiiiitc  of  Ills  (.'arcur  Morcdos  appnintod  coimnissioiieVH  to  at- 
tend to  these  iiiatter.s.  Sre  /■/.,  ii.  "JJT-S;  Aldnidii,  lli<t.  M<j.,  ii.  ap.  11. 
Tiiesc  eoiiuiii.s.sioiiers  were  iii.struettMl  ';i  I'ccouoeef  las  existeiieias  de  I'li 
t'stancos,  alcahalos,  eoiiio  tamliieii  hi.s  de  bulas  y  imevo  iiidulto  «h'  eaiiie.  tn- 
niaiido  eueiitiii  de  cUoti  ;V  his  persoua.s  (jue  hi.s  iiiaiiejaii.'  Hi.  On  the  l.")lh  "f 
Sept.  ho  ostabh.siied  postal  coiiiliiuiiieatioii  \vil!i  olhel' iluh'peLidelit  eeii.iis, 
iiiid  between  the  revohitionai-y  arndes,  liy  the  oi'gani/.aiioii  of  a  service  nf 
iiioiintc-d  eouriers.    J/('riiaiiil(Z  >/  J-^'hyi'ox,  Col.  ])<ir.,  iii.  ."7''. 

^Alainau  siqiplies  a  eojjy  of  this  cuaetinent.  Hist.  Mij..  ii.  ap.  -11  '!. 
Tlio  territory  thus  eoiistiluted  a  proviuee  by  Morelos  was  afterward  nuule, 
witli  ail  aihlitioii,  tlio  jiroviuee  of  Oueiroro. 

■•'(.'oil  de.siiiio  de  ( 'apellan  de  Coro  6  otra  iugcrcneia  on  la  Colegiata  do 
(iuadalupe.'  JMilnrdrimi  de  Moi-  lo",  ,'i8-0. 

^bueli  is  Alaiiian's opiuiou:  'Eu  la  doclaracion  miiy  especial  ipio  por  oinlea 


ii :  i: 


DOCTOR  COS. 


845 


prcsc  icc  of  a  traitor  jiinoiii^'  his  most  coiiiidnilial  a 


,sin'i;i  :cs 
\  in'l'oV 


whose  iiituiitit)!!   was  to  cleHvi'r  liini  to  tl 


10 


JMorelos  received  these  unpleasant  eoiiuiiu 


111,  al  ions  with  extreme  indili'ereiice 

Tlie  ra|»i<l  extension  of  the  rebelHtm,  (lespite  liis  ut- 
most elioi'ts  to  arrest  its  ]>ro,L,n'(,'ss,  kept  X'enoMas  iu 
ciuharrassiueiit;  and  to  add  to  Ids  ])ei'[)l('\it_v,  t  he  |)oj)n- 
]ai'it\'  ol"  the  cause  ^vas  daily  ;^'ainiiiL;'  m'roiind   in   the 


ciililla 


1   and   other   larixo   cities   in   ]>ossession    of  tl 


Spaniar.ls.  Fostered  hy  the  eircnlation  of  periodicals 
and  [lublicatioiis — the  (hstributors  of  which  the  gov- 
ernment in  vain  endeavored  to  discover — tin-  jtrinci- 
]i|(s  of  indei)eiideiice  were  being  more  widely  dissemi- 
iiati'd  and  better  understood.      Prominent  among  tho 


an 


tlioi's  of  these  shet.'ts  was  Doctor  ( 


OS,  uiiom 


tl 


10 


iiiipindeiit  action  of  the   viceroy  ]iad  driven   to  tho 


I'aiiU:;  ( 

niriiibi 


tl 


le   iiisuru'e 


nts.      C. 


OS,  as  liie  reader  Vvi 


11 


re- 


■r,  on  his  departure  from  Aguascalientes  had 
li(j<  n  detained  in  coniiiiement  at  Queretaro.  J  laving 
addressed  a  representation  to  the  viceroy  gi\ing  an 
account  of  the  occurrences  at  Aguascaheiites,  and  in- 
ferming  him  of  the  instructions  which  he  had  received 
IVeia  C  'alleja  to  proceed  to  ]\Iexico,  Qoh  was  released  by 
1-  id*  X'enegas  and  presented  himself  at  the  vice 


rcLtal 


1  pali 


ice. 


vrui  Ins  explanations 


h 


lie  viceroy  express<;d  liiinsc 


atislied 


but 


liter  a  delav  of  many  davs, 


during  which  no  notice  was  taken  of  him,  Cos  was 
peremptorily  ordered  to  return  immediatel}'  to  his 
p;ni.>h.  Such  a  journey  could  not  be  undertaken  by 
liiia  at  that  time   without  imminent  risk;  two  day.s 


alter 


his  de{)arture  lu>  was  ca[)tured  by  Correa' 


aiK 


1   conducted   to   Zitacui 


s  band 
iro,   where,  disiiusted  with 


t'.ie  treatment  he  had  received  and  the  want  of  c 


on- 


h 


bv  tl 


ice  111  iiim  sliowii   liy  tlie   vn-eroy,  lie  caieix 


d  1 


us 


(li  1  vircy  (."alleja  so  le  tomo  on  sii  cai'sn,  sobre  otro  coiiato  jiosteiior  do  eiive- 
iitiuiiDicuto,  quo  lUi  idea  que  Calleja  tenia  iioticia  previa  del  lioelio.'  JJi.it. 

"Ka Villi  <lcscril)t'il  the  man  as  stout  iunl  big-bellied.  Morelos' reply  was 
'ii'i  liay  aijui  otro  bai'i'iyon  (pie  yo,  la  ipio  en  ini  ciu'ei'incdad  fp.ieua  dcdbas- 
taJj."  /,/.,  ii.  42J-0. 


II 


31G 


SIEGE  OF  CUAUTLA. 


''       :|! 


siTvicfs  i(»  tlic  junta,  l^ayoii  wlirmi^ly  received  him, 
uiid  liciKH  forth  ( 'os  (K'Vdti'tl  heart  and  soul  to  tho 
L'ausi'.  ( 'oiisi'ious  of  the  [)o\vt'r  oxciviscd  Ity  the  press 
as  an  eii  j;i:ie  of  dufeiu'c  against  niisr(^|)re.scutatioii,  and 
I'oi-  the  diHu^ion  of  enll,L!,litene(l  ideas  ou  tiie  suhject 
(jf  indepeniK'Uee,  with  iidinite  lahor  li(}  fasliioneil  out 
(if  wooil  with  his  own  haii<ls  suilieient  type  t(»  enaliLj 
Inni  to  |>rint  live  pae^e.s  of  niatfei",  and  for  some  inonlh.-i 
issued  from  Zitiicuaro  a  weekly  [)ul)lieation  which  he 
■styled  till'  I /iis/r'i(/(i)'  Aiiicricaiio/  The  eil'eirtprodueed 
hy  this  slieet  was  soon  felt  hy  the  steady  ennufnilion 
from  the  eities  of  yiniiiL;'  men  of  eiieri^'y  and  aliility, 
Avho  joined  the  ranks  of  tho  revolutionists  and  aided 
the  cause  with  sword  or  pen. 

'J'he  perplexity  of  Vune;^as  increased  daily;  and  so 
forlorn  did  his  position  ap})ear  to  him  that  at  times 
he  even  meditated  o])eninj4'  eiimmunications  with  tho 
V'_'hel  lenders  to  indner-  them  to  lav  d(»wn  their  arms 
hy  oilers  of  ])ersonal  favoi's,  and  hy  concessions  whii'li 
would  win  hack  the  multitude  to  their  allegiance  with- 
out prejudice  to  the  essential  prin<-i[tle  of  S|Kiiii>ii 
donnnation.  ]3ut  such  a  step  would  he  dcM-pIy  liii- 
miliating  to  the  dignity  oftlu?  government,  and  douhly 
so  in  the  event  of  failure.  Sorely  pressed  though  ho 
was,  he  hesitated  to  adopt  a  plan  so  uncertain.  It 
was  therefore  a  relief  to  his  mind  when  Mamiel  ]gn.i- 
cio  Cjion/alez  del  Cam[)illo,  hishop  of  Puehla,"  oH'ered 

"  Mora  siiys;  M',!  Ilus/rrtdor  Aiiicrirniio,  so  luia  por  todos  partes  con  ii\  iiK/ 
y  coil  iii)i'cci>i,  vn  hm  graiuli^s  ciiidailcs  sonietidas  alo.i  J'lsii.UKilo^,  cspc'cialiiKiiio 
cu  iMt'jico,  circiilaba  do  niaiio  en  maiio,  y  ann((no  tl  golni'rao  viroinal  saliiii  ■.  1 
Ir'l'Iki,  111)  iio<lia  d.ir  coil  las  personam  ((I'.o  lo  Iciaii  y  tciiiau.'  M'j.  ,'/  ■'■■"•'*  1'"'-, 
iv.  1!»7.  Si.'i:  JiiisfaiiKiii/i',  Ciicvl.  JJisf.,i.  4'M>.  Sonicwiiat  later  Cos  oljtiiiiu'd  a 
(]u;iiitity  of  type  iiy  tlie  assistaiiuc  of  .Fofe  Kelielo,  uu  ollieial  ill  tiiO  jiriiitiiij'- 
odieo  of  Ari/])e,  iu  which  the  j^overiiiiuiit  printing  was  done,  liihcl)  f.ir- 
eluised  the  type  witlioiit  suspieioii,  aixl  it  was  conveyed  at  great  ri.^k  tiiroa;;'! 
the  j.;:-.tes  of  the  capital  packed  in  i.'ourds,  which  to  appcaianco  contained  fniit. 
Having  joined  the  insurgciiLs  forlhwith,  llebclo  served  for  sonic  years  Willi 
great  zeal  for  the  cause,  lie  Avas  eventually  captured  by  the  royalijsts  while 
convcviiig  son.  revolutionary  sheets  from  Zacatlau  to  Apaziiigaii,  and  shut. 
J'L,  i."4t);!). 

**l'a:npnio,  though  a  Creole,  had  been  appointed  bishop  of  ruebla  on  i'.c- 
count  (if  ciiiineiit  services  rcnilcrcd  t!ie  church.  I'revious  to  his  election  ho 
liiid  freipiciitly  l);'en  engaged  iu  disputes  with  tho  Spaniards  and  the  goveni- 
ineut.  Disagicenicnts  were  then  laid  a.siih',  and  when  the  re\-olutioii  h'.'i'a! 
out  Canipiilo  useil  his  utmost  eli'urts  to  promuLe  tho  cause  of  Spain,     liw  li'"J 


niOPO.SElJ  MEDIATION. 


3»7 


fi)  (ipon  iu';jji>tia(i<)iis  in  liis  own  iinnio  with  Iiayon  and 
MmI'cIos,  and  suhniiiti'd  a  [ilan  of  jji-occi'din;^''.  Jlc 
v.oiild  address  a  inanilrsto  (d  llio  two  leaders,  and 
ajtjii'al  <o  tlieni  to  aid  in  jjuttiiii;'  a  stop  to  the  war. 
(  (innnissioners  were  to  be  sent  to  them  with  iiistrui'- 
lioiis  of  botli  a  j)ui)]io  and  jii'ivate  natnre.  Dytlie 
tii'sL  they  would  lie  anliioii/ed  to  otl'er  full  pardon 
lo  llayon  and  ]?.Iorelos  if  tliey  would  sto[)  proeeed- 
]\]'^-.  and  reeoi^nize  the  S[)anish  o-overinnent.  \iy  the 
second,  ]»i'oniises  were  to  be  privately  i^iNen  to  tlio 
iiisui'L;'ent  h'aders,  on  the  word  of  the  bisho[)  and  wilh 
hi--  guarantee,  of  their  reeeption  into  favor.  J  i' these 
eli'eis  were  acee[>ted,  it  was  to  be  understood  that  l!io 
insurgent  forces,  their  fortified  places,  arms,  and  all 
I'esources  of  Mar,  .should  be  placetl  at  the  dispo.sal  of 
the  L;()Vernnient." 

NencLj^as  gladly  accepted  the  blsliojj's  ])roposal; 
\\li('ther  his  media 'ion  wero  successlul  (»r  not,  it 
v.iMild  s(d\'e  the  (juestion  which  per[)lexed  him  with- 
out compromising  the  viceregal  dignity.  'J'hu  com- 
iiiissloners^''  were  I'eceived  b\-  the  revolutionary  chiefs 
v.ilh  becoming  deference.  ]]ut  the  design  failed. 
?N(  Ither  the  Ijishop's  manifesto  nor  private  argniments 
and  ])romises  had  any  v/eiglit  witli  either  ]»ayou  or 
^.birelos,  who  refused  to  enter  into  any  negotiations 

of  c. induct  w:is,  lio\vev(_r,  marked  liy  freedom  from  the  rancor  disjil;iyed  Ijy 
Li.4  Ijnitlier  prolates,  jiiul  the  coarse  viiuiieralion  wliieli  tm)  ol'ieu  (lis,'i;;iireii 
tlicir  exLortatioiis  was  never  resorted  to  by  liiiii.  lie  moreover  i'renueiit'y 
i:itei-posed  liid  iiillueiice  wiili  t!ie  viceroy  to  .sav(!  the  live-i  of  iiiifort.uiate  iii- 
f!>ir;r;'iit  captives,  lie  was,  thei'cfore,  re;j;ai'deil  with  less  aversion  liy  tlio 
rovohilioiiiiiti  tliuu  liis  ecclesiastical  colleagues.   Ji'ura,   M(j.  1/ s/i-i  Jt<r.,  iv. 

'■•  I'he  bishop's  manifest  and  his  eorrcsponilenco  with  tlio  viceroy  and  tlio 
iiisuru'ciit  leaders,  to.:;cther  with  tlie  report  of  tlic  ciira  Antoni,)  I'alafox — one 
of  the  coinmissioncri — of  the  failure  of  the  plan,  wuJ  pul>lish 'd  liy  him  in 
Au-iist  lSl-2.  Cdiiijiillo,  M<ni}f.,  II  ;'>,  pp.  lU(i.  Xe;^'reto  claims  to  Ik!  thelirst 
liii>.  jrian  who  published  iv  copy  of  theses  interesting  documents,  Jiu:.t:imauto 
Ii'.viu;^'  oidy  produced  the  bish()[)'s  eoires[iondence  with  Moj'clos.  Mi .c.  Si:/. 
A/A',,  V.  10.'i-7(i.  This  histautlmrisof  opinionthat  Campilloilid  uotinitiatu 
t'ue  mediation,  but  that  it  was  secretly  arran^ccll  liv  Venct^as.  Caud.  1114., 
ii.  111.;-:!.     Consult  Mom,  Mij.  y  kiis  Uiv.,  iv.  lOT-'^Ol. 

'Tlio  cura  Antonio  I'alafox  to  Kayon,  and  the  prcsbltoro  Jose;  Maria 
Llave  to  Morelos.  The  latter,  however,  was  preventetl  reaching  liis  deslina- 
tioii  'porque  so  lo  impeilicron  nnas  calcnturas,'  lUi.tianiaiitf,  Ciiad.  Hi  /..  ii. 
]!'■!.  or,  as  Mora  says,  'no  (jniso  encargarse  de  I'Ste  negocio.'  JliJ.  y  f>t(-i  L'eo., 
IV.  -Jl.    A  substitute  was  therefore  .seat  in  liis  stead. 


!l 


1 1 

1 1 


-'1 
■I  I 


0 
Ml 

3 'I 

"11 


It 


li 


b 


348 


SIEGE  OF  CUAUTLA. 


except  on  tlio  l^asis  of  tlio  cstiiblishniciit,  in  !^^(•xi{'()  nf 
;i  national  g'ovci'niucnt.  Indeed,  even  their  inlluenee 
WDnId  have  l)een  nnavailiiio-  t(i  stay  the  cnrreiit  of  in- 
dependent principles  now  so  dt't'plv  ingi'aited  in  the 
minds  of  tlieii-  followers,  and  an  attempt  to  do  so 
Vionld  liav(!  endani^'ercd  tlieir  own  lives."  The  coiii- 
missioiiei's,  thereloi-e,  returned  with  the  tidniL's  of 
their  i'aihn'c,  and  the  two  o'overmnents  continuid 
their  pi'epai'ations  for  riitun,'  hostd'ties. 


•n»  rinjilclu.' 


.Six'ONiJ  C.\^rPAIl:^•  or  Mnui.Los. 


Ahont  the  middle  of  Xovemhei"  Morelos  ao'ain  to  'c 
the  Mel!  and  emered  npi>ii  liis  s(cond  eampai'j;ii.  i'l  »- 
ceedini;'  to  Tlajia,  he  enli  rod  tluit  to\  m  ^"'ihout  ojij  o- 
siiioii,  t  lio  royalist  uani^on  haxin^'  rereated  to  ( )aj.  .-a 
on  his  a[)[)roach.     J  Lore  he  was  joined  hy  J  *a(h'e 'i';ii»i;i, 

"  Till'  c'liiuiissiiiiuT  Pal:-.fnY,  i:i  liis  report  to  t!io  liisliop  d'-i'viliiii','  tlui 
]iu)jlir  Ic!  liii'^'  in  Ui.-it  part  of  tlic  cMiiiilry  \vliii;li  hi'  visilcd,  :  ;i y:' :  '  -Ni  :'0  jiieat^a, 
iii  ;o  ii.i))la.  lii  so  ulira,  siiio  dc  la  iii.smi'oK'ioio .  .  .tudcifi,  jiofi  iiia;i  1<>:!  ii.iii'  ■^. 
c-^taii  rc.-iu'ltii.s  \\  iiiorir.  y  con  liudios  praclicMn  li.ui  ihoIumI'  :|1ic;  loesliin  ti:  i- 
liicn  ii  ma  tar  aim  a  los  .sujironio.s  ^ol'tvs  que  liau  |iu(  'o  v\  din  (juo  !U!  viu  U.i  i 
cuiuij  uliu.i  tlii.cn  "icvi'ludas."'  VuiaiiUio,  Mttuij'.,  II.    1.'!.     ILiymi's  ic^>l>'  i'J 


MOVEMENTS  OF  MORELOS. 


.■349 


011(1  VictoriaiiD  ]\r;il(l<)iuul(),  ;in    Indian  of  in-cat  ix'so- 


lutiDii    ;ini 


Itull 


iLft'lKH^ 


1' 


loni 


Tl; 


i|);i  111"  ni;ufli(.'(l  to 


Cliaiitia  cK'  la  ;:al,  \vlu;ro  ^[at(    >  Musitl'i,  ;i  rich  Sj)au- 


iar<l 

(•'  UlSli 


luul 
KraM 


()r!>'at;i/-ci 


and  arni'X 


c  iiM'cc,  iorliiyiiii;'  hiiii.scll  in  a  stroiiLj  l>ui 


I  at  1 
It' 


lis  own  ('XixMise  a 


ild- 


l  i\ 


\\<.'j;  wliich  had  nn'inoriv  hcci 


the  convi'iit  oi"  the  Au- 


U'lisi  uiiaiis. 


.Al 


(iiTlos,   Jiowcvcr,  dcs 


(It'jelici.'    made,   caiTKu 


111, 


pito  li 


10    NlLl'orollS 


ac(,"   l)V  stonii,  aiK 


ca]) 


lured  ^tlusitu  and  '200  of  Ids  nuii.  .Vlllioiigh  Musiti'; 
(tlll'ivd  id'ty  thousand  dollars  lor  Ids  life,  ]\c  was 
tivatcd  with  the  st'vcrity  dealt  to  bolli^'ereiits,  and 
.shot  willi  otlit-T  S[)a,iiiards  wlio  wore  takoii  prisoners 


Yvilli  1 1  nil 


OH) 


At  C'hautla,  Alorolos  di\idod  his   force  into  tin 
di\  i>i(*ns,  one  of  which  lie  ))lacod  under  the  ccruiniand 
ei'Mi'-'uel  Jjravo,  with  instructions  to  inarch  aLiainst 


C 


aca;  \vi 


th  tl 


lo  secoiH 


I  ira] 


eana.  vas  sent  to  attj 


l(.-K 


Tasco;  ut  the  head  of  the  reinainiiiL;'  division  Morelos 
aihanced  to  Izucar,  which  he  entered  on  the  lUth  of 
Di'ceniher  without  opposition,  and  was  there  joined  Ijy 
Mariano   ]\Iatainoros,   the   actini>'  cura  of  Jantetelco, 


chic 


dtcrward  iiL,^ured  as  a  j)i()niine!it  rcvohitionaiy 
Oil  the  I7tli,  h(>wever,  he  was  attacked  hy  a 
force  of  over  500  men  under  the  coniinaiid  of  AEi- 
yiicl  (\c  Soto  y  AFaceda,  a  lieutenai.^  ol'the  navy,  si-nt 
au'aiiist  him  hv  l^laiio  who,  in  recoiiidtion  of  his  ser- 


C: 


illo  is  ilatc'd  Zitaciiaro,  OctulKT  10,  isil,  tiiat  df  Morcli 


jqia 


X. 


-4,  iNJl.  Thu  lattLT  cliiff.  irritated  ])oriiaiH  iiy  thu  upli'.'aiiliii'^  tniio  iuid 
smiivw  hat  acriiriDiiiDiM  slyli!  of  t!io  bi.slinp's  letter,  forwardeil  ti>  liiiii  a  ;vii-ea:- ■ 
tie  U'lte  wliieli  he  had  appended  to  twii  leitera  received  hy  hiiii  tVmii  the  enras 


bt"J'i\thiaiid('hil; 


IMsUl-X'Ilt.-i 


The  fdllowiii 


jhitive  to  the  jiroteetioii  (if  their 


h 


a  tiaiishitiou  (if  tlio  d 


(lenmeiu  : 


I'l: 


'■'t,  l"ill.     I  certify  iii  duo  form  tiiat  tho-ic  eiira.s  of  the  jieople 


X. 


who  iia\e  \\<: 


a  ill  fa 


jf  til 


le  ":aehii|iiiies  eau  Uil 


Jiiid  perform  ilicir  i'eli,:;ioiii4  fiiiie 
lions  witiiout  lieiiig  lialdc  to  tlie  eiiar','e  of  irrc'_,'ulai'ity  and  to  excoiimniuiia 
tion.  and  t!iat  only  tlio  cura  MoreloL<  and  the  otiier  Ameiican  eiiras  will  Ik 


cmiM 


lerttl 


irre''ular,  excommii 


ideated,  etc.      Let  the  ori 


d  be 


remitted  to 


tile  lusho))  of  I'uelila  for  hi.s  information,     Ivforelo?.'  J/.,  97  -^. 


AI'iiiKui,  Hid.  Mij.,  ii.  -I'JlJ-.'tO; 


while  here  attached  to  1 


as  f^erviee  .lose 


Mil 


I'riH  .S'/r//(w,  iii.    '\'s2.     Morelns 


][ 


f  Ih 


titlan,  will)  was)  found  seen  ted  in  the  (.hii 


reli 


errera,  etna  o: 
■nd  lirou'dit  Inforc  him 


vhehned  wltli  tei'iur.      Moreh 


'PI 


■ased   his  fca 


d   1 


le  was  atteiwii 


.1 


(I'hiiitted  into  his  closest  conlidence,  and  made  a  eliap'.ain  of  ids  army.     Cav(j 


\\U.u  ii  III 


'  l';ste 


'A  f, 


OSes 
lo.so 


lb. 


Minititlo  de  reiaeiones  de  itlirljide,  ijue  lunto  daiio 


ill' 


:*l 


Iii 


rif  ■  f  ' 


4 


it 


SIEGE  OF  CUAUTLA. 


vioc.-;  ill  the  ]»lain.s  of  Apaiii,  liad  nicaiitluic  l)e(Mi  iiia'lo 
cnloncl,  and  attcrwai'd  appointed  iiii]ita.iy  coiuinaiidi'i- 
ut"  till'  province  of  .PiU'hIa.'' 


H!  assaidt  was  susiuinci 


I  with 


at  vi'>'or  f 


Ol'    IIVO 


liniirs,  hut  the  l•oyali^ts  could  make  ii-  i!n[)i't,'s>lnii 
upon  ili(!  ])laza,  tlio  entrances  to  whicii  were  closed 
hv  harricadcs.      Soto,  nioi'tallv  wounded,  at  last  uavo 


ordc 


to  retreat,  (lele'*'atin<>'  tl 


k;  c()nnnan( 


I  toC 


iliiaia 


^Mariano  ( )rtiz.  The  retreat  was  e(|ual]_v  disastrous. 
Ortiz  was  killed  at  the  head  of  his  nun  wliile  endrav- 
oriuLj;  to  rej)ulse  the  ])ursuin^'  revolutionists,  and  tlio 
lenuiant  of  the  division,  amounting-  to  less  than  two 
hundred  n)en,  entered  I'uehla  on  the  IDth,  the  re>t 
beilin'  killed,  captlH'ed,  or  dispersed 


H 


j*nil(!a  now  lav  almost  at  the  nicrcv  o^  ^Morelo-, 
dependent  as  it  was  for  its  defence  onl}'  u|)on  tlif  djs- 
spirited  remnant  of  Soto's  lorco.      l>ut  he  cliose  rather 


|o  SV/c 


e'i>  clean  the  territory  as  ho  advanced,  and  1 


no  li 


.4il 


)ree  in  liis  rear,      lie  therel 


ea\(; 


Ol'- 


t  ll'(  )(•('!• 


to  ( 'uai'.tla,  ant 


enw 


red  it  ^\■ithout  I'esistan 


ce  on   tin 


■J.lth  of  JJ(!cenil)ei',  the  comandanti;  (iarcilaso 
ileil  at  his  apjiroacli.  l'''rom  C'uautla  ]Moi'el 
tinned  his  tr!umi»!ia!  niarcli  to  Tasco  in  order  t 


na\'ili'. 


OS     (■    Ml- 


Vv  ith  ( J  alcana, 


d   1 


\v\\i>  lian   hi'i'U  t'([uall\'  successiul  ni  ins 


Ih 


o  UhltO 
I, 


expi'ilition  a^'ainst  that  tov.ii,  which   he  took  altera 
viu'orous  defeiiee  maintained  hv  the  cotnandante  Ma- 


riano 


<  <arci; 


] 


1.  Jilo> 


1 


VlOS, 


after  sustainiuLi'  hiinsell' I'a' 


lWi  >  (lavs,  cap 


ilulated  on  lh(.'  condition   tliat  tin 


4' liiniself  and  his  ti\)<tps  should  he  spared,  hut  ^F 


,V(M 

orc- 


(Ml 


II 


lati 


his  ai'i'ival  on  the  .'ilst,  iirouounced  the  capil- 


lon  nulk  on   th' 


'•round  that  I'uos  had  contiiiru'd 


liriu''"  ai'ter  it  had   heen  coneluded, 


and 


with   hi'- 


d<-  Mr 


isii,  ii.  lonr.,  ]-_'it. 


Siitoilicil  the  sMiii'j  (l;iy,  .".inl  \v:m  Imrird  dii  (lie 'Jilth.  in  Uk;  ciitliiili  :il 
at  !'\ifljl;l.      His  attiifk  on   l/i'ic;if  \\as  r('«_';u'ili'il  as  ra<li  liy  tin!  j^iivitiihh  !;t. 


Sf(!  tlic  i(.'i)i)rt  of  tiio  altViv/  ilc  iiav  in,  I'cilro  iMi 


i-liii  l)riiu''iit  (ill'  tlur  il' 


fcatv.l   ( 


CoilJIS,    III    till-..    ( 


I.'  M. 


IMI. 


|-J(I!I    II;  also,   (' 


7 


rix 


s;.,i.~ 


iii.  .Ss_'-;!;  Ahtiiuiii,  II, xi.  Ml 


a:\\  \.    V 


iVMnuiciit  ot  a  coiiiiiiiiMi- 


Ciuioii  of  tlio  viicroy,  (l:it(j'l  ht'i'L'iiiliL'i- "JO,  |s||,  it  appeals  tliat  on  llie  Hili 


tli'j  V  ivalists  I'olli 


<1  at  .\tlixeo  to  tlio  imiiiliei' of   l.'iOonlv. 


Ih 


Jt  irtit'1.1.  ('ill.  /Ii)i\,  iii.    I.pli.      .\lioiit  70  [U'isijiier.s  were  taken,   nearly  a.l  ut 
whom  wtio  set  ut  liberty.   Id.,  \i.  -l2. 


itJil 


ii  iua<le 
iuaii(k'r 

inr  iivo 
press!  Mil 
3  eli>si'(l 
ist  i;;ivo 
Ca]il;iili 
iaslious. 
t'luK'av- 
aiid  l!io 
hail  luo 
thr   V'-t 

I  I  lie  dis- 
sc  ratliri' 
iinl  K'a\i; 

il'C  )(•('("  it",  I 

■('  oil    1  lio 

)   lia\iii;.;' 

L'loS     (     '11- 

li)  uhitc 
ul  in  !ii^ 
alter  a 
lite  Ma- 
ii-riri'-r 

111'  r,v(^-^ 

\v  i-apil- 

jlltllUii'il 

willi   lif- 

]„,  ciitliclral 
j^iivcriiiiiii't- 
It  ulVtIiC  ile- 
■/'(•(  .•)  N;;/'''*', 
II  cimiunmi- 
,m  tlu)  l-'ili 
//-/•//'(/'  ■■•  .", 
Uf.uly  :i-i  "' 


11 


JUNTA  Dr:  ZITArTARO. 


n5i 


ti'cii  o'liir  })ris(>iK'rs,  S])aiiiar(ls  and  ci'oolcs,   was  sliot 


(111 


tlio  4tli  of  -laiiiiaiA'  I'd 


<i\Vlll'>'. 


Thus   tei'iii  ilia  ted 


the  srcoiid  caiiipai^'ii  ot'Moix-los,  hy  which  he  hecamo 
laastcr  of  the  tei'i'itory  cxteiidiiie-  from  ("hila])a  to  the 
la-'UMtaiii  ranL;'o  wliich  scpai'ates  the  valley  ol' .Mcxieo 
iVoiii  the  tieiTa  calieiitu  of  the  south. 

^[('anliiiie  Ihe  junta  of  Zil:icuaro  was  exjieriencini^ 
dial  o])[)()si(ieii  to  its  aiitlioiiiy  ;dr(.'ady  I'oresliadowed. 
Touiiis  Ortiz,  a  nephew  of  Hi  lal'^'D,  and  who  had  been 
appointed  hy  him  comaudaiite  of  that  district,  made 
liiaiseir  partieularly  ol)iio\i;)us,   hotli    on    acv'onnfc   of 


h 


want 


ol     (lele 


iH'c   and 


ail' 


•y  complaints  Irom  ^lei 


hi  <  rapacity,  which  dr 


e\' 


l'elo> 


r 


11  ordef  to  sustain 


t'a.e  authority  of  the  new  g'overnmeiit,  the  Junta  ther 


e- 


lof 


t'ire  caused    Ortiz  to  he  arrested,  as  well  as  severa 
its  own   co;iu';'-;sioners  who  ha;!  displayed  a   similar 


.Ir 


qtion. 


to  whom  liaN'on  himself  ai>;»lied  tin 


epithet  of  voracious 


10 


Oi-t 


iz  ant 


1   t 


wo    ouier   (k'lin 


leli 


(|i!eiits  were  (^omlc'inneil  todeatli ;  hut 


il"  their  services,  execution   of  t 


II  COll'idelMtioU 

le   seiiteiK/e    was   sus- 


pended. When  ('alleja,  however,  approacluNJ  Zit:t- 
ciiaro  the  junta,  ap[)rehensive  that  they  mi;j,-lit  cause 
i'uture  trouble  in  ease  the  royalists  should   jh'on'c  siic- 


cessiu 


1,  <)-ave  orders  for  tl 


leir  t 


'Xetaition,  and  tl 


lev  were 


sn'i 


t  on  the  .3lst  of  J)eceml) 


Xor  did  IJavoii  meet 


wiih  that  suhservieiicy  to  his  wishes  which  he  had  e 


d 


.11 


rom  his  colleau'Ui'S,  wlio  soon  he 


an  t 


M  I'cM'ard 


111-,  an 
cii>\-. 


il)it 


ious  views  of  s 


In  1 


lis  correspondeiie, .  wit 


I'-aowfandizement  with  jeal- 
h  ^[orelos  he  spealcs 


cl'  the  dis'jfust  which  he  had  cxneri.'nced  at  t 


leir  (Uliei'- 


ir< 


01 H 


es,  of  the  puerile  dis[)osition  which  they  displayed, 
1  ol'  their  weakness  of  character.^'*     Thus  enmity 


.l/(, /•-/„>•,  n,r/a 


!.'!.     liin-i  iiiid  iii.i'li 


Itv.     Jiii-itiiniaiitc  (K'suril)  ■>>  him  as   •li'iiiili 


\(  an  c^iiicciiil  dlijr,'!  (if  liat'. 


i.y  I  M  <TiH'ltv 
cnir,;  i:n  ili.ibi'ilicas.'  ('ii'n/.  Hint.,  ii.  "iS. 
■"//,';o(/.'  Ii'iii/iiii  (i   .l/o/'' Aw,  K 


IS   ,].■    ISI-J;   AlitllKin,   ll'l 


irr   pi.'  lUiiiUo  ill!  iiiia.i 


■111, 


./•-  n. 


ojichi  do  /jlri'rr/ja  "'  .Uo;r'o-i,  Miuto  I.'t  do  ISl'J. 
It  was  fhnmi,'li  IJavDu'M  iiiiliiciiro  tliat  I 


i('":i''v  ainl   \  I'l'ilu 


!•:)     Iri'l    lll'I'Il 


clii'dl  iiicmbei'S  of  tiio  junta.     Muia  wiys  of  tliLai: 


'i'.raii  iiiTsDiias  oscuraa 


i  ! 


:, 


M 


4 


fl't; 


ffl 


i  I 


i  I 

I  ! 


3.-)! 


SIEOE  OF  Cr.VUTI.A. 


I  > 


sj)riin::^  up  Ix'tux'Cii  tliein;  and  lliough  uu  ;ip;);;iv'nt 
I'cjcoiiciliation  (/CciinTd  in  the  face  of  a,  (hui'^ci'  c  );iii;u)ii 
to  all,  mutual  coulidciice  was  lu'wr  rcstoi'ud. 

Oil  (1k'  Istof  .[aiuiary,  1  S  I -J,  Callcj:i  aj)[);'art'(l  In:- 
i'ore  Zit;icuaro,  tlu;  (loomed  elly.  ]lo  Jiad  k'ft  Guaiia- 
jualo  oil  llic  lull  of  Xo\(Miil)<.'i",  and  tlio  slownc-sof 
Ins  uiovuiiu'iits  marks  at  once  the  repu^-naiiee  witli 
which  ho  undertook  the  enteiprise  and  his  cai'o  to  si'- 
curc  ;i  suecosst'ul  issue."  Pi'oci>edin;4  to  Ac:lmharo, 
ho  thoi'o  contbrrcd  v.ith  'I'l'ujillo,  who  met  him  lor  that 
purjiose,  and  was  joined  hy  Castillo  y  Biistaniante, 
Garcia  (\)n(l(\  ]\Leneso  and  other  chiefs  with  tiieir 
divisions,  accordinc,''  to  pivvious  insti'uctions.  l-'ioni 
Aeiimharo  he  leisurely  continued  his  mai-ch,'-'  and  ar- 
rived at  Ixtlahuaca  toward  the  niiddk;  of  l)eceni!)er, 
in  oi'der  to  o[>en  c()mmiuiication  with  'l'ohic;i  ;ind 
combine  his  o[)erati()ns  with  tlieso  of  INu'lior.'-'  Hero 
he  receivetl  some  reenforcemonts,  and  his  army  now 
amounted  to  4,000  combatants,-'  with  twe;ity-thi'ec 
pieces  of  artilleiy^  of  diilereut  calibre. 

On  the 'Ji'd  of  JJeeember  Calleja  marched  from  S:m 
Felipe  del  Obi'aje,  whei'e  lie  had  concentrated  lils 
troo[»s,  and  on  tlie  followim^  da}'  entered  the  ru'^^cil 
delile  of  San  ]\[ateo.      The  ditlicultios   which  he  cn- 


Wi 


'  1 


y  (loscoiiocidas  cu  la  mayor  parte  (1(;  las  divi^ioms  iii'^urJL'iiU'.i. ,  .y  sc  nciisa 
ilavdii  ill!  lial)er  iiiteiitado  apodrrar.so  ilo  la  iiutoridail  buprtiiia  a  la  soiuljra 
de  juTSDiias  iiisi;;nili<"antc8y  nomliivsdcsi.'oiiooidos.'  MiJ.  //.s'/(>'  /,'.  -■.,  iv.  I',!.)  I. 

''••  At'lor  lii.s  dcparturo  from  ( Jnaiia  juato  Ir'  roci-ivod  Vi.'nL';j;a;i' ia.jtructioiis 
of  Oitoljcr  .'{j.st,  cnucliL'd  in  siicli  jii'iciiiiitory  tLriiis  as  to  cauic  liini  uukIi  aii- 
noyaiU'O.  llu  replied  to  tliu  viixMoy  tiiat  'no  iKccsitaha  iisai'  do  t  I'luiaoi  tail 
I'streehalitot!,  piio.s  liastahaii  las  aiiteriorincuto  rouibidas  para  oljuducer. '  liiii- 
Imimiilr,  ('iiiiijirii)ii.i  i/c  ( '■i.l/ijn,  l.'iU. 

'-''t'allcja  was  l(ida\.s  .lassiiit,'  t'rom  Aeainbaro  to  !Maravatio,  r  xiiectiiiu'  ri 
receive  iustriictious  fio.u  the  vieerny,  wliich  failed  to  arrive.   (Vrc  lA  J/'./., 

isr.',  iii.  i;!i;. 

^'(Jalleja,  eonsideriii.','  that  t!ie  pri^vions  failiii'es  to  take  Ziticiiaro  were 
caused  liy  tho  attaelvs  heiiii;  direited  thri>u,i,'li  the  dillii!ult  eail  iii  nf  San 
Mateo,  had  intended  to  make  his  approach  liy  that  of  'i'ii\pan,  while  Porlier 
Hceiired  tiie  San  .Mateo  road  against  the  retreat  of  the  insiii'L;eats.  He  wa;^, 
liovvuver,  conipelli'd  to  .altei'  his  phin  and  niareh  t!iroie;h  tiio  Sau  Mate) 
caunn,  while  I'oi'lier  direeteil  liis  atteiiLion  a^'ainst  'IN'nanifo.   //*. 

--Consisting'  (if  '_',7ltl  infantry  and  'J,1'U  cavalry,  llis  ori:;inal  foree  Jiad, 
however,  heen  redueed  hy  1,043  men  from  sieUnoss  and  desertion.  Alaman, 
Jlisl.  Mij.,  ii.  4.-)l-'J, 


FALL  OF  ZITACUARO. 


s:.: 


'iintci'i'.l   ill  Ills  iipij'/oacli  to  lii!'  ciiv  wx'ro  so  '^Toat 


tli.it   he  \V 


as  t'i'^'lit  (lays  in  acc()in])lisliui!4'  tAvclvc  lea;. 


lU' 


s.iiiK'tiiiics  a(l\aiiciiiL!-  not  more  lliaii   lialt' a  Ica'.Mic  in 


t went  v-f our  lioiii 


11  many  places  fiitii'dy  new  road 


liad  1o  1h'  opened  at  tlie  cost  of  iniiiieiise  la  1  tor,  and  the 
^iltIel•ill'4•s  ot'tlio  soldiers  wvvv  eN('essi\-e  as  tliey  toiled 
under  pitiless  storms  of  rain,  snow,  ami  pelliii'^'  hail 
which  alternately  desct'iidod  ii[»on  them  from  the  sun- 
I'sssky.  1  lad  tlie  royalists  heeii  assailed  in  tliis  | 
ir  is  piohahle  that  they  would  iie\'er  have  rca' 
Zit;icuaro,  hut  the  insurirent  leaders  t 


lass. 


oo    co!l!ld( 


ntiv 


I'clle 
tien^ 


Upon 


tlieir  strcjiiLT  ixisitioii,  and  (heir  lortiliea- 


which  had   heeii   elahorately  coi 
the  direction  of  lianioii   ]lavon,  hroi 


U|il<'ie(l 


llaviiiu"  surmounted  all 


ler   of    I; 
ohstacles,  (Adleia,  on  1 


und.'r 
I'lacio. 
1st 


lie 


(>t  January,   1812,  oiicampod   bef(»re   the   t;»v,ii  on   a 


iixiii'i-  u-rouu 


d 


JUS 


t  bt 


evoiHl  reaen  ot 


tl 


le   ellellU  s 


at- 


tcries.     Having'  jiersonally  reconnoitred    the  I'liemy's 
liacs  of  (h'feiices,-'  lie  made  his  dispositions  i'>r  atta 


CK 


Oil 


the  fbllowin'^  day.      His  })lan   was   to  assail   tin 


iiisur'i'eiits'  fortilieations  in  the  i 


ear 


while  he  tlii'i.'at- 


cned  thi'iii  witli  attack  in  I'ront.      Witli  this  ohj(>ct,  h 
pl;ici'(l  a  division  of  his  forces  un<ler  the  command  of 


aivia 


Coiid 


O,   WlU)    w 


as  direete<l  to  move  round  to 
ihe  left  toward  the  road  leadiiiL;'  IVoin  Jjos  ijaurdes, 
v.iiiK'  Calleja  with  th(j  main  Ijody  nia<le  a  detour  alon?^- 
the  hciu'lits  toward  the  riu'ht.      A.  sti 


was  1) 


laced 


HI  cliartro  o 


f  II 


le  col 


onu"  reserve  lorco 
ide  de  Casa  Kul.      \t 


I'll  n'cldclc  in  the  morn  in;^  the  royalist  conmianders  had 
t.iivcn  up  their  respective  ])ositIons,  and  havinij;'  jilacc  I 
tli'ii'  ai  iillery  on  commanding;  eminences,  opened  lire. 
I  '■!•  :i  short  half-hour  the  revolutionists  replied  \  i ;4or- 
i>ly;  l)ut  their  fire  then  slackeii"d  !)el'ore  the  su[»eiior 


Hi 


t  J 


It  is  navnitcil  liy  r>i:iz  Ciilvin.>.  tli.it  avI 


ulo  K  :;illi'|a  \\;is  iiuikiii 


li 


f'<.'!'v;itii(iis  till'  tigiiniiioii  .if  a  vury  porfrot  imliu  tivii  iipiicarnl  iu  the  sliv.  ;i!ii 
t.iat  Ik;  exi'laimeil  to  .IdSic  M;iru  K  iiaLriirav,  vlio  ooimiiaiulcil   the  ('a\ali\ 


t-cui't  whiili  iu:cA 


iinpaiiu'ii  Inijs: 


V.   la  p 


:iliiiii:  nui'^ua  t'S  la  victitiia 


I'll.     Calvilli),  niiiro"  »^r,  jiivo-*  a  w  >ocl-(ut  of  the  iiiifai'iilcms  apiic  ir- 


;iii''i',  winch  1 


.  littl 


o  rt'sch.iilauco  to:\  '(.■■Jm  th.it  it  has  hut'ii  thus  cii; 


lii  a  ini'p.mial  note:  'En  venlad  4'^  parc>.v  d  la  I'al 


inichi  (-irl.'  //) 


ma,  e'uino  ua  huiiij  a  ur.a 


lliat.  Mkx.,  Vul,  IV.    aa 


r-' 


i,  m 


■m 


.X'i 


SIEGE  OF  CL'AUTLA. 


ifl 


>j;'unii>'vy  of  llie  l■()yali^ts,  and  disoi'dcr  was  oljsciAr  I 
ill  llu'ii'  liiii's.  ('allcja  lia^l  already  inadci  liis  (!i>- 
j)(i-<itious  I'm]' the  assault,  tliivc  atlaclciiiL;'  coluiuiis  ]i;i\- 
iiii;  been  iilaird  rcspcctix'cly  uihUt  the  coiniiiaiKls  i  t' 
Cus(illi),  C'oloiiel  .losij  I\[aria  Jaloii,  and  Ovoy.  aii  I 
3lciK'S(>,  till,'  laitci"  jcadoi's  l)t'in!^  iusti'iicli'<l  to  coy  ,■ 
the  i'l!;]ii  oi'llio  dtluT  eojuiiins,  and  occnijtyiiiL;'  (lie  Tiix- 
]ian  ii)ad,  cunncct  wiili  (;<arefa's  division  on  thai  if 
Ijos  LaiU'clL's,  thus  chjsino'  retreat  in  tlios','  (hi'cc(i(iii.>.-' 
Th(\so  r'olunms  wrve  now  urdeiXMl  to  advance,  wlii'n' 
( Jai'<i';i  Conde,  liav  n^'  crossed  tlie  moat  hy  nie.nis  ot 
a  jxii'taljle  1»ri(lii;e  j)r()vi(]ed  for  the  jiui'posc,  v,as  ;;t 
the  same  lime  I'oi'cin^'  liis  way  into  the  town.  Tii' 
simultaneous  attack  was  suci.-i'ssi'ul  at  all  i»i^ints.  Ju- 
deed,  the  deience  a{)[)ea)'s  to  have  been  lanientalily 
weak  in  com|)ai'ison  with  the  n'reat  ])rcparations  mai!  ■, 
and  hy  two  o'clock  in  the  ai'ternoon  tlie  insuru'ent- 
liad  ilcvl  i'lom  Zitacuaro  as  l)est  they  could,  |iliui;.;iii4' 
into  the  dilclies  and  escaping"  hy  the  barranca-;  a;.  I 
mountain  gullies.'-''  The  junta  lied  to  Sultepec,  v.hci' ; 
it  estabiish(jd  a  new  seat  of  jxovernment. 

Tlie  loss  sustained  in  killed  and  wounded  w;;s 
inconsider;d)le  in  jji'oportiou  to  the  importance  i^f 
the  fall  of  Zit.Lcuaro.-'^  l''orty-(hree  cannon  fell  into 
the  possession  of  the  victors,  besides  a  great  <|ua:i- 

-'A  (k'l'p  biuraiica  intcrvcnoil  between  tlic  position  ^vllic.■ll  ('iilkjji  t^  !v 
uj>  and  t!iu  town.     JIo  causeil  tlireo  mountain  jiat'iH  bvi'lin^  to  tiii.i  tu  'lu 
well  opcneil  tV)f  tlic  ailvano"  of  liis  attaeiiini;  colunuis  umlcr  covci'  of  \\U 
artillciy.     Castillo  mijved  aloiiic  tliu  ono  to  Calkja'.s  lef t ;  Jaloij  H<Jvaiiei'il 
the  central  one ;  and  Oroz  auil  .Meneso,  whoso  ioices  were  conijc)-'  t    •• 
ahy,  oil  the  one  extendinj,'  to  Calleja'.s  liglit.  ('rr..  dc  .lA.t'.,  IfSlJ.  i 

-■"A  las  dos  do  la  tardo  ya  no  lialiiaen  ol  reel ntoun  solo  enenii;^o  \  i .  ■     / 
iii.    Ni>.     Tile  aeeount  of  tlic  eapturu  of  Zit;ieaaro  lias  lieeii  derlv'' 1   /:      i 
Cnlleja's  rep'jrt  to  the  viiuroy  in  Id.,  iii.   17-1''',   K!.")— 1"J;   li'i-iiiuiutiiii .  ''-    i- 
IKii'tiK  di:  ('(d/(/n,  ll>2-.M;  (Jiirrra,  Iter.  N.  K<j).,  ii.   ll.'i-li);  Mur't,  M       / 
s.i.-^  J!,,:,  iv.  L>70-S-2;  T    rcn'c,  Rca'.  Ilii^p.  A,i).:i:,  i.  310-1:?;  Dhc:  r.' 
S(  rinoii,  lo'J-o!). 

-''''rhonu'li  Calleja  in  his  report  wislus  to  uivo  the  idea  tliat  irroat  iniiiih  ,  , 
fill,  lie  only  vaguely  sUiics  that  nian}^  hundreds  of  the  rebel-!  jierislied.  A 
.Sjiani.ird,  however,  writing  from  Zil.icuaro  on  the  ."itli  of  Juuuaiy,  >  : 
'A[iiiias  moririan '201)  y  en  el  pueblo  no  pn^arian  dc  '20,  ])o\-fjiiu  estabi  y  i 
perniiuieeo  solo.'  (iii/rm,  ]!(  r.  ^V.  J^'n/i,,  ii.  410.  Xcgreto  .says;  'La  [v  i 
do   I'ls   iutlependientes.  .  .fue  corta:   no  pasi)  do  einiiiiiita  lMiid;n  -,    ■  ' 

inueho  niaym'  ',i  do  los  realistas. '  Mi'.r.  S!i/.  X/X.,  iv.  lifi!/.  Calleja  e  .i- 
mated  the  number  of  the  defenders  at  3o.()()0,  of  whom  JL'.fMOwere  ea\Ml  y, 
'  m'uiiero  .'^in  ihula  njuy  exajeradu,'  as  ALinian  reniarks.    J/l.-'t.  M(J.,  ii.  I  '  '• 


-r  ot 


DEG;;.M)AT[i)\  OF  THE  CITY. 


lUT  aims  ;iiid  ;iii  niimciisL'  store  ot  aimniuii- 


li'i;!.-'     The  cMsiinltics  orthe  v'ictoi'S  were  insio-iiilicaiit. 
i]\cini)lai'y  imnisliniciit   must  necessarily  be   inHictc  I 


Il'Hlll 


a   cilv  Nvliicli   liad   twice  wil  ii 


('SS(- 


111-   (llsLiTace 


11 10   I'oya 


list 


iirill:- 


M 


OS  I   o 


r  the   1) 


h'''( 


•rents  Irul 


cs;';i[)e;l  and  tlu;  j)i'is()ii('r.-;  were;  f'.w".      (  )1'  tlieso,  ei;^li- 
tcca  were  sliot  on  tliu  rollo\vin<j;  day;-"  to(»  small  an 


tpMl 


,)Iil 


•ini;'  to  a[)i»e!ise  the  rovali.st  i;'')(U 

del 
Call 


tl 


so  inc  (ic 


the    eitv  was    delerniiiicd   upon,   an 


1 


J=^  1 


)Ul>llS 


he.l 


I  proclamation,  < 


loci; 


in  11'. 


ruc- 
>n  t!i'> 
'•  thnt 


the  Indi.iiis  of  Zitdciiaro  and  its  district  were  dc- 
]uived  of  their  jn'operty,  all  their  immunities  and 
pilvileges  forfeited,  and  that  e\'erv  l)uildiii  ^'  would  he 


to  th 


le  in'ouiid  or  destroy 


i)V  lire 


Six  d 


1\"S 


Wi 


re  u'iven  for   tlie  unfortunate  inhahitants  to  lea\ 


the  town.-''     The   conde   de   Casa   llul    was   charged 
witli  the  execution   of  the  sentonco,  which  was  riii-or- 


dy  carried  out,  after  the  phiec  had  been  well 


s;icl\ei 


I 


hy  the   royalist   troops,    the   churches   iind   convents 
bcliie;  spared. •■"'      (  hi  the   ir)th  Calleja  dejiartel 


i>;i! 


L'Oill 


Mi 


iravatio    bv  the 


1X1  tan    road 


w 


ih 


rear  ascended  the  ilanu's  and  sm;)ke  from  the  buraiu.;" 
town,  which  had  been  di'jfuiried  bv  tlie  revolutioiii-ti 


ith  ihe  high  titl'  of  Villa  Inij>erial;" 
i'orlier  iu  tlu;  nie:m  time  sustaiiu'd  a  re'.aa'se  in  1 


lis 


UM.'V 


atious.     According  to  the  first  plan   f  irme  I  by^ 
(.'iiUeja,  ho  was  to  have  occupied  the  San  ^Liteo  road 

-■(,•'13.  <le  .Vcj-.,  1812,  iii.  IV.. 

'-'■  S.'V.-nty  were  set  :\t  Hlicvtr,  '  nii-eralile^  s'lliiciilns  ^U''  taialiii'ii  .-s'"  Iiici- 
.>i>'Ueroa.'  /'/..  iii.  ir.». 
I  111'  capifcil  (if  tho  'lc;[r;irtment.  was  traiT^t'TVi  l  t  >  MaraAMii'i.     Th'^  laiiiU 
(111  t  ail  t'xctpt  iu<>val)!t!  propoi'ty  \^'  '     li>  li''  ^^  >l'l  'i"il  fin;  r''  "cuils  [)la>;til  in 
l!.    loviltniLsan-,   A/.,  iii.  l.'Vi-S. 

'W.ii.l  8av.s:  'I  saw  this  imfort,un:ito  ti.v.n   in   1S'_>(1 
i        '.  l..'tt!io  iikeois  still   -i   •■ -'i-.'  J/'c.,-.  ;„    /,.■.';,  i, 
■  I '  lUt'ja  fi'oin  tho  cliai'  \  ing  alloweft  tlio  i''i 

^  ^  tj  Ijc  pillaged.  All  i;  \.  ii.i.i)-  Wii-s  taUoil  of  .•t!i  . 
aa  I  tlicy  wcro  mnit  to  tho  liir^liup  ut  Valhulnliil.  CalviUo  als>>  ruprmliicos  an 
'>!■]■  I- 1<(  Cdlk'ja  uf  tho  J.St'i  of  .t.umary,  prolnhitiii','  hid  sj  iMiors  from  iiaukiu^ 
fi:.y  otliir  towns,  or  haciemla.'.  aiiil  rauehos.  Sir.iioii,  17^1  4.  lio.siili-i  Zi'a- 
t'iaro,  (jallfia  rcilueed  to  •I.'^Ik.s  twolvo  pueblos  ii\  the  vii;iiiity.  Bii->,uiia;if(3 
sii[i}iliis  a  li.st  of  n\o  '     ^  tlioir  iiaairs.  i'ltoil.  //;■.,  i.  3J.!. 

"'(Jalleja  iu  hi-i  ivpori,  speaks  of  it  as  'hi  llani.uli  Imperial  Zit,'hpi;u-o. ' 
d'-r..  yk  Jh.c,  1612,  iii.  l^J. 


Till-  situation  is 

'.      Dia:';  Calvillo 
iii'l  reli^ioiH 
leal  (^llbijts, 


^i 


til 


il 


noi 


X,(] 


SII:GE  07  CUAUTLA. 


leading  to  Zitacr.jvro;  lint  Iiavinq'  received  orders  Tivmii 
A'eiiegas  to  move  iVoiii  ^J'oluca  aLTailist  Teliango,  ][<•. 
<lire<'ted  Iiis  iiiai'cli  tliitlier,  and  oceiipied  the  place  dur- 
'\\\\X  tlie  ■J'Jlli  and  ;;0{li  of  i  )ec(;nil)(i-,  ineetiii,!^'  wli'i 
little  opposit  ion  excipt  that  oilei-ed  hy  its  niountaiii- 
ous  ])ositiou.  I'orlier  thiMi  pi'o(,'ee'd(-!d  to  Tenanciii;.;;), 
Avhich  the  revolutionists  abandoned  on  his  ap[>roaeli, 
coneenti'atin'4'  themselves  in  the  harranea  of  'J'eciia- 
loya.  ( )n  the  ,'!d  o|'  .lanuaiy  he  drove  th(>  eiieiny 
iVoni  tiK'ii"  position  and  toojv  possession  ol"  the  [xiclilo. 
JJut  the  troops  ol'  .Morelos  were  ap^u'itachin^'  in  foi'cc, 
and  about  the  middle  of  .lanuary  tli*'  barranca  was 
aL';ain  occupied,  (haleana  ha\'in;j;-  arriveil  with  the  ad- 
vance di\i-ion.  ()n  the  17th  Poi'lier  attacked  iIk; 
insurgents,  vlio  had  taken  up  tlie  same  position  !"re!,i 
whii'li  they  had  [)reviously  been  (lrl\"en.  Though  the 
rovalists  ijained  some  advantaLC*'  at  iirst,  ;nid  ad\a:ie  >.! 
to  the  pueblo  wliici)  hud  been  occupie<l  by  the  enemy, 
thoy  iiually  sustain-'  I  a  tepulse  with  conside'i'afile  lo», 
and  letreated  to  'reuancin"'o.  Here  l^orlier  was  ;i--- 
sailed  by  the  condjined  forces  of  ]\It)relos,  who  con- 
ducted the  operations  in  person.''^  The  attack  began 
on  the  22d,  and  the  firing  continued  all  through  tlie 
night  and  the  f  )llowing  day.  l*ortions  of  tlu;  town 
\vere  set  on  lire,  and  tlie  royalists,  ha\'ing  lost  sevei'.-d 
of  tlieir  princi[)al  ollicers,  were  driven  to  their  la-t 
])osition  in  the  pla/,a  with  no  ho[)e  of  maintaining  h. 
On  the  night  t)f  the  "2-jd  l*orlier  alxmdoned  the  j»lace, 
oirocting  liis  retreat  with  great  diiiiculty  and  with  the 
loss  of  eleven  cannon  to  Tenango,  whence  he  returned 
to  Toluca,  with  the  remnant  of  his  Ibrce  in  mis- 
erable  ijliii'lit   and    thorouu'hlv  dispirited.''"     Morela-; 


I  llii! 


^-Ilis  foiTCM  niiiuliiTccl  .•il)iiufc  3,200  men,  commniuk'tl  I'V  CJaloaua,  Xicol;!.; 
nravc),  juid  MtitaiUDi'.n,   JLirdori,  JJrrfrtr.,  '_'.'!. 

^'' Tho  lu'i'iiiuit  of  l'<jilif  i",s  opcratiiiii-!  Ima  been  mainly 'li'ii^i'il  from  liii 
dcqxit.'luM  ill  CVr..  dr  M>:v.,  ISll,  ii.  l-_':il;  Id.,  Isii2,  iii.  IS  !!),  (J;  -70,  l.Vir,!, 
Cinisiilt  a!s()yl/i(//i'7»,  Ilifit.M:).,  ii,  4i)0-7;  'I'vrniifr,  /Ac,  lli<t.  Ani^i-.y  i.  ISll- 
ll!;  lla^faiiitintr,  (_' uiijianit.i  tie  CaU'Jd,  Kill;  anil  Ciiful.  J/ixf.,  ii.  10 -.'!-,  in 
viiicli  last  narration  the  antlior  k'^'^^-*  -'i  very  incorri'ct  veisinii.  A'.ani:  a 
rcniark.s  that  IilkI  Callcja  oIk  yed  tiio  oi'ilcrs  of  tlio  viri.ioy  tiMn;n.:li  aiaia.it 
Moiulo.s  an  he  apin'oacht'il  tlie  valley  of  Tuluca,  i'urlici'  would  not  hu\o  sr,3> 


SAXTIACO  JKISAKRI. 


357 


liiiAiiiii'  rcniaiiK'd  llirin;  davs  in  'r(jiiaiiciiiL''(),  I'dui'iicd 
1)V  wav  of  C'iicniava(,'a  to  Cuaulla,  wliuru  liu  iii'rivL'tl 
(111  the  Dill  (if  l'\'liruarv. 


ntliHicd  successes  of  ^Morolos  had  so  alai'iiicd 

that  he  reiterated  orders  wliicli  he  liad  pi'c- 

vimisly  given  to  ( 'allcja,  eiijoiuiiiL;' him  to  march  soiitii- 


^• 


1  lie  CO 

cli("''as, 


\\  AVi 


I  a-'aiiist   that  lead 


er 


So  |)erem])tor_V  were  his 
la>t  iiistriK/tioiis  that  C'alle-ja  had  iio  alternative  hut  to 
cuiii[iiy;  and  on  the  '2'-U\  ofdanuaiy  he  left  .Mara\ati'o 
and  ]iroceeded  to  Ixtlahuaca,  having',  however,  |)i'c\  i- 
mus] y  i'equeste<l  ]»erniission   to  re-^ii^n   his    command. 


\  r!li'':iS  I'clnsi'd  li 
d  1 


is  consenr,  aii; 


Calh 


ja  anam  on  t! 


f'ltli  Dressed  him  in  ui'''('nt  terms  (o  a 


ece  I 


t  \\\> 


naiion.      The  \iceroy  at  this  date  hit  himself  less  (h 


iH'lUll 


lit  than  heretofore  on  the'  victori 


ous  !''eliera 


1.     ( 


the  I  4th  aiiil  intii  of  the  month  two  ^■^j)ani>h  hatta'.i 
Iiasl  ai'rived  at  A'era  C'ru/.'^^md  olhers  wire 


>IIS 


ln||.iV>'ill', 


So   \' 


ene'''as,  wlio   would  soon  lia\'>'  over  ;j 


,000  1 


)elim- 


Cal' 


liar  troo[)s  at  his  disposal,'"'  proceeded  to  appoint 
.,u..;.>' c.,.4;., I,.;....,.,.;    .>  c:...,,.:, i 


;i- 


eias  successor 


Santi 


aii'o 


1 


risarri,  a 


Si 


laiiisn  com- 


risarri  was  unknown  m  llie  armv  ol 


liieiloi'e.       1 

SiKilii;  and  the'  dissatisractieiii  at  the  aiinointment 


\ 


ew 


cxpi'es.-ed  hv  a   rei)resentalion  addri 
1a  1 


PP 


wa 


;l    to  V 


iiie'>as 


]>i  inei[)al  oliicers,  statini;'  their  unwilliii'^'ness  to 
X  lAc  under  any  otiu  r  cwmmauder  than  (.'alleja.  'fhe 
\ii'ei(iy  was  now  in  a  dilemma;  hut  he  deemed  it  jiru- 
(leiit  to  retract  under  such  pressure,  and  hy  des[)ate!i 
el'  the  ;!tst  conjured  Calhja  not  to  retire. '^"^     To  a\di>l 


-.1  tl 


in  rcvt'i'se. 


tint  Call 


ij:i  w:i- 


iK'Ilt 


iipou  rctnniiucf  to  tlio   11 


liio  "f 


euMiuiuiito  .111(1  oppriscil  the  iniivcniuiit.   L'l.  t-iip.,  -i'lT.  470- 


'  N'liiiK'lv,  tin-  tliiiil  liatLuli.iii  of  tlio  ixj^inn'iit  of  Astui'ias,  and  tlic  lirst  of 
t'l.itt.f  l.uvera.  (;<'■:.  ,/,•  .)/. 

I/l-f.  Mil.,n.  Hi:).     Oiill 


tl"lilSli:iill.    A/'i 


i^rj,  iii.  11 1.     Tiii.->e  wmv!  Uu'  lii-st  tioop'if^ciifc 
.  .,ii.  Hi',).     OiiUiL-'JlHli  tin;  lii'.^t  hattalioiii.f  tho 
A;uii-ii.ano  iiit'autry  iciriincnt  anivt'il  iVuiii  LViili/.  (ra~.  ilr  M'.r.,  ispj.  jij.  177. 
'"So  rcriliienm  iiutioiaH  do  (|Uo  p.rimto  cstaiiau  mas  do  tros  mil  ImmKrii 


cii  \' 


viuCni/..'     Ilii.-ifit.nitii/r,  ('lUiiji.  dfCalhj'i,  158, 


Ti 


sjiatch 


itod  . 


■ri.v  fr 


('alio 


si'i'viijo:!  aiiil  ilio  saol'iliot'd  lio  hail  made  I'l.i'  hi  <  ooiintiA'. 


oja.  111  w  iiU'h  lio  oiiuiiu'i'alcf  Ins 


c'looii  a 


tuoifa  i 


had 


onpy  of  till!  I'oprosoutaiiiMi  ho  hail  voc' ivod  from  Uio  ollii 


ii'iiiy.      It  was  tlioro.iii  assortod  that  Uio  ill  health  <if  C.dkja,  whioh  ho 


p.oa  tiir  rosiguiii; 


',  oriu'iii. 


ati'd 


couiUiLt.  Akunaii,  1114.  Mcj.,  ii.  IT.l 


111    disparaging  ix 


larks  p; 


i.5.so(.l   upon  Ilia 


if  til 
mail 


M 


' 


4 


il 


35S 


SIKGE  OF  '"UAUTLA. 


f'ui'tlirr  (liniciiltii's  oCtlu.'  Iviiid,  Ca]le;n  was  iiistnicfcl 
in  iiiarcli  v.ith  liis  aniiv  to  tin;  rapital,  and  tlu;  atli  i>\' 
J'\'l)niaiy  was  appoiiitcd  as  tlu'<lay  I'or  liis  (.•iilraiici.,'. 

'I'Im'  I't'ccj)!!;)!!  given  to  tlit!  xictoiloiis  ^'I'liofal,  an  1 
lliu  army  of  tlio  (.'ontro,  was  an  iin[)<)sini4'  t)no.  Jiis 
ti'iunijilial  cnti'v  proscntod  a  spoctaclL;  never  l)el<)i-..' 
witnessed  ill  th(!  capital  on  so  grand  a  scale. ''^  iVstlu' 
\:\\\  a[)j)i'()ac]icd  the  gates  of  tlu;  city,  a  salvo  of  ar- 
lilleiy  announced  the  arrival  to  the  inini(;nse  niuUi- 
tudes  whicli  thi'ongod  the  streets,  eagei'  to  gaze  witli 
liato  or  a(hnii'ation  u})on  tlie  soldiers  oi'  wliose  victo- 
ries they  had  lieard  so  much.  The  city  ^vas  gay  with 
decorations;''"  salutes  v.'ere  ilred,  and  the  te  d<'ina 
chanted  witli  unusual  suhliniity  in  the  cathedi-ah"^ 
]>ut  this  display  was  attended  with  an  accident  t')thi' 
hi'i'o  of  tlie  occasion,  which  in  the  eyes  of  some  was 
1'oi'(l)o{hng  ol'  (hsaster  to  him.  WHieii  near  the  gate  of 
]\[ei'caderes  tlie  liorse  of  the  mariscal  de  canijx),  .li'id;is 
Tadeo  Tornos,  who  was  riding  l»y  the  side  of  Calleja, 
l)ecame  restive,  and  rearing  struck  the  general  on  the 
h<'ad,  hrinuiu'j:  iiini  to  the  li'round.  Cal](>ia  was  carried 
into  a  house  near  hy,  and  only  recovei-ed  souk!  hours 
later  suHiciently  to  lie  convoyed  in  a  carriage  to  t!i.' 
]iala(H'  to  present  himself  to  the  viceroy,  having  Ix'cii 
unalile  to  attend  tlie  iovful  ceremonv  at  the  cathc- 


(Ira 


4> 


Altliougli  the  viceroy  and  Calleja  maintained  an 
outward  appearance  of  friendsliip,  their  sentiments 
t  tward  eacli  otlier  were  none  of  the  kindest,  '^i'hc 
i''alousv  witli  wliich  A^encLras  had  for  some  tnae 
I'egarded  his  gt'iierai  was  increased  l)y  the  ilattenn^' 
reception  now  given  liim.     The  applause  with  v.hiv-h 


•'"  ITis  farces  odiiHi^ted  of  iJ.l.'iO  iiifmitry,  l,.'^r!-2  cnvn]ry,  nncompanicil  livi 
ti-iiiM't'  ],.")U!)  loa'ls  (if  pruvi.-ionu  and  ovfi'  ■!.>;)  of  intiniiiDiis  of  war.  l!:i-t '- 
1:11(11(1',  i'tiiiji.  (b'  (.'nihj'i,  l()T. 

"'''I'lio  (lay  was  tluit  of  Sail  l'\'linc  (k' .Ti'-ius,  on  which  a  festal  proeussiua 
wr.s  inailo  from  the  calhc(h'al  to  Sail  I'rancisco. 

■'n,V,:.  d<:  Mix.,  ISl'J,  iii.  i:!:)-l. 

^^A/(imaii.  ni<l.  M'j.,  ii.  477.  llustainante  states  tliat  the  hovso  wliu-li 
C'.illeja  rcMUiwas  a  stol^'ii  one,  ami  ri.-C(iL,'iii/.i,Ml  hy  its  owiii'i',  J).'iua  Maria  (.u'V- 
tnidi.s  Ijiistyn,  si.-iter  ot  the  ni'-iniuesa  tie  liayas.   ('nail.  lllM.,  i.  ."IJl. 


AJTAins  IX  TIIF.  C.M'ITAL 


]iis    (li'Cils    WcVi'    )•(  lic'ir't;!     ill 
I'll'   ciil  lnisi;isiii    with    wliicli 


)l-()>(' 


vcrsi' 


350 


IIIKl 


!M)l)f;ir;iIH'c 


;i(:    \\u 


1! 


111(1   III   inihiic  wns  !'-r<'( 


'irA,  jil 


Mlllh'     IIHlli 


;il( 


liow  lii:.;li  ill  royjilist  Hivm' CilK-ja  stood,  ami  V'cin'^as 
li-'iii-cl'ortli    cDuId   only    I'ci^-nrd   liim    in  tlic  li^lit  <■.['  ;i 


1  iv;il 


lie 


(•(■jui'j''^,  also,   so 


alolv 


(lis  ) 


hived 


III    111' 


•1M\'  III  no  \va 


V  tolidfd  to  li's^rli    liis   Ulic'isinc 


111  the  coiiroiiiiiL;'  of  rowai'ds  and   ]iroiiioli()iis  \v 
Id  no  loii''-cr  witliold"  inipi'ovo  niattors.    M 


IPM' 


ilicil 


coll 


cilals 


wiTi'   distrihutrd   to   tlic    oiiict'i's    and    t 


rooiis : 


aiK 


(  alK;ji 


L  n; 


•;1 


iviiiLj  oi'on  proviously  ])roniot<'d  hy  (ho  vie 


y  >y  t'>  the  ranlc  of  inajor-^eiKTal,  a  correspondin'.;- 
;..|\a!iec  ill  gradtMvas  extended  to  all  ollicers  in  (In' 
aniiy.'''  As  tliis  promotion  was  not  ('onliiied  to  the 
army  of  the  eeiitre,  hut  was  extended  to  the  ofKcers 
(.i'  oilier  divisions,  and  even  to  those  of  tlit!   marine 


vlio    liai 


arrive! 


I   i 


roin 


11: 


d)ana,  and  \\liosi'  ser\iees 


h.id  hi.'eii  N'ery  inferi(jr,  it  did  not  meet  with  j^'eiieral 
.-atisl'actioii.  The  loyal  Americans  lelt  a'j;'.;ri(  \'ed;  a 
jKirty  spirit  was   (lovelo[)e(l  in  the  army,  and   ii    was 


ail 


I  that  the  Mexican-horn  olhcers  \v 


ere  e\e!i 


h 


lini''-    t; 


how  si<>' 


ns  of  indecision   in   re'^ard  to  the'ir 


piilitieal  iaitli,  inllnenccMl  hy  the  revolutii'iruy  jiapers 


\.iiicU  nad  l)Cen  issued  from 


I  fi 


Zit; 


uiiaro. 


!  )urin'>-  th« 


i' 'W  days  that  Calleja  remained  in  the  capital  the  niis- 
laidei'standinu"  hetweeii  him  and  AV'ne>>'as  increased; 
and  had  the  stay  of  the  army  been  prolonged,  it  is 
(1  mhtful  wlirther  they  could  have  kept  n[)  e\en  a  seni- 
1  lance  of  friendly  intercourse. 


Cull, 


VfiiPgas  li;ul  alwiiys  1)l'CIi  s])iiriii;_,'  in  his;u;liuo\vlL(lL,';m'nt  df  t'li'  sci-viccs 


•j,l  .s  ;i>. 


my,  t 


li  jii 


<l  liv  liiiii  ti 


.1  ti 


u!  troDiis  wiLli  iiic 


1  I'l'iJiriutions.     S(!0  his  k't'ans  to  tin;   viocioy  of  Di'o.  I'i,  ISIO,  and  .1; 


IMI 


in 


/(/.,  i.  11S-I!»,  I.-.!)-!!!).      I 


1    1  ri  _'i-in:v  lu.striic 


te.l  V 


i'I1'.'l;:ih  ti 


y  ilesiiati/li 


.f  .May  ;J0,  Isll,  theSpai 
I  tr 


)  111  -,t(i\v  u;itin  tlio  ollii'rrs  ami  troo[is  Mick 


as  liu  ini.;lit  dcinii     'ttiii:,'.    I h  riKiudr:  ;/  l>uriil<i<,  (',/.  JJo'-.,  ii.  ."il  I. 


I'ii  U'-tliiiiL,'  ajipivirs  to  haw  been  iloiio  until  this  occasion. 


•-'  'I'lio  inc'ilai  Ijore  tiio  ii; 


lauio  of  I'Vi'iiaiKlo 


1  "11.  .■^yiiilnilical  of  faithfulucss  and 


VI  [. 


>1>1» 


rtod 


V  a  ilo''  anil  a 


ii:"tivo  a  mil  chi.stc's  L'racl 


ciiiirau'c,  and   o 


n  till'   hor.l  ■!•  tin; 


i-ui.'iii  L'u  Aculri),  ( Inana juato  y  CahU'ron. 


.V. 


All 
fo 


I  man  sav.- 


<ti' 


J..  II, 


•ISO. 


Dsijs,  ]i()r  parte  ilc  los  aloccoo  a  la  ruvonicion 


do  dio 
'  JIU. 


'I'Ik'  names  and  grades  of  the  oliicers  proinoted  will  h\:  found  in  (J 


iii.  1 1;;-; 


"i 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


/. 


A 


fA 


1.0   ;fi 


I.I 


21    1121 


n 

■  *■>• 


12.2 


2.0 


18 


1.25      1.4 

1    = 

— 

^ 6"    1 

V] 


^/2 


A 


% 


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33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y    14580 

(716)  873-4503 


■fi 


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li 


,; 

i-! 


860 


SIEfiK  OF  CUAUTLA. 


])ut  the  |)r()xiiiiit,v  of  Mori'los  allordi'd  Uk;  vircioy 
a  pivicxt  i(ir  liiistonin!L(  tlu;  (icj);irtnic  of  the;  (iDops; 
and  oil  1  lie  Mtli  li(j  issiK'd  (»i\lci's  I'oi' llic  army  to  iiiai'ili, 
at  the  saiiio  liim;  uxphiiiiiiii^  w  liy  \ic  was  coiii|nll('d  to 
act  witli  such  promptness.  'I'lic  position  oCthc  royal- 
ists as  dcscrlhcd  hy  \'cncn'as'*  was,  indeed,  s(ii'iu>. 
The  capital  was  sui'ronnded  hy  hands  of  revv)hitionist>; 
c<»nimerce  with  the  interior  was  destroyed;  coninnnii- 
<-ation  with  \'era  ('rn/and  Oajaca  was  closed;  tran>- 
])ortation  id'  (piicksilver  and  ,n'un[towdi,'r  to  the  mines 
was  no  lon^i;r  possihle;  and  all  intercours<'  witli  thi^ 
port  of  Acapnlco  was  cut  oil",  (tausinL,'  addilion.d  emu- 
mcrcial  distress  and  a  loss  to  the  revenue  ol"  I.Ui)U,();)ij 
l)e.sos  in  duties  pavahle  on  i-'oods  hroUniit  hv  th(j  \  e>- 
isel  Irom  Manila.  Scarcity  of  pr(»vi>ions  and  other 
connnodities  was  severely  I'elt  in  the  capital,  and  the 
viceiov    I'eai'ed    that   even    the  I'oads  to   Texcoco  aini 

Tol 


uca, 


ic 


floseU 
sive 


tl 
It 


M 


oW 


oidy  ones  lei't  o[H'n,  would  sjiortly  lie 
was  therel'ore  indisj)ensai)le  that  a  deci- 
.iK.  lid    he  struck    at    Morelos,    whom    lie 


regarded  as  tin;  jiresent  head  and  front  "'"  ^'.o  revolu- 
tion.'' The  j'lan  ol"  operations  whicl  .o  gave  t'> 
(  alleja  was  hasesl  on  the  latest  information.  It, 
arranged  for  sinmllaiieous  attacks  on  Izi'icar  ami 
(,'uautla,  conducted  res[iectively  hy  Llano  and  ('alh  j,i. 
Till'  neci!ssary  instructions  having  hotMi  sent  to 
J^lano  at  Puehla,  on  the  Icth  n['  Fel)ruary  CalleJ;i"s 
advance  lel't  for  ( 'halco,  whither  troops  of  Morel'-i 
had  ah'eady  arrived,  and  on  the  1  :Jth  tlu^  main  hody 
moved  forward.  I'nrsuing  the  lin(>  of  march  indi- 
cated in  his  instructions,'"  ( 'alleja('ncam|ie(l  on  the 
17th  at  J*asulco,  two  leagues  I'rom  Cuautla.  11  .le 
Morelos,   duly   informed    of   the    movements   of   the' 


♦'  Sco  C(>]iy  of  liis  iiistriK-Uoiis  in  nn-ftuiniiifr,  ('(iiii/i(iriri.-^if<  <  'uH'jn,  ]."!)- (I.'i. 

^''I'lio  vioeioy'H  vonls  arc:  'I'riiuiiKil  cmit'i'i)  ilo  In  insuinrcion  en  l.\ 
ni'hinli'laci,  y  pDiluiiios  (Iroir  (|iii' liii  siili)  cii  ilia  el  j,'i  iiio  do  iii.iy<ir  lii'Tiii'z:!, 
ivcursiis  y  astiK'ia-t.'  /(/.,  I(il   •_'. 

"''J'iio  army  [mis.si'iI  tlinni^;!i  Clialco,  Ti'Iliulti).  Aiaci'a,  Oziinil>a.  and  .\t!.i- 
tlauca.  'I'liis  loiih'  was  bclcotcil  usutruriiij,'  fuw  uli.staulua  tu  tiio  [lassaj^c  of  tiio 
ai'tilliry.   /(/.,  lii;>-t. 


CUAUTLA,  NOW  MORKLOS. 


3»U 


)(»v;i]Isls,  liad  (K'tiTiniiicil  (o  inakc  his  staiwl,  and  ac- 
niKiiii'^ly  had  uiiitiMl  thr  (hvisioiis  dl'  Iiis  lorcts  dis- 
trihiiU'd  ill  the  iiei'^hixiriiii;"  towns.  J Ic  made  cv crv 
ciidiavor  to  lender  liis  j)osition  as  iin[)i'eL;iial>le  as  pos- 
sjl.le.  W  ilhoiit  ;ilteni]>liiii4"  to  ei'ect  ixteiior  I'oiiiiica- 
tiuiis,  ]ii;  confined  liis  attention  to  u  Hinited  line  of 
tlri'iiices  within  the  city. 


CiKiulla,  de  .Vniil|ias/'  distant  ah(»iit  twenty-two 
Ira^nes  iVoni  the  eity  ol"  Mexico,  is  situatetl  on  a  I'is- 
i]iM-  Mj-oiind  in  a  level  ])lain.      its  j)osition,  tlioiin'h  not 


^(^(lll•'•  as  that  of  Zit;icuai'<t,  is  snitaiile  for  delct 


ice 


hrjii'^^  c<»nunanded  hy  no  adjacent  heights.  At  this 
(|;,te  the  town  was  all  o|ien  one,  sniTounded  hy  jilan- 
tiidiijiv  of  fruit   trees  an<l   ]i!antain   jiatches   ^row  iii<^ 

ch'-e    Ul)    to    tlie    lioilses.        its    e\t(Mlt    from    north    to 

.-:11th  was  ahout  Iiah'  a  h'an'iie,  the  iiiaiu  str<'et  iiin- 
iiiii^'  ill  a  >ti'aiL;"ht  liiK;  in  that  threction,  and  <-o!iiiei-t- 
i:i'4'  the  jtl.izas  (»f  (he  coii\'cnls  of  San  1  )ieL;'o  and 
S.iiito  J)oniin_i;-o.  .Vt  the  northern  extremity  is  the 
"liiipil  nf  theCalvario:  on  the  east  rise  the  hills  of 
Z;u-atc])ec,  hetween  which  and  the  town  llows  a  rajtid 
ii\i  r  ill  a  channel  iloo  varas  wide  at  the  toj»,  hut  con- 
iiactiliL;'  to  twelve  of  (ifteell  Varas  in  its  hed.  'I'll*; 
|i  i!tii/ii  of  the  town  I'ortilied  hy  Morelos  included  the 
}  l.i,'.as  and  convents  of  San  Hic^-o  and  Santo  1  )o- 
niiiii>M,  and  was  surro!nidi'(l  livtieiic! 


les  aiitl  raiiiiiarts. 


With   eiuorasni'es  and   merlon. 


The   oiitsidi;   d 


I  lolS 


iuid  lower  wnidows  ot'  tin 
died 


hollSv'S     Oil 


the   li 


lie  oi    (|e- 


I'lice   Were   walled   u|»,   and    comnnmication    lietween 
tip' interiors  ojieiied  hy  Iireakiii-4  through   l!ie   parti- 

tion  Walls.        Decjt  {r<'llclies  Wcic  cllt  aci'<iss  the  stri'cts, 


aiKl 


hat 


u 


rn.'S  [)lace(l   m   >iiitai>le   po'^ition.- 


4.1 


Tl 


le  ac 


The  iii'iiliTii  iiiiliu'  111'  the  I'itv  i-;  Mnf.  I, 


M 


c  xicaii  wnni  'iiMMiiM 


ih 


nu'iiiis  liiijlc,    iilul    'tliiii'   jilace.     CiiaiUl.i   iIk  iiriirc    si-iiiliis    'jilan'  >>(    tliij 

"■'I'lii.s  lU'soi'iplidii  is  takiii  fmtii  CalKja"-;  ri']iiiit  of  Ainil  •J'>,  l^l'J,  (■>  tli" 
virir..y.  Hir..  tie  Ml. i:.,  ISjJ,  iii.   It."i  I'l 


tiit'.i,,  I 


't'.illija  states  timt  tlio  ri\  nliitinni.Mt.-i  liad  .'to  pii-.ts  »(  intilltry.     /! 


ha.l  , 


liiijifiii 


'11  iir  Cfii, :,!,  i(i:»,    Mcr,  I, 


'lie  iiiuiiai-  mill  ).')  .seivieiahlr  taiiiKHi.  Jhi-t,t. 


<  ili'i'laratiiili,  sayd  tliut  lii 
•li. 


882 


siKfjK  or  rrAi'TLA. 


coinpiiiiyiiiLr  |i!iiM  will  ('ii;ili!»'  tlic  render  io  rcrd^nize 
tlif  ri'hitive  jMisitioiis  (if  till'  o|>])()sinL'"  lorccs. 


L'lAl   li^A    AMI    \ll  IM  I  V. 

Position'^  "f  lir^icircrs: 

I  111  Milc|iia)  ti  rs  and  i'.'iiii])  nf  ('allija  on  the  estate  uf  Liucuuvista. 
-     Il^ittcri' s  aiiil  iiiUriirliiiii'iils. 

.'1     rii-itiiiMs  ini-uiiifil  liy  Llaiii/ri  troops. 

4  lU'ltolllltM. 

.")      l'>:iUiiy  ot' .Illi'llitfllL'o. 

li     Iti'il'iiilit  of  ilio  Calviiiio. 
I'osilioii.s  lit'  lK'.sii':,'iMl: 

7      riazii  ol  Sail  Picjio. 

5  ria/;v  of  Santo  I >.>niiii'_''). 

II  I'll  inisfs  of  liai'icuihi  of  liucnavista. 

I  I     iNilmilit  at  Njiiini,'  of  .liulii;!  iiu''i. 

I I  1'lantation.s  ami  rriloiiWt  of  llio  I'lataiiar. 
I-     Jli,'li\vav  to  Mexico. 


^rmrliis"  Wn-rv  at  this  liino  aiiiouiitod  to  3,300  imii, 
of  wliuiii  l.DOO  wrw.  inlaiitiy  ami  (lui  reuiaiiKli  r  cax- 
alry.'"  ami  loo  Indians  collrctt^'d  IVoiii  the  nci^-Iili'iriii;^' 

''"Thf  cavalry  liii'U  also  scrvcil  on  font  il'iriu:,'  tlic  hIi'l;c,  tlnir  liorsi's  ln'iii,' 
IKisturiil  onfsi.lo  tin-  t  iwn;  ;i;>i)  of  tlnni  hail  ai-rivnl  fr.i:ii  Ihiftanio  ini.i.  r 
(anoaii'l  KramiHi"!  Ayala.  Mnii/ns,  J)<n'tii\,  "Jl,  Ayala  liail  joini-il  .Mmt-'iH 
a.  (.'liilajiJi  nU'liT  I'l'iiiliar  liri'iinistanri's.  llo  was  a  liciiti  ii;ait  of  the  ai-T- 
<lail:i  in  till!  vallo  ili'  las  Aniilpas,  ami  itsIiIimI  at  tin-  liaiii  lull  ili'  Maiaxtlan, 
liiar  t 'iiaMtla.  ilrin^  favmalily  di-po-inl  towaiil  the  rrvolution,  in^  liail  il>- 
tlinvil  to  enroll  lunisi'lf  in  th''  trnopM  Ii'\i('cl  liy  (Janilaso,  tho  H;ilMiilrga  lo  nf 
( 'iiantla,  ami  liail  thtichy  iin'i.rnil  siispiijon.  Souif  tiim;  afiiiwar.l  an  ia>iir- 
wont  \va-<  killi'il  in  that  miu'liliorliooil,  ami  on  his  lioily  va.s  fouuil  a  l-ttL'f 
Iroin  lj,'n;!cio  Ayala,  wiio  hail  luiii  aj'(iointo  1  intfinU  iito  liy  MoriloM  of  tliu 
uuw  pfoviucc  of  Tocpan.     Tliu  cunuukituato  Murcuo,  hu'licviiii;  that  Fraiioisco 


GALKAXA  AND  Tlir:  nRAVO^. 


r  111 


30.1 


\  iIIml;*'^.       J)lirill'_;'  tlir  pro'^Tiss  ol    llic  >\r<j;r,  lioWrNfi 


.  ilCOS  NV( 


re    ilK'tr.'isi-d  ti'   tl 


\r  miinhcr  oi 


.),:);)()  hv 


IJic  iU'rival   of  diU'i'iTiit  (•••iimiaiult'i-s/'^     On  the    l.-tli 
(if   l"'rliiiiary  Calltja   iiiovcd   lorward    his   forces  and 


<   iH 


anijK'd  oil  the  lisiiiLj  ground  of  Ciiautlixco,  after 
riiMniioitriiii^'  tlie  defences  of  the  I'evoh.itioiiists. 
Ihiiiiii^'  tlu!  day  ]\Iorehis  iinjU'iKhjiitly  exposed  hiin- 
>.  h'  to  daiie'er  of  hehiL;"  killed  or  capiurid,  li:i\in_;* 
e,)iii'  out  with  only  a  small  escort.  lie  \\as  atiacked 
hv   a    (rooj)   of   cavalry,   and    was   hrtai^ht    off   with 


<:i 


iljcuhv  hv  (Jaleaiia,  who  sallied  out  to  his  I'cscui 


(ia\\!i  o 


1    the  1 


olIt»win''"  « 


lav   ( 


alieia  au\;ince(| 


Ins 


lieojs  in  four  columns  to  the  assault,  directed  ])riii- 
cijiaHy  a'^ainst  the  intrenchnients  of  the  jila/.a  of  San 
J  ;ie^  I.  The  def(  nci'  of  this  imjiortant  j>oint  v.as  in- 
l:n>led  to  J  lerinene'4-ildo  (^aleana,  and  that  of  Santo 
J?oniini2d  to  l^eoiiai'do  DraN'o;  whiK'  to  A'ictor  J>ra\o 
ai.d  I  he  cur;i  ^latanioros  was  assi-'iied  the  defence  of 
the  jlueiiavista  hiiildiir^s. 

(lali'ana,  at  the  po.->t  of  daii^'er,  \\r]\  su  Gained   his 
ivputation  for  cool  judnineiit  and   personal   hravery. 


Ii'tmt 


column   o 


f    tl 


le    roV<'l 


list 


s    was   allowei 


I   t. 


iipjireach  Hear  to  the  ]!araj)e(;   hut   then  ;-o  deadly  ;i 


\\a 


sol 


u'lied  UJio 


1  it  tlu'.t  it  retreated  in  confusion 


icid  (Jaleana,  |H'rcei\inL;"  an  ollicer  ende;i\"orinL;' to  rally 
l,i>  laeii,  sallied  out  aloiie,  eii'^ag'ed  with  him  in  sin^lo 
<-'iinhat,  an<l  killed  him.  'I'lu-  act  j)erha[)s  was  rash, 
I    1  it   raised   tlu'   sjtirits  of  his   men   to   enthusiasm. 


iiriiii, 


s  tlie  !UitIn)i'.  .TttJickt'il  his  lioiiso, 
litV,  who  (lit'd  ii  ku    (lavs  attti' 


aiiil  (>|iL'iiiii'^  lire  ii|ioii  it  \\  (umiK'il 


war. 


Ay; 


lulii'Viiii'  ills  \\ito 


il  liis  luiiisc  ii.ixiii.L;  lit't'u  scL  (111  liri",  ciri'etcil  liis  escape  liy  jxrcat 
1  I'liVii'd  Ids  services  to  .Morclo-,  v.  ho  cdiilcrrcil  mi  him  tli(!  r.iiik 


J'luWos,  aiK 

1  t  .  iil.iiu'l.    lii'sliiinuiiti ,  Citiitl.  Ill-l.^  ii.  ;i."i  7.     Alaiiiau  \i  rilitd  t 
iic.miiit  liy  staliiiicMits  <.f  rclialih'  icrsuiis  in  (_'ii;inlla.   //<>/.  .1/'./.,  ii.  -l-N. 


us  aiiUiur  .s 


0; 


'MiLMU'l   liraxo,   who  hail  liciii  unsucci'.ssl'ul   in  \\ 


ijii(.-a.  (.■line  \\'\X\\  4(tO  iiKii  and   three  e. 


i.s  expeiiuion  aL'anist 


Auava  wi'.ii  .SiM  out  >X  IM 


Sent  hy  tlie  junta  at  Sidtejiec,  (he  rest  haviiijj;  deserted;  from  Cliantla  tiiu 
(i:ra'l'iiiiia1iroUL.'ht ;!()(),  instead  ol'  I . ()!:()  expected  liy  Mordos;  and  'J.'.!! arrived 
fiiim  ^'aiil;!^^.  J/i;/v  ,'•,>-,  Jhtlttr.y  •_*!-.").  Calieja  reported  that  tlie  ]i!ae(.'  wan 
ilctoliileil  liy  l'J,."i(lit  arlnados  de  I'asil.    Jliisfiniiiiii'<\  ( 'iiinii'iiln.-i  tie  <'<t'/'J'i,  ili!). 


,1. 


.M:i 


nia  I'ernandez,  afterward  (lineral  Victoria,  first  si'_'naliyed  him 


a  thia  occasion.     The  skirniish  was  a  severe  one,  and  lie  isav>'d  (laleana'.s 


the  (Npense  ot  a  sev(  re  woun 


.1/ 


ill  IS. '7,  i.  1110- 1. 


1,  which  he  received  ia  iirotectiUj,'  1 


>  ( 


304 


SIEGE  OF  CUAUTLA, 


Two  lateral  coluiniis,  l>y  croo]»iiiir  j'roni  house  to  lioiisi; 
aloiin"  (lie  street,  now  foUL'ilt  their  way  clttso  u|i  to 
the  iiitreiK-hiMeiits,  causiiiL,''  soiuc!  tlistiirhaiiei!  aiiioii;^' 
the  (leleiiders,  whose  coiitideuee  their  Icadi;!-,  liow- 
ever,  soon  restored.  The  enemy  was  repulsi'd,  :iiid 
tlioiiLih  a<Min  and  a'jain  they  I'eturned  to  the  ehar^v, 
their  ell'orts  to  storm  the  delences  were  vain.  For  -ix 
hours  the  comhat  continued.  ^Inny  of  the  i'oy;ili>t 
olliceis  were  struck  down;  the  conde  (U;  Casa  Kui  was 
mortally  wounded,  and  the  greater  [)art  of  the  aniiini- 
nilion  was  s[)ent.  The  attempts  against  the  plaza  i4' 
Santo  J)omingOcind  the  ]>uenavista  huil(HnL;s,  thou^li 
these  points  were  poorly  i'ortilied,  pi-oved  ecpially  un- 
suiTessl'id."^  Troo[>s  accustomed  to  vietoiy,  and  who 
rushe<l  up  to  the  trenches  in  i'ull  coiilidenee,  (juailrcl 
at  last;  and  thouu'h  (.'alkja,  in  tin!  linal  chai'^e,  \>  ■[ 
them  in  j»erson,'**  his  j)resence  did  not  mend  matter-. 
Convinced  of  the  impossihility  ot"  taking-  ('uautla  1 
assault  with  his  present  i'orce,  I'or  the   lirst   tinii'  iu 


IV 


his  victoi'ious  careei-  he  wiihdrew  civst ('alien. '^■''  Tliar, 
ni^^ht  he  lu'ld  ;i  council  ol'  war,  the  result  ol'  wl/uli 
A\as  that  he  determineil  to  reduce  the  ])lace  hy  sieLji'; 
and  u  <K'spateh  was  si-nt  on  the  iollowiiiL,''  day  toA'eiie- 
eas,  inloi-miiii^' him  ol"  the  ])osition  ofallaii's.  Cuaiilla, 
he  says,  nnist  he  destroved,  and  its  delenders  hiuiid 
in  its  ruins,  so  that  in   future   no   insuruent  will   lin  I 


lis. 


escape  iVom  di'ath  except  hy  layin;^'  down  his  ar 
To   eilect  this  he  shows  the  vici-roy  the  necessitv  nt 


df. 


.1'  1 


an  uici'eased  lorce,  ol    lari^e  su[)[»lies  ot  jtrovisions  a 

■''■' (.'iilli'j.i  iissaiiUiil  at  four  ditlV'ritit  jioiuts.     In  ii  littur  to  t!u' v 
iliitcd  April    Istls.  Ir-  .«ays:   '  Kl   III  «lc  f.'I.ivro 
jmiitus  a  ('nautili,  (|uc  no  cstal);i  iii  de  inuclic) 


(TO  asaltf  i)o: 


ir  (juatro  difcrcuU-a 


forlil 


1' 
icada  coino   en  c 


I  .li; 


'itmdiili 


<l.  Ill^l..  ii.  '!;{. 


Iji  la  iiltimri  ftii'  iiofts;uio  ([Hl-  yo  niisiiio  condnji'si'  a   Via  grauadi-rns 


acoliar.lados.'  Id.,  ii.  (14. 


■Ii,sid.stl 


do  <1('  Casii  Hal,  who  di('(l  HJioi'tly  aft 


vv  his  iviiiova 


fl-lMU 

with 


t!i<' fnid,  ColiiiR'l  Xcpoiiuu'ciio  ()\  icdo,  (if  tile  fiatiiots  ol  Saii  I.iiis,  f 
fo;ir  caiitaiiw  and  I'k'Vcn  oilier  ollici'is  of  liis  (.'oijis.     Tlic  loss  of  tlic  royalisu 
s  over  ;!n;)  men.  Mm-'i,  M<J.  1/ sn.t  AVc.,  iv.  liJ-J  ;?.     \Vai<l  says  oDl)  roy.il- 


Call 


llleja  re|i 


irh  (I  fo.ir 


i.;;:(  wire  left  dead   oil  the   .spot.     1/.  .C.  /,(  /S'.',",  i.   lltj 

olMeer.s  killed  and  IS  wdunded.  and  of  the  ranks  l.">  killed  anil  II.)  woLindcd 


liiiieant. 


.1/. 


,SV/. 


XJX.,  iv.  Kli).     Tluj  loss  of  tho  rovoliitionists  wa.i  in  iu; 


^  Uuslainaiite,  CamiMuas  df  Calhja,  170. 


ATTACK  AXT>  RK PULSE. 


305 


iiitiiiitions  (»r  war,  and  above  all  of  morlais  and  sicro 


.r  1 


ii-tillci-v  <»i    ncavy  canhro 


111) 


1 


M  pursuance  o 


(•  liis  d.- 


>\'j^\\.  ( 'allcja  took  n[)  a  jio.sitioii  on  the  wt'stern  side  of 
ill.'  ti'Uii  at  aljout  a  lca<jfue  distant,  and  Ik  '''an  his 
jivcjiai'ations   i'or  a   regular  siei^a.'. 


While   Calleia   was    underi^oinuf    iho.    niorti(i('atiiiii 


\\  iii< 


li  atteiidi'd  liis  firsf  defeat,  a  similar  lever 


;e    \\;i 


sn--tained  l»y  IJano  in  his  attempt  against  l/i'ieai-. 
That  commander,  in  ohedience  to  inslruetions,  liad 
i;iarc]ied  iVom  Puehla  by  way  oi'Cholula  and  Atlixco, 
anlv  iii;4'  about  the  "Ji'd  of  Februaiy  in  iVonf  of  l/i'icai-, 
-tant  sixtcLMi  leagues,      ilis  force  consisted  of  al)out 


(It 


.ixiu  men,  a 


10 


oi   wliom  wei'e  cavaliv 


wit 


I    e  I  • 


■ht 


icces    (I 


f  artillei'v.     On    tlie   "J.'Jd,  haviiiL!,-  taken   j) 


"ion  of  the  hill  of  the  ( 'alvario,  he  openi'tl  lire  with 


111'  a 


itillery  upon 


the  t 


own,  a  IK 


1   Ulld 


er  co\cr  of  it 


;ul 


\aiiccd  two  attack  in  jj^  colunms  composinl  i-i's]»ectively 
ci   till-    hattalions    of    Ijovei'a    and    Asturias,    under 


iiliilH 


•1    Antonio    d(.>    Andi'ad( 


T! 


le    re\"olutior,i-,t 


who  had  i'ortitied  themselves  in  the  plaza,  and  v.eri 
roiijiiianded  by  Padre  Sanchez,  s(>conded  by  ^  icent< 
( lii'i'i'ero  and  Sandoval,  r<>pulsed  all  attempts  to  storm 
thiii-  [tosition,  ant 
T 


1   Llano  ordoi'ed  .Vndrade  to  retin 


ic  ass 


lult  was  a'>-ain  trieil  on  the  followiiiLj  day  with 
ll'>  better  result.  The  "ilivinciljle  coii<[Uel'ors  of  th(! 
\  ictors  at  Austerlltz"'"''  wei'e  beaten  by  rustics  li^-htiii'^' 


tl 


uir  riLi" 


ht^ 


LI 


mo  was  now   m  an  imenvialjlo 


'  Tt  \\;is  I'cimposiMl  of  (l.'M  of  the  iiifuiiti y  "f  I'm  IiIm,  4i)0pi)stcil  :it  Atlixi'o, 


'I  IJK'  liattiilioiis  lati'lv  iin 


livcil  lV(iiii  Sii;iiii  iiuiiiliciiii,' 


winch  iiuly  iiiaiiiiiiteii  t'>  1140  ilrii;,'i)iiiis,  was  iiu;rcasuil  liy  :!: 
fiMiu  < 'illija'.i  aniiy.   /•/.,  l(l!t. 


"ill).      His 
M  1 


lorse  (li-tai-lif 


1 


Tia-ic  tl•(l.>Il^^  uti  tlifir  .'ii'i-ival  \vi  Tl"  oallcil  in  tin?   Mcxiraii  ]iap(r.s  of  tl 


ilil 


<l:iv    liis  uivi'iKiliUs  vviicediiics  (le  Im  viini'dori 


.1.1 


Vfic  j.iiiitt'il  ill  lartre  typ. 


(I'li 


nil  rra,  in  i 


Hi 


X.  i: 


M. 


ivl.i^  .attcr  liM 


(Iiuiii'ioiit  tlr.t  till 


IptUliJ 


if  h 


:/>.. 


>U-  Ar.stiili 
ii.   H'.l. 


I  hicli 


■ar  lift  Saiulnz  tliciv  with  'JHO  iiiiii. 


ic  was  a  <. 


aptaiii  ill   tin'   rcv.ilutidiiaiy  army.   Af'i 


///>'.  M' !.,  ii.  4.'!4.     Wanl  iiarratus  that  (iiuintr.)  duiiii;,'  tlic  li.iiiiliai'liii.iit 
lia.l   a  miiaiuloiis  ci^capc.     Wliiio  .'isK'ip,    cxiiaustcd    witli   fati^iuc,    Ji  sIk  11 
c;iiMi!  tin. High  tlio  roof  an. I  I'olK'.l  uii.lcr  his  he  I,  wlicri!  it  t'xploilcil.  kill! 
»'i'  w.)lln.lill^'  ovcrv 


tni>  111  the  room  ('xee|it  In 


t  himself.   .1/. 


ill.  /^.',\  1. 


'.i;t. 


l.luM  states  that  tln^  insui-.'enta  nmstered   i,.jO(>  men  armed  with  imiakets, 


IjCftid 


cs  a  imiltituilc  of  liidiuus.  (/((,;.  i/c  J/cx.,  181"-',  iii.  .VJ3-4. 


:j 


it 


41 


f 

V      i- 

1 

1  r 

i  f 

800 


SIi:«K  OF  CUAL'TLA. 


]»i»sit*U)n,  fniiii  uliich  lie  was,  liowcNcr,  iui('\| titllv 

rdiivttl.  \  ciic'.fas  liad  I'ccfisrd  ('allcjus  report  with 
iiii(lisL,'iii>u(l  «iis|ilcasuri',  Ixit  I'cconiii/cd  the  fact  that, 
("uautla  iiiu^t  lie  taken.  Ilu  thcnlor''  (l('sj);itchii| 
iiiiiiii'diatcly  all  the  mmiitions  of  war  w  hich  cduM  Ijo 
spared  (Voiii  the  capital,  and  ordeiiMl  Llatio  (<>  iais.> 
tliL'  sii>;^'e  of  Izucar  and  join  C'alhja.  Aceordino-lv 
on  the  'JOth  Llano  retii'i-d  iVoin  the  scents  of  his  l.til- 
iire  and  niai'ched  to  ('uautla,  ]iaiass((l  inee.ssaiiiK  i;i 
h 


lis  rear  hy  the  iii.suri;'ent.- 


( 


Evirv  prejmration  was  now  riadi'  foi-  a  deleiinini  :1 
^ieii'e.      IJano  took  up  a   p'.sition  o|tposite  to  t li:it  ><( 


jlleja;  redou 


ht> 


Wel-e 


11 


ii'own  ui). 


l.att 


eries    (li'ete 


(ts 


and  tlu;  jilace  invested  as  closely  as  possiMe.  Mo"el 
al-o  improved  his  line  ol"  twi'tilications.  The  pii miscs 
of  the  hacii'nda  do  J  5nena\  ista  \*  ei'c  strengthened,  .md 
a  redoubt  was  erected  in  the  platanar  on  the  ea;  t  si.kr 
to  d.  fend  the  approach  to  the  l'i\-er.  'I'he  I'l  Volll- 
tionaiv  Icadei',  en<'oui'a<^vd  hy  his  late  succ(^>.  not 
only  hit  conlident  of  niaintaininn'  his  ])osition  hut 
antici[);ited  victory,  with  the  ca^jital  itself  as  the  oh- 
jective  p    ' 


•int. 


The   hondiardmcnt   l>eu,'a]i  on  the   lOtli  of  Mardi, 
and  for  four  davs  the  iron  shower  fell  ui)on  the  citv. 

t.  L  I 


T I  M  e 


iiUt  till!  hurstin^'  shells  and  hurtling' shot  as  they 
throULi'li  |)arai)et  or  house  wall  could  not  hreak  tli.; 
sj)irit  ot'  the  defen(k'rs.  .I']ven  the  townspeople  soon 
l<»st  alarin  as  their  children  at  play  het^an  collecting' 
and  niakinn'  piles  of  the  cannond)alls   strewed  about 


the  stn-ets 


JJreaches  in  the  defences  made  l>v  dav 


We 


re   re[>aired  hv  ni!i'ht,  and  each   inori 


UM'. 


tl 


\i-  ro-, 


alist  i^eneral  must  bej^in  an'  w.      .Xs  the  watei'  suji]i!y 
as  cut  oil',  Wells  Were  s;,nlv.      ]']very  privation   was 


w 


'lie  was  coinpi'llcil  to  aliamluh  an  S-iioiiinlfr,  tlie  ^'iin-cariiai:f  lia\i;u' 


K'oiiiiif  niisi-rvutalilf, 


ti'ii:. 


<h'  M, 


1S|;>,  iii. 


-\. 


'''  MchlIos,  wIhpm'  stock  of  aii'immitioii  was  imt  very  ]il(ntil'iil,  p:ii'l  t!i'.  in 
sii  iiiiuli  a  il'Zfii  lui- tliciii.  Waril,  Mi.c.  in  IS.'l,  i.  I'M.  '  I'-iLjalm  :'i  [m-.so  cult 
lioiiiiia,  graiuiilas  i\  oiiati'o  leak's,  buhl  dc  lusil  a  medio  hi  iluceiia."  liu'hl- 
iiiaitli,  i'luul.  JJi-L,  ii.  ol. 


iii:i:i)isM  OF  T!ir,  r,;;  ir,i;i:i).  s:;? 

l.iiriH' v.ilh  sticli  a  cliccrrul  I'tirtil  n<l.' Hi.il  ( 'all:  j.i.  soon 
>,iu  that  tluTi!  was  luru  ii(t  th(»u;.;hL  nf  .>iii  rijiiLr. 
Aii'l  lit'  (livadcd  ti»  ri.^k  aiiothci-  assault.  Tin-  iiu- 
\  i(  l(lill,H'  attihuK'  <»r  t  lie  l»csicu;C(l  made  liilil  I'l'ar  ImI' 
tli<'  ir.-.uli:  aiul  ai^alii  lie  uri^cd  tlu;  vic>'i'<>y  to  sriid 
liitii  i|uiclily  more  uiid  lira\  i^r  cainioii,  lor  (lure  was 
\,  .1  !^  lit'i'L!  width  would  ta\  his  utuiost  cutluavtn'.'" 
I)ut  it  was  all  o!"  iio  usf.      The  |>laft;  was  ii»>t  to  \n> 


r:i 


I'u  red  l»y  <-aiiiioiiadt';  and  ivco^ni/uii;'  this,  or  at  least 
tii.iL  t<i  (H'cct  a  Iircach  with  artillery  el'so  li^ht  a  eal- 

iliic  \\a>    imt     |iMSsii»l(',  ('alleja    I'edlieed    thf  sie^-tj  to  a 

iiK  re  hliickade,  and  week  al'lei*  week  jiassi'd  hy.  The 
siiliply  iVoni  the  wells  jiroved  iusullieieiit,  ami  the  he- 
sic;;i(l  made  daily  sallies  and  jou^lit  lor  wad  i-  ut  tho 
is|iiinL;s  and  eomluits  outside  the  city.  To  sl"i>  even 
t!i.  >ti|)|)Iy  thus  dearly  ohtained,  the  waterenurse  ef 
t!h'  duchitenn'o  spring;'  was  turned  iid.o  another  ehan- 
iirl.  and  sixty  vai'as  oC  the  old  diteh  (illid  in.  JJiit 
<i;i!ra!ia  in  hr. lad  day  took  possession  t)t'  it,  thix-w  uj) 


a  ^ti'i 


yj;  si|uai'e   i 


•eiloU 


ht 


arouiK 


1  tl 


le  spruiLi;',  nnd  emi- 


ii'ii'd  it  hy  int  I'enchnients  with  the  dt'leiiees  n|'  th 
fiiy.  An  aitenijit  made  the  same  ni^ht  to  take  this 
t'niiiiication  tailed,  and  liencelortli  tlie  hesie-n'ctl  were 
ill  lilt  want  tif  water."'* 

Outsidi-  the  line  (»!'  eireumvallatlon,  too,  the  be- 
.^if.^cis  Were  eoiitinually  harassed.  ^Nti^uel  J>ra\<>  and 
the  cura  Taj  lia  hovered  around  with  troops  of  eavaliy  ; 
ti>  IV,' skiiinishes  were  i'ounht,  and  convoys  ol' pro\i- 
.-i  Ills  and  amimmitioii  inteiei'pted  or  hrouu'ld  in  with 
Uivat  dilliculty.  J)ut  hunL;ei',  a  lee  mori!  tt'rrihie 
tii.iii  musket  or  sword,  Ite^tjjan  to  press  (he  Ix'lcaoui.'red 
r<  \i)Jutionists.  JMorelos  hail  not  had  time  (o  [trovi- 
simi  the  city  t'ora  leni^thened  sieu'e.nor  had  he  expected 
tiiiit  (.'alleja  would  adept  so  slow  a  method  of  wari'are. 


If  wiiiitcil  tho  lu'iivy  artillery  fnnii  I'lToti'.     In  Ainil  111''  lui^iiilic 


'.Kill  .liKi'  lie  Oliizaliiil,  latijy  arri\cil  frnm  Spain,  was  <iriK  riil  t'l  I 


I  iiiu  It  Hi'. 


'•  «:i> 


iiitt'ii;t)iti'il  at  Xii|ialiKaii  liy  the  levoliitinnists  and  fimijn  Ucil  to 


tiiiu  to  I'lTotu,  losing  a  iT,h  lonxoy,  ami  witli  ililiioulty  sa\  ini,'  the  aitilhiy. 


l':i--'-ii,iniil<,  ('mill,  ///.s/  ,  ii,  .VS. 


Ili-'t.  M<].,\\.  .•>l;t.     Sou  Calkja's  luttor  to  \'oi 


.M:i 


l.ilh, 


This  occuiivd  oil  thu  oJof  Ainil.  /(/.,  ii.  Ul. 


i'i 


I 


i" 


I 


11 


111 


3as 


Sllici:  or  (JUAUTLA. 


TIk'I'c  was  no  lidp  (or  i(,  lidwi'scr,  aiid  si»  d.iy  1>yil;iv 
tlif  sitiiiitioii  <)(■  his  |M(i|iIc  Ik  .aiii''  iiioir  <li.>tris>iii'.^^ 
as  the  scarcity  <>r  t'di  11 1  iiicitascd.  1  Jut,  as  I  liav(;saiil, 
they  l)itpc  tlxii'  siiir.'riiii^-s  with  hfioi'*  I'uflitiKlf,  ami 
with  cvciy  iii;iniirstati<>iM»i' iinyi  Idiii;^  |tui'i»<'>c.  Thi; 
soMicis  (III   tlicir  I'cttirn  riniii  hatllc,  whatever  iiii.;ht 

lie  the  result  iA'  (lleir  s.llly,  \\-elf  ^I'eeled  \\  i  I  h  '  !id 
cheers;  those  \\]|(»  fell  Wipe  Idllied  t(»  thesoUlnl  <>[' 
jtealiiiL;'  <'hurch  lulls  ruii;^"  in  c(  lehrat  ion  <>!"  their  ^leii- 
oiis  death;  enthusiast  ie  joy  inarke(|  any  sui-cess,  liow- 
evi'i'  sli'j,-iit;  and   <Ieath    was   |»rt»ci;dnie(l  a^'ainst  him 


ulio  (lare<l 


tr> 


spea 


kol' 


sUrrelKlel 


I 


veil 


Call 


Hot  suppress  his  wondi-r  and  admiration  at  su<-h  h 


eja  eiitl 


ll''ll- 


solded  I'oi'tituih 


Tl 


li'Se  peojile  are  lieroes, 


le  writi' 


tiic  \  icerov,  "and  they  would   merit  a  distiii'jnii  died 


]>lace  in  hi.-tory — if  their  c:msc  wen-  just 

1...   .I.,..l I    4..   1 1    M..1. ,.,,...«   Ill 


"  I 


.M 


OlVlnS 


he  declared  to  he  a 


second 


M; 


ihoiiirt 


Nor  was  the  situation  of  tin- lovalists  hvanv  meaii^ 


an  enviaiti(!  one 


T\u',i 


I'l  •<  1]  IS, 


reared  in  the  temiicrat. 


and  cool  I'cu-ions  oi'  the  tahledaiid,  suUeivd  under  t  lie 
iei'vid  skv  ot*  tho  tierra  caliente.      They  hi'oke  down 


un 


der  their  heavy  lati-'ues  l»v  ni^ht   ami  da\';  sii 


iioss  came  nixm  them,  and  toward  tin-  end  of  April 
8()()  men  Were  in  hospital.  T\n'  rainy  season  toe,  w;i:-; 
last  approaching' — ou^iit  already  to  have  coni.-;  tlifii 


i 


ever  won 


Id  sti 


rike  them  down  i>y  tiles,  aiK 


Itl 


le  elh'IlP 


inuriMl  to  the  deadly  climate,  would   fall   u|ioii   th<:a 
and  coiiH)lete  their  ruin.      It  was  a  <nu'stion  hetwciM 


time  and  natuix;  whic-h  won 


il<l 


win. 


Nat 


Ul'e  was  t  hi- 


time  on  the  side  of  oppression,  to  her  shame  he  it  said. 
The  I'ains  wei-e  unusually  late  this  yeai'.  Day  after 
day  the  tiery  sun  rose  and  set,  and  still  no  clou  1  ap- 
]>eare(l  to  the  wistful  eyes  of  tlu'  famished  ciowils  in 
the  beleaij^nered  city.  Their  sulferin^s  were  awful  '■'' 
Wlien  all  else  was  wellniL;h  consumed,  old,  time-worn, 

*'Sec  liis  letter  to  tin?  vicoroy  of  Aiiril  111111.    /</.,  ii.  ."!). 
•"'A  oat  solil  foi'  si>i  (li)ll:irs,  ;i  li/:inl  lor  two,  iiud  rats  oi 
one.     An  ox  wliidi  was  seen  one  dav  fi'iliu''  lnt 


Mill  rats  or  otlur  vci-iiiiii  f"i" 
wocn    the    S]iani.->li    i;iiiij) 


und  tlie  town  nearly  brought  on  a  ^^'cneral  cnjjULjenjcnt.'    Ward,  JJix-.  in  IS, 
i.  100-7. 


KVACr.'.TTOX. 


SOD 


\\i  ,itln  r-l)i;it»'n  liidf.-:,  sti'ijijird  IVoiii  doors  to  wliir-h 
tlnv  had  ItccM  nailed  for  ycai's,  were  iiiafiiatcd  and 
•  ■  itrii:  loul  ;^nMil)saii(l  crawliiii^  insects  wei-oilevoiired  ;"^ 
anil   l><st,  llio  companion  of  famine,  lollowed   in   her 

I'.intstepS. 


'I'h(;  chui'ch   of  San  J)i 


('<'■<>  was  convei 


ted 
into  a  hospital;  from  twi-nty  to  thirty  died  daily; 
'^aiiiit.  sjtectral  forms  niovi'd  wearily  alon;,'  tlu;  sti'cets, 
iiiid  the  children  no  lonjj^cr,  as  heretof  )i'i',  marsjuiili'd 
tlirir  l»an<U  in  mimic  warfare/"'  IJiit  still  thev  \ielded 
iint,.nid  >till  Calleja  dared  not  risk  a  second  assault."^ 
And  all  this  time  tin;  Juntji  at  SMlte[>ec  remained 
iii,icti\-e,  the  leaders  in  Michoaean  wilh  their  numer- 
i>u  ■  forces  came  not  to  the  aid  of  these  hrave,  lonL;'- 
ciidiniiiL;"  |>atriots.  ^^orelos  vaiidy  eiideavojH'd  to 
liiv.ik  throiio'Ii  the  l)csieL,^ers'  lines  and  introihu-t-  pro- 


>!:U1 


On  tl 


le  o 


pen  1 


ilain  t 


i(!  enemy  was  snperioi' 


On  til.'  :J7th  of  April  a  desperate  effort  was  made, 
liiit  l';iile(l.'"  After  this  an  unusual  stillness  and  inae- 
ti\ilv  was  oliserved  by  the  l)esie<r,'j-s  to  itrevail  in  tho 
citv.  'I'he  last  hostile  sallv  had  been  made.  Xo 
liMjic  was  left  exce[)t  to  evacuate  the  town.  (\illeja's 
lil.M.ily  inti'utions  were  too  wi'll  known,  and  capitula- 

•^Tlu.'  liDiisu  ildors  ill  ('uautl.'i  wore  ]ir<itf<'tu.l  with  strong  Iiiiles  njiilcl  to 
tlinn,  iiisti'iiil  <if  Hliccts  of  tin.  .Mnnmii,  lli.<i.  Mij.,  ii.  "il!).  '  Lji  cspiiifD.sa 
cv-tasfZ  <|iu' 111  iviln\(jal  tOrniiii'uli;  <'<>iiii'r  iiisuctos,  I'licros  y  <|iiiintas  iiimmnli- 
ii:usi'  Ic-i  pri-si'iitali.i,' iiri!  ('allfja's  own  winils.   (In-.,  i/c  Mi.r.,  ISl'J,  iii.  471'. 

'•I'm-  an  aci'ount  of  tlit!  I'liililrcn  ory:inizin;j;  tlicnisolvi's  into  couiiianitM, 
nail  c.f  tin  ir  iMjitiiic  on  onu  ocL'aMioii  of  a  royalist  <Iragoon  oiitsiile  thu  walls, 
Hir  llii.^linii(liiti\  f'linit.  ll'ixt.^  ii.  ,">.")  0. 

'Mil-  says  to  till!  viiMToy:  '\o  i.'onveiiia  asaltur  d  un  uucmigo  (juo  lo  «lc'- 
Kc.-ilvi."  .\l'iiii'iii,  //ill.  .1/'./.,  ii.  .')1.'{-I4. 

'Mm  one  if  these  attiiniit.s  dii-ci-ti'il  liy  niglit  against  tho  rcihnibt  on  the 
(';ilv:iii.>.  (Jil  Kiafio,  a  son  of  the  intcnileiite  who  fell  at  tho  alluindigii  of 
(iiKiiuijiiato,  was  killeil  fn  tin;  side  of  the  i'  pyalists.    A/.,  ii.  ."l.">. 

■".M.ilaiiiorcis  and  ( 'olonel  I'erdi/.  sallied  witii  KM)  men  on  the  night  of  tlj.! 
-Ist  and  fniced  the  enemy's  lines  on  the  Santa  Jn  sroad,  i'erdi/,  howiver,  and 
iiiiiiiy  otheislj.ing  killed.  Matamorossni'ceeiled  in  joining  .MigiM  1  Ihavo,  wiio 
Was  st.itiiine.l  at  'I'layaeae  near  the  Zai;ate]iee  lange  with  a  .strong  foive  and  a 
lur^i.'enhv  iiy  of  provisions.  'J'hc  design  was  to  introduce  it  liy  the  h.irianea  1  le- 
diiinda  and  the  town  of  Anieleingo,  and  on  the  'J7th,  signals  having  lieun  e\- 
cliaiiged  w  itii  Matamoi'os  during  the  prececling  night,  .Morelos  attacked  with 
tlic  greater  imrtiou  of  his  forces  the  royalists  at  several  points.  C.iUeja  liail, 
l:"'Ai  Nil-,  intercepted  a  letter  which  informed  him  of  the  plans  of  the  lesieged. 
He  a>  ■  iii(liii;;ly  made  Ins  preparations.  A  sanguinary  contest  took  place,  the 
a.s.<iiilants  lieing  repulsed,  liravo  and  Matamoro.s  were  driven  liack  with  tho 
loss  of  the  convoy  and  their  artillery.  IiL,  ii.  510-18;  O'az.  dc  Mew.,  IS\'2,  iii. 
44"-.')'.'. 

Ui8T.  Mex.,  Vol.  IV.    U 


L  ' 


n:o 


SIKOR  OF  CUAUTI.A 


tioii  Would  i)o  certain  death.  And  slill,  redm-ed  ,k 
lliev  \Ver(!  to  tlie  dil'est  exti'eiulty,  Calleja  dared  ii  it 
attack  tluin;  and  liad  lie  not  l>eeii  niado  awajt  .f 
tlicir  dreaiU'ul  condition  l»y  the  nninei'oiis  rnL,Mti\is 
who  daily  left  the  city,  Ikj  nvouI  I  j»robul)lv  h;i\o 
raised  jIh;  sie<r(..  }\[\i  thev  wiTo  his;  hu  would  liaxt; 
their  lilood,  as  he  thought,  il"  oidy  (he  I'ains  unuM 
hold  olK  il  little  hdiLjir.  So  with  redouMcil  ^  i^•il;llil•.• 
ho  waite-d  lor  his  |tre\-.  ( )n  the  1st  o|"  M.-iy  he  ,s(  iit 
to  Morelos  copies  of  the  general  jiardon  lately  jmh- 
IIsIkmI  hy  the  viceroy."'  As  far  n^  a|t|»eai'ances  weiif, 
this  oiler  of  mercy  was  received  with  joy  hy  the  hc- 
sie|j^e(l  trooj)s,  and  hostilities  cease<l  on  hoth  sidi-.'- 
It  was  hut  a  ruse,  liowi'vei';  ^[orehts  had  made  h'n 
|irei)arations  t<i  evacuate  the  town.  His  inlhieiiri! 
over  his  followei's  Wiis  unhounded,  and  whilhersoevri- 
h»!  went,  or  to  whatever  fate,  they  weie  ready  to  .ic- 
compnny  him  and  die  for  him.  That  ni^ld  the  troops 
Aver(>  silenlly  marslialled  in  the  plaza  of  San  Die;,''- 
and  at  two  o'chick  on  the  mornin^^  <>f  the  '2d  the 
march  b(><'an,  the  linhts  heinu'left  hiirniuLf  on  the  raiii- 
j)arts. 

(laleana  led  the  van,  C(»n?*stinj^  (»f  over  1,000  infan- 
try armed  with  muskets;  t  leii  followed  'ioO  ca\ahy, 
and  a  large  numher  of  troojjs  whose  weapons  wriv 
slinji's  and  lances;  after  these  followed  a  mixed  crow, I 
of  hoth  sexes  and  all  ajj^es.  The  rear  was  broULjht  iiji 
hy  another  hody  of  infantr\',  with  the  hajj^^'aij^e  airl 
two  small  pieces  of  artillery  in  its  centre.'^  ^loiclns 
conmiand(!d  in  the  centre  with  the  IJravos,  and  (";qi- 
tain  Anzures  in  the  rear. 

Calleja  lay  stretched  in  sickness  on  his  bed,  an  1 

" The  Spanish  c(')rtos  liad  docrccil  on  the  0th  of  NovomlKT,  ISl  I,  a  sn'- 
oiiil  yeiicrjil  inihilto.  Tliis  was  iniMislicil  hy  tlio  viceroy  on  tliu  li-tot'  A|iil 
I'ullowiiig,  and  aiipcjiri'il  in  tlio  Jiktrio  ih'  M(.r.  of  A|>rii  .1,  ISI'J. 

'^  iiii.staniantu  states  tliat  tho  imlultu  was  linm;,'ht  liy  a  royalist  otiii'cr  ;i!i  I 
■was  conlini-Ml  to  Morelos,  (laleana,  and  ]>ravo.  Tlio  re^jly  of  Morelos  was  to 
till' cU'cet  that  ho  extended  siniihir  mercy  to  I'alleja  and  his  oflicurs.  ('"'''/. 
y/(V.,  ii.  71. 

'^Aianian,  flisf.  Mcj.,  ii.  5±?,  snpplics  a  copy  of  the  original  of  Morel'is' 
instrui^tions  aa  to  the  order  of  march,  which  dilFers  somewhat  from  that  ;.'i'.i':i 
in  tho  text  and  taken  from  Calleja'a  report  in  Uaz.  de  Mcz.,  ISl'J,  iii.  47'J-><J. 


rrn.'^riT  .wi*  >LAi'0!tT:n 


n 


"1 


li.,irtily  wislicd  liiiiistH' ;i\v;iy  I'v'^'.w  tin-  inl'riiii)  |>!;i'-t', 

;i~  lir  I'alK'd  it.'^        He  littlr  illi;iL;ilir(|   \\]\:\{    the  rlit  ii,y 

\vi  if  <l<>iii,^'.  With  ;ill  Ills  \  iLiil.iiici'  ln'  w.i-;  •li'fci\»'il; 
hi' did  lie  kimw  till  more  than  tun  li'>m--,  .ifti-iwaid 
t!i,it  In-  was  ht'ili;^  olltvi  *;•(!,  so  sKilfully  had  Moi-.Ims 
ii!;iil.'  his  arraiii^i'iiiciits.  i  *i;;'('tiii'.''  its  cuiii-t'  to  th<' 
ii\i'i-,  so  sih'iitly  ditl  tin'  co,;!!.!!!  nioxc,  that  ini|i('r- 
iri\(  d  it  a[)i>rojii-ln<l  the  rai"'li-\\orks  iimidii.;"  iiorlh- 
warl    IVom    tlio    ('alvario    rcdoiihl,    drove    hack    tho 

iai;I,  and  dfniolishin;^  a  part  ol'  the  iiil ffia  hniiMits 
;iil\ani-ii|  to  tilt'  rivrf,  whi.  h  was  n-w-.^id  hy  niran  it 
l,i;r.ll'S  |ii'ovid('d  I'oi-  the  ]tur|iosc. 

Hat  now  the  omniy  was  upon  tht'in.  IJaii"'  ('(rc—^ 
a>-ail('d  th(>ni  on  thollank;  their  in-ar  was  ,;;tat'krd 
as  the  I'oyal'-'^  troops  I'apidly  canio  up.  I'^oi-atii 
ill"  icvolutionists  sustained  thi'i.ist  Ives  under  ('.<■!• 
<■('  !  ,e  stone  walls  that  surround  d  the  eountrv 
haciendas,  a  I  id  for  an  houi' a  fierce  cuu  test  raL^'ed.  (  hil- 
l':iiiked  at  last ,  t he  order  was  j;iven  to  disjterse  and 
l!y,''hnt  no!  hei'ire  more  than  SOO  had  fallen.  Miii'e- 
1  I-,  al'l'i'  lia\iii''    two   of  his  lihs  ciai-^hed   hv  falline; 


lie 


)eO 


wiili  his  horse  into  a  ditch,'"  lied  hy  way  of  Zacate| 
ti  Omituco  hotly  pui'sut.'d.  Here,  whih;  channan;^ 
li"r>i's,  the  enemy  ovei'took  him.  To  save  their 
li;idri''s  life,  those  ai'ouud  him  foU'-ht  until  thev  died, 


;illi 


lost  to  a  man,''  aJid  ho  esca 


»e(l  Wi 


llni-d 


I  alone. 


ur- 


Sll 


iii'i  his  ili-'ht  to  Izucar  ho  there  met  ^'ictol•  J3ra\- 


iMi 


1  thence  pi-ocecdiid  to  (^hautla.  1  [ere,  in  safety  at 
lid.  he  remained  for  a  month,  and  unhrokeu  in  s[)ii'it, 

■'  \\>-  wniti-  a  letter  to  tln!  vicHTny  tli;it  saiin'  mornin  r  at  lialf-]iast  foiii',  in 
\vli!.  Ii  lie  s.iys:  'Coinirin!  iiiui'li'i  i|iii' el  cjii'iiti)  salvia  il<' i-;ti^  iiiliriial  l>a;>:,' 
iui  1  iiiliU  that  his  own  iu'iitli  is  siidi  tliat  it  li'!  iIm'S  nut  attcinl  to  it  al  unco 
;>il  .III  will  1,0  t(M.  late.   Xi''jrrii\  M,.r.  .s/;/.  ,V/.V..  iv.  (.{s  a. 

'  \\  :ii'l  Hiiys  tiiat  tliis  was  <l 'lie  with  .surli  iiriiin|ititiiili!  that  tin-  S[iair-:)i 
tri>ii|is  \\  hich  wore!  advaiiiiii.,' t'niMi  i>|i|iosit(!  ilnvutions  liri'il  upiai  eai-h  ntln'r 
liclui.!  they  (liseovereil  tlieir  niistaiie.  Mix.  ii>  /V.',',  i.  I'M.  lliistalnau:.! 
niiikis  the  same  tjtatenient. 

"■  lli^  was  saved  by  .Iosl-  Maria  Franco,  wlui  assisted  iiiin  out.  J/'X'.  /.''  /''. 
Arlir.  /'uinlo,  i;j. 

' 'Opnsierou  algniia  resistcueia  d  las  nnostras  con  sacrilleio  ile  us  vi  1  is 
que  c.isi  toilos  i)erdier(>n,' is  Calleja's  tustiinony  to  tiieir  sell-iacriticu.  Ouz. 
ill'  M'j.:,  ISl-J,  iii.  4S0-1. 


I  I 


i       :| 


J 


>! 


■"i 


I . 


872 


sii:(;i;  of  cuautla. 


.1 


coHre 


ti-(i')|»s  Mild  ]>rr|i;iriii!4'  lor  u  iicw  cMiiipaiLi'ii. 


a'a 


.Ui: 


McMiitinii'  tlu'  >liiui'litL'r  of  IIk"  iiiianucil  crowd 


ua.s 


lioirlMc.      ]\Irii,  uoiiKii,  uiid  cliiKhvM,  old  and  vouiil;', 
Wire  iii(!isci  iiiiiiiali.  Iv  l-iitL-Iiuivd  1)\"  llu' rovalisis,' 'an  1 


or  soNcii    IcaLi'Ucs 


tiiL'   1  todies  of  tiu,'  •■^lain   lav  .4 


ITVvIl 


niio 


u  1' 


ir  I'oad 


Til 


d\y 


us  fowai'clly  Vuiincanec  o 


f  C 


ja's  was  aiiioii^-  tlic  most  dastardly  d(jiii_L>s   in  llic  war. 

Villaiious  as  it  was,  and  Nrii^L'anci'-satislylii.^',  il  v..,.'- 

\)V.i  poor  coinlort  alhT  all  to  tliu  leader  so  loii^'  .■>uic  ut 

liis|)rey.      T!ii>  inie.-t  had  worsted  liiiii  and  batUed  liim, 

had  liiiaHv  eliidrd  his  ^'rasp — not  a  w  rv  ha|)[iv  lellt 
.;   ,,  r...    ■,.  ,., 1   j,i:..,.      r'.. II. .:..'.  ■;..!■ '..,.. 


1  loM    lor  >o  jil'oud   a  soldier, 


Call 


eia  s  slekliess  wa-^  a 


serious  hilioiis  attack,  and  we  may  he  sure  that  his 
teiii|)er  was  not  iinproved  tlici(  I)y.  ()t"the  dieailt'iil 
puiiishiiient  which  he  iiiilicted  upon  tlie  heroic  iiihah- 
il;ii,ts  oj"  tliat  wretched  city  I   shall  ,u,ive   no   ruitinr 


(i, 'tails, 
oi"  crue 


Li't 


I  \el 


I    iK-d 


rawn  over  the  iVvAi 


itt'ul 


.Ni'dh:, 


It' 


have  liearc 


I  olii 


cers,  wlio  Were  pre.^i 


lit 


at  the  si;.'ge,  s[»eak  of  thein,"  says  Ward,  "  altei'  a  lap; 
(if  ten  years,  witli  horror."'' 

l!a\in'i'  des(ro\'ed   the  iortlileations  of  (Aiauila- 

*y  I. 

the  siei^'e  of  which  cost  the  ijjovernnient  5G4,4iI«!  pesn 
exclusive  of  munitions  of  war  and   other  exjteiisc^ 
Caikja,  with  his  military  reputation  hy  no  meair 
jiroved,  and  his  troops  in   iniserahh!  plight,  returin  1 
to  the  capital,  whirh  he  entel'ed  on   the   l(ith  <,f  ^ 
there  to  nuH't  the  ridicule  of  the  inhahitants  who  v\i 


1111- 


i;i\ 


hiiew  that  he  had  heeii  outwitted,  des[)ite  his  ,l;1o\\ 


ill:. 


acco 


unt^ 


•••  Ife  stiitfs  tliMt  ;it  (  iiiiutlil  800  (if  tlu;  troops  of   I'.ravo  ■■iii'l  <  liiliaiiii 


iviiniti'il:  tli;it  liiii  ill'.' t!iL'  .sii'i^v  u(  7- 


u:iVM  he  on 


Iv  lost. 


i  ."lO  liii'ii  I'V  tlii 


eiRiiiy's  liie  ;iiiil  l.'iO  liy  the  jiist;  tliat  witli  ri".:!iril  to  tin-  imiiilii'i'  wlio  f'  !1  ":i 
tliu  cviiru.itidii  of  till'  town  lie  I'oiilil  only '"iv  tliat  ( ':i;)t:iin  Vauc,^  toM  liii. I 


tliat  lie   li.iil 


intfd   147  (lead  on  one  half  of  tiic  n 


from  Oiniitiico  t  > 


t'uaiitia.    Morilo.i    /)irlii 


'"  I'^sti'van  Montc/iniia,  afterwanl  a  ;,'i'neral  of  the  ripuliHe,  on  his  ntiiru 
from  the  jiursnit,  l\il]( d  witii  his  lanee  tlie  ununileil  women  vliom  he  i.ainJ 
ueros.s  on  his  road!  A/'iiu'iii,  llhl.  Mrj.,  ii.  't'l\ 


'("all 


eja  .s  words  aie 


'  La; 


L'tO    1 


e'_rilas  esta 


tan  tan  scinlinulas  de  cndrt'eres 


ciiemi^'os  (|nn  no  se  da  iin  jiaso  sin  ijuc  sc  eneucntren  imichos.'  luiz 
IM'J.  iii.  4.SI. 

'^'jy-.i-.  in  1^:7.  i.  l!l<>. 


,/,'  .!/( 


A  comedy  was  ueled  a  few  iiii,'hta  afterward,  in  which  a  suUliLr  wn 


REVOLUTTOXAllV  BIIiLIOi  iRAmV 


HT.T 


a  lull 


mtn 


M. 


imttlN'  (.■sciilici 


tf<l,  will).  iiM  liis  ivtnni  fniiii  liattl 


1' 


:it> 


hl-i  ^.'c 


il  witli  ii  tur- 


s  liliii   111  ;i  Very  )i'iiii|ii)ii.s  iiiaiiiK  r, 


'Jiui'L'  is  the  turiKin  of  tlm 


i'liiiiii   I   tonk   iirisi.iicr 


11'     T 
il 


Ami  till'   Muur  liimsilt'.''  "(I,   lie  ni:t'' 


ic  |)Ji>s;i;,'('  Wiis  icit  ivc 


.1 


;  Il  liui'sts  (if  liuiL'liti-i',  ;ii 


lilKHtiiiu  reailily  iiiiiiic  Ity  llif  iUKiiciiio.'  Iil.  l!l',i-'J(U). 
Till'   awM  of   ('ii.iiitlii   \v;is  ii  .siilpii'<t  of    imlilii.'   (.-oiivii-siitioii    in 


V>'clliiiL.'toii,  at  a  )iiini|ULt 


lUimty   lor 
'It  is  :i  ]i!ai.' 
l.y. 


.Ml 


rcjilicil  (  isiici 
Tliat,'  aiiswund  W'l 


oiit'ii  on  al 


(u.liz. 

,'i\ni  to  liiiii  ill    that  litv.  askcil   linj 

lalllhi   uas. 
in  a  iiiain  or  \ai- 


llcyi'  <lu  Cisiicros,    what  kind  of  a    place  C 


sitiiati 


al  attacking  it,  ali<l  of  tlu'  wi^ih 


,'toii,  'is  a  proof  liotii  of  tlu 


valor  of  tlic 


1 
iu'iioiaini'  cit  the 

,'ini  ral  \\  lio  i>  .|<-- 


tiiidiiiu'  it."  Jliislni 


'lie,  i'liiiil.  Ilixt..  ii.  liid.  viii 


The  mat' rial  for  the  history  (if  the  revoliitioi;  hsaluiiidant,  aiiil  the  (UL:u1s  oI 
pait.s  of  it  have  Inen  fairly  well  presented  hy  .Mexii'aii  aiitiiors,  thoii'_'h 


mi  without  more  or 


lessl. 


fe 


(1  aLM 


iiist  jiersoiis  and  parti' 


!• 


Ill 


Mt  aiiioiii,'  writeis  cm  this  epi.sodu  is  Ana.sta.-io  /eieeero,  .1/' 


./(■  /./ 


IS  Jil  I'lilHillllll  .<  < 


/<■  Mr 


Ml 


isii'.l,  I  Vol.  COS  jia-es.      it  is 


■iiliiieil  mostly  to  nlliiirs  during  the  tiiiic  of  llidaliro,  a  hrief  .slateh  of  t! 
■ii(|Ui>t  lpein„'  ^'iveii  as  introductory.     As  the  city  of  .Mexi 


CO   was  oecuiii 


V  tlio  1'  rclieli  a 


t  the   tin 
d 


.f  1 


lis  writili:: 


th 


d 


iiithor  imisi 


ileil   his   lahor." 


.\iii  I. ills  I'ot'iSi,  and  wlu'ther  so  intended  or  not,  the  result  was 


litt 


th, 


ill  a  serie-i  of  recoi 


licet 


ions 


the  war  for  ii 


iili-peililenei 


tlr 
Ic 


u  III  .Hi 
mthor  f\id(iitlv  iiiteiidiie.'  to  earrv  tiieiii 


t::l-olli.'ll 

li>lieil.     Zereeero  was  a  stroni,'  revoluti 

tlici'ill 


Old 


Inilie 


lowev 


er.  wa-.  p 

llilc 


inary  ]).irtHaii.      I  liiis  while  exe'i-iii;.' 
■hies  coiimiitteil  l.y  the  rehels,  he  (leiioiiiiccs  in  stroiiirest  terms  l!io.-.o 


d  ill  liv  the  ro\aIists.      lie  (iiiotes  freelv  from  AJ;i 


f-.nll 

it! 


lUi.- 


iiiiaii,  and 


lanii 


.      .'ly 

aiiiaiite  aipl   Meiidivil.     'J  he  stvle  is   for  the  ino-t  part  (dear,  vet 


without  iiiaiiv  distinctive  cliaracteristic: 


'Ihe  la-^t   l.-|l» 


la.'es  are  i 


levoted  ti» 


till-  hi  i^'nii'liics  of  Indians  proininciit  since  the  eoiii|Uest,  and  ereilited  tc'  .\i 


tuiii)  (  anion. 


short 


JJii.-if'iiii'nili\  Mitrt'irnloii'io  ih>  Af'jniinM  tic  A),<  Prinxruf  /n-in-iji  n 


/,'.t 


r'lil  ('  nil 


e  '/'■  /ii  A I 


M, 


/"/;• 


/■I 


Work  gives  II  smiimary  ot  the 


le'al 


Mexico,   IStl.  jip.  .")1.    'i'his 


pldeeedliurs  against  tllo^e  liii]. 


d 


i:i  the  Jilots  of  .\pril  ;uid  August  IS|  I    to   seize    tile   viceroy. 


'J'i 


larlicM.a; 
t  'iiiicctcd  with  the  caseof  e.icli  ecidesiastic  .'luiI  lavinan  are  '.fiveti,  I5ii-;t:iniai:t 


if 
luviiiu'  ohtaiiied  them  from  tl 


le  oii;.;iiial  documents  ot  tiie  jiii 


ita  de 


lad 


IC  added  li 


j/i-oidcd  ov(  r  liy  the  oidor  Miiuel  llataller  y  Vasco.     'i'o  tli 

^i.ipliical  notices  of  tlh;  siilisei|iu'nt  fat(!  of  many  ot   the  eoi,spir;itors.     'i'ho 

liaiiicsarc  ^iveu  in  al[)lial)etieal  order,  and  among  theliuippe.irs  that  oi  (.'alh  jii. 


i;i 


t.iiaaiite  deems  it  necessary  to  eiitt  r  into  an   e\]iiana;io;i  of  tlie  ic-Hons 


wliv  he  inserteil  the  royalist  ueiierars  name  iiia  list  of  martyrs  to  the  e;.iis(' 


(it  III! 
th.it  I 


.■IKiiileiiee  ami  w  liicii  lie  j 


(Itot: 


eir  lioiior. 


ile,  therefore,  si. 


d  s.)  ill  order  that  the  iinlcceiit  coiiihict  of  ( 'alleja,  mi.;!it  !"•  hi  '  1 


t)  view,  wli()  tried  to  pa<s  over  to  the  side  of  the  insurgents  when  lie  I'oiinil 


hiai-ii-'f  in  (lis -rai 


iv.-.cr. 


■d; 


ee  will, 

if  the  Ml. 


il!ed 


Und 


ersiien  eiiviimslaiices  he  oil 


uht  '.oil 


lll--nvgetlLS, 


Sec 


also  llii-tii  iini/i'.  ('mill.  II 


i.|iassiiii;  /•/.,  ii.  ,S-4'JS;  /</.,  iv.  WW;    /!ii.i/iiiiiiiiifi\  C'Unp'ii'iiu  tk  <'iilli_ 


ITS. 


h 


|..l~Sllll 


Ihii^t.i 


:  <:ilr!l/r>,  S'l; 


^iii ,  Klo'jio,  J/or'Ai-',  jias 


.N'l.-i 


'nun  lit:  1<M  III 


,11, 


(jiifi  r:i   ri    rninvr-^^'fi)  mi)''  iiiiif  ili'   ijr'i''iin 


}[■' 


■  !■■  Xi 


'II  Si  nill'il  I 


,M( 

Il  I H  /,'. 


i">l  1;  followeil  hv  Su'iiin.-i  iirtra  I'l  II 


I'll  in.-i  jiiir 
/•■1-.    .McnIco,  IMl'.     'l"he  scntio.i  whic'i 
)i'-iTeil"S  the  historical  m.-ittcr  in  thi-i  Viiluni',  was  preached  in  tlir"  eatlic  Ir.-il 
of  .\jtNicooii  the    Kith  of  Octolier.  Isl  I,  hv  .hiali    ll.iiuisia  l>iaZ  (J.ilvillo,  at 


t'lc  .iiiiiiversary  eelelirati 


if  1 


ic  rovali-t  \  ictory  ;it  the  niiiite 


1.1.-4  <  • 


\l 


Till'  •■c.itlior  was  ]irefcetof  the  oratory  of  San  l'\'iipe 

lU  ciidulijus  a  lieliever  ill  the  iiiarvcdoiis  and  as  uninitiu'ated  a  deiiouiiei  r  of 


eri.ani  was  apii  ;rc;i 


the  r.  v 


•hit 


ion  as  ( 


,111  Well  lie  found  an 


tiie  rai 


ik  •■  of  th 


iiufciiiiii  n 


t.iat  tine.     \Vifh  rei'ard  to  the  sermon  it  is  .•!  fairspepiineii  of  the  di  ■ 


if 


'.vin 


\  fr 
I'li'iiti/uily  h 


!i  liie  pulpit  deriii;;  the  lir.-'t  year;  of  tiie  rcViilu;  loa. 


1 


■P 


nidai: 


lie  s  i-e.,1 


led 


Victo; 


•y  of  I, .IS  Cr.K. 


II 


IP 


ft 

tl 
im 


Ml 


.t .. 


' 


m  *: 


ll.i 


374 


Ili.lal. 


SIEGE  OF  CUAUTLA. 


ivticMt  arc  :i 


'triliiitiil  t  1  tlic  II 


il'His  iiitc'i'Vi  ntiiiii  (if  til 


I"  vir;.'i:i. 


s  a  I'niisciiiKiicc.  the  events  wliii 


/  /  //;.>/-, 


of  lli(.'  lailv  I'f  l(p.s  ItciiRiiicps  is  ''i\ 


■li  lias  lii'cu  frcijuuiilly  (jiiotnl, 


li   Icil  ti>  liis  La|itiirL'.      Ill  tin;  X'llii'i'n 


Til.  II  fnll 


ilisti 


iimt  (if  tl 
il 


lU    lllKl.^'L- 

iMi'al  imrratii-ii  of 


(.'Vi^'lits  (l()\Mi  til  the  I  M'ajic  (if  .Mdivlos  frmii  ( 'ualiUa,  siiiiiilciiiiiitii!  witiiMilj- 
xcMi'.uiit.  (jL'ciiirciiccs  iluiiii,:^  tli<j  same  years.  ('a>.till.i,  rcMilulily  Idiiid  t.i  lluj 
trill'  causes  of  the  rcVDliiti'iii,  attrilmtes  i!s  origin  sulcly  to  I'leiali  iii!ii;_.'itcs 
(1  lii(lal;,'(>'.s  w  ickiil  icailiiRftS  to  listen  to  N'a|)olfMirs  a^'i  iits.     In  lii.s   p.  f. 


sisli  iicy  to   liiiM   lip  lliilal;,;'!  as  tin' autl 


Hiat 


cs — ]ia;,'( 


lOS     tliat  lii.s  slinrt  interview  witii  dWl 


if  till'  reliellii.n,  lie  niiMii-liiiuJy 
' \iiiiar  was  so  satisfactory 


to  tlie  latter  us  to  stiiiuilate  tli(^  activity  of  tlie  I'reiich  in  tlieir  iiilriL"ie.s  in 
(jtlicr  Sj)aiii.>li  American  eoiiiifries.  Tiie  lii-toiical  inirtiun  of  tliii  voliiine  ..f 
'J<i;)  pau'es  is  Imt  an  einjilia.si/'.ed  ii'scriiit  df  tiie  versions  of  events  given  in  \\w 
(j'dZI  l(C  til-  Mcxiio. 


I  add  l>v  \\av  of  general  reference:  Alu 


M> 


\-2,  .">,S-(iO,    i;i7-4l,    I7.)-Mi. 


liassiin;  /./..  iii.  II  - 


•J7-S;  //< 


i:{."),  aiip.  SO- '2,  !S.">;  /(/.,  iv.  7-4, 


<-(,M|.l). 


J)ar..i.  -i;!.'-.'!,  S71;  /'/.,  ii.  -'•J7  ><.    ll.VHi,  4-'t  .'!:),  ■l(;7-7il, 


IJ   lo:  A/.,  iii.  ■2-2: 


)-.)!.),    .i_(), 


l-_'S-!(.-,,  -401   (),    l-'4-."):!0;  /./.,  V.  -21: 


m;. 


S7<>-'J():t,  !)IHi-S,  '.»l!t;  Jrl..  vi.  1,S  -Jo:  .T..  :',>'),  77-SI ,  •_'74  .">,  'JSO-l', 'JSS,  !ii|-S, 
](»t.".  (i;  On:.  d,t  Mi.r.,  l7;->4-.".,  i.  li.".;  /-/.,  1^1(1,  i.  ,")l.  SOJ;  A/.,  ISl  1,  ii.  jia  siia; 
I'l.,  isl-J,  iii.  (i-l!)!).  passim:  A/..  17!»<)-l,  iv.  .'{(il-'_»,  4H  :!;  77.,  17'i-'  :!.  v. 
;«'.>:  /'/.,  I7'.)4,  vi.  70!);  /./.,  ISllJ-;!,  xi.  Kiti;  LL,  ISOS,  xv.  141);  lit.,  Ihiiit,  wi. 


:»,!  4:     /-/. 


4.':!-7;   Id. 


lJ;!.")-(i;    (.■ 


/.'.-•.  A',    i: 


.Sii.'.  4;!0,  44S-!)I.  .")41  7;  C 


d; 


IMI,  iii.   ;).".),  :!(10;  /./.,  iv.  I'.l-J, 


y/.,  V.  17"),  i-'JO-l,  •->(;;);  A/.,  vii.  4,  17,  177,  l'.):>,  '214;  A/.,  '-'OH,  -JJ.).  \\--'\ 
/(/.,  ISI-J,  \iv.  -.'IS:  A/.,  |S-_'(),  x.xiv.  app.  40  .".n;  (\h-Us,  (',.).  J/,-:,  i.  |s|-J; 
J'l.,   ii.   •2t'>,  8.")-7;  *'iir/i-',  JiUtr.  ''on'j..   ii.   40.'):  Mnni,    Mij.   y 


J8;  /(/. 


IV.  passi 
17."),  -J.'.") 


.1/^ 


(i.itm-i)  ,!/('./'.,  II 


1!I7,  -270,  VA\,  4(JI--J;    UurL    .1/. 


;».  app.  4S:;  !l;   f'n,nl<iilti,    '/'il.  JA.'-.,  l.")-I(>, 


40,  4S,  .-)•_>-;{,  oS-IIO,  (J7-7-'.  177  SI,  IS(i  ill,  -.'lii-'JI;  A/.,   A' 


i\'.  y; 


•-M, 


."i!(,  i')2-l),  77;  C'lro,  7V(  s  .V//. ,  iii.  ;iSJ-.'{;  A/.,  iv.  l-o.">;  Culitln/iij,  i.  fnl. 
'J.'!;!;  < 'hciutlkr,  Li'  Mix.,  .'ilS-li.j;  ('nlhiilo.Jniiii,  Infann.,  4-S;  Xi-jir/i',  .lA.i'. 
'S'.'/.,  xix.  iv.  passim,  v.  104-7i).  and  H/<t.   Mil.,  i.  ;{|l'  IS;  Liiini/it,  Aili-:  tj 


Ji'iiUlir.,  IS:{-1,  ISS,    l!)|,  I!i;)  J;iO,   •Ji.'7  S.     ()tli( 


cr  authoruies  coiisa 


I  ted 


<', 
Jii 


<\ 


'(/vv     Vlvtnil    r 


.4) 


(/('  7. 


1.  4(i- 


j'lil.i;    ('ii)il 

;i,  -J-Jo-.M, : 


nil  III  Alhitiii  Ml 
!l()-:t7;  Caldn-mi 


i)7;   T: 


/: 


Lil'r 


Miw.,  ii.  17:1  '^l; 


Oiisiji)  III'  /tii/i  III  ro, 


(irut 


Mi 


ill-. fill.  1:<L'  in.l/ 


//'(/.  .l./i' ;•.  A'-/).,  Cadi/,  isjl.pa.ss 


/, 


mil  I- 


.\ISS. 


(I:  I'l-ii:  /,/.'.  J,'iiil<h-li 


Jul.  LSI..',  in  ,lA(//(;- J/.s'.s'.,  no.  7;  /iinni,  d'oh.  <l<'  Mi r.,n.  S,  .■!:>-4>);  A'.,  //.V. 
t/M/ff/) »,  i.  ,■)().■> -S,  .'iliS  '.),  .".!»4,  4;)7;  it'iv'lla  flhinln,  Jlrnnln",  no.  .'(1,  jr;  iai; 
Jliiriiliitrriit,  in  X'"'.  .l/'.i-.  ^limj.,  vii.  "Jfll -'J;  VlHiu'ii'iitr,  in  /(/.,  iii.  71:  /.mio- 


■I'd,  iii.  l;)S-y;  XiiiiiH'' 


i:.vsini,  ap.    ,.{, 
I!n\  .Ml. I'. 


(7-S,  740- 


li:.<t.  Ml 
lO^.'.O, 


V.  (ilS,  (!.1 


III. 


VII.     plSSIIll 


Id. 


-S,    (ll-t,    (jS-!);  Id.,   V. 


So;   III.,  ,")(i:i,  S-JO-I,   !>i:i-l(i;  Znnia, 

•  lie   (Jui'iri''/.    A'c;  (,  Jias 


('ii\  Aiiui:  III  /in  Xi  III.,  ]K\^>iini;  diizijiidos  ill'  lln'.,  .MS.,  passim,  in  7>(i('.  A'c/(< 


//. 


.MS. 


II.  no.  .>;  '  '11''  i.i'o,  I 


■te.,  p; 


A/. 


'J;  did  I  ill  III: 


iini'i.  III 


IK).  ."!;  SiiiiKirio  I'riiiiliKil  roiiira  Tn -t  I'l ''<,i.,  -MS..  1  SI  I,  in  hUlrrhm 


dr  7';V(('''s,  ii.  ;i4l  4'\  no.  0;  Di.yiii^n'.  I'lirinn,  \i.  (il-71;  Xiiniiii\  ;/  I'ri'i 
A'/l'iiii.Vflxtfx'nn;  .Ui.v.,  Cuiid.  di'  /'hnniil.,  jiassiin;  />/'-// .V.  m,  jiassim:  I' vf, 
./.  N.  (1.,  K.chiirtacioii,  passim;  Ai'ii/iid'n,  I'mrixion,  (i-III,  ia  \'irii/d'  .!/•  •. 
I.'i^'riir.,  .MS.  -Jd  ,-^er.  no.  ■_':  r;/A(s.  ,T'i,-,  T/iml.  Amir.,  i.  17.S-!i:),  -':;;-(. 
•J.I7  I'),  :ii:i-l7;  A/.,  ii.  :{,»-4:  )'.."/'//,  //'V.  .1/.  .i-.,  SO;  Wu'lon,  E.-jn-x  .  •:-^\. 
ip.  'Jt)-;!!);  I!,liilii),i,  Orli/iii  ill  hi,  passim;   Hit'.  i'</)fiii.  Aiiin:.  17S-"J(l'.t, 


?1:  /.'. 


41- 


lil..  Ml 


•).':  A 


'mill  ri)  in  .S'- 


J/' 


viii.  .")47;  I'o^'i 


lA.r., 


17;  A' 


IIIU  I'' 


in  .V"'.  J/f-.c. ,  viii   :,Jl ;  Xilmi.i  Ilhl  I'ln 


Q.rr/iirn  Ai/ind.,   pas;ir.i;  /'(//'.    J'or.,   ii.    ;i;i  (iS;    lyr/im-f.    I'nlvint.  di^i'';!. 
Fcriiitii.  Si'jiK,  pas-iin;  I'ln/iii,  ll't^l.  K'lroji.  1  Hi.,  ;iit.'i-(l;  I'nlrayi,  lliinj.  <' 


d;'li.<,  ;!S-:.0; 


/>/• 


111-' 

0.,'i, 


I  I!!  •_•■■)_':  /' 
!)i' (•',!•, I- ,  vii. 


(I'l-'j.  IJ  K.<iiid..  i.    .TI-7.    114-1.");  I'l-m:  Mi  '1. 


'il   (  i'liiri'i', 
■;  I'l.,  >...> 


V' 


:< 'slrr,    ('ounl'ihil.,  jit   11.   Ji: 


.)-»;  'i< 


lu'-ivii  Christ.,  pi 


111    J'-U 


lunTiiEii  uKi-i;i!KX(.i:s.  375 

Jorhiv,  E.fli'Vl.,  )p;i-.-iiii:   J<L,  f'firf'i  rushirnl,  y\s<\n\;  (>hn\  ^ffx•.,  417; 

■i,  Jinit'i 


('  iiipi/lo,  K'iictii,  j);is.siiii;  /(/.,  Mdiiiiii niit^  juitisiin;  O/iirar.id  //  /' 


if'  Z'itui:iii' 


i.\.    jias.-iiii;    Dri.drn,   ijcnn:,   ,'};     'J\ 


r 


A'. 


J'ii-1,1'1,  Muno  J''iiili>,  ])Mssiiii;  /ii'ii'l-<ii-inti,  A/i'^l.,  jiassiiin: 

|i>,  -J!),  ;U;  M)'.c.  Cnhililii  .l/W/v./-.,  1-14,  in  Jh.r.  j:rl,.<.  M,.,-..  MS.,  ii.'  no.   4 


.V. 


M'X.,  i.  i;t;i;  /./.,  ii.  I():!-7<1;  M<»/'ru  Trnnl.  J/,.,-.   </-■«/..  i.    l(i!i 


].■!  Ihisir.   Me.i-.,    iv.    •_'•_'!»,    T,^^-:v,  L'lx  ('/((.-"•.■i  I'li^'hi/.,   Svt'-.   I.".   |s7S,  ii 


rt  Cull.:  Li'Ui 


JJj/ioit  tie  /'( 


ii:,    iiii.s-iiiii; 


Miiiin',    Ml 


!M);   Mmiiiuz,  Hiin'/i.    JJlsl.  Hir.,  i.  ."S  (ili;  /«/.,  I'limlh  ,i,  y. 


■_'..(  i 


;,,  ./,!    < 


nuh'ii     Ins    hixtriivi-.,    ))ji.ssiiii;    Mnillnril,    Hi-'l.     Ti.r.,     17    I'':    A' 


('■.-//(//«.<,  p:iS8ini;  J)i(ir.  Jiii/iii:,  .luiiuh,  l>S(!(i,  ,"ir>I(;  '>' 


/As,   '•',/.    .V.  A. 


•N 


:!,S-4.S; 


iisiilii  m/io 


Mihtu 


V- 


III 


i:  1,1 


]" 


I  ■'■'„■,;,  Ksiiiil.,  ili.  4.V.i-(il;  Mm.  Ciiiiinl.  Mmi.  y  (Inii,  ]s\\,  -i;   |(c_>,  I7:i- 
M!,;  .i/iiiiil.  lli</.,  iia.ssiiii,  in  I'liii.  /lul.  (>jii\,  ,111111^  4,  lSi;s;  I'murl  '<./.,•  '/./:. 
An  f'llit  ('oiii/"-iii'.,  7   lll4,  ji.issiin;  Amiinjoiz,  M'j-,  i.   I '-".•-. ">.">,  Kll   7<'; 


A, 


J  list,   y  Criiii.,    1S4  7,  :tN7-!»;  .4;i 


///.-'/ 


M 


!i-'-4.   171; 


f; /■/<-,   lli.iiihns  llii.'ilrii,  iv.  7   171,  •.'•-M-(i:  Unl,l,:-<,  J>iiir.,  in  /'(..•.  //;.■./.  .lA 


sir.  II. 

■  ri/irimi  I 


70;  7>'^ 


7'. 
)!/,i~l();  r/, 


li-  Ai 


ill,   ///V.    .y-.c,    ii.    1()  -Jl;    J  nil.    in./.    .lA.;-.,    -J'.)--'   :!•_'!); 
Illtct  NC(|.;   /:W/',   yV.1-.,  i.  ;»4-!t;   Cuiiih,;  M<x.  (.'imf.. 


ii/iiniri 


ih,M'ij:,  (;-!»;  M,n<lih}l,  l!i.<.  I  list.,  .".l   ,->,  01- 


!MH,  |(i:!- 


l!t.  I41-(i().  an.  vii.  :{!)!    I:  ix.  ;i!«i-7;  X'lri-,  CI, 


'1. 
ii.  "-'its,  .%,»;  Still's,  S.  Aiiiri:  Ml 


II, linn -I,  ))assiiii; 


.\";/.  s"  /,'. 


.fist,  i; 


.  14-J-.")4;  yijl'ii-iiiso  (!,,!.,  All'.'.  'JS,  |s|,"), 
I    J:   .IA.I-.    HiI'iO.  Ai-I.  iniiiln,  W    1.");   Jlrr.    I'lili:  llixt.    <!,i„l.,    i.    \<.)1;   1,1..  ii. 

(>(;,i-s;  /,/..  vi'ii.  •J7;  A/.,  i\.  44-r.,  C.x,  (!()•_'  :?;  A/.,  x.  77-mi.  1  tl,  474  .".,  4^■i  4, 
.VJJ.  i;i(),  OoiJ-7,  yil-li;,  lliC*,  11;:0-S,  ap.  i.  ol,  3U0-1;  r,oiifi.rh>,  Dec.  :», 
|s,>l,  1. 


, 


CHAPTER  XV. 


WAR  MEASURES  AND  MOVEMENTS. 

1812. 

Financial  I)isti;lss  anh  Ahiutrarv  MKAsritES — Inspkcents  Sack   Hr\- 

JIANTI.A  and  (."AI'TIUE  TkAINS— 'rUE  SUPKEMA  JlNTA  s  Mi)\  IMIN  I  «i  AM> 

Acts— Docroit  Cos'  I'eans  of  1'eack  and  Wah— Vkeukoae  ('oi-k>k 
— Inhei'indent  I'liEss  15a!i  (ii"i;i;iiiLLAs— Uosains  and  his  Tko!  r.i.i:s 
— Campaigns  in  Pi  kula,  Michoacan,  and  UvJio  di:  (Icana.!;  aih - 
Opeuations  oi-  (Jaucia  Conde,  Neukete,  and  Iiihi'Ide  a(;\in>t  Al- 
liiNu  (Jakcia — Captcke  and  End  of  This  Leadek— Tokkks'  KxEcr- 
Tiox— III  Success  of  Liceaca  and  Cu.s  in  Gianajcaio — Haids  in  San 
Lies  1'ot   A. 


>'* 


-P! 


During  the  sicii'o  t)f  Ciuiutla  the  vieerenal  ^iovcni- 
iiiont  hud  to  resort  to  extraor(HiKU-y  measiire.s  to  can y 
on  the  wai'.  rubhe  loans,  vohuitaiy  and  forced,  wiif 
lonu^  since  an  old  stoi'v;  vet  one  nioreatteiniit  was  made 
to  horrow  two  million  dollars  from  the  chni'ch  and  the 


dt 


weallliv  men  and  mere 


•liant- 


M 


exico, 


] 


Ueiiia, 


a  i  I  ■ 


A'ei'a  Cruz,  but  without  suceess.      Then  it  was  ord  it  d 
tliat  all  jiersons  should  surrender  tlic'w  [date  and  j 


(  \v 


elry,  a  jironnse  in  return  hein^'  j^iveu  that  theii'  value 
should  be  jiaid  in  one  year  with  iiderest.  .Vs  it  was 
customary  at  that  time  to  inxest  larLTcly  in  valuaMis 
of  the  kind,  many  were  sti'ijtped  of  their  all,  and  a 
nsiderable    sum   was  raised,  but   the  peo[)le   ne\' 


CO 


received  any  i)ay.  Another  inllietion  was  a  tax  of 
ten  pt-r  cent  on  rents  of  urban  [)ro[)erty.  In  order  to 
provide  the  army  witli  horses,  an([  prewnt  their  lali- 
\U'^  into  the  hands  ot'  the  iusurixents,  this  (juixotii; 
vicei'ov  orck-red  bou<>ht  all  in  the  countrv,  excepL 
those  of  the  troops,  guards,  de[)endents  of  the  acnr- 

(UTO) 


SECRET  SOCIETIES. 


877 


(!;i(l;i,  and  mall  carriers,  and  .sudi  as  niinlit  be  found 


ii-i1l'ss   Inr  military  servic* 


T\ 


lis  brilliant  scbenio 


iiiled,  tor  when  \'en('in"as  came  to  pay  f<»r  the  beasts, 
like  Simple  Simon,  he  had  not  the  money.  All  this 
Iriided  to  the  I'urthei'diso-ust  of  tin' pi'ople,  and  to  the 
aiicement  of  the  revolutionai'V  cause.  Xor  w(  re 
continued  oilers   of  Dardon  emanatin<j  from  tlie 


ail\ 


til 


Siiaiii>h   cortes    suHieient    to  hold  ibrcVer  tlu 


••■(KX 


wil 


Tl 


•f  the  S[)anish  American 


lere  weie  sc-veral   secre 


t  clul 


IS  m 


tl 


le  caiii 


tal  at 


this  time,  one   claimiui^  s[)ecial   attention,  called  I 


iOS 


( iiiadahipe; 


w 


hose  mend)ers,  liki!  others  belbiT  men- 


ti'MiL'd,  labored  to  s[)read  dist-ontent  in    r(>L;ai"tl  to  the 
\  ini'i'^al  tj^overmnent. 

( )ne  of  the  richi-st  towns  of  that  |>eriod,  now  within 
th''  state  of  Tlascala,  was  ]  [uainantla,  situated  on  the 


line  of  trade  between  Vera  Cruz   and   Mexi 


(•<». 


T\ 


ilaci'  was  '''arrisoned  bv  Ibrtv  infantrv  of  the  line,  L'UO 


rnyalist  auxiliaries,  also  inl'antiy,  most  of  them  aiMnt.d 
with  lances,  there  beini>;  but  few  muskets  auioni/"  them, 
iiiid  sixty  cavalrymen.  Of  artilKry  there  weiv  only 
thivc  small  guns.  The  connnandant,  Antonio  (iarcia 
(111  ('asal,  havinj^  been  a[)pi'ised  that  a  lai'Li-e  force  of 
iii^ur^ents  meditated  an  attack  u])on  the  town,  opened 
ditches  and  erected  barricades 


The  insui'Lients,  -J, 000 


strong',  assailed  the  place  on  the  IHth  of  Mai'cli,  ls|-J, 
;i!id  tlioUL;"h  repulsed  at  llrst,  cai-ried  it  m-xt  day,  albf 


lieaiiv  a 


11   tl 


le  i-eiiuiars  ami  a  number  o 


>['  oil 


Icers 


had 


i  41 


I' 
'i  1 


I 


■  t 


lie    I:ist   (."l.-iss   w 


ci'o  reiiuii'cc 


I  liiliii' a  lii'i'sc,  iiiiiiiMvidvil  witli  t 


I  to  liavf  a  written   llvciisc 

IC     licCIISl',    lilll'CII     ll:i\ 


iiftti- tlio  imlilicaliuli  iif  tin- cilii't  at  tiu' licaJ  tow  ii  i.f  his  ilistrict    was  ti 
tliot.  (/,».:.  ,/,.J/^j,-.,  IM.;,  iii.  174-7. 

-'I'iiis  l)i:oaiui'  o\  iilciii,  in  tlio  ivcoptiuii  ;,'iv'  n  ti>  thr  aiiiiicsty  l:iw  nt'  \i>v.  '•;, 

I'^n.  |iillili.s!ii'ilill  Mexico  ill  tilO    />i'lri(>   of    .Vpril    ."{,    l^l'J.       jll    l.ut.  (kiTccrt 

jiiii  ji(ii  liny  to  1)1'  for  tlio  ^'I'lieral  >,'ooil  were  looked  on,  not  as  n[)rinuirii,'  from 


II  <l 


r>iri'  to  liciu'lit  t!ii;  oolonv 


).ut 


's  so  many  ri;,'lils  lorcoil  from  llic  S|.aiii  li 


rulers.  Al'iiiuin,  IH<I.  M'j.,  iii.  l.'lii  II. 

''Kstiii)li.slicil  for  rseciit  Iiil;  inilciHiik'iK'o,  wlicii  and  liy  whom  Ii:is  not  Im  i-ii 
liscort.-iiiicil;  liiit  itcxisti'd  prior  to  ISOS;  it  was  .said  tiiat  N'i.i'iny  ltiirrii.'ar.,y 


!i.i'l  ivlatiou.s  wiiii  tiiL'ii 


C.iU.iatli 


id  tliat 


til 


ill'iroii 


uv  miidc 


The  1 


|iro|io,si 
iliiirs  ( 


Ls  to  tin.' iatti  r  w  iiicli  woi  f  not  I 
>f  til 


R'ta  lutwt'cii    \  I'lii'^'as  ill 


•  I 


'd   U 


ion    w  itli 


iliilij  were  very  iiiiport.int.     Tin  y  woro  iii 
i'"ntaiit  loiTcspoiiilcuco   with  the  iiHk'iicnJuiit   L'liitfs,    Xvjreti,    Mij:.  ibij. 


XIX 


V,  1 J 


! 


m 


878 


WAR  MEASURES  AND  MOVEMENTS. 


been  .slain.  Ctiptalu  Casul  and  tlio  I'cst  of  tliu  ;^ai  li- 
son  were  made  prisoners.  Tho  victors  abandoned  tliu 
town  on  tho  20tli,  al'ter  liavin^  sacked  it.*  J)i;iih 
witliont  (juarter  t're(|Uently  awaited  the  prisuncis  in 
this  war,  as  we  have  seen;  but  thanks  to  the  iniluciicc 
of  some  priests,  their  lives  in  this  instance  were  s[);ii((l, 
and  they  wore  set  at  liberty  a  few  days  later.      The 


same  force  o 


f  insurtrents  afterward  made  several 


iis- 


saults  against  Xopalucan,  but  were  repulsed  by  tlu; 
l^arrison  under  Captain  Antonio  Conti,  finally  losinM- 
throe  guns,  a  number  of  mules,  and  a  quantity  of  sup- 


pi  us. 

Siiortly  afterward,  at  Xopalucan,  a  train  of  imported 
luercliandise  valued  at  two  million  dollars  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  independents,^  under  Osoriio,  Arroyn, 
])()cardo,  llamirez,  and  others.  It  was  a  rich  jirizi , 
from  which,  however,  tho  captors  derived  but  littlu 
benefit,  as  it  was  quickly  dissipated." 

When  the  revolutionary  junta  suj)rema,  after  its 
flight    from    Zitiicuaro,    had   gathered    its    dispersed 

* '  ][an  (lestrozado  el  pueblo.  .  .llevtliidosc  una  cuerda  ilu  prisoncrosi.'  Cn-.. 
(h-  Mia-.,  ISI'J,  iii.  -JOt),  3;J7-4'2.  Meiidibil,  l!(.<timi'ii  l/lsl.,  <X,,  states  that 
e'asiil  escaped;  the  iusuryeut  eliief  celebrated  the  victoiy,  never  tliiiiUiiii;  "f 
ftiionling  aid  to  Moreld.s  at  Cuautla.  lluainanthi  became  a  v(  ry  iinji'ii  laiit 
place  for  the  Americans,  a  mart  for  the  free  sale  of  tobacco  beiiiL;  ostaliH-shi  I 
there.  The  profits  that  niiglit  have  l)eeu  obtained,  sullicient  to  meet  tue  war 
expenses,  were,  however,  squandered  by  thoeliiefs  of  f^uci'rilla  i)aiiies. 

-■  It  liappened  tlni.s:  The  brigadier  Juan  Jose  de  Ola/abal,  a  recent  arrival, 
Btartcd  for  I'erote  on  the  ISth  of  April  with  ',i-3  men,  of  whom  '-I,')  wcro  cav- 
alry, esc(jrting  a  large  train  of  merchandise  belonging  to  the  merchants,  two 
pieces  of  siege  artillery,  and  annnunition  to  bo  useil  against  Cuautl.i.  When 
near  Nopalncan  he  .sent  forward  for  assistance,  the  place  being  beset  l)y  ia- 
.surgents,  who  after  a  light  retired,  and  Ohizabal  entered  tiie  town.  Tiio 
mules  of  tlie  mercliandise  teams,  being  then  taUen  out  (jf  the  town  to  water, 
were  cut  oil'  by  tlie  eneniey.  All  Ids  despatches  to  I'uebla  iiad  l)cen  iutcr- 
ecpted;  ami  the  brigadier,  leaving  the  merchandise  in  the  town,  returned  to 
I'erote  witli  the  artillery  and  annnunition,  ariiving  tlu're  on  the  oOtli  of 
April.  .Meantime  the  independents  captured  Nopalucan  and  miule  a  prize  uf 
t!ie  merchandise,  d'az.  ih;  Mrx.,  1812,  iii.  oO.")  7;  Aluntmi,  Jl'ci.  Mij.,  ii. 
")7U-;t;  Xcjrrft;  J!<x.  .S'/;/.  A'/A'.,  v.  ISIJ-o.  linstamante  says  that  Ol.i.uih.d 
sp'iit  his  time  in  Nopalucan  rellecting  on  the  audacity  of  the  'citoyo.ics  do 
gimuza  y  rueda  de  cuerda,'  as  he  called  tlio  men  that  wore  buckskin  and  used 
Vile  lasso.  Th-it  author  gives  him  the  worst  of  characters,  accusing  him  of 
ingratitude  and  scandalous  theft.    Cnad.  Jlist.,  i.  41.">-7. 

••  No  account  was  ever  rendered  of  it.  Among  the  spoils  were  some  beau- 
tiful diamond  rings,  a  pector.il  for  the  bishop  ui  I'uebla,  and  .a  nciklace  of 
liu.'  stones  which  wod  aunt  as  a  p.. . scut  to  Morolus.  Uu'iiaiiiaidv,  Caad.  li'id., 
i.  417-8. 


COS'  PLANS  OF  PEACE  AND  WAR. 


870 


fon.v^s  and  estal»lis]iecl  itself  at  SultcipLH',  iiialttTs  on 
till'  whole  tor  a  time  lookotl  well  for  the  iiulejx-ii- 
(Itiit  cause.  Calleja  had  suffered  a  signal  re[)ulso 
al  C.'uaiitla;  near  Izucar  were  the  for(,'es  which  had 
[il.iced  ijlano  in  so  compromised  a  [tosition;  Atlixco 
was  threatened,  the  provinces  were  oveirim  hy  revolu- 
tionary troops,  and  Callej;i  was  at  a  standstill.  Ahout 
this  time  an  idea  became  })revalent  that  the  struij^^le 
Avould  s(^on  be  terminated  by  a  compromise  favorable 
to  independence,  and  it  was  even  hinted  at  by  an  arti- 
cle' in  the  ixovernment  or^'an,  which  announced  with 
satisfaction  an  arrangement  entered  into  by  Francisco 
Xavier  Elio,  viceroy  of  the  provinces  of  Rio  de  la 
l*]ata,  with  the  revolutionary  junta  in  Buenos  Aires.' 
This  was  the  iirst  time  that  the  possibility  of  a  com- 
])romisc  was  broached;  for  hitherto,  to  s[)eak  of  aifairs 
in  the  other  Spanish  American  [)ossessions,  was  but  to 
tell  of  royalist  vi(*tories.^  Some  thought  the  viceroy 
leaned  that  way,  but  that  was  not  so.  No  one  knew 
better  than  he  that  in  the  ])resent  war  ther*..'  was  no 
jtossibility  of  compromise.  There  must  be  either 
t'reedom  or  bondage  ]-)Ut  the  junta  at  Sulte[)ec,  un- 
ci.i'  the  imj)ression  that  the  time  had  come  for  making 
some  such  proposal,  a[)proved  two  plans  or  projects 
devised  bv  JJoctoi'  Cos,  which  he  I'cspectivelv  named 
V\\\\\  of  peace  and  Plan  of  wai*.  These,  accompanied 
with  a  manifesto  entitled  "de  la  nacion  americana  -x 
los  I'uropetw  habitantes  de  esti^  continente,"  were  sent 
in  the  name  of  the  junta  to  tlie  viceroy,  together  with 
a  letter  dated  March  !()th.  At  the  same  time  co[)ies 
of  the  documents  wei-e  di.-f  ributod  to  the  corporations 
a;i(l  chief  authorities  in  the  country." 

"  The  arranffcment  wjis  siigncil  Oetolwr '20,  I  ill,, -it  Moutcvidoo,  with  tho 
Aiow  of  ostiil)lisliiiii,'  pjaeo  in  thuso  pr.n  incus.  (./((.;.  (/.'  Mix.,  ISI'J,  iii.  •Ji.'ll-l; 

;>';/'•'/<•,  M>.'\  s;,,.\\/x.,  V.  4;{. 

"Tho  liscal  of  tlio  trilmiinl  do  iniiu-i'ia,  at  tlic  riieotiiiL,'  nf  that  lioily  i'l 
March,  emluavDrcil  tu  pruvo  that  tlio  only  cliicaiions  iiilmih  tx  revive  the  iniii- 
iii<  iiiilii.-itry  was  peaoo,  ssiicli  as  hail  been  uiaile  in  IJuoiiosi  Aires.  ^1 /•('/("/' /■■ 
/■  t-i.  Ajiiijil.  Ilisi.,  ill  AI'tiiKiit,  /li-if.  MiJ.,  ii.  ,'>'),')-(}. 

•'iJ'ietdr  Ci)s'  iiloa.s  jiriMliiocd  a-)  .stniug  an  iiiipres-iioii  on  Vene'^as  tliat  it 
V.  IS  saiil  lie  wcHildallow  ii.t  ouo  to  .sou  thv'  lettei'.  It  may  lie  f.Mmul  cuUro  iii 
^'jnU',  Jjfix'.  Si'j.  XIX.,  V.  S6-'J0.     Doth  plaiid  were  based  on  the  prineiplo 


3S0 


WAR  MRASURKS  AND  MOVEM!:XTS. 


The  corporations  iviid  autlioritics  placod  Cos'  jtro- 
(luctioiis,  unroiul  hy  uumy  of  them,  in  tht^  hand-  <>t' 
the  viceroy.      The  hitter,  though  pretending  t«»  1.mi1<. 


entertained  liy  the  ayuntamiento  of  ^Mexico  in  l.SOS,  adopted  l\v  Hitlal;:ii  and 
f.iUouid  l>y  liayu  •111(1  tlio  junta,  of  nsing  tliu  name  of  Fernando  \'ll.  i.uiy 
t  I  aid  in  ailiioving  indi'[>('ii(le!ic('.  On  that  ground  Com  foundid  his  jilan  of 
l)e;iee;  in  the  iiivaniMi!  ho  maintained  tiiat  tiiu  Hovereignty  retsided  in  tiie  hi.ly 
of  the  nation;  that  Spain  ami  Anariea  were  integral  parts  of  the  nionarcliy, 
snlij 'et  to  the  kini^',  whieli  i);;rts  pos.^essiMl  cuiiul  ri;,'ht.s  and  weie  indciicndint 
of  one  another;  tiiat  in  the  ahsenceof  tiu'  nionareii,  America,  liavin;^  kept  hi  r- 
sell  hiyal  to  Idni,  hatl  a  lietter  right  to  eonvoke  corten,  and  to  uall  thi'reto  iho 
f.w  Spanish  patriots  who  had  not  stained  tliem-sclves  with  treaxm.  th:in 
.Spain  to  siwninoa  deputies  from  Ameiiea;  tiiat  the  inhahitants  of  S[wdn  ii.id 
no  right  to  as.sumo  the  .supreme  power  in  the  colonies,  and  a\itiiorities  tivut  l.y 
tli<;m  were  illegally  constituted,  and  tiiat  Americans,  as  a  natural  eonseipienc", 
li;id  the  right  to  conspire  against  tiieni;  sucii  action,  insteail  of  hcing  treas.ii- 
aMe,  was  on  the  contrary  ine.itorious;  and  the  king,  if  present,  would  certaialy 
commend  tliem.  To  reduce  his  principles  to  practice,  ( 'os  proposed  in  tiie  )il,iii 
of  peace  the  creation  of  a  national  congress,  independent  of  Spain,  representing 
Fernando  VII.  and  aflirming  his  right.  The  European  olliciils  and  the  ai  nii  1 
force  were  to  resign  thinr  oliiccsand  powers  into  tiie  hands  of  tlie  congress,  ji.id 
remain  as  private  citizens,  with  their  lives  and  estates  guaranteed;  tiie  empln', ,  s 
retaining  their  iionoi's  and  fueros,  and  a  portion  of  their  jiay  if  they  continued 
residing  in  the  country.  Past  grievances  should  bo  forgotten,  and  the  Mi\i- 
can  congress  would  tlien,  as  a  token  of  fraternity,  ati'ord  some  pcciini.iry 
assistance  to  tlie  .Spaniards  figiitiug  in  Spjiin  against  tiie  foreign  nsupcr  an  I 
his  allies.  If  that  plan  were  not  accepted,  tlien  the  alternative  of  w.ir 
should  be  recognized,  and  under  it  hostilities  carried  on  according  to  tlie  laws 
of  nations,  prisoners  b  ing  treatc<l  as  belligei-eiits,  and  not  as  traitors,  f..r 
both  would  lie  lighting  for  their  national  rights  under  the  common  banner  nf 
Fernando  \TI. 

Tlie  doctor  made  a  resnim'!  of  charges  for  violenco,  !itroeitics,  and  griev- 
ances, real  or  supposed,  said  to  have  been  committed  by  the  roy:ilists,  and 
coiicludecl  by  trying  t<)  prove  that  it  was  in  the  interests  of  the  Europeans, 
whom  he  called  'brethren,  friends,  an<l  fillow-oiti/.ens,'  to  accept  the  jihri 
of  peace,  and  thus  contribute  to  the  general  welfare.  His  plans  acipiircd 
treat  celebrity.  The  dilliculty  with  them  was  that  the  principles  supim.scd  to 
Iv  therein  established  were  tlie  very  gist  of  the  troulile,  iiboiit  which  there 
could  be  no  compromise;  for  one  party  wanted  an  independent  governiii'nt, 
though  under  the  name  of  I-'ernainlii,  wliicl.  the  other  party  well  understo  id 
the  meaning  of.  As  to  the  war  plan,  the  insurgent  junta  was  jiledging 
more  than  it  could  fullll,  its  authority  not  biMtig  recognized  by  all  the  chiel's 
at  war  with  tiie  viceregal  goverunijiit.  I'Jf  IliiK'r(fhir  A.n.,  nos  'J-ti.  in  II  r- 
vtii'Icz  y  Jj'lra'u.'^,  Col.  J)or.,  iv.  ],S!)-9;),  1',);!-.").  -.'OT-S.  •2-22-4,  -J:'.!);  A'- 
y/v/.',  Mr.v.  Si;/.  X/X.,  V.  l.-.-:VJ;  Oiirrni,  lin:  X.  !■:.</>.,  ii.  r)4S-(i;{:  Z' i:-<->  ro, 
lice.  JAx-.,  l:i:t;  UiistawaDk',  fiiit'l.  His'.,  i.  :?s;)-H)(;;  M,ii<lil>il,  Rrs.  Il.^t., 
app.  ii.  :?7.}-S:i;  iii.  .•IS+  .">;  iv.  :{S.-);  WanI,  .l/..<-.,  i.  is.'^,",;  .\r,.m,  Il'i-.l. 
M< X.,  iv.  202-14.  The  pi'ctended  allegianci,'  to  Fernando  was  a  deception.  ;i 
mere  matter  of  policy,  and  so  coiisid(M'ed  by  Cis  and  the  junta.  Af'tm'i/i,  Hit. 
M(j.,  ii.  r».>tj-()l.  Tills  was  an  undeniable  fact,  rccognizeil  liy  Uiistamante  as 
such,  and  fully  contirnied  in  a  coulideiitial  letter  of  the  junta  to  Moreli -i, 
<lated  Sept.  4,  ISII,  wliieh  cont;iiui  these  words;  'llabr.isiu  duda  rellexid) 
V.  E.  (pie  lieinos  apellidado  en  niiestra  jiiut:i  el  nonibre  do  Fernando  \'i[. 
<pie  hasta  aliora  no  se  habia,  tomado  ]iara  nada.  .  .nos  surte  el  inejor  et.  cte  . 
Kuestros  jil.-iues  en  efecto,  son  do  iudepcndcucia,  .  .  .no  nos  )ia  de  d.uVa-  il 
iiombro  de  Fernando.'  /in^l'tmaiifi',  Ciiwl.  Ili-f.,  i.  4(l.j-(J;  Giz.  do  Mex.,  IslJ, 
iii.  4b0-00;  Mi'ujibil,  Ilauincii  Jlist.,  app.  o,  ;i8d-0. 


KosAixs  Axi)  ini.sArjir. 


3Sl 


(HI  the  niaiiilV'sto  witli  ('()iitcin))t,  in  ivality  nave  it  tlio 
^i-i'atost  iuiiun'taiu'i'  by  (li'CicH'iiiL;-  on  thu  8tli  of  Ajiril 
that  the  doc'iinicnt  wlnnild  he  l)uriu(l  in  tho  [)ul)lic-  pla/a 
Ijy  tlic  conmion  I'xcfiitioni'r,  tlms  awakcniiiLC  in  tlio 
jic'ojtlu  a  (Icsii't;  ti)  know  its  contents.'"  Another  edict 
iiijiiired  tliat  all  cojties  should  he  jj^athered  in;  and  the 
if.iding  of  the  documents,  except  hy  special  govern- 
ment sancti(Mi,  was  sti'ictly  I'orhidden." 

The  s<jvereii'ii  junta  continued  the'  policy  of  •■ivin"' 
jivililicity  to  its  views  hy  ini'aiisof  the  j»rinting-pI•ess.^- 
'i  he  vicerov  did  what  he  could  to  counteract  this  in- 
lluence  hy  edicts  and  ecclesiastical  injunctions.  The 
circulation  and  reading  of  such  productions  were  for- 
bidden, and  evo'V  copv  called  in.  Piiestsat  tlx,"  con- 
I'essional  and  from  the  pulpit  Nvere  directed  to  enjoin 
upon  the  laithful  tjb(!dience  t»»  tliese  conunands.'"'' 

During  the  sie-'c  oi'  (Aiauthi  a  iiund)er  of  ijcrsons 
o(cu})ying  g(jod  social  standing  liastened  to  join  the 
re\<ilution.  Among  them  was  a  distinguished  law- 
yer, Juan  Xepomuceno  llosains,  who  had  been  d(>- 
teried  for  a  year  past  from  such  action  by  the  bad 
character  of  some  of  the  insuru'ent  leaders.'' 


'"llo  siiid  that  ho  coulil  find  no  hotter  means  of  showing  the  liorror  ami 
iilMiiiiiiialii)n  inspired  hv  those  in'oposals.    Nnjnte,  J/( j,'.  Si'i.  XIX.,  v.  OO-'J; 

^c.  ./.J/,.,-.,  isii',  iii.  ■;{:;!  4. 

"  i'lcristain,  aixlideiiuon  of  Mexico  and  influential  with  the  viceroy,  and 
I'liar  IHego  Mij,')iel  Liingas  y  Kneinas,  guafdiau  of  Santa  Cruz  de  (^ueretaro, 
i.iidtil.Kik  to  defend  the  di'spotie  order,  and  to  impugn  Cos' j>htn.  IJuata- 
iiiaiite  believed  it  benetieent.  Of  Uringas'  eharaeter  h(;  speaks  in  higli  terms 
ul  piai.se,  givin;^  lam  ereilit  for  li'Mie^'ty  of  puiposc  in  his  i;ir..rt,  tliniigii  Ijaseil 
1  u  w  i./iig  iiupre.  sions.  Ciiiulm  ll'iKt.,  i.  4(M  ,  IJeristain  gave  h'.s  arguments  in 
tlie  journal  Kl  FUoyiifrn.  and  in  a  ])anipldet  of  (Jo  nundjers,  ending  l.'itli  Oeto- 
Ih  r,  lsi:2,  dedicated  to  the  tril.'unal  uf  tlie  impiisition.  IJrnigas  t-onfutes  tie; 
I  liarui's  made  against  the  I'oyalists,  and  spei.-ilies  tiie  acts  of  atroeity  hy  tho 
iii-ui- ;cnts  which  lio  saw  ov  heard  of.  jf  he  did  not  vindieate  tlie  royalists, 
h'  iiiacle  it  appear  that  thu  insurgents  Iiad  exeelled  tliem  ineruelty.  Jiriii;iii<, 
l/ii/'ii'lii.  fid  jKi/i.  s'tlir.,  170  and  I  l.'i  pp.  is.-'Ucd  from  the  press  of  Mai'ia  Fer- 
liaiidez  de.]i'iure(|ui,  in  Mex.,  ISl'J. 

'-Owing  to  the  ae(piisition  of  the  type  as  already  narrated  at  this  time,  the 
Ihistrinlor  A  tiKrininn  and  ihc  Si'iiiniKirlo  P<i/ri'iliro  had  freer  course,  and  exer- 
1  i-cd  ui>  small  inlluenee.   Itir>-nt,  (!oh.  .lA.c,  ii.  .'!!). 

' '  The  edicts  were  dated  June  1st  and  .'>d  respectively.  The  eeelesiastieal 
iliaptersaid  that  the  newspapers  of  the  indepeuleuts  were  'una  m.icjuina  iii- 
t  riial  inventadii  jMjr  el  padre  de  la  discorUia  para  desterrar  del  pais  la  paz. ' 
('"•..  ./,'  J/m.,  181-J,  iii.  ol(',)-li01. 

"Such  men  had  justly  won  tlie  name  of  'devorantes'  giv  a  them  liy 
Morclos.      Mii.ximo  Machorro,  Arioyo,  and  -Viitoiiio  IJocardo  were  of   tho 


!!l 


!i 


f?V 


ill 


ii 


liiibiisiii 


WAR  MEASURKS  AND  ^Kn'K.MFATS. 

On  tli(!  nd  of  .\j)ril  Ilosiiliis  raised  the  levoliilioii- 
ixry  stiuitlard,  Imt  with  tho  resolve  that  all  his  arts 
should  l)oar  tin;  staiiip  ot*  ortK-r  and  ti'uo  patriotism. 
ITe  soon  ])laced  hiiiiself*  in  eoiitaet  with  others  hold- 
ing like  views,  and  within  a  l'ortniL;"iit  there  was  thus 
oat  hei'ed  a  force  HOO  stronu^,  enlisted  ahoiit  San  Andres 
and  Xopalucan,  and  between  Quiehula  and  Te[)eya- 
hualco. 

Insurrection  Ijoconiiii!^  thus  rank  throughout  Puo 
Itla,  the  viceroy  *jave  command  of  tho  i)rovince  to  JJri''-- 
adier  Santiaij^o  Irisa  li,  ah'eady  mentioned,  and  sent 
liiin  tho  first  battalion  of  tho  Americano  infantry  regi- 
ment,*'' ^lajor  Gomendio,  which  with  a  small  body 


cava 


Iry 


anc 


I   tl 


10    rova 


list 


luxiharies,    were    a 


11    tl 


10 


troops  at  his  command  to  defend  that  section.  ]']very 
loyal  town  hereabout  was  in  turn  assailed,'"  including 
Atlixco,  which  was  attacked  ou  the  20d  of  A[)ril  by 
a  strong  force  from  Iziicar,  and  saved  from  caj)turo  only 
by  tho  ariival  of  troo})s  under  Colonel  Ordonez.  At 
tho  end  of  i\.[»ril  tho  viceregal  authority,  whose  forces 
wore  all  engaged  in  I'l'out  of  Cuautla,  was  recognized 
only  in  tho  city  of  Pucbla,  and  a  few  towns,  inchul- 

imnilicr.  Macliorro  was  like  a  wild  licait,  having  plenty  "f  physical  crmra'.'c, 
anil  iniliilging  it  in  the  way  iif  nninlor  and  ri>lil)CTV  without  limit.  Mnvi'lua 
trii'il  to  Inini;  him  under  discipline,  lint  failed.  I'looanlo  was  a  little  K.--i 
Innitid,  a  little  more  anienahle  to  reii.son.  Jliislfimini/i',  Curul.  Illnl.,  ii.  li!'-'. 
Tills  author  n.ses  similar  lanjj'uago  respecting  other  leaders  whom  lie  ])er»<iii- 
ally  knew,  ami  with  whom  ho  had  to  associate  even  at  the  peril  of  his  life, 
men  wlio  were  no  better  than  bandits.  His  lainantations  nrc  toiichin'.'. 
lint  on  the  other  hand,  he  was  inclined  to  judge  more  favorably  ot  ollur 
leaders  that  he  was  not  accjuaiiited  with,  sneh  as  Albino  Garcia,  the  Viila- 
gi-an.s,  Osorno,  and  others,  whom  Alanian,  Jli^t.  M<j.,  ii.  oti.'MJ,  stamps  with 
tlie  same  stripe.  Such  men  gave  Morelos  and  other  respectable  chief.s  much 
trouble,  and  were  the  bane  of  the  revolution. 

'•"'  Arrived  at  Vera  I'ruz,  from  Spain,  January  20,  181"2.  The  second  bat- 
talion remained  at  Habana.  A  little  later  the  L'astill.a  regiment  eanu!  out. 
A  fourth  expedition  arrived  August  *2."»,  ISI'2,  consisting  of  the  Zanioia 
infantry  regiment.  Colonel  liafael  Uraeho,  a  company  of  ilying  artille-y, 
and  the  rest  of  the  men  to  com|)letc  the  Castilla  ami  Loveia  lej^inunts.  Al  t- 
waii,  /fi<t.  Mcj.,  ii.  4()9-70;  iii.  12117;  Gmrra,  L'fv.  MfJ.,  ii.  447;  .Uni'/c'rl, 
J'c.  IlixL,  94;  liiiMamaiifc,  Camp,  ile  Cdlleja,  loS-K;  3w7r'.s'  I'c'j.,  ii.  71 ;  Z'liici- 
Cdis.  IIU.  Mex.,  viii.  80-S,  'J.'Ki;  Rhrm,  Jfiif.  Jaldjxi,  i.  34!)-50. 

'"At  tho  foot  of  Popocatapctl  was  posted  an  insurgent  party  led  by  a  mon- 
ster called  Vicente  Gomez,  nicknamed  El  C'npador,  recognizing  no  anthoiiy. 
As  late  as  IS.IO,  there  was  in  Mexico,  begging  his  daily  food,  an  old  soidiir 
of  tho  Asturias  bivttalion,  whom  Gomez  had  mutilated.  Alainun,  Uwl.  Mij., 
ii.  008. 


d'AXAJUATO,  VALLADOLII",  AND  QL'KUITAIK). 


3S.1 


i  il;- till!  ever  rMithl'iil  Tlast-Mla,  jiud  t'\(Mi  tlils  city  was 
>.  lioiisly  tlircjiteiic'd.  (.'iiimauiiicatioii  was  so  iiiiK-li  iii- 
liir'i|»UHl  that  for  suvoi-al  luoiitlis  Mexico  kiicw  not 
what  occurivd  iu  Jalapu  and  A'^cra  Ci'ii/.  Ntnrrlhc- 
lr>s,  liosaiiis  and  Ins  pai'ty  had  no  I'aitli  in  their  aitihty 
to  withstand  an  attack  from  the  I'oyalists  at  Puehla; 
and  njxtn  news  of  (lan^•er  I'cachinj^  thcni,  the  priest 
Jose  Uafael  Tarelo,  wlio  had  prevailed  on  IJosains  to 
join  llie  revolution,  wrote  to  IJishop  Cainpilio  that  he 
and  his  c()nij)anions  would  accL'[)t  the  royal  anniesty  if 
they  were  not  recjuired  to  perform  humiliating;  acts. 
The  hishop  retuiiied  a  letter  <.)f  acce[)tance,  and  Taivlo 
willi  another  priest,  Amador,  het^aii  their  prepara- 
tions, v.heii,  the  allUir  reaching  Itosains,  he  had  the 
latter  arrested  and  summoneil  a  meetin;^,  hefoi'e  which 
he  laitl  the  bisho[)'s  letter  and  siy;nilied  his  intention, 
now  more  conlirmed  than  ever,  of  lighting  for  the 
national  indepuiidenco.  On  tlio  same  day  came  lla- 
ful  Aiguelles,  a  lawyer  from  Orizaba,  coimnissioned 
l'\  a  meetinii'  calied  a  lew  days  before  l»v  the  curate 
^Montezuma,  at  Zongolica,  to  arrange  coiiperatioii 
with  Jtosains  and  Osorno.  Turelo's  negotiations  with 
])isln)[)  Cam[)illo  caused  much  trouble,  and  almost 
brought  about  the  destruction  of  himself,  Kosains, 
Argiielles,  and  others.'' 

During  the  same  period  revolution  raged  in  the 
jduvinces  of  its  birth,  left  scantily  garrist^ntnl  when 
(  alleja  abandoned  Guanajuato.  The  chief  towns  were 
foi'tilied,  but  had  no  available  troops  for  distant  ex- 

'"  The  report  got  out  that  Ro=!ains  and  liia  fi'iend.s  iiiteiulcil  to  ai)i)ly  for 
nmni;.><tj'.  A  rou,L;li,  uuljridleil  riil)l)l(',  li'd  hy  .Miichorrn  and  tlio  l'"iaiii:i.scaii 
li  i:ir  ll)ai<,'ucn,  fell  upon  llosains  aiul  Arui'n  lies,  severely  iiialetreated  tlieiii,  and 
euMiined  Tarelo,  who,  however,  escaped.  Iliargiieii  wasnf  Ai'njyu's  st.iini),  and 
cvou  Worse  if  possible.  Xo  arguments  availed  with  .such  men,  and  IJusains  ainl 
Argiielles  were  on  the  point  of  being  saeriiiced,  but  after  much  tn  ublc  suc- 
ctedcd  in  escaping  and  lied  toward  Sail  Andres  Chalcliiconiula.  'i'arelo,  who 
li:i  1  j'lined  the  revolution  for  tho  sake  of  plunder  and  had  taken  a  lai'ge  Hharo 
I't  the  two  million  coudueta  captured  at  Xopalucau,  sent  men  in  pursuit. 
11  <>ains  was  taken  and  in  shackles  conveyed  to  Tepo.ica,  where  he  was  saved 
Diily  by  tho  praj'crs  of  the  people.  But  ho  was  contined  in  a  dungeon,  and 
\\a.s  in  peril  of  his  life  till  he  escaped.  noi«tiii>i,  lid.,  in  Atainun,  lUM.  M(j., 
ii.  J7J-Uj  Ncijrde,  Mex.  S'uj.  a/A.,  v.  180-7. 


'I 

•i  *« 


3S4 


WAIl  MKASUHKS  AND  M0VKMi:\T3. 


I' in 


jx'ililioiis.  CjiUi'JM,  Jil'tor  talJiiL;'  /^Itucuaio,  sent  a  di- 
\isi(»ii  of  the  central  army  a;j[ainst  the  j)artie.^  over- 
iiiiniinn"  till'  P>aji(»  or  jtlains  of  Guanajuatit."^  Ccilnnt  1 
J)ie^(i  ( lai'ci'a  ('onde,  i\\v.  ehief  ••onnnander,  (lis|)laytd 
(j^rci.t  activity.  IFc^  fortitied  Ids  liead<|Uartt  I's  at 
Maiiivatio,  acential  [((tint  between  V^alladolid,  (Guana- 
juato, and  (,)ueretaro,  and  oi'^anized  royalist  cfjinjia- 
nies.'''  Jlis  chierainis  were  to  desti-oy  Albino  Carci'.i, 
and  to  secure  connminication  with  Mexico  and  the 
sale  |iassa<^e  of  trains.  Villalha  went  against  Cahas 
and  JJainon  IJayon,  and  destroyed  the  artillery  and 
ibundry  at  Santa  ^[an'a  Tisniade.  Oroz  anil  Iturhide 
Were  sent  with  a  Ibree  as  I'ai' as  Indajtarapeo  to  relieve 
A'alladolid,  and  (iarci'a  ('onde,  after  visitiiiij  ('clay.i, 
hastened  to  Acaniharo  to  he  at  convenient  distance 
IVoni  N'alladolid.  A1l)ino  (Jaroia  kept  the  _i;airisons  df 
.small  towns  constantly  alarmed,  and  lorcetl  olh(  r  in- 
suru'ent  leadei's  to  olicy  him.""  At  this  time  lie  Ibrnicl 
a  combination  with  ^Inniz  and  Father  Xavarrete  tn 
assail  A'alladolid,  on  the  lid  of  February,  which  had  a 
most  disastrous  result.-^  Trujillo  defeated  them  in  de- 
tail, oajitured  their  artilleiy,  and  destroyed  their  loun- 
dry  at  Tacambaro.     This,  however,  did  not  im[)ro\e 

"'It  I'oiisisteil  (if  one  Jiiittiilion  of  the  Corouii,  Ik'iit-col.  VilLilbii,  iiiKitlicr 
inailt'  up  froiii  sivi'iiil  r(;„Mriiciita  uiuUr  Captain  Agiiolin  dv  Itiiiliik',  lliu 
J'ut'iila  cavaliy  regiment,  und  two  t<(|UU(lrons  of  frontier  troops,  wiili  .'■otnu 
pieces  of  artillery. 

"Ili.s  report  of  Feb.  ITtli,  from  Sulamanca.  Oaz,  (k  Mrx.,  181'J,  iii.  -1^- 

'-'"As  lie  aet'  I  with  entire  freedom  from  eontrol,  the  junta,  when  at  Zit.i- 
euaro,  sent  a  i  rtain  Cajigas  with  troops  and  artillery  to  liring  him  uiicKr 
sultjeetion;  hut  .e,  earing  no  more  for  the  junta  than  f(jr  the  goveiniiient  at 
Mexieo,  fell  u,'  Cajigas,  taking  hi^j  eunnon  and  other  arms,  and  sent  hini 
back  to  the  ji  ;i.  J/or",  I'lrul.  Mtx.,  iv.  4;!0.  '!"he  junta  on  the  hsih  I'i 
March,  Ksl'J,  tU  tred  Alhino  (iarei'a  an  outlaw,  '  por  su  erueldad,  y  eniliri:i- 
gue:%  lasei\  ia,  la  .>einios,  escdndahw  y  despotismo  eoneiiiiiiulose  el  odio  y  de- 
testaeion  general     ycjo/c,  Mex.  Sly.  X/X.,  v.  ll)S-'J0O. 

'-'  Tlio  plan  w  .  for  (iarei'a  to  attaek  on  the  north;  Navarrete  on  the  west; 
Mnniz  on  the  sol  !i;  and  Tied ra  with  400  men  from  his  liaeienda  El  (Jaii:iiio 
was  to  render  t.A.  'frujillo  and  hid  subordinate,  Captain  Antonio  liiiian.-i, 
made  «liort  work  of  the  matter.  The  latter,  with  100  foot,  1200  cavalry,  and  :t 
pieces,  charged  u|ion  (iarcia,  who  had  ahont  4,000  or  r),000  men,  iiio>tl.\' 
mounted,  and  aix  pieces,  on  the  height3  of  Tarimbaro,  and  after  some  llgliliii,' 
dispersed  them  and  captured  their  artillery.  Linares  returned  to  Valhiduli  I 
with  the  cannon  and  upward  of  000  horses  and  mules,  most  of  them  sad'lKd, 
and  other  spoils.  Muniz,  not  knowing  wliat  had  befallen  Garcia,  appeared  Ik- 
fore  the  city,  and  occupied  the  heights  of  Santa  ilaria  with  10  pieces.    Trujillo 


m' 


ALBIXO  «;aucIa. 


38.-. 


iiKitti'J's  for  i]\v  mvnl  f.iusc  in  .Miclio.'iciin.  ^Iiini/ 
.souii  iiiatia^j^'.'d  to  iiiiikc  iMni-i>  cmiiiiom  ;  aiitl  tlioiiL,'li  tlio 
iii>iir!4<'iit  i^iieiTilla  parties  wen-  not  roriiiidalilf,  (lay  so 
iiiiillililii'il  that  A'alladolid  was  lor  cii^lit  iiioiitlis  wit  Ii- 
iiiit  iii'ws  from  ^It'xiro.  ■•*  AlMiio  (iai'cia  sin'iiicd  to 
(Inivc  ui'catcr  I'csoliitioii  and  jiouri'  of  i-csourcf  iVom 
(•\i  rv  rcNcrsc.  ile  sooii^^'atlicivd  his  dispci'st'd  lorccs, 
;iiid  ri'tui'iK'd  to  his  la-adcuiarti'is  in  tlir  \ alley  o|' 
Santiago.      IK;  was  joined  tiu'i'u  hy  the  parties  under 


^  " :      ,.  //  H.     I.  I    I  M      !•  H  T  O  h  I 

^^•i^yA'^}f  ^y^y  C^  -^^^-^^ 

o  V       ■I/.'.*,  /     V  xi.hu,     v..  y 


v    Jjllpl 


Su.criu 


CliaiiiucULru   ^0^^' 


/    .\,' p.  iijaiiio\ 


I  N  A  J  I 


I  TO' 


•'•'"  ,/,  U  h" 


llAtan 


ViillJ.If  Suiitiaco 


y        /Sta.  he 


Salvatltfrrs  -  „  x 

N.  /*-  Coroneo    Ai.nalco 

„Y,.riria|,ii...i«o;i-c/-.-/_     l*'<:  >';'-!*ii»ro  W*  .Mollno,  ,1,  TsblUero 


S7jimii    ^'"a;.. 


a  I 


'■''%v.<; 


N 


nil' I 
t  111 
tl:.' 

lii.l- 

f:iri 

l.ill 


]5AJi()  01''  (Ji'AN.xjrATO. 


Liiiiircs  tof;ctlier  "ladc  a  tlasli  ag;iiiist  liini  ami  Hi;.riially  (luf' iitu(l  him,  cap- 
I-'  .ill  liis  ariillciy.  J^iiiaiv.s went  in  imrsnit  as  lar  as  Taciaiiliai'ii,  l-iiriiod 
I  'Uu  atti  r  riiiii)\  iiig  nine  cainioii,  and  thciuliy  iK'stroyid  tlic  factory  of 
-  iliat  .Miifii/  liad  tlieie.  Xaxanctu,  ii'coi\  iiij^  tiTiicly  :.ihici',  kfi)t  away 
iiliuiu'd  to  Ids  old  position.  1'lius  'I'rii  jillo  in  tlnvo  days  liroki"  u\>,  witli- 
l"-ini,'  a  man,  a  L'i)nd)ination  of  .S,()()0  or  lO.OlM),  t.-diiii:;  Iju-^iilus  almut  'J.'> 
IS  ot'  artillery,  and  l:irj,'c  fjuantities  of  supplies.  (/(/.:.  <lt:  M(.c.,  l.Sl'J,  iii. 
'.1";  Morn,  H'ccoI.  Ma:,  iv.  4:;(J-S. 

AreclKMJcrrota  saw  a  letter  from  the  liishop  elect,  Aliad  y  Queipo,  to  a, 
I'l  "f  Ills  in  Mexico,  which  so  stateil.  The  ollici.d  re[Kii  ts  of  'J'rajillo  and 
Ills,  dated  l''el).  8th,  of  the  actioii.s  opposite  V'alladolid,  did  m.t  reach 
•  i'  I'  till  the  latter  part  of  May  or  beginning  of  June,  and  they  were  the 
licatcs. 

Hist.  Mex.,  Vol.  IV.    25 


i 


t;  a 


SS6  WAR  MEASUUES  AND  MOVKMI'.XTS. 

Kscaiidon,  tluj  Goii/ialcs,  Toiuas  Baltierra  Saliin'i'oii, 
Clc'to  Cauiuclio,  tlic  iie^'i'o  A  alcro,  and  otlici's.  ( !;ir- 
cia  C(tii(l(j  resolved  to  attack  tluiii  in  tliu  valley,  and 
.succeeded  ill  |)enetratin,:j^  as  far  as  the  jdaza  of  Saiiii- 
a<^o  oil  the  loth  of  Febniarv,  hut  was  c(jin[)ellcd  {■> 
retreat  in  haste,  llo  made  a  second  atteniiit  Vvilli 
all  his  forces  on  the  lath,  with  no  hotter  resuH,  and 
then  withdrew  to  Celaya,'-'  It  would  he  useless  a.t- 
tein[)tinL(  to  follow  the  repeated  inoveinents  and  cmuii- 
ter-inovenients  of  tlu!  hcllii;'ereiits,  as  they  reached  mi 
result  other  than  to  keep  the  country  in  a  state  tif 
disturhaneo  and  sufiering". 

In  Alarch  and  April  Guanajuato  was  reduced  lo 
the  last  extreniitv  f 'r  the  want  of  specie.-'  Wy  in- 
quest of  the  civil  authority  (larci'a  Condc^  now  a 
brig"adi(>r,  escorted  tlu^  bullion  on  Iuuk'  to  (.^ueretiii;). 
On  the  8tli  of  A[)iil  he  started  on  his  retuiii  v,ii!i 
specie  and  merchandise,  about  1,000  mule  loads,  fr 
(Juanajuato  and  interior  towns;  but  eiicounteriiiL;'  in- 
surgents, he  lost  one  load  of  specie  and  a  lartj;'e  (|iian- 
titv  of  merchandise.  lie  succeeded  in  takiii'''  to 
Guanajuato  on  the  17th  only  tlie  specie  of  the  I'ny.d 
treasury.  The  s[)ecie  of  pi'ivate  individuals  and  llio 
merchandise  that  escaped  capture  he  was  forced  fi 
leave  in  Irapuato.  ]  [owever,  Colonel  Jose  C'a>iro 
started  from  this  [)lace  soon  alter  with  the  effects,  and 
K'axinL;'  in  Silao  those  for  Guadalajara  and  Zacatecas, 
marched  on  with  the  rest  to  Guanajuato,  which  he 
reached  safely  on  the  2Lsi."'  (Garcia  Conde  now  iv- 
ceived  orders  from  the  vicero}'  to  convey  to  ]\[e.\ico 

-^IfiHiiKl  to  !il)iiii(1on  tlio  pliu'o  on  lic'iriiiL,'  that  I'odro  Oan'fa  Iiad  ta'iiti 
nnd  sacked  tlio  villa  do  Li'im,  and  .slain  it:-)  foniandanLo,  Manutl  ( JiiLiuri''./  Wu 
la  Concha.    Mo)\i,  Hi  ml.  Mix.,  iv.  -IJS. 

'■"Silver  linllion  was  sellini,'  at  very  low  prices.  iin<l  work  in  (lie  luiii'S 
snfTci'ed  ac'eordin:;!}',  A  ilc|mtaliun  (;f  the  ay!iiitanii;'nto  went  \\  illi  a  iiitri- 
fi-oiii  the  intenil^ .  te  to  (iai'cfa  ( 'onde,  tlien  at  Silao,  leijni  sting  liini  to  csc'iiG 
t>)  t^'neietaro  the  liidlion  lielon;,'ing  to  |M-ivato  jici'sons — the  royal  treasury 
oliicial:^  wonld  not  scuil  the  .silver  of  the  ei-ov.Mi  without  order>^  from  llio 
viceroy — .".nd  liring  itaek  tiie  coin  and  goods  detained  there.  Alaiiniii,  II  ->. 
Mij.,  iii.  '7l!  SI. 

■*'(larefii  t'ouile's  official  report  to  tlio  viceroy  from  Silao,  April  '-Mtli. 
Oir..  lie  Mix.,  Ispj,  iii.  7tl-4;  Alumuii,  IJi-'t.  Mij.,  iii.  ISI-'J;  JJualamui.'':, 
Cuad   Hist.,  ii.  •iilj-;iul. 


NRfiRETE  AND  TOIII'J'S. 


3S7 


nil  llio  silver  Ijiillioii  in  riuaii.'ijnat'),  iD^'i'tlicr  with 
tlial  k'l't  at  (,>uerL'tar(),  and  a  ]:\v<n'.  ilock  of  sliecp; 
1, Hilton  bein,!:^  very  scai'cc  in  the  capital.  Tn  t])o, 
iiiMjilc  (Iwelliiiuf  in  the  towns  of  the  Ijaji'o  this  n(;\vs  was 
aiivtliin'^^  but  ])leaslnu!',  and  petitions  [)()Ui'ed  upon  liini 
liMt  lo  leave  them  at  the  mercy  of  the  insni'<.;''iit  iiia- 
r.i^Klers.  On  tin.'  other  hand,  ( Vn/,  deemiiiL;-  his  own 
|)i!i\ince  in  dant^'cM",  also  recpiesled  (hii-cfa  ('ondc  not 
ti  start  with  the  trains  till  Albino  Carcfa  was  put  o;:t 
of  the  way.  Ihe  lacter  hax'in^"  oNcrcouic  ihc  insur- 
gent cliiel's,  l]scandon,  Ihibi,  (lonzah'v,  ami  othci-.s 
v.lm  had  been  actin;j;  too  independently  of  him,  h.ad 
iiii't'eased  his  own  force  and  become  moi'e  dau'^'erous. 
Uinler  the  circumstances  (larcia  Conde  d(  lavi'd  his 
(lepaiture  and  decided  to  combine  a,  plan  of  opei'ations 
with  the  comandante  e-cmM'al  of'Xue\a  (hdicia.-'"  The 
ti'ii.ips  of  tins  province  since'  the  openiii'j;'  of  the  yeiir 
had  been  en[j,'ao"ed  in  heej)in;.;'  at  bay  insur-.-'ent  ])artit  s 
ell  th(>  coniincs  of  Michoacan  and  ( iuaiiaju.-do;  and  if 
aay  of  them  set  foot  in  Xueva  IJalicia  1eniloi-y  they 
v.ere  Ibrthwitii  destroyed.  In  these  re[te;ited  encoim- 
tr!;s  a  number  of  notable  j^-uerrllla  cliiefs  had  peiidied, 
Sdine  ol'  them  kill"d  in  action,  and  some  captured  and 

^-]l(.t.-' 

A inonc^  the  most  noted  I'oyalist  conimandei's,  both 
I'll  activity  and  sc^'erity,  was  Pedro  Celestiiio  Xc'j.'rete. 
J[aii.;hty  and  intlexil)le,  he  nex'ei'  sj)ok(.'  of  the  insur- 
gents without  ni)')lv!ii'j;'  to  them  some  blackeiiiii'' 
t  [litliel,'-'"  and  not  one  that  was  caj>tiired  by  him 
e-^caped  d(>ath.  On  the  other  hand,  he  did  iio(  somv.' 
liis  oiiieors  and  men  fr(>m  hard  W(»rl\,  lhoU'j,li  he  li.>!;ed 

'■' lIiMlcpiitclic'il  r'nptain  Itnrliiili' w  illi  i;i)  Silai)  rciyali-its  tu  cuiifii- v.  itii 
(^Vii;^  ;i'i(l  Xrgvi'to.  Willi  t'nii  siiiali  o-cint  [turblilu  ti-;iViT;-cil  tlic  rc;'io!i  iu- 
IcnLcil  by  iiisurirc'iit  jiarlios,  fiillilkil  liis  ciiinniissiin  in  n  sati- factory  i.iaiiaur, 
;iu  I  ill  six  (lays  v. an  liacU  a'^'aiii  at  (larcia  (..'.piule's  licail.iuarlcrs.  Tiic.  ti:i:o 
oi.\n[iii'(l  liy  Iiiiu  was  lianlly  inoro  than  tlio  iiostiiiaii  cai|i!  lyu'l  in  linn?  of 
|i';iiT,     Tlicsi!  facts  iiiiil  future  iij)crati()ns  ajjpcar  in  liis  report  of  Mav  ISili. 

('■■../''  M'j:,  LSI-.',  iii.  7:i:!-D. 

■  Sial'.  was  tlic  fato  of  ('olonil  >  ar'^'a<,  I'rancisco  I'ifia,  1!I  Scgiiiilillo, 
Mil  '"Uailo,  'I'iiMi:is  UoilriLfUc/,  aiiit  otlni'.^. 

*' M'liisti'rs,  infamous  rebels,  wreiches,  cowai'.Uy  assassins,  vile  eariaillo, 
"ii'l  ii'!i  like,  wcie  Words  eoiiiilantly  oceurriii;,'  in  his  f)Uicial  i-ejiorts;  an  J 
JL^,  i!i,,L  luan  livcil  to  bcr\o  tiij  ivpubiie,  ami  rfo  did  (larciii  L'onilc. 


r 


i 


3SS 


WAR  MEASURES  AND  MOVEMENTS. 


after  their  interests  witli  the  utmost  care,  and  tliry 
liad  accustomed  themselves  to  look  up  to  liiiii  as  a 
father  as  well  as  an  invincible  conunarder.  His  tena- 
cious persecution  of  rebels  bad  put  an  end  to  many 
obscure  leaders,  till  at  last  there  remained  in  lh(,i 
province  only  one  insurgcmt  chief  who  had  acrjuireil 
any  considerable  distinction.  This  was  Jose  Anto- 
nio Torres,  generally  called  El  viejo  Torres,  who 
had  rendered  good  service  to  the  cause  in  Xnr\;i 
Galicia.  His  late  was  a  sad  one.  With  his  lab  r 
()peratif)ns  against  Valladolid  the  reader  is  ah'cady 
ac<|uainted.  Fi'om  his  stronixhokl  in  ]\Iiclioacaii  he 
was  wont  to  invade  the  region  of  Rio  Graiule,  and  iu 
Februnry  1812  he  attac.'ked  Negrete  near  Tlasasalci. 
Torres  was  repulsed  and,  assailed  in  turn,  was  utterly 
routed.  From  the  time  of  tliis  reverse  he  was  ac- 
tively [HU'sued  from  place  to  place,  and  on  the  -lih  oi' 
April  was  sur'prised  and  captured  at  Palo  Alto,  w-iw 
Tup;itaro,  I)y  .Lo[)ez  ]\[erino,  own  of  Negrete's  subor- 
dinates. It  was  no  small  matter  this  ca[)ture  of  so 
noble  a  ])atriot,  and  the  royalists  made  the  most  of  it 
after  their  fashion.  He  was  taken  to  Guadal.ijara 
and  liis  ari'ival  made  a  public  spectacle.  Wisliing  to 
heaj)  every  indignity  upon  luin,  his  foes  were  about  to 
fasten  Iiini  by  the  neck  to  a  woodi-n  prop  that  his  lace 
might  be  well  seen,  but  the  old  man  told  them  to 
have  no  fear,  he  would  carry  his  head  liigh  enounli. 
Jle  was  tried  by  the  oidor  A'elasco,  and  sentenced  on 
the  rJtli  of  Alay  to  be  hanged  and  quartered.  Tlut 
ex.ecution  was  carried  into  elfect  on  the  'J.jd.  In  llic 
]n'esence  of  tlie  assembled  crowd  the  head  was  sewrcd 
from  the  body  and  raised  uj>on  a  polo.  One  (piarfer 
of  the  body  was  sent  to  Zacoalco,  tiie  scene  of  his  xic- 
tory  over  Villascnor;  anotlier  was  [)laced  at  the  ^[c\i- 
calcingo  gate,  by  wliich  he  liad  made  his  triumphal 
entry  into  Guatlalajara,  and  the  remaining  two  at  iIid 
gates  of  El  Carmen  and  San  Pedro.^ 


2d 


™  At  each  placo  were  posted  these  words;  ',Tos(5  Antonio  Torres,  traiitu  iil 
rey  y  A  la  I'atria,  cabccilla  rcbclde  6  invasor  de  cata  Capital.'    Tlie  reiiuiiud 


GARCIA  COXDE. 


SS9 


Xt'L;"i't 't(-/s  (livi.sioii  could  now  be  employed  in  the 
]  nil  suit  of  Albino  Gnrt'ia.  Orders  were  brought  him 
liMiii  (Ji'uz  by  Iturbitlo  to  march  at  once.  Jt  was 
airaiin'cd  that  on  the  loth  of  ^la}'  at  ten  o'clock  in 
the  niorniuL;'  he  should  attack  Albino  (Jarcfa,  cover- 
in^T  the  roads  leading'  from  Paran^'ues  and  Yui-ira  to 
t!i<'  valley  of  iSantia^'o;  and  that  Garcia  Conde  should 
at  the  same  hour  come  upon  th(.'  tiiemy's  camp  from 


Ww 


Cel; 


lya  side,  thus  cuttuiL,*'  off  escape 


Ii 


I  oiMcr 


iiiit    to   awaken    suspicion,  (Jai'cia    Conde    tari'ie(l    iii 


lo,'"  where  on 


the    1st  of  ^la}''  he  v 


I'cccived  nilor- 


^^/ll; 

mation  I'rom  Captain  Es([uivel,  connnandim,^  at  Ira- 
jiuato,  that  he  was  surrounded  by  numerous  parties  of 
Alhiiio  Garcia's.  Conde  at  once  despatched  Villalba 
with  one  battalion,  TOO  (b'lr^oons,  and  two  eannon. 
T\u'  rt.'lx'l  chief,  who  had  been  all  day  assailiuL!;'  the 
town  with  4,000  cavalry  and  seven  pieces  of  artillery, 
1  Icarniii!^  of  their  approach  retired  to  the  hac 


(;! 


MKia 


as 


Animas,  a  leau'ue  distant,  whence  1 


wo     (I 


f  1 


lis 


lieutenants  kept  up  a  skirmish  with  Villalba's  foree.'^^ 
}.Ieaiitime  All)ino  Garcia  marched  ag'ainst  Celaya,  and 
was  re[)ulsed.^-^ 

were  incinerated  fortv  diivs  nftcr.     His  house  in  San  IVdi'o  Piedra  Oorda  was 


ia/,L'd  to  tin;  I'rcjuiid  and 


Houu  witli  .s:dt. 


Tliu.i  we  see  wiiat  ic  was 


patii^t  in  tlio.sc  days.     It  must  he  confessed  t'lat  in  t!ie  city  of  Me.\ie>  ni  no 
(loeeniy  was  siiown.     Tlio  execution  took  jiiaeo  t'le  ■Jl)d  of  May.  all  the  ;;arri- 


iii''  out  under  arms  to  see  it.   Ci'az 


lie  .!/.■ 


Xi'/i'ifi',  .1/r.v.,  V. 
IS.-)   !),);  ,1/, 


rsij,  lii.  (i;;i)-r);  <'<i.s/:i/n 

'rri'i'i'i'ii,  l!ii' 


.1/ 


Ai  the  time  of  1 


-().■>,  7S:  Jjiii/diiiniitr,  lliinlm  /l!.-f.,  i.  1 1";  Zi 
'timnii.  I/h/.  .!/(/.,  iii.  lS.->-(i;  Mont,  M'. v.  y 


■mo- 


US  eapturt 


T> 


lad   1;)J  men  with  iiini,  all  of  wl 


M 


eniio  li  ivui  '  III 


jierislio  1,  many  of  them  bein,'  hiirned  ;d 

iiauis  in  whieli  tliev  had.sou-,'ht  refn^'e  to  In;  .set  on  liiv.    //< 

V:<l.  ]).,<•.,  iv.  M7-'S. 


,lered 
-11 1)  i 


■omo 


'Oaieial 


700-: 


epor 


tsof  M.iy  lit! 


ii;th.  ci 


ih'  J/c.<.-.,  isi-j,   iii.  7;;;!-!), 


to  til 


Villalha,  Ik  iugtold  liy  ivsquivel  th;it  the  |u'0[ilenf  the  San  .Taeinto  ranehi) 
L'l'u  frii'ndly  to  t!ie  iiisuri'eetion,  ordered    l.ient.  (iutici-re;^  to  jiut  them  all 


le  sword,  an  order  w.iu'ii  he  alt-  I'w 


ard 


and  eiiildren;  l)Ut  as  all  th 
vun'jc-iiloe  of  tlio  realm. 


modiiii'd  liy  .sp-ir 


th 


e  Women 


0  men 


Ala 


\y.\t  one  luid  lied,  on  him  alone  must  f.iU  tim 
,  llift.  .l/»r..  iii.  Ins. 
I'ho  vecinus  of  Celaya,  Irapnato,  and  other  towns,  instcacl  of  lurdiiiisj 
so  strenuous  a  resistaneo,   would  li.ivo   joined  tiie  I'evolntioii   if   the  junta 


81  >1 


)er:iua  had   ))een  alile 


ilautc  at  1 


la  a  It! 


rapuato,  .lost 


tok 
Fuse  .M^'  !•: 


keen  lu  enee 


([luvel,  was  i 


k  the  .iruerrilla  ehii'fs.     'J  he  eo.naii- 
leeidedlv  in  favor  of  indrneuileneu. 


j'ear.s  he  was  several  times  a 


niher  of  the  le^'i-ilatnre,  and  onco 


VR>e-L;overnor  of  (iuiinajiiato,  anil  died  as  one  of  thejus;i.'es  of  her  s.ipreuio 
court.  /[;.,  iii.  1S'.}-'J0. 


ti 


m 


II 


i  '!:! 


li! 


Ill 


S90 


AVAU  :>ii:A.sum:s  and  movi:mex';s. 


(Jarci'i  (  'oiiclc  (lojxirtt'd  with  tlic  coiiductii  of  .silv(  r 
l)iiliii)U  lV->iii  ( raaiiajuato  to  escort  it  to  ]\lu.\irii, 
and  (•»iu\cyt-'d  it  as  lar  as  li'ajmato.  From  this  [)la;'(', 
v,hri-r  lie  iiii'Diporatcd  into  his  i'orcc  A'illalba's  coiu- 
luaiid,  v.llliDuL  divulging;  his  destination,  ho  starUd 
:\t  two  o  flock  in  tlie  niornin'j'  of  ^lay  Ijth,  s(j  as  to 
iVvich  the  valley  of  Santiago  by  ton,  and  occu[)_y  t!i>j 
jKiints  agreed  upon  with  Negreti.'.  But  .\lhino  (Jai- 
eia,  if  indettered,  was  a  shrewd  uiihtary  man.  ilo 
V\eil  understood  the  royalists'  uiovenients,  and  oasilv 


disconeeried   tl 


lem. 


Xot    lindlnu"  Xeii'rete  v.'liere 


expected  to  meet  him,  and  hearing  a  brisk  firing  IVom 
the  dinclion  of  I'arangues,  Oarei'a  Conde  inferre;! 
that  Albino  Garela  had  attacked  Xegrete,  which  \v;is 
true.  On  (Jarcia  Conde's  appi'oach,  (he  enemy  i\- 
tlivd,  and,  pursued  i»y   the   ca\alry,  lost  some   men."' 

"•^  Auioiiu'  tlic  slain  was  one  of  the  most  cllkicnt  oiTiocrs  of  the  giu;i-iil!:i 
l);'.'.iil.  (.'c.>;ulu  a:iil  Xc/rotc  iniiivlu'd  into  tin.'  valley  in  tlircj  siH:ii  jns.  niu  if 
viiith  was  nmlff  .ll;;;rl)i<k',  with  the  view  of  pursning  Alhino  if  ho  letiiiiR'  1. 
Tiiey  fuilcil  to  lind  liini,  however,  only  priests,  women,  iiiiil  eliildren  h  iii,' 
left  in  the  town.  (Aindo  v/.-uileil  to  foi'ni  other  eoniliin.iti  in.s  with  .\e'rr.  tr, 
liafc  tlie  latter  liad  to  return  to  his  former  iiositions  to  proteet;  the  \iirv:i 
Cialicia  ficintitr  from  pob.;iljlc  invasion  by  Albino  Gareia.  It  was,  howeVL'i', 
ajjreed  tliat  Xegrete  fliould  inarili  tij"  the  ITajamo  nad,  C  !iide  tahia;,' 
that  of  Ytuiria,  no  ui  to  ])!aec  the  enemy  lietxiecn  two  lires;  but  the  liUer 
eludid  the  hot  jiursiiitof  Coiide  ;in<l  Jturljide,  thougli  owing  U>  the  faet  "f  I  in 
luing  alllicted  willi  gout,  Alhino  had  to  juurney  in  a  earriage  or  on  a  h.'d. 
When  the  jairsturs  eame  near  ho  would  (|uieiily  mount  ii  hor.-e  and  eseuiio 
liy  some  side  road,  afier  hiding  hi;i  ariilkry.  tJuue  hh  artillery  earriag^.i 
vere  eaptured  and  destroyed.  At  the  cud  of  this  un.su.eesoful  pursuit  tlio 
I'liyalists  were  eouipletely  e.xhausted.  Condo  gave  up  the  ehase,  an  1  ri- 
t.irnuig  to  the  valley  of  .Saniiago,  took  the  Kiere  I  vessels  and  paranuiit;  an  1 
t!te  priests  of  that  town  and  of  Yiiriria  to  Irapuato.  Conde,  in  l.ii  rep  'it 
of  ^l:'.y  .■!l^t,  spe:d;.j  of  Albiiio'.-i  foree  lieing  all  dispei'.sed,  and  states  tli.il  tlio 
eiiief  had  only  IGJ  nien  v,  ilh  him;  kut,  of  eour:;e,  that  i.i  a  part  of  ijaerrida  v;  .;•• 
fare.  a<r..  f/-'  J/..,-.,  1S1:2,  id.  7-l!>-.V);  AIniiinii,  Jii<l.  Mij.,  iii.  'l',)l  -I);  J/o-v, 
J'r  rof.  Mi.c,  iv.  -kil-J.  -Vlhino  Gareia'^s  Ijauds  eonsisted  of  large  nuLsjei  'I 
i;ioiint(;d  men,  mostly  mesli.:o3  and  mulattoes,  some  armed  wiih  .sjua:-, 
others  with  mn  1;  'ts  and  sv.ords,  ready  for  r.ttaek  and  .still  readiei  fur  rn:i- 
isingav.ay.  Their  ehiuf  was  the  mo.it  aetive  and  dreaded  guerrilla  that  i at) 
war  i>roduec(k  When  ho  intended  to  as  -ault  a  town  or  hacieud  i,  a  large  mi:.i- 
lier  of  Indian  sliugerjassemlded  in  tiie  neigiilioi-iiig' villa gc3  and  lields,  .aad  ui.!i 
a  few  I:adly  made  and  v.orso  sierved  pieees  if  ariiilery,  rendered  aid.  i  lO 
altaek  wad  mad'?  hy  ;  urrounding  the  t^nvu  wi.'.i  eavalry,  whieii  was,  of  e  r.i;-  , 
iiseksj  agaiuLit  a  forti.ietl  ])lace.  Tiic  most  aha  dvo  epitael:3  were  hurled  at 
t!ie  iiedeged,  and  a  h;ijk  li:e  of  artiileiy  and  mudietry  suo^ained  for  h  lui-', 
(li.;ehar;'in;,'  jierliaps  (JJJ  or  T^iO  eauunu-:  hits,  viliieli  ilid  Utile  or  no  Inrm,  t.iu 
royalistd  reLurning  the  lire  from  behind  tlieir  inLrenehnient.s.  rinally,  ala'r 
liaving  some  men  killed  and  v.oanded,  the  foiled  assailants  v.oukl  retire  eiiao' 
beeau^e  their  amaiunidon  had  given  out,  or  some  royalist  foi'ee  was  appr-aea- 
iug-  to  relieve  tlie  town.    In  the  retreat  the  guerrillas  would  saek  every  iuieii.ud;i 


ROYALIST  TniUMPir. 


301 


Till!  I)ri,i4"n.li:r  n^Min  started  on  tlio  4tli  of  Juno 
-with  the  coiKlncta  lor  ^[exico:  l)iit  lieariii^'  ;it  Sala- 
iiiimca  that  the  guerrilhi  ehiel's  were  reoroanizin;;-  in 
tlie  \-alley  of  Santia^-o,  ho  thoULi'ht  that  as  th(>_v  bo- 


nvve( 


I  I 


inn  oecunied  \vi 


l> 


ith  tl 


)ii(l   o[ij)i)rtumty  to  tako  them  unawares  and   e\'en 


10  eoiuhu'ta,  it  would  ov>  a 
th 


cai 


o    e\"eiun>4'   Ik-    de 


Mia 


v,i 


ture  .Albino  (jareia.      The  sani 

tehed  his  most  eflicient  oilicer,  At>'ustin   Itui'bid 

h  about  IGO   mounted  men  with  orders  to  reach 


0, 


intiau'o  at  moonriso. 


It 


uroKk;  was 


tl: 


ere  a  I.  two  in 


the  morniii'jf  of  the    5th,  sui'prised  tli 


na 


rd  at  tlio 


eiilranee  of  the  town,  and  jiretendinL,'  to  be  J'edrt 
(iarei'a,  who  had  been  called  by  Albino  to  join  him 
(»')tained    tlio    pass    and   countersi^-n,  and   took    po^ 


SCSSIO 


n  of  tho  j)laco  witliout  arousiiiL^  the  slecpini^- 
revolutionists.  At  length  they  wero  purposely  awak- 
ened by  orders  loudly  issued  for  tho  grenadiers  of 
1,1  Corona  to  occupy  a  certain  j)osition,  tho  battalion 
(u'  }.rixt()  another,  and  so  on,  several  organizations 
hv'ing  named,  to  each  of  which  a  i'ew  of  Iturbide's  men 
belonged.  The  in-nirgents  believed  the  whole  division 
el' (larcia  Condo  was  u])on  them;  tlu'V  atteujptod, 
li'iv.ever,  to  defend  tho  barracks  which  wero  tak'on 
by  ibrcc".  Some  soldiers  took  possession  of  the 
]•  (if  of  the  house  occupied   by  Albino  (larci'a.      'I'his 


rule 


f,  his  l)rother  Francisco,  known 


J)')U  Pachito,  his  secretarv,  Jose  ^[aria  liub 


ell    presoi 


iti 


nm 


'If 


sai( 


1  1 


I  b 


10  Jiad   oeeii 


uir; 


lit  (juarto; 


's  hy  lorce',  wliUMi  [ilea  save 


gaaier 
— who 
in  (ho 
Ihishlb— 


held 


I'll 
T  1 
v.-.i 
1.;:. 


their  w.'iy,  iinil  tlioii  disperse,  to  meet  n'.'e.iu  at  .••niiiefither  iila"cn','re-'il  upon. 
r.  L,'.j!i(l  t.irtiuiu  of  towns  that  thus  (.'seape;!  Ikmm;;  [)luniK'ivil  and  dustroye  I 
i  attrihiitod  to  a  miraelo,  and  tho  to  d.iiin  was  ihanted.  If  any  pridonc".'.) 
I  lieen  taken  on  citlier  sido  tlioy  were  f  irtiiwith  sliot.  In  a  liell  of  liatt'o 
'  iiisnryents  generally  phieeil  their  artillery  on  suini;  ]iei':;ht,  the  infantry 
liiid  it,  and  tlio  lartxe  nias-os  of  eavalry  at  the  win:,'3.  The  caval"y  v.'ould 
n',;u  upon  the  royaU-sts,  who  easily  drove  them  away  with  ii  few  ilisi  liarrres 
tjrape;  they  wotihl  tlii'U  (leo  in  all  direetions,  tlirow  their  ill-diseiplined  and 
Illy  aiMneil  infantry  into  <?.onfiision,  and  t!io  artillery  wonlil  fall  int.>  tlio 


of 

P' 

!■  'V-.ii-iti'  hands  alter  the  lirst  disel 

lii" 

\\\ 

i<( 

ur 


Alliino  ( lai 


•eia  eotn]i'aine 


1  t 


la.t  Ills 


a  Were  .always  niori!  disponed  t)  jili'.ndor  than  t)  liLrlit.  But  this  kiml  of 
il.iro  was  cxeessively  fatiguiit;,'  for  the  royalist  troo[)<,  eonst.inllv  d-'pi'ivd 
le-tand  f  )od,  niare'hin-' aiid  e juntorniarehiii^'  without  bein;^  aljlo  lo  catch 
■•iriiKC  the  loc. 


:li 


I    J 


i 


U 


■! 


i;«M 


P 


!i. 


302 


WAIl  MEASURES  AXD  MOVEMENTS. 


and  a  man  named  I^ineda,  a  dosortor  IVom  the  roy.il 
.service,  were  taken  alive,  tou'etlier  witli  some    loO  oi- 


IjO  more, 


Al)out  loO  iiUorrillas  were  killed;   wl 


iilo 


Idirhide's  onlv  casualtv,  hy  liis  report,  was  the  death 


() 


r  one  irrenadiei'.     As    Itmhidi'    had  to  traver 


se   oil 


his  I'eturn  a  ren'i(»n  teeming-  with  insurgents,  and 
Ids  I'oree  was  too  small  to  guard  so  many  prisoners, 
he  ordered  them  to  1)C  shot,  ox('e[)ting  only  the  two 
(^ai'cfas,  Ivuhio,  and  IMneda,  Avhom  lie  convt'ved  to 
(Jelaya.  Three  days  later,  after  cei'tain  eiin»ty  judi- 
cial proceedings,  the  Garcias  and  Pineda  were  [luh- 


licl 


y  c!\ecu 


ted, 


111 


The  capture  of  Albino  Garcia  was  a  great  triuiii] 
i'or  the  royalists,  none  of  whom  had  ever^'ained  iiiii(!i 
advaiitaf'e  over  him.  It  must  he  coiilessed  that  like 
\\\('  other  side  he  was  something  of  a  scourge,  the  iJajio 
reunion  having' sullered  i>"i'eatly  at  his  hands.  (Jarcii 
Coiide  could  now  proceed  with  his  condu(.'ta.  Oii<'  <>f 
the  A'illagrans,  however,  attacked  him  in  the  sierra  nt' 
C  apukUpan,  hut  was  routed  hy  Iturl/ide  with   I 


iea\v 


].■ 


i  lie 


ame  division  on  its  return  eseoi 


ted  i 


roia 


?.Iexico  a  large  train  of  Ijunjpeaii  and  jther  mercliaii- 
(.lis(i  and  ])assengers  to  (^ueretaro.^" 

^Meantime  Liceaga  had  been  sent  by  the  supivnia 
junta    to   assume   the    government    of   the    nortlierii 


port 


MlaniM  {'(milL'"s  ciinduct  toward  Iiis  prisoner,  nccordiiig  to  liis 


diistiirdly,  I'Voii  tor  that  day  and  pl;i 


lionoi'.s  as  captaiii-ijoiioral  I)y  l)riiigin,i^  liis  troii|i.s  out  on  ))aradt 


Ho  prct('iidi;<l  to  pay  h 


d  1 


iriu'' salvoes  of  artillerv 


AH) 


d  Ids  brother  liei 


)lar.,l 


Ah, 
ill  tliu 


pla/a  opposite  the  brii,'adier"s  residence,  tho  latter  useil  insulting  word.s  toiiio 
eldef  piisjner,  and  then  made  ji  ribald  sjieeeh  to  the  crowd  who  had  eonie  t.> 
see  the  fallen  hero.  Xotilied  of  his  death-sentence,  Albino  (hircfa  wrote  his 
jiarents,  who  were  royalists  and  hail  formerly  I'endered  service  to  (Jarri.i 
('ond''  himself  on  his  expeditions,  asUini;  their  pardon  and   blessing,  and 


thi 


restoration  ot  all  pi 


.'rlv  he 


il 


to  th 


llislie.id 


was  elevated  in  ( 'elaya  at  the  crossing  of  San  .luan  de  ])ios  sti'eet,  wheri;  iio 
niailo  his  greatest  ellbrt  to  capture  the  city.  The  crip]ik'd  hand,  which  niaiie 
him  known  as  El  .Mani'o,  was  taken  to  (;uana  ju.ito,  and  tlie  other  to  li'apii.it). 
Vears  after,  when  the   cinintry  became   imlependent,  the  skull   was  buri'  d. 


Ua-. 


(/c  J/< 


Mij.,  iii.  I'KI-'JIKi 


lSl-_',  iii.  (140-1;  Lirni/'i,  Ai/h'.  //  /,;■.■/. 


':m 


[lllllf 


//;•/. 


.1/.. 


'J.V(-S;  Meiidibil,  /.'i>-.  //;>■/.,  1. •!•_'. 


llirnl.  Jl(.r.,  iv.  4;)<J-Li;   M'J.    Jin-ofiiji)   Jji;ltiU<,  11, 


'(  one 


"s  renoi't  of  ,lune  Kith,    (l 


<h'  Me 


ISl-J,  iii.  (i4.-.-(i. 


70(1  bah' 
1" 


Numbers 

Xijr<:U,  Mi.c.  itiij,  XJX.,  V.  So-O. 


)  coachc:i  with  ]iassengers,  (ili'J  mules 
including   troops,    passengens,  aui. 


d  I.'IO  asses  ladr:i. 
1   muleteers,  o,'J-0. 


LICE  AC.  A  AND  COS. 


303 


jiroxiiHX's,  .111(1,  ac'ooin{);iiii('(I  \)y  Doctor  C<»s,  liad  tii- 
t,  red  tlic  J^aiio  of  (luanaiiiato.  ()ii  the  'J4(li  ol'Julv 
llic  iiisiii'ueiits,  who  liad  anniii  collccti'tl  in  thu  valk'V 
ol'Saiitiajj^o,  were  dct'i-atccl  by  Iturhidc,  sent  in  advance 
iVoiii  (,)iici'ctar().  Liccaij^a  antl  Cos  saved  llicmsclvcs  by 
ili^ht.and  Garcia  Condo  now  proceeded  with  the  con- 
vex,  l)\it  was  attacked  near  Salamanca  on  the  7tli  of 
Aii;iUst,andlost  400  mule  loads.  Itnrhide  actively  pur- 
sued the  insur'4eiits,and  in  Septend)er  defeated  1  hem  on 
scvei'al  occasions,  Liceaj^a  and  Cos  Uiuiowly  escapini;' 
(M|itine.'''  Cos,  having  been  a[)pointed  his  second  in 
cuiiiuiaiid  1)}'  Liceaga,  retired  to  JJolores,  winch  place 
li.'  uKidc  the  centre  of  his  future  operations,  while  the 
latter  remained  in  the  vicinity  of  S^^uriria.  The  lake, 
(111  the  southern  side  of  which  this  town  is  situated, 
lias  two  islets  or  cays,  the  larger  being  about  1,000  va- 
ras  in  circiunierenc(.>,  and  the  other  somewhat  smaller. 
Tliey  W(.'re  180  vai-as  apart,  and  Li(;eaga  Joined  them 
by  a  causeway  thi'ee  var'as  wide,  })rotecting  the 
(■a\s  as  well  as  the  bridsjfe  with  a  stone  wall  six  feet 
ill  height,  a  moat,  and  a  sti)ckade  made  of  jirickly 
plants.      In    the   larger  cay  thei'o  were   71    merlons. 


am 


I  C)[  in  the  other, 


To  this  ibrtress,  wiiicli  Licea-ja 


iihmI  nnprcLi'iia 


d)le,  1 


le  •'•ave  Jus  own  name,  aiK 


lit 


i.s 


cailt'ii 
li.lie,! 


1  in  the  oilicial  rei)orts  Isla  JJceaLia.      Jie  estab- 


th 


ictories  llierc  tor  malvin<jf  camion  and  anmni 


1 


liiii.iii.  and  a  mint,     (iarcia  Conde  deemed   it  luii 


lec- 


(■^^al 
nf    til 


y,  and  even  imprudent,  to  undertake  thecaj»ture 


1 1  lace 


-ession  o 


ftl 


hy 


mam 


masuHicli   as. 


holdi 


le  shores  o 


f  the  lake,  it  must  sooner  or 


later  surrender.  Ihit  Jturbide  resolved  to  attack  it; 
.■iiul  to  this  end  he  lirst  cleared  the  surrouiidiu'''  coun- 
try  (if  insurgents,  lie  alh)wed  tlie  enemy  no  I'est 
liMiii  the  Dth  of  September  till  he  pitched  his  camp 


Hi  Sautiaguillo  o})[)osite  the  fortress. 


11 


IS    [lOSltloU 


an-.,  d.'  .lA'.r.,  l.S|_>,  iii.  1014-17,  10!t.-)-lllO. 

■ltiirliiik'"s  ilctiiiltMl  ic|i()it  in  (/«:.  ilr  J/<-.c.,  ISi;?,  iv.  2r)-,10,     The  U. 
ImUo  li.ivr  (lidcri'iit  ii;iiiR'^<  iissij,f|uil  to  tliciu  liy  (lillcniit  wi'iter-;  iiuiiii 


V 


^ 


iinrMpaiKlMni,  ^"ll^lnill 


niiTLi 


a  Y 


unraiuiiiilani. 


'ill  11)  iicUuiis  Uiuiiig  40  days  he  kilk'd  many,  sonic  of  wlioni  were  cliLufs 


394 


WAIl  MEASURES  A\D  MOVEMENTS. 


;.  i- 


M 


'i 


\vns  witliin  caiuioii-sliut,  Init  was  iirotccU'il  liy  a  siii;i!l 
rise  of  L;r()iiii<l.  liirca'j^a,  wlin  ih'vit  Itorc  tin-  p.-ilm 
lor  l>i'avc!y,  on  scrin^-  tlic  aj-proach  of  dani^Ti'.  Irft  lih' 
island,  tli(j  connnand  of  which,  toj^'cthcr  with  2U0  nicsi. 
Avas  intiustcd  t(t  leather  Josd  Mariano  liamiicz.^' 
] turiiid'',  liiiAiiiL;'  made  ci^ht  I'afts  and  hron^ht  iw.i 
canoes  from  a  Ion;;'  dislancc,  attacked  (hn'in;;-  tli;' 
night  of  ()ctol)ci'  ."ll^t  at  lour  (Hlfercnt  points,  jilaci;;^' 
( 'aj»lain  A  iccntc  J*]ndciica  in  c(»imnand.  A  pov.dcr- 
magazinc  that  caugiit  Wrr  (hshcartcncd  the  yarrixia, 
and  the  place  was  taken  without  resistance.  l'atli;r 
]\aniirez,  Jose  ^laria  Santa  Cruz,  the  town  m.ij'  i-, 
Toinas  Moreiio,  conunandant  of  tlio  artilleiy,  XcIm);!, 
an  ICniilish  enLriiu'cr  under  whose  direction  the  i'oiii- 
lications  were  l)uilt,  and  l'\'lipe  Amadoi-,  who  had 
received  one  of  the  minor  ordei's  of  pi'iesthood,  were 
ca[)tured,  conveyed  to  Irajiuato  with  otln'i-s.  and  shot. 
The  royali.st  lo.ss  was  small.  Of  the  deleiiders  nono 
e.sca{>etl;  such  as  did  not  iall  into  the  victors'  hanils 
])erislu'd  in  the  lake.'^  The  small  ninuher  of  arms 
i'ound  indicates  clearly  that  tlu;  I'ortress,  when  a>.-ail>' !, 
was  almost  abandoned,  and  the  garrison  had  heca 
mostly  removetl.'*' 

of  renown,  and  took  inisonors  Colonel  Fiancisco  Ruiz,  and  licutcnant-coloiul 
of  artilk-iy,  Erancisco  Vallo,  known  as  tlio  'negn)  liuliMnuro,' holh  of  wIvia 
it  is  hardly  ncucssiiry  to  say  were  executed  at  once.  JAad'ia,  Ailir.  1/  /,'■■■' i- 
/ic,  -41. 

'"  lUistnniante,  calling  liini  .1  sub-deacon.  Fays:  'En  rjnicn  sicnipre  adn'.;'.i5 
Iviiona.s  dis]io^icion(  s  piua  jiuntear  una  •,'uitarra  y  divertio  un  e.  trado  dc  d,.- 
mus,  y  no  tenia  otras.'  Cnm!.  J/i.it.,  ii.  \1H). 

"Jturhide,  whose  pedantry  in  his  reports  c(|nalk'd  Iiis  bravery  and  cru- 
elty, bi' ke  out  on  this  oceasiun  into  one  of  his  ])eenli;a'  burst.s:  'Misin.ble.!, 
(■llos  h.i'i)r:'in  cunoeido  an  ei'i'or  en  aipiel  ln,;,'ar  terriidc;  en  quo  n"  p')dr;i:i  U'nio- 
diailo.  I  (^>iii/.a  su  eatastrofe  triste  servir.i  de  t.  earniiento  a  los  (|U0  cstan  aan 
en  tieinpo  de  .'^alvarsel'   (/t;.  il<-  Mix.,  1,NII!,  iv.  '27. 

^-  liustamahte  lias  it  that  Liceaga  liad  taken  out  the  troops,  leavia  .'  ]:U 
pvisonei's,  ■who  found  ways  to  phjt  \vit!i  lUirbide  to  secure  llieir  frcLiIu:;!. 
'J'he  latter  says:  '  I''ui'  ])reciso  valeiso  de  niuchos  ardides,  euyorelacii'n  nocipu- 
teuqilo  intere.-ante  ))ara  este  liigar,  y  el  re-^ultado  lo  liani  inUrir  a  los  cnteu- 
di,i:antos  ehiros,  inijiareialcs  y  sin  preocui)aeion.'  For  all  that,  Itui'bid"  ":■- 
dereil  many  military  executions  there,  and  sent  hundn  ds  iience  of  whoni  \v3 
r.iade  no  nii-'iUiiin.  It  was  ids  eliief  {hdight  in  tiiis  worM  to  consign  lo  he!l 
tlie  exeoinmnnicated.  Ihinion  Itaynn  oeeu]iied  lie  island  sever:;l  nio;it:;:i 
later,  and  I'xhunied  the  bones  of  about  (WD  ]>ersons,  wlidUi  lie  cau*id  to  be  in- 
terred witli  funeral  honors  in  the  paiisli  ehni'cli,  wliieh  Ituibide  looked  iipuu 
as  a  crime,  prosecuting  the  pri(?st  tli^it  oiliciated,  and  holding  nmcli  cur:o- 
spoudcucc  with  Rayon  ou  the  subject.   Iturbide  put  himself  un  for  a  sage,  aad 


Tnr:  rkfulgext  palm. 


395 


Doctor  Cos  at  ])olt)n's  cn^'aLfod  liiinsclf  in  ovi.';aniz- 
i;i'4'  and  l)riiii;'iiii;-  togcthor  the  aimed  partii's  ol"  that 
ir''i(>ii.      With   liiui    uas  Ivaiarl    Kayoii,   one   ol'  t!io 


ilVSl 


I. 

liiiu 


til 


oiii  tins 


iiiil 


dent's  brothers,  and  }i[alias  Ortix,  who  j'l 
i)i'U'an  with  his  ])rothers  to  acciuire  distinction, 
were  generally  known  as  jjos  Pacliones.  With 
e  i'oree  he  had  organi/t'd,  ( 'os  niarcluKl  on  the  L'7tli 
Xovend)er  a-'ainst  (Juanainato;  but  his  nio\einent 
was  attended  with  no  ri'sidt,  and  he  had  to  I'eturn  to 
J)(>liii'es.     ]Ie  did  not  remain  thert;  ))ernianently,  ho 


til 


(II 


w 


ever,  as 


that  town  was  on  the  line  of  transit  l")r  iir 

1  11 


lUiee  and  other  nierehandise  to  and  I'l'oin  the  inland 
|ii<)\inces;  and  when  trains  approached  lie  usually 
ahaiidoned  the  place  lor  the  purpose  of  attacking 
tlieiu.  It  often  liap})ened  that  reiinforceinent.-;  had 
to  bo  sent  frijiii  C.)ueretaro  to  save  the  trains   from 


ca 


ptui'e.'''' 

On  the  ojtpositc  side  of  the  sierra  of  Guanajuato, 
scpai'ating  on  the  north  the  bajio  from  the  plains  of 
J)(>loiH's  and  the  ])rovince  of  San  jjiiis  l^otosf,  the 
epeiation  of  escorting  live-stock  i'roni  the  latter  pl;ie<.' 


to    (Hieretaro, 


aiK 


I    t 


ransix 


ortii 


VI    mere 


•hand 


lS(j 


:illl 


Mexieo,  I'urnished  opportunities  for  i'e[)cated  hostile 
encounters.  One  of  the  h<»ttest  of  these  to()k  place 
(111  the  od  of  February,  at  the  Santuario  do  Atoto- 
liilco  near  Sail  ^Miguel  el  Grande,  on  whi<'li  occasion 
JMelbnso  tie  la  Torre,  the  royali.-t  commander,  who 
Ivanced  to  that  [»lace  to  receive  600  silver  bars 


ad  a< 


iVoiii    Zacatecas,  saw  a  refulgent  ])aliii   in   the  slcy 
-Viiother  train  was  coiivciyed   by  the  royalist   [iriest 

ii  Iiiviil  vassal  of  I'lTiinmlo  VII.  ('imdro  ll'ii.,  ii.  l21l!-7.  'J'lnis  Fmi'  in  thii 
LisUiiy  \vc  liiid  liiiii  iiDlh  faiuilicMl  iiml  iiumlci'KUs. 

•'  liusiiiniuiito,  t'lHul.  Ili^/.,  ii.  'J'.).')-S,  ■"Uiuot  I'ccoiicile  Pus'  !<t:it(Mii<>iit  on 
lii<  uttacli  ii,L;ainst  ( Inaiiajiiato,  apjicariii:,'  in  /tinrioilf  (I/h  rn-.,  in  //(  rii'iml,-:  ij 
J '''(m/ox,  l\it,  y>oc.,  V.  (rJ;l,  wiili  t'lKi  rc|ii)rt  ot  Intomlcnto  Maiafiijn  iiisritcil  iu 
Cnz.  ,1c  M(r.,  rSl.i,  iv.  -IT,-'.);  Mcirlih}/,  J!,s,i,„ni  //is/.,  IliT  S.  'lii>  sanio 
(liiliculty  ocelli's  in  ciimparin;^  tlio  false  accdunts  of  insurgent  and  rivalist 
('dliiiaainki's.  LiccaL'a,  Adic.  y  l!rrlijli\,  "JoS-l),  says  that  tlu;  iiiNadin.,'  fnnu 
\\a  !  ii'[)al>c(l. 

"Tonus  iP|iort  in  G  r..  d<'  }J<'.\\,  l.Si2,  iii.  •J'iT-D.  Tlio  palm  iiIii'niiMK'ri.in 
liail  liccoiiie  faL-liiiinalilo  sinci;  Caikja  prett-ndt-d  to  iiuvo  seen  one  iit  Zilaciuao. 
Ala„dUi,  Hid.  JI.J.,  iii.  'JO.'). 


•■■:t 


I 


hii 


IV.  < 


I, 


I!  ' 


^! 


11 


Hill 


396 


WAR  MKASURKS  AND  MOVKMIIXTS. 


Die,g()  Hoar  witli  'i.lO  iiicii,  mIio  coiuiiin'  upon  ji  sin.ill 
[)i»rty  of  iiisuro-eiits  near  Doloi'cs  on  tliu  'Ji'd  of  M;n<li, 
killed  a  nnnilx'r  and  dispersed  the  rest.  On  that 
samo  side  of  the  sierra  the  inde|)C'ndents  with  thrc' 
Ljnns  assaulted  the  hacienda  of  \"illela  on  the  7fh  ol' 
April,  hut  \V(jru  I'epulsed  with  the  loss  of  the  muns. 
Colont'l  Xuiiez  and  ^lajor  Molleda  j)erished  in  the 
action,  and  Colonel  Gutieri'ez  was  taken  prisoner  and 
sul>se(iuently  shot  hy  ordir  of  Colonel  Tovar,  coniaii- 
dante  at  San  ]juis  I'otosi.  l^'ather  Zimarripa,  was 
also  ('a[)tured;  hu  had  onec  befoi'e  been  taken  in  Aeul'o 
and  i)ai'doned;  now  ho  was  retained  in  iroi 


US  pondui' 


1 


orders  from  the  viceroy.''^  About  this  time,  owinjjj  to 
the  defeat  of  the  royalist  ]>eng(')a  on  the  10th  of  l''e!>- 
ruai'V,  three  lea<j;'ues  ii-oni  ]\io  A\'i-de,  this  jJaee  was 
at  the  mercy  of  the  insuri^'ents,  who,  accordinj^'  to  (lie 
ollicial  re|)orts,  plundered  it,  and  also  the  ranclio 
Jabali.  Tovar  despatcheil  Captain  Sanz  with  a  ibrr,( 
on  the  2-k{  of  February,  who  I'ccovored  the  town  and 
th(^  artillery  the  insur^jjents  had  possessed  thenisehcs 


of,  but  could  not  overtake  the  assailants 


Til 


att. 


were,  however,  defeated  and  dispersed  by  Arredoudo, 
V.  ho  pursued  the  governor  of  Sierra  Goi'da — as  Colo- 
nel Feliiie  Landaverdo  was  called,  being  rcpresentel 
to  have  been  an  honoi'able  man — so  hotlv  that  to  es- 


caix. 


lie 


tl 


ins  arms  and  Horse 


irew  nmisc 


40 


'If  d 


own  a  i)recii)ice,  a 


Ih 


j)reci[) 


d)and 


onnig 


Ti>\;ii''s  I'l'port  in  (h(~.  dc  Mix.,  ISI'2,  iii.  0"2fi-7,  OOO-To. 
'J'ci\:ir'.s  rt'jMnt  iiinl  iiiiiicxcs,  in  (Itr..  tie  M< .c,  ISI'2,   ii 


ISI'2,  iii.  Gl.VlS,  023- 
ArriHlundu'ts  luport  in  Id.,  1812,  1111-1.5;  Mom,  J/t.f.  Itvr.,  iv.  44o-S. 


CITArTER   XVI. 


pRorniESS  OF  thy:  war. 

(■"ai'Tt-iu:  of  'J'KiifACAN — ^I.\ssArr!i'.  OF  PitisoNF.ris — CmtATiN  OF  Mai.tuata 

ANl)    ZdNCIiI.IOA   JiiIX    Tin;   liliVoI.n'KiN  —  ()i;1ZA11A    ('AI'TlliKD    AM)    Ri:- 
TAUKN  — Rl.VdI.I  TIiiNAUV  I'l.ANS  AT  \'f,1;A  ('lllZ  AND  I'lMMiTK— CoM  Jl  I'M- 

CATiON  Rk(i1'j;ni;ii  nv  ItovALisTs  -  JNsriii;i;.NT  Oi-kuations -CArTi'itE  <>P 

I'ACill'fA     Wnil    I.MMENSK    I'.ciOTV  — Clil'F.L    SlIODTISM    (iF     I'lasoNFUS  — 

Towns  RECAi'TruED  r.Y  J!ovai.i^ts  -  Akuesi' of  [.konaum)  IIkavo  am> 

CoMI'ANIONS— TllEIll    EXECJITION — XolW.F.    1  lEEK     OF    NlCoLAS    J>l;A\(( — 

Vknf.gas  Offeks  I'ai!Iio\  to  I'enitent  JtEiu:i,s,  and  a  Rewaiio  for 

!M(IIil'.U)s'   CaI'TIUE  -   VkNECIAS   ANU  CaLLKJA   at  IVNMITY— J!aV(JN'.S  U.v- 

M  (CEssFfL  Attack  on  'I'oi.ri.'A — Defeat  at  Tenanho — Dispeission  op 

THE  Sri'KEME  JlNTA. 


"5  i 


]\[iMTARY  operations  liad  resulted  more  favoraMy 
t'nr  the  royalist  arms  in  tin;  inlerioi'  than  in  the  east- 
ern and  southern  provinees,  owing,  it  would  seem,  to 
Ihi'  tact  that  in  the  iormor  locality  the  insurrectionary 
I'nivc's  \ven>  in  in(K'[»en(lunt  parties,  more  or  less  nu- 
iiK'idus,  l)ut  neai'ly  always  jictinu;'  without  coinhina- 
li'iu,  which,  thou^'h  ohstructini;"  the  ])ul)li(^  hii^hways, 
iiitei'ruptiiig  trallic,  and  liviuL;-  l»y  ])lun<ler,  rari'ly  at- 
tmijited  to  assail  fortitit^d  towns,  or  to  conlVoiit  (heir 
rdvalist  foe  in  an  open  iield.  To  the  east  and  soutli 
<t'  ]\[t'xico  military  afliiirs  Iiad  heen  more  skilfully 
(•■iiuhicted  hy  the  insurL;'ent  chiefs,  who  acted  more  in 
•  •'incert,  and  whoso  troops  had  heen  kept  well  in  to- 
i;i'ther  and  wei'e  l)etter  disciplined.  Hence  tlie  I'apid 
]iinor('ss  made  by  the  revolution  in  these  regions,  and 
its  stroiii>-  and  nienacinij:  attitude  at  the  end  of  8ei)lem- 
her  1812  toward  the  vicereijal  u'oveniuient.     J?rior  to 

(397) 


J. 


M 


:  I 


308 


rROoriKss  of  tp"  waii. 


■:     .: 


t'ii^ 


]il>  (l<-|i;iit iirr  from  C']iila|)ii  fur  ('iiiiullii  and  rxi'icai'  !ii 
ihi'  lal  tciTiid  of  is  1  i ,  ^Idi'i'los  (lircrfcd  his  activr  lit;u- 
tciiaiil ,  Trn_iaiiii,  (•»  s|ii'cad  (lie  iiisuiivct  ion  tliioii-li 
out  tliL!  Mi/A(.'c  country,  and  jiarfu's  wc'i'c  arcoi'din^ly 
(Icspatclicd  in  all  diivftions,  approitriatini^"  to  tlidr 
own  uses  the  uraiii,  livi'-stock,  and  lAcrv  othd'  a\ail 
i\])]v  tliiu'^'  hclon^ini^  to  th*.'  S[ianiards  or  to  tho-i'  t,\' 
]-oyalist  jtrodivitius.  One  oi'  these  ])ai'ties,  coniniandrd 
l»y  ('oloiicl  FiLijueroa,  ])aid  a  visit  to  Tehuacan,  a  lirh 
city  and  the  conunercial  centre  of  (he  in'ovinces  oC  i'lir- 
Ilia,  ( )ajaca,  and  \'era('i'uz.  Iduj  jilace  ]ia<l  heeiialian- 
doned  hy  the  Spaniards  and  authorities,  and  I'^ii-ueroa 
cnteri;d  it  uiioiiposed;  Ijut  having'  no  force  to  hold  it, 
lie  went  harvestiiiL;'  in  the  liaciendas  and  I'arnis  of  tlit; 
suri'oun(hn'4  country;  upon  wliicli  liie  S[>aniar(is  ir- 
turncd  widi  se\-('nty-five  soldiers  and  two  jticcis  ot' 
urtilleiy,  erected  intrenclunents,  and  orL;'ani/ed  vi>liiii- 
teer  coin[)anies.     The  insur^vnts,  howt.'ver,  a^'ain  iiin:li.' 


tl 


leu'  a])pearance,  anc 


I  in  L 


el.)ruarv  surrouii'K 


dlhc 


(ilv 


Tlie  nunil)er  of  the  hesie^-ei's  incn-ased  rajjidly,  and  th'- 
l)L'lea'j;uered  in  the  latter  part  of  iVpril  and  bcLjiiuiiii^' 
of  ^lay  found  themselves  reduced  to  the  last  eKlrem- 
ity.  Their  water  su[)i)ly  had  been  cut  oil*,  and  most  of 
the  garrison  had  ])erished.  Despair! ii;jj  of  any  relief, 
the  city  capitulated  under  a  u^uarantee  that  the  lives  of 
the  S[)aniards  and  other  royalists  would  be  s[)ar('d;  to 
Vvdilch  stipulation,  according  to  custom,  not  the  sligiit- 
est  attention  was  subs3quently  paid.^ 

'Tlie  iiis'irijoiit  (!lii('ft<   .  •r.injindinq  the  besiegers  wore  Jos(5  ,S:inclio7:  do  l;i 
^'c'^^•l,  vicar  of  Clat'ott'iirc,  ti.o  h;uiio  wlio  rcpulscil  tlio  royalist  hriiiiiilir 


,  LI 


at  Izui'ur,   the   cnra  'Jaina,  tlio   Fi'.iiiL'iscaii  friai 


Marl. 
.,■1 


Arrnyi 


111    otii 


Th 


1 

liarisli   ]ivU'f 


)ari;in'ii, 


i; 


;iiic), 


anion  Sl'^ilM;l, 


111   oilier   re.s]i.etalile 


eel,■lc^sia.sUcs  were  ])resi'iit  at  tlio  f^igiiiui^  of  the  sliimlatioiis.     Alter  tlu;  gai'i 


f>;iii  hiiil  (l-i\vii  tlu'ir  arms,  on  Uie  (iiii 


•  i  May,  tl 


y,  tlie  Spauianls  were  eo 


IMllIK 


the  jKililio  jail,  ami  their  shops  ami  dwellings  sacked.  JIunilreds  of  laMiilics 
■were  tliiis  reduced  (o  be^^'ary.  Next  day  the  Spaniards  uere  stripiicd  of 
their  clothes,  bound  in  },'roiips  of  three,  and  by  the  guerrilla  Ari'ojo  con- 
\  eyed  on  foot  to  'i'ecaniachaleo,  where  three  of  them  were  shot,  the  sun  nf  llio 
f;ni)dcleL;ado  Sanchez,  one  of  the  victims,  being  eomiM'lled  to  be  present  at  hi* 
fat'iier's  execution.  Jleai'ing  that  the  people  of  Tecaniaehalco  were  on  the 
point  of  lising  to  oppose  these  execuLlonc,  Arroyo  had  tlio  other  prisoners, 
foitv-thrce  in  nuinlier,  taken  out  and  shot      One  of  the  unfortunates  was  a 


Freuchniaii  named  Dasil  Mazas,  a  man  iioteil  for  his  acts  of  beuevoliiue 


id 


charity.     A  few  days  before,  the  Spauiixrda  who  capitulated  in  San  Ai.Jrca 


oniZAi'.A  takj:x. 


39ft 


While  ilic  ill(Ir|H'll(li'!i(s  Wfl'c  cuiicrlitrjltill'^  !irt>Ull(l 
T<!iii;ii'aii,  ^rariaiio  At-  las  j-'uciitcs  Alarcoii,  curate  el' 
^laltrala,"  raised  a  I'orce  and  deelared  !oi-  iiide|ieii(Ieiiee, 
luiviiii^  cast  a  cannon  with  the  metal  ot'  the  lai'^i' 
chinch  hell.  J>esides  ket'|)inn'  a  watch  on  ()ri/al)a, 
lie  captnred  every  passini^  train  having'  niefchandise 
i'or  tlie  I'oyali.^ts.     lie  put  men  imdor  Miguel  Morono, 


'■V, 


Mrii  \       \    {^"yr'   "  '•HlllillohlMiiIl*;; 


'■■9'<-] 


• -vr V'.  .v'-'  .•'''^'•■^^■-  ;    .     v^ 


'  Vl  ^   )'?/  ,y;         ^lluatiisco 

'    Chululi  7    PUEBLA  ■*  ''>,-*  *i7"s,;;»       ^-~-.^.,-^ 

\      ''  Sun  Alitlrcl  ' '  r*'  ,  \  .  r\ 

'  "N..      CU.l.i. lula,  :   •^.'       .1        \  \  I      vO- 

,Vc\V*,     l'ul..Kir:.,     'r. ■■....,■...  1I.U-.1  ):otJuI)u  I   \^~~;, 
>                      iA.ul.liyj,,/^_^—  ■o„„.alo.i 

'  '  "/   ^i  '*  ^ ^ 

T.,l,.,n,.V,.,'  ^.  ^-  ,  >■    F  ^*'. 


VERA  CRUZV 
Ja:iiu|>ii 

Tl:iiri...iau,i 


'   - ^,.>~^^>^_/C\  oJiuoj""!"'" 


/_ 


PUEBLA  ANM   SorTlIEUN'   Vf.UA   (JkCZ. 

who  with  great  activity  began  to  plunder  and  desolate 
the  neighhoring  haciendas,  daily  augmenting  his  loi-ce. 
]/ieuteuaiit-colonel  ^liguel  Viva,  comaiulante  at  Ori- 

('li!i!Lliicfininla  liad  1)ccn  sliot  by  orilcr  of  the  ]iriost  Sanclicz  <lo  la  Vega. 
Ot..  ih'  M,.,:,  ]S|-_',  iii.  774-7;  iiti.^tauuuite,  CnwI.  Ili^.,  ii.  l;)()-l;  Alnnniii, 
ll'"!.   Mij.,  iii.  '.'•_"_'-."). 

■  From  its  jiositiou  botwccn  Tcliuacaii  ami  Orizaba,  wliere  tlic  liill  of  tlie 
s.iiiH'  iKiMK^  tcnninatt's,  it  was  at  that  time  almost  the  only  jias-;a'j;c  lictwceii 
I'll'  1  ill  and  Ori/.aha,  Cordoba,  aud  Jalapa,  the  road  over  Acidciu^'o  not  Lav- 
ing' )  1.1  bcfu  made. 


1; 


!■ 


^; 


P 


41 


J 


i] 


400 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  WAR. 


zaba,  on  being  ap[)i'iso<l  of  tlioso  doings,  dospatclied  a 
force  to  bfiuijj  awav  from  Aculcinsxo  the  cliureli  iiaia- 
mcnts  and  the  frightened  priest.  His  I'orce  was  ;it- 
taeked  by  tlie  insurgents,  who  (hspersed  the  cavahy 
and  coinpellfd  tlie  infantry  to  retreat  to  Orizaba.^ 

Before  lonij"  the  villa  of  Orizaba  found  itseU"  s(  li- 
ouslv  menaced  by  tlie  united  forces  of  tlie  curate  of 
Zongolica,  Juan  ^lontezuma  y  Cortes,'*  and  Alarcoii. 
The  place  had  a  garrison  of  400  or  500  men  undrr 
Lieutenant-colonel  Jose  ]\ranuel  Panes.  Its  only 
defence  was  a  stockade  on  the  Santa  Catalina  bridge, 
half  a  league  from  the  villa,  manned  by  100  infantry, 
thirty  cavalry,  and  a  few  artillerymen  to  manage  one 
gun.  The  inde[)endents  attacked  on  the  '22d  of  'Sh\y, 
and  again  on  the  i!8th.  They  had  no  difficulty  in  en- 
tering the  villa  by  the  Angostura  gate.  Panes  ;it 
first  (.'oucentrated  in  the  Carmen  convent,  but  ha\"ing 
neither  [)rovisions  nor  water  he  evacuated  the;  place 
and  went  to  Cordoba,  after  destroying  the  aninuini- 
tion  he  could  not  carry  away,  the  Carmelites,  who 
were  mostly  Spaniards.  ;ind  the  rest  of  the  Ivaropeaiis 
accom|)anying  him.'  The  curate  of  Zongolica,  no'.v 
having  the  rank  of  colonel,  tried  to  int:erce])t  the 
royalists  on  the  ]']s(,'amela  bridge;  but  being  attat-k'.'d 
by  the  major  of  the  Tlascala  regiment,  he  il(>d  iu 
the  Tuxpango  sugar-mill,  leaving  with  the  (.astoia- 
house  guards  his  baggage.  ]\larching  by  night,  Panes 
reacheil  C6i'dol)a  early  ne.\>:  morninn'. 

At  f)  o'clock  in  the  alternoon  of  the  28tli  Alarcon 
and  JNIoreno  entered  Ori^'.aba.  Their  men  were  poorly 
armed  and  had  but  little  anmiuaition,  which  they 
consumed  that  night  in  salutes  to  the  virgin  of  Gua- 


'  Piiz's  report  to  Ooncrnl  ('drlna  Uirntin.  cninmnnikT  at  Vera  Ci'iiz,  on  the 
'_Utli  of  Mmrli,  (.'iiz.  ilc  Mcx..  lsl-„>,  iii.  4I7--M). 

*Jl('  liclcl  as  adeSL'eiiilaiit  of  .Moiitcziimaa crevVvYji/o  in  Tcpcjl'  <lc  li.^  Sdlas. 
Uustainaiito,  who  knew  liiiu  well,  says  ho  wa.s a  perfect  iiiiaLji'.  of  tlie  enipci''ii'. 
Imt  ■\voiilil  luako  a  lietter  preaehcr  than  sohlier.  (_'ii>i>/r'i  I/i''.,  ii.  loo-U. 
Ahiniuu  dill  not  know  iiow  the  descent  came.  ///■^/.  Mi  J.,  iii.  --'i.  It  wa.3  lie 
Avlu)  sent  the  lawyer  iVrj^iii'lles  to  confer  with  Rosaius  and  Osorno. 

*  I'auos' reports,  in  d'lr..  ilc  J/cf.,  ISIJ,  iii.  "■'^ISS,  7t)4-li;  Orizava,  Ocur- 
reucias,  4-1j;  liivvra,  Jlist.  Jakqia,  i.  ;}S0. 


CAPTURE  OF  CORDOCA. 


401 


(lulnpo.  Tlioy  were  soon  joined  hy  ^.lontezunia,  Fmn- 
c'isco  Lciva,  JAulro  Sanclioz,  and  Arroyo,  tlio  t(jtal 
I'ureo  bcinL;*  now  1,500  men.  ITopin^j;  to  ca[)tiire  Cor- 
(Idlia,  a  demand  for  its  surrender  was  sent  to  I'ancs, 
mi  K'fused.  Presently,  however,  the  independents 
learned  that  a  laru:e  foree  of  r(jva!i.st  reu^ular  trooiJS 
was  coming  upon  them.  A  general  retreat  then  set 
ill,  the  curate  of  Zon<jfolica,  who  was  the  first  to 
niiive,  returnin<jf  to  his  town.  The  viccrov  had  ordered 
Llano,"  on  his  return  from  Cuautla,  to  march  from 
Tuehla  with  '2,203  men,  and  attack  the  insurgents 
iiiti'eiiclied  at  Tecamachalco  and  Te[)eaca,  being  spe- 
cially desirous  of  securing  52,000  bales  of  toba<;co 
v.Iiich  were  at  Orizaba  and  Cordoba. '^  In  the  m<jrti- 
iiig  of  May  oOth  the  independents  tried  to  check 
Jjlaiio's  advance  at  the  town  of  Amozoque  l)ut  were 
ri'pulscd.'^  "^''^''y  Juado  a  second  attempt  on  the  Aca- 
tlaii  and  Santiago  hills,  and  a  third  on  the  para[)ets 
of  Tepeaca,  but  were  defeated  with  the  l(»ss  of  six 
guns.  From  Te[)eaca,  Llano  advanced  ra[)idly  u[)on 
Orizaba,  and  took  it  on  the  11th  of  June."  At  lirst 
he  resolved  to  put  the  population  to  the  sword,  but 
was  i)revented  thi'ouii'h  the  intercession  (jf  the  I'riars 
or"  San  Josd  de  (jracia.  Without  loss  of  time  lu; 
aihaiicrd  on  Cordoba,  and  Panes  returned  to  Ori- 
;'.al)a,  but  being  suspected  •  >!'  insurgent  proclivities  was 
Miperseded  by  Colonel  Andiado. 

On  the  i25th  Llano  started  on  his  return  to  Puebla, 
liavii)!--  in   chargfo    4,01)8    bales   of   tobacco.      Several 


i-l 


fli 


;     'I'. 


\  11 


''  111  Di'ilcr  tliaf.  Llano  might  attenil  to  tlio  c;inipaii;ii,  tlio  vicprfpynppointinl 
t!io  iiuirisc.il  do  ciiiiii>o,  coiulu  tlo  (,';i.-itro  Torn  ii.),  ;i  f^iaiiik'o  wlio  luul  oouic  to 
Mcxii'!)  lor  iithci- imrpoaoa,  militaiy  fuul  civil  y;jvi.'iiioi'  of  I'iicl)la,  apu-ition 
tiiiit  lio  ;ii.'i'o|)leil  out  ot' c:jnsiili'i';i  iou  for  tlio  viceroy.  Arefheili-rrda,  Ainnd. 
lfi.'t..'Sh\y2r,,  181J;  Mamiiii,  JJIsf.  JLJ.,  in.  Ilj4. 

'  J'lii  ■  ;il)out  all  the  viceroy  Iiuil  ti  raiso  rovoinio  from  at  this  time. 

Till'  miiiiOL,  of  tho  royalist  force  as  yivoii  in  the  text  \v;is  fouinl  in  the  otlico 
01  tlic  \iccroy'M  secretary.   J}i'slitinrt;iti;  < 'iiail.  //i.sf.,  ii.   I;;ij. 

''LhiiKj'a  rei)(;rt  to  the  viceroy  is  dated  .Juiiu  '.'A.  O'uz.  dc  Mix.,  ISl'J,  iii. 
Tll-I(i.  *  ' 

'.huio  lOtli  ho  assaulted  tho  hatteries  j)laced  by  tlicenn'te  ALireon  on  the 
lulls  of  lluilapa,  and  dislodi^'od  tlie  iiisin;.'('iit8.     Tin-  next  day  !'.•  mot  witli 
tlio  >:iiiio  sucooKs  at  1'ie  enlranoo  of  La  Aiigo.>tura.   ll'i-iuniiiidi .  I'wc.L  Jliit., 
ii.  lo7;  Mui'lMI,  /{,.t.  //;.</.,  i;',!--.';  A'av/'u,  Jli^l.  JuLqxi,  i.  oST. 
Umr.  Mes.,  \  ol.  IV.    'Jj 


mim 


402 


nior.RESS  OF  the  war. 


parties  of  indopciulents,  ('(Miiiuandod  by  Fatlicr  .San- 
chez, 0.s(n"i(),  El  Beudito,  Mancliorro,  aiul  others,  took 
up  positions  on  the  heights  of  Aculeingo  to  interrujit 
his  passage  and  to  capture  the  tohucco.  Lhmo,  how- 
ever, dislodged  them  from  every  place,  and  arrived 
at  Puehla  without  loss  on  the  28th.  The  tobacco 
reached  Mexico  on  the  5th  of  July  under  a  strong 
esc(jrt. 


There  were  many  thrilling  adventures,  many  sad 
episodes,  during  the  war  for  independence.  In  ^.[ardi 
of  this  year  there  was  hxhj^ed  in  the  castle  of  San  Juan 
de  Ulua  Jose  ^Mariano  de  ]Michelena,  who,  thougli 
holding  only  the  rank  of  captain,  had  much  politi- 
cal influence,  and  in  later  years  became  a  promi- 
ucnt  statesman.  At  f.ist  he  was  innnured  in  a  daik' 
cell  duii'  out  of  the  rock,  and  was  <jciven  only  a  board 
for  his  bed;  but  his  health  becominn'  thei'c^by  u'reath' 
impaired,  the  comandante  of  the  fort  asked  (iciu  im1 
Urrutia  to  allow  him  to  1)0  removed  to  tlu;  adjutaiil's 
quarters,  the  jietitioner  being  responsible  for  his  safct; . 
The  request  was  gi'anted;  and  thus  the  [)risoner  caii'c 
to  be  placed  in  relations  with  the  officers  of  the  garii- 
son  and  with  his  friends.  Among  his  visitors  was  a 
popular  young  treasury  clerk,  Cayetano  Perez,  an 
enthusiast  on  behalf  of  his  country's  freedom.  ]*nt- 
tiuLi'  their  heads  tou'cther,  Michclena  and  Perez 


SOI  III 


hit 


U| 


[nm  a  plan  to  get  possession  ot  the  castle,  a 


d 


of  the  men-of-war.  Tliey  wt)uld  take  a  day  wluii  ;i 
heavy  norther  was  blowing,  st*  that  the  other  >liii)~ 
could  not  get  at  them,  but  they  could  get  at  tli'! 
other  shi[)s.'"  The  plan  ap[)eared  well  conceived,  ai:d 
promised  success;  but  alas!  in  the  execution  all  was 


'Mioliclciia  (lotidloil  oil  tlic  '2d  of  Oct.  ISTO,  tlic  ])l;ii.  to  Ahinwn,  \vl 


lo  al?a 


ol)tiiiiKil  ii  iiaiTiitivf  rnnii  Maiiiul  I'orez,  a  lii'otliei'  of  (,'ayi'tano.    'J'lie  sclicmo 
vas  to  will  oMT  till.' most  rclialilo  ollici'is  of  the  Vi  ra  I'niz  iv'fiinciit,  I"  i:i,' 


4'  til 


I'lilliii'v  (U^tai'li 


it,  wli 


tluir 

of    till!    Jll 


lo  Would  ilo  what  llicy  wow  askci 


1  U: 


iiiiaiulir,  I'l'ilro  \olasoo  ValiK's,  ho  liuiiiu  iiiterosteil  in  tlu^  siifocsa 


IV'rez's  part  wa.s  to  sidzo  the  hastii 


vhioli  he  had  iiiado  anaiiL'oiiu'iits  liuforehaiid. 


il  gate  of  the  Jiier,  tor 


ilali 


it  tl 


\\  U!4  I 


ileciunl  iii'ucliciiole. 


.1/. 


//(■'/.  .''1(J.,  iv.  Sb-DO,  lip.,  ;{- 


in  IMlt 


CAYETAXO  PEIIKZ. 


403 


lo.-i.  BoiiiL''  <k'tec'to(l,  Perez  and  several  others  were 
iiiTestcil  oil  the  18th  of  March,  and  hurriedly  trieil. 
IVrez  and  live  others  were  sentenced  to  death,  and 
executed  on  the  20th  of  July. '^  One  Molina,  to  save 
Iiis  own  life,  accused  ^Michelena,  hut  was  unal)le  to 
prove  his  words,  as  Perez,  the  only  one  havin;^'  knowl- 
c(!L;'e  of  the  details,  had  refused  to  divul^'e  them, 
^lichelena,  Merino,  and  others,  however,  hein<^  sus- 
j)ccted,  were  sent  to  Spain,  where  the  first  named 
continued  his  military  career,  and  rose  to  be  a  lieu- 
tenant-colonel. 

"  ts  worcrecoverinn  "^  "^ 


'oy; 


ipcacr 


uch;dco,  and  Orizaba,  the  independents  had  been  in- 
tent on  some  imiJortant  idaces  Ljariisoned  bv  viceregal 
Inices.  A  consjiiracy  was  [)laiuied  by  a  sero-eant  in 
Perote — ^where  Olazabal  had  remained  after  Jiis  loss 


the  train  at  XopaUtc 


an- 


-to  surrender  tlic  fortre^ 


All    tlie    leadinu'    (jthcers,    with   Castro   Terren 


no  an* 


I 


Olazjibal  at  their  head,  were  to  be  killed.  The  pint 
was  detected  o!i  the  8th  of  June,  and  the  conspir- 
ators beinn'  arrested  and  tried  by  court-mailial,  a!l 
w'eie  sentenced  to  death  and  ei^'ht  days  afterwarvl 
f-lmt  in  the  castle  moat.^" 
M  was  now  midsunnner,  and  at  the  capital  no  news 


I'l  I  coMo  from 


^I'a  Cruz  I'or  three  niontlu 


i: 


\'(.Ml 


U. 


n'.'enuity   of  the    merchants   ct)uld    not    invc'iit 

>  to  i4-ct  a  letter  throip^li.-'^     FtU'ther  than  this, 

'1<<  '4  w  ,;-e  stdierino".      Pa[)er  was  o'ettini^  scarce;  at 


tlie    tio-af    ia(.'tory:   ai 


id    tl 


le 


^^   vicerov  hnallv   or( 


k>re(  I 


klaiio  to  march  with  his  division  to  Jala[)a,  esct)rtin^* 

'J'he  live  others  wui'c  .Tost'  Isvaristo  Molina,  Jose  lu'iiacio  Murillo,  T.arto- 


I'riiil 


t'iK'io  Suva. 


^ix  y< 


loii)!'  Floit'3,  Jose  Xiuasio  ArizniLMidi,  ami  .li 

Hiti'i'  till'  iuilciu'iuluiR'u  was  SL'i'iireil,  tlu;  stati-  I'oiiu'i'cs.-i  liail  a  tahli't  jilaocil  in 

tlir  town  liall,  foiiinu'Uiorativc  of  tlio  cvt-iit,  ami  oiiiitaiiiiuL;  tho  nauiL's  o 


IX  VktUU.-l. 


Ijiistaniniito,  ('wuL  lliM. 


loiri 


loi.ileiiee  o 


f  th. 


)f  ti 


141-."),  t'ivi'-i  the  text  of  a  letter  found  in 


lie  lie  (/astro  'I'dieno  with  V 


IS,    SMIlllOSl 


.1 


11.  s.\:\. 


heen  written  in  .lalapa  to  (Jen.  D.lvila  in  Vera  ('ruz.     Anion;,;  tlio,i! 

il    v.M.s  Vicente  Aeufia,  who   had    heen    Itauishcd    liy   tliu   jnntii   do 

iidad,  and  had  returned  uiulcr  thu  general uninesty.   Alainnii,  lll<t.  M' J., 

Vreeliederreta,  Aptiiil.  ll\^t.,  said  early  in  July  that  the  last  udvi>;  ^ 


^ve:■u  of  April  JOtii 


'■'i     n 
J 


•  i} 


]':  I 


404 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  WAR. 


t'! 


n  consiijnmcnt  of  flour  to  Vera  Cruz,  and  lirincriii" 
back  some  paper.  Llano  deemed  a  small  tletachmeiit 
sufficient  lor  the  merchandise  service;  and  lie  would 
occupy  himself  meanwhile  in  brinaciufj  under  vicereijal 
subjection  the  towns  in  the  vicinity  of  Jalapa."  Leav- 
injf  Puebla  on  the  3d  of  July,  on  the  way  to  Perote 
Llano  was  attacked  at  Tepeyahualco  by  insur<^ents, 
who  were  defeated  and  put  to  flight  with  the  loan  of  five 
guns,  by  Li  ^  'onjint-colonel  Jose  ^loran  of  the  cavalry. 
Llano  found  /  i  beset  by  the  enemy,  and  provisions 

scanty.  The  ..  le  province  wan  in  a  state  of  iiisur- 
roclion,  and  connnunications  so  interrupted  that  in 
Jala])a,  as  in  Mexico  and  Puebla,  nothing  was  known 
of  affairs  in  Vera  Cruz.  From  some  insurgent  ]iris- 
oners  he  learned  that  Vera  Cruz  was  surrounded  by 
ibes,  who  swarmed  up  to  its  very  suburbs;  that  a  vc'j;\- 
lueut  of  the  Castilla  infantry  from  Spain  and  another 
from  Campeche  had  been  unable  to  cut  their  way 
through  to  the  interior,  though  the}'  had  made  several 
sallies;  and  thut  a  permanent  court-martial  had  been 
established  under  Colonel  Daoiz,  recently  arrived  from 
JSjiain.  Llano  saw  at  once  that  he  had  to  abandon  liis 
tuiginal  plans,  and  in  spite  of  the  deadly  season  lie  must 
go  (»n  to  the  much  infected  seaport.  Taking  troops 
native  to  that  region  that  he  found  in  Jalapa,''  hv 
set  out  v>'itli  the  flour  on  the  24tli  of  July,  and  alter 
some  flghting  reached  Vera  Cruz  the  30tli.  He 
I'ound  the  once  famous  Castilla  regiment  reihiced  to 
a  lew  dying  ineii.^"  On  his  return  to  Jalaj)a,  Llano 
escorted  2,000  mules  laden  with  merchandise,  a  larg(^ 
number  of  passengers  in  vehicles,  and  forty  boxes  ol' 
mail  matter  from  Spain.  At  Perote  ho  was  jointil 
by  Olazilbal  with  a  few  detachments.     From  Ojo  do 

'* Llano's  reportsof  his  expedition  to  Vera  Cniz  arc  in  Oaz.  de  3fex.,  ISl'J, 
iii.  .s:n--2,  'J'.»l,  <)•_'■")-!);  BiiMamitiite,  Cnadro  Hixt.,  ii.  14-J-(i. 

'•'  IJoforo  setting  out  he  niarclicJ  iv^ainst  a  rebel  junta  at  Xauliuyo,  which 
hurried  away  at  his  approach,  on  tho  ISth  of  July,  leaving  five  guns  ami 
sonic  other  arms. 

""'It  originally  had  l.-SOO  men,  .^OO  of  whom  perished  of  the  black-vomit; 
the  other  SOO  reached  Jalapa.  From  Campeche  came  also  l,;{()0,  of  \\  hnin 
50J  rcenforced  th-  girrijau  of  Orizaba,  auil  lii';  rest  remained  at  N'era  Cruz. 


APAM  PLAINS. 


-105 


Ai-'Uii,  near  Puebla,  lio  sent  to  Castro  Tcnvno  on  th(3 
■J7tli  of  August  triplicatos  of  his  reports  to  the  viei'- 
roy,  nothing  having  been  hitherto  known  of  his  move- 
ments owing  to  his  tlespatches  liaving  l^ecn  inter- 
cepted.^' The  expedition  arrived  in  Mexieo  on  the 
jtli  of  September. 

The  [)hiins  of  Apam,  common  to  the  provinces  of 
^Mexico  and  Puebla,  had  been  but  scantily  ijfarrisoned 
since  Soto's  division  marched  to  Iziicar  in  Decejuber 
1811.  Owing  to  this,  Tulancingo  was  assailed,  about 
the  middle  of  l-bruary,  by  3,000  cavalry  and  300 
infantry  under  generals  Anaya,  Cahas,  and  Serrano, 
and  colonels  Osorno,  Olvera,  and  Guarneros;  but  the 
assailants  w(;re  beaten  oft'by  Captain  Las  Picdras  witli 
his  small  force  of  a  little  over  100  men  of  regular 
troops,  and  the  royalist  auxiliaries.'^  The  hostile  par- 
ties extended  their  raids  to  the  city  of  Tezcuco,  wiioso 
small  garrison  made  several  sallies  and  prevented  their 
capturing  the  place.  Of  all  other  places,  hcnvever, 
must  desired  was  Pachuca,  a  mining  centre,  having 
Spaniards  to  kill  and  silver  bars  to  capture.  On  the 
-oil  of  April  Serrano  undertook  the  attack  with  500 
men,  and  two  pieces  of  artillery  managed  by  Vicente 
])cristain,  a  brother  of  the  archdeacon  of  ]\[exico.'^ 
They  soon  had  possession  of  all  the  houses  but  three, 
v.iiich  were  held  by  Madera,  and  the  conde  de  Casa 
Alta,  who  conunanded  the  royalist  forces.  During  the 
whole  of  that  day  the  three  houses  were  under  ilre, 
paiticularly  the  one  owned  by  A'illaldea,  a  rich  miner. 
Xiiiht  came  on,  when  some  of  the  houses  cau^^ht 
liie,  and  altogether  the  people  were  badly'  fiighteiied. 
I'lio  religious  of  the  apostolic  college  finally  mediated 
to  obtain  terms  of  capitulation,  which  the  insurgents 


i  i' 


l| 


!1 


m 


'"His  ilespatchea  were  intercepted  at  El  Carmen,  and  out  of  revenge  lio 
now  liunied  the  town.  C'az.  dc  ^^t'x.,  1812,  iii.  !)-Jl. 

'"Olvera  was  shot  dead  by  the  eliaplain.  It  is  noticed  that  several  jiriest.s 
j"iii.d  hotly  in  tlie  fighting.  Oaz.  tie  Mc.v.,  ISl'J,  iii.  '207-11. 

'"The  plaec  was  in  charge  of  Lieutenant-colonel  Madera,  who  had  brought 
n  fi  \v  111(11  fiiPiii  Tulancingo.  From  the  capital  had  been  sent  '_'.')  dragoons 
imdcr  Subdioiitenaiit  Juaii  Joso  Andrade,  but  he  went  over  to  the  enemy. 
I>i>jrio,  .\1S.,  in  Alamuii,  IJinl.  McJ.,  ii.  577. 


'J 


1 L   '  4 


a 


400 


rnOGRESS  OF  THE  WAR. 


gi'aiitctl.*'  Next  day  news  canio  that  Vicente  Fer- 
nandez Nvitli  a  force  from  Tlaliuelilpan  was  aj)|)roa(li- 
iuif  to  relieve  Paeluica.  With  some  difficulty  Madera 
^atistied  the  insurgents  that  there  had  been  no  treacli- 
wy  on  his  part;  and  to  convince  them,  he  went  with  a 
jiriest  of  the  apostolic  college  to  recjnest  Fernandez 
tit  retire.  But  during  the  conference  the  lat  er  chief 
noticed  that  insurgents  were  occupying  posi,  ions  in 
his  rear;  indeed,  they  had  opened  tire  on  his  men. 
He  therefore  beat  a  I'etreat,  and  the  insurgents  u.-^ed 
this  as  a  pretext  to  arrest  ail  the  S})aniards  and  convey 
them  to  Sultepec.-^  The  viceroy,  in  ignorance  of  the 
occurrences  at  Pacliuca,  on  the  25th  of  April  de- 
!-|iatc]ied  oOO  men  with  two  howitzers  to  bring  away 
tlie  sih  or  b;Ms,  and  j)rovide  the  place  with  coin  and 
tobacco;  but  the  force  only  reached  San  Cristobal  and 
returned  on  the  27th. 

The  re})eated  losses  thus  sustained  by  the  royalists  in 
the  last  two  months  greatly  troubled  Venegas,  wlm 
in  his  correspondence  with  Calleja  clearly  intimated 
that  the  ca{)turo  of  Cuautla  was  a  question  of  life 
or  death.  Had  the  insurejents  acted  tou^ether  uii- 
der  one  or  more  leaders,  and  on  some  uniform  plan, 

'"Tlic  tfi'ins  of  c.i])itiilatioii  wi.ro:  All  .inns  anil  valualjlc!^  of  tlio  loval 
tivasiuy,  incluilinji  upwards  of  'JOi)  har.s  of  silver,  were  to  1)0  niirioiiikiod, 
iinil  in  onnsiiloration  tlioivof  tlio  lives  of  tlio  solilicis  and  Sjianiards  woro 
,muii'antcoil,  and  passports  woi'o  to  lie  ;^'i\  on  tho  lattor  to  l^o  wlioro  tiny  pleasoil. 
'J'ho  tniops  wcro  loft  froo  to  join  tlio  involution  if  tlioy  dosiiv'd;  many  of  t!;o 
men  and  one  Spaniard,  named  Milogaray,  did  so.  Jhi-itdinnii/c,  Ciuuli-o  llhl., 
i.  :!(1!I-T:{. 

-'  Madora  was  left  free  and  joinecl  Las  Piodrns  at  Tulaiieingo.  Wv  was 
novor  aL;ain  trusted  with  a  oomiiiand.  The  eoiido  do  Casa  Alta,  tlioit^^h  ear- 
1  iid  to  Siiltepec,  was  suspeetod  of  liavint.'  gone  there  not  uinvillingly  incaiisc 
lit'  \\as  of  tlio  family  of  tho  late  vieoroy  Iturrigai'ay,  an<l  had  lieen  his  master 
of  the  horse.  His  sul)se(|Ment  eonduct  .strengthened  the  sus|iieion.  'i'lic 
eoiint  eertainly  remained  with  the  independents  till  his  death,  w  hiehoeoiirn  d 
s':ortly  after  from  disease  in  a  small  town  of  Miehoaoan.  The  insurgents 
divided  the  liooty;  a  portion  of  the  hars  Avere  sent  to  liaycjn,  and  a  portion 
reserved  for  Morolos;  some  were  eoincil  by  Osorno  under  JJeristain'sdircetion, 
at  /aeatlaii.  It  wasstiited  that  Serrano  paid  one  silver  bar  for  a  pairof  fancy 
fhois  of  the  kind  used  liy  tho  eountry  j)Coplc  at  their  feasts.  The  infriiiu'e- 
mont  of  the  eapitulation  at  I'aehuea,  sustained  by  the  junta  at  Sullepee,  was 
ail  evidonee  that  Doetor  Cos'  plan  do  gnerra  really  had  no  weight  witii  the 
ONisting  powers.  The  Sjianiarils,  with  tho  eseeption  of  tlireo  who  eseapeil, 
were  Bliot.  It  was  alleged  tliat  tliey  had  atteiiiiitodtoeseapc.  A/'Uiutii,  /ll^'. 
jtli'j.,  ii.  r)77-Sl;  iii.  lo--^;  Zumacois,  Ill-it.  Mij.,  viii.  31S-o"2;  (/«;.  dc  JA.c, 
lbi-1,  iii.  7l7-'^0. 


MEXICO  AND  PUKBLA. 


407 


Mhile  tlio  goverimiciit  troops  wcro  ki-pt  so  fully 
()('cu|)iod  l>y  Mort'los,  tlio  ti'iuin[)li  of  the  cause 
Mould  have  beei)  at  oiiee  assured.  But  the  men 
were  not  at  hand  for  the  eniert^eiicy ;  that  is,  men 
cajiahle  of  bringing  that  too  wateiy  mass  into  a 
state  of  concretion,  such  as  to  make  it  serviceal)le; 
aiitl  the  result  was  that  Calleja  was  allowed  to  take 
t!ie  ])lace,  dispersinuf  the  forces  cn<4'aged  in  its  de- 
f  nee,  and  leavin<^  the  royalist  army  free  to  opei'ate 
in  various  directions,  and  to  I'ccover  the  lost  towns. 
All  this  time  that  Morelos  was  nobly  struufu'lino'  for 
liiL,di  princi])lcs,  for  liberty,  humanity,  freedom  of 
tliouij^ht,  and  indepcnd(inco  of  country,  lai'ge  nund)ei's 
of  so-called  revolutionists  were  occujtying  themselves 
in  labors  little  better  than  those  (^f  banditti,  robbing, 
murdering,  drinking,  and  gambling.  Tho  govern- 
ment was  thus  enabled  to  extricate  itself  from  the 
jiiiinl'ul  situation  late  events  had  placed  it  in,  and 
again  to  resume  the  offensive. 

A  few  days  after  the  siege  of  Cuautla  had  begun, 
tliei'e  was  a  movement  against  the  independent  cause 
in  the  rcLjion  known  as  tierra  calieiite  del  Sur,  in  the 
provinces  of  Mexico  and  Puebla.  That  ])ai't  of  the 
(■■)nntry  had  been  occupied  by  ]Morelos  after  he  de- 
Icated  a  number  of  royalist  counnanders,  l)ut  his 
cuntiol  of  it  was  not  continuous  or  assured.  There 
wrre  many  towns  still  recognizing  tlie  viceregal  au- 
tiioi'ity;  and  as  s(K)n  as  Morelos  found  himself  ])ent 
up  in  Cuautla,  unable  to  detach  any  ])ortion  of  his 
i'oreos,  his  agents  were  soon  exj)elled  from  the  places 
v.liere  he  had  ap])ointed  them.--' 

The  connnander  of  the  fifth  dix'ision  of  southern 
militia,  Francisco  Paris,  when  on  his  way  to  reoccupy 

'--Most  of  the  sugar  estates  in  tliat  couiitry  wcie  owneil  liy  Spaniards, 
vhn,  husiiles  allurdiiii.;  to  ii  larue  miiiiijor  of  inlialiitaiits  tlii^  incaiisuf  ciii'iiiiiL,'  a 
livclihooil,  liail  attaciiecl  them  liy  contiiiiicil  arts  of  kimhiuss.  .MoitIos  liad 
I'liiised  tliesciziire  of  estates,  and  placed  in  them  overseers  to  I'eceive  tlit;  piod- 
ii'c,  whose  vahie  was  applied  to  the  support  of  the  iiideiienihlit  forces,  lint 
tlie  cinploycs  and  servants,  w  lien  they  saw  that  Moivlos could  scud  nos\ij)port 
to  tlie  overseers,  forthwith  expelled  them,  and  the  control  of  the  tatates  ru- 
Vcncd  to  their  owners.  Alaiiuui,  Jiit-I.  ilij.,  ii.  o\\\  o. 


jii 


408 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  WAR. 


S; 


;  ,.  ■ 


h'fi: 


the  district  of  Tlapa  toward  the  end  of  March  1812, 
was  requested  by  Brigadier  IJonavia,  comuuinding  at 
Oajaca,  to  keep  within  call,  as  the  city  was  in  danger, 
a  large  force  of  insurgents  having  entered  the  ^liz- 
teca  country.  That  trouhle  being  over,  he  again  be- 
gan his  march,  when  a  second  detention  occurred, 
caused  by  the  insurgents  having  besieged  Regules  at 
Yanhuitlan.  Caldelas  was  despatched  to  llegules'  aid, 
but  as  the  insury^ents  raised  the  sieije  and  went  to 
Huajuapan,  those  officers  invested  that  town.  Marcli 
and  April  having  passed,  it  was  too  late  for  the  ex- 
pechtion  to  Tiapa,  and  Paris,  aware  tliat  Regules  and 
Caldelas  had  met  at  Huajuapan,  C(^ncluded  to  tala; 
up  a  position  at  Ayutla,  to  watch  the  departure 
or  flight  of  Morelos,  who  on  being  pursued  must 
go  by  way  of  Tlapa  if  he  retreated  to  the  coast  of 
Tecpan.  He  nmst  i)ass,  too,  through  Ayutla,  and 
there  Paris  hoped  to  place  him  in  check.^^  While 
there,  the  inhabitants  of  Chilapa,  said  to  have  been 
intensely  loyal  to  the  crown,  on  hearing  of  tlie  ap- 
proach of  a  royalist  party  from  Ayutla,  with  thu 
giant  Mr.rtin  Salmeron  leading,  struck  a  blow  for  the 
royal  cause,  seizing  Francisco  Montezuma,  the  sub- 
deleijado,  and  others  of  insurgent  antecedents,  and 
sent  them  as  prisoners  to  Paris  at  Ayutla.  Their 
example  was  followed  at  Tixtla,  Mochitlan,  Peta- 
quillas,  Quechultenango,  and  other  neighboring  towns; 
in  consequence  of  which  the  independent  chief  Maxi- 
mo Biavo,  finding  his  position  at  Chilpancingo  unten- 
able, after  the  artillery  and  a  few  muskets  had  been 
taken  to  El  Vekidero,  took  refuge  at  the  hacienda  of 
Chichihualco,  belonging  to  his  family.'^^  Paris  placed 
Captain  Manuel  del  Cerro  in  command  at  Chilapa, 
and  Captain  Anorve  was  also  ordered  there  with  a 
force  to  support  him.     Both  officers  at  once  organized 

'^^Soe  hia  report  from  Oinetepec,  April  11th,  ia  Oaz,  de  Mex.,  1812,  iii. 
898-904. 

■■"  See  Calleja's  letter  to  the  viceroy  enelosina;  one  of  Milxinio  Bravo  to  \\\i 
brother,  the  Ijiigadier  Miguel  Bravo,  of  April  'I'd,  151-,  from  ZuiuixiUijo.  O'l'.. 
dc  Max.,  ISl-',  iii.  491-4. 


THE  BRAVOS. 


409 


volunteer  companies  armed  with  the  muskets  that 
had  been  hidden  when  jMorelos  came.  The  samo 
iiii!asurcs  were  adopted  at  Chilpancingo;  indeed,  im- 
mediately after  Moreh:)3  escaped  from  Cuauthi  and 
lii.s  army  became  dispersed,  there  was  a  general  move- 
iiiunt  throughout  all  that  country  in  favor  of  the  royal 
cause. 

Among  the  officers  thus  dispersed  were  Leonardo 
]^iavo,  Jose  Mariano  dc  la  Piedra,  and  Colonel  Man- 
uel Sosa  with  twenty  men,  whose  whole  armament  con- 
sisted of  seven  muskets,  three  fowling-pieces,  two  pairs 
of  pistols,  and  five  sabres.  Journeying  south  through 
the  valley  of  Cuernavaca,  they  arrived,  worn  out 
with  fatigue,  on  the  5th  of  j\iay,  three  days  froui 
Cuautla,  at  the  hacienda  of  San  Gabriel,  the  j)ropcrty 
of  the  archroyalist  Gabriel  do  Yermo,  the  greater 
jjortion  of  whose  laboring  men  had  been  serving  as 
teamsters  and  otherwise  to  Calleja's  army.  But  the 
few  left  to  take  care  of  the  hacienda  were  neither 
less  loyal  to  the  crown  nor  less  attached  to  their 
employer.  Tney  had  kept  concealed,  to  meet  an 
emergency,  a  four-pounder,  some  nmskets,  and  annnu- 
iiition  for  a  few  days'  defence.  Led  by  a  Philippine 
Islander  named  Domingo  Perez,  or  El  Chino,  they 
disarmed  the  few  soldiers  and  fell  upon  Bravo  and 
his  companions.  Bravo  and  Sosa  attempted  to  de- 
fend themselves;  the  former  was  thrown  down  and 
hound  and  the  latter  killed  on  the  spot.  Piedra 
([uietly  surrendered.^"  The  three  were  taken  to  thu 
city  of  Me.x.ico  and  there  tried,  their  judge  being  that 
bitter  enemy  of  the  Creoles,  Oidor  Bataller.     Indeed, 


lii 


21 


-^CalL'ja  in  his  despatch  of  May  Oth  speaks  of  the  capture  of  Picch'o, 
I'ravo,  a,Ml  I'ercz,  the  last  named  a  lieiitciuuit-culonel  M'ho  witli  a  siiiail 
piity  of  twelve,  also  fugitives  from  Ciiautti,  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Sail 
(laliriel  men  a  few  days  after  the  others.  i,'nz.  dr  JIix..  LSl'J,  iii.  tSS,  7-'--l; 
Xi'ijirte,  iM(x.  iS'f';/.  XIX.,  v.  13;  liiinlaiiiaulc,  Ciiad.  Jlisl.,  ii.  73.  An  ex- 
tract of  the  proceedings  at  the  trial  of  Bravo  and  Piedra,  pidtlisiied  in  tho 
Diario  do  Mejico,  Sept.  '24th,  shows  the  former  to  have  been  only  a  brigadier, 
ami  tho  Latter  to  have  had  no  military  rank,  though  he  had  been  employed  col- 
lecting tithes  under  autiiority  of  Morelos,  whose  compadro  he  was.  All  tlio 
prisoners  were  sent  to  a  place  of  safety  iii  tho  barranca  of  Tilzapotla.  Ala- 
man,  Hid.  M(J.,  ii.  53o-7, 


il 

m 


410 


rUOGRESS  OF  THE  WAR. 


lii 


once  consii^nod  to  his  uieroiKss  justice,  their  fate  ^v;l,s 
sealed;  all  three  were  .shot  on  the  14th  of  Septeiuht  r, 
ill  the  oain[)()  del  ejido, 

Jh'avo's  son  Nieolas  was  the  pride  of  his  life.  And 
the  lather  was  no  less  worshipped  hy  the  son.  They 
Avere  both  men  of  u  j^enerous  nature,  no  less  l(jfty  in 
their  aims  than  self-sacriticin^•  and  bravo  in  thcii' 
methods  of  achieving  them.  Had  they  been  anciently 
of  L'ome,  they  would  have  outdone  all  the  Romans  in 
deeds  of  true  nobility.  They  were  on  the  side  of  in- 
de[)endence  because  they  loved  liberty,  and  would  sec 
their  country  delivered  from  this  most  hateful  opjjri-s- 
hion.  Gladly  would  the  viceroy  have  shower(.'d  on 
them  his  richest  ufifts  had  they  been  willing  to  scivc 
Spain;  but  they  ])referred  death  with  their  countiy 
deliverei.1,  f(jr  they  knew  that  some  must  die,  and  that 
thereby  deliverance  would  come. 

The  viceroy  desired  speciall}'  to  win  to  his  sitle  tl;u 
chivalrous  Nicolas,  for  there  was  no  fairer  specimen 
of  youthful  maidiood  to  be  found  on  the  })lanet.  lie 
had  already  risen  high  as  an  insurgent  leader,  and  en- 
joyed the  fullest  conhdence  and  att'ection  of  Morelos. 
Venegas  even  otFijred  Leonardo  liravo  his  life  if  he 
would  prevail  upon  his  son  and  brothers  to  abandon 
tlie  revcdution  and  accept  amnesty.'^"  But  the  Biavus 
were  not  the  stuff  slaves  are  made  of.  Leonardcj 
spurned  the  offer.     And  so  he  died.'''' 

It  hnppened  at  this  time  that  Nicolas  Bravo  had 
well  secured  in  his  camp  three  huiulred  Spaniards 
who  were  his  prisoners.     Some  of  them  were  otiicers 

^"Xicoliis  jjravo,  though  authorized  l)y  Moreloa  to  save  his  f.-itlior's  life  liy 
acceptiiiL;  the  proU'ercd  Ixion,  docliat'd,  saying  that  iio  had  h)st  faitli  in  \  iee- 
ro^fal  pludgus,  for  lie  rcinuniijurud  the  l)rotiii-'is  Orduna  at  Tt'pi'cuaoiiiki). 
TJiu  viuoi'oy  on  lii.s  part  refused  the  exehauge  teudeied  him  liy  Morelos  of  a 
iiuniher  of  .Spanish  prisoners  for  Leonardo  15ravo.  Alumaii,  ll'tM.  M'j-,  iii. 
'JJiD-Ul;  MciitLilAI,  Ji't'-'iinieii  Jli-if.,  1-R)-1;  IJustainaiite,  t'aud.  Hist.,  ii.  101--; 
J^^eijnl,',  Mex.  Shj.  X/X.,  v.  lOl-.j,  :U-2-3. 

'•''The  Mexican  government  <jn  the  liJth  of  July,  IS'J."],  ordered  a  nioim- 
mcnt  erected  to  the  memory  of  the  old  (latriot.  The  governor  and  ayiinta- 
iiiiunto  of  the  district  of  Mexico  decreed  Sept.  14,  18'27,  that  the  moiuinKiit 
should  1)0  paid  for  out  of  the  pul)lio  funds;  and  the  corner-stone  was  laid  two 
days  later  hy  the  junta  jiatriotica  of  the  capital.  Mex.  Col.  Urd.  y  JUtc,  ii. 
1-iy-ul;  Cor.  Fed.  Mex.  (ISl-J,  .Sept.  -Jl),  l-'i. 


A  NOBLE  REVENGE. 


411 


finiii  Spain;  some  were  wcaltliy  liacondados;  all  of 
tiuiii  loved  life,  as  indeed  had  Leonardo  Jiravo. 
Xiinl;L.s  J^ravo's  power  over  these  jtrisonei's  was  abso- 
lute The  humane  Morelos,  even,  had  told  the  youn^- 
iliii  I'tain  to  have  them  shot,  and  so  aven^'e  his  lather's 
death.  Vencgas  expected  no  less;  and  it  shows  at 
diici'  the  value  placed  uj)on  a  Bravo  hy  the  viceroy, 
aiid  his  indifference  to  human  life,  when  he  refused 
any  number  of  captured  Spaniards  in  exchange  for 
Jjeiiuardo,  as  jSIorelos  had  offered. 

But  Nicolas  could  now  have  his  just  revenge;  the 
custom  of  the  war  allowed  it,  and  his  general  awarded 
it.  Three  hundred  for  one;  and  thcbc  not  Indians  or 
s  lis,  but  good  and  pure  blue-blooded  S})aniards;  al'ter 
;,!!,  it  was  not  such  a  mean  ])rice  the  cause  would  have 
I'lr  his  dear  old  father's  life.  Calling  them  before 
liiiii,  he  said: 

"Your  lives  arc  forfeit.  Your  master,  Spain's 
minion,  has  murdered  my  father,  murdered  him  in 
(lid  blood  for  choosing  Mexico  and  liberty  befoi'o 
k^[iain  and  her  tyrannies.  Some  of  you  arc  fatliers, 
and  may  imagine  what  my  father  felt  in  being  thrust 
111  in  I  tlie  world  without  one  farewell  word  from  his 
ay!   and  your  sons  may  feel  a  portion  of  that 


Mill 


anguish  of  soul  which  fills  my  breast,  as  thoughts 
arise  of  my  father's  wrongs  and  cruel  death. 

"And  what  a  master  is  this  you  serve!  For  one 
life,  my  |)Oor  father's,  he  might  have  saved  you  all, 
ami  would  not.  So  deadly  is  his  hate  that  he  would 
saeiiliee  three  hundred  of  his  friends  rather  than 
i''i'cL!()  this  one  sweet  morsel  of  vengeance.  Y.-,  ni  I, 
v.iio  am  no  viceroy,  have  three  hundred  lives  iVir  my 
lather's.  But  there  is  yet  a  nobler  revenge  than  all. 
Ho,  you  are  free!  Go  find  your  vile  master,  and 
lancel'orth  serve  him,  if  you  can!" 

The  inhabitants  of  Tasco,  who  were  royalists,  fol- 
1  A.ing  the  example  of  the  Chilapans,  roused  them- 
^'  Ives  to  action  for  the  kinu^;  those  of  lyuala  and 


i 


, 


'II 


;!» 


r  : 


111 


I.. 


II 

\4 


;  'I 


412 


PROG  r.  ESS  OF  THE  WAR. 


Tcpocuacuilco  did  tlio  same?.  Royalist  compaiiiis 
wuro  hurriedly  organized  in  the  haciendas  and  towns 
of  the  Canada  dc  Cuornav'aca,  who  oip^a<fcd  in  a  Ik  it 
war  on  the  independontH.  Thus  the  whole  foiiutiy 
i'roin  La  Cruz  del  Marques  to  the  aj)proaches  ol'  the 
port  of  Acapulco  now  reco<^nized  the  vicerej^al  n'ov- 
ernnient.  The  Indians  dwelling  in  the  towns  iicar 
Cuautla,  after  the  place  was  occupied  by  Callcj.i, 
presented  themselves  with  their  curas,  petitioning  lor 
amnesty,  which  was  granted  them. 

Viceroy  Venegas,  with  the  view  of  winning  tJio 
inhabitants  of  the  south  to  the  royal  cause,  proclaiiiicil 
on  the  11th  of  May  that  the  course  of  Morelos  ;it 
Cuautla,  in  preferring  to  suffer  misery  rather  tluui 
surrender,  was  an  inhuman  act.  He  depicted  him  as 
a  cruel  man,  who  had  forced  the  people  of  Cuautla  to 
perish  from  famine.  These  and  many  c 'her  t.iiiigs 
did  he  say  to  blacken  Morelos'  charactei  ''he  pioc- 
lamation  ended  with  a  tender  of  gencri..  ^  .Jon  ami 
forgetfulness  of  the  past  to  all  who  would  foisako 
the  independent  ranks,  together  with  a  reward  lor 
the  capture  of  Morelos.^^  It  carried  with  it  like\vi>o 
the  threat  of  certain  and  pitiless  punishment  to  all 
who  refused.  The  offer  of  amnesty  was  accompanied 
for  greater  effect  with  a  pastoral  letter  of  the  eci-le- 
siastical  cha[)ter  ruling  the  diocese  of  ^Mexico  after 
Archbishop  Lizana's  death.  After  the  fall  of  Cuau- 
tla, there  being  no  further  need  in  this  vicinity  for 
Calleja  and  his  army,  he  returned  i,o  Mexico,  Llano's 
division  going  to  Puebla.  Fourteen  days  after  liis 
victory,  on  the  IGth  of  May,  Calleja,  being  quite  ill, 
entered  Mexico  in  a  carriage.  The  artillery,  stand- 
ards, and  other  military  trophies  taken  at  Cuautla 
were  carried  in  triumph.  The  prisoners  wore  in  the 
centre  of  the  division.  Notwithstanding  the  appar- 
ent satisfaction  with  the  result  of  the  Cuautla  cam- 

''  'Si  hubiese  alguno  de  vosotroa  que  logre  aherrojar  la  fugitiva  ficra. .  .(-1 
gobierno  03  ofreco  una  recompensa  liouros.a,  I'ltil,  y  proporcioiuula,'  for  liliti- 
atiiig  the  world  of  'uno  do  los  mayores  inonstruos  quo  ha  abortudo.'  O'az.  de 
Mex.,  1S12,  iii.  503-5. 


il;- 


HA  YON  BEFORE  TOLUCA. 


413 


pai^ii  and  the  air  of  triumph  given  it,  the  acerbity 
(•Kistin'j:  between  Venejjas  and  Callcia  bcoanie  still 
iiidii.'  inibittered  with  the  fiasco  of  ^lorelo.s'  escape; 
and  the  former  did  not  miss  the  opportunity  to  wound 
his  lival's  fet;linu^s.^"  The  army  of  the  centre  was 
dissolved,  and  Calleja  resigned.  The  ti'oops  were  in- 
corporated in  the  garrison  of  the  capital,  and  therc- 
uiUr  were  under  the  immediate  orders  of  the  mayor 
ui'iK-ral,  Conde  de  Alcaraz.*' 

A'enegas  now  set  himself  about  recovering  the 
places  the  independents  had  seized;  and  to  that  end 
lie  formed  a  [)lan  of  campaign  from  which  ho  ex- 
jiccted  brilliant  results.  But  the  i)oint  about  which 
lie  felt  particular  anxiety  at  this  time  was  Toluca. 
Sdou  after  the  supreme  junta  settled  in  Sulte[)ec, 
leaviu'*;  his  colleagues  Lieeau'  i  and  Verdusco  there, 
the  })resident,  Rayon,  had  placed  himself  at  the  head 
of  a  respectable  number  of  troops,  with  his  headquar- 
ters at  the  hacienda  of  La  Huerta,  and  early  in  April 
n]t[ieared  before  Toluca  with  the  view  of  taking  the 
city.  The  comandante,  Porlier,  having  only  700  men 
was  forced  to  concentrate  them  in  the  town  to  meet 
the  emergency,  also  putting  the  citizens  under  arms 
to  aid  in  the  defence.  Rayon  fortified  the  surround- 
ing p(~,sitions,  cut  off  communications  with  ]\Iexico, 
and  constantly  threatened  the  town,  against  which 
he  made  several  vigorous  though  unsuccessful  as- 
saults.^^     The  viceroy,  as  before  stated,  had  not  lost 

"' VciK'gas,  answering  Calleja's  confulcntial  letter  wherein  he  cxarjgerated 
his  victory  at  Cuautla,  thus  slurs  him:  '  Lut  us  ho  tiiaulcfiil  to  tluit  ^("jd- 
iiitinxil  clergyman  for  liavin,:^  spared  us  the  shame  of  raising;  tiic  si(';.'i'.' 
Ainnii.f  t!ie  imputations  against  ('alleja,  pei'haps  not  the  least  will  grounch'il 
v., IS  tli.it  of  the  enormous  cxpenditiiros  ho  incurred  on  his  expeditions,  'i'lie 
t  .|)ciist;)  of  the  Cuautla  sii.'ge,  according  to  oUicial  documents,  amounted  to 
two  million  dollars,  an  enormous  sum,  obtained  in  the  usual  way  hy  exactions. 
MtinlihH,  lli'siimen  1114.,  118-1!). 

•''Th"  viceroy,  with  the  douiiio  viesv  of  utilizing  the  troops,  and  of  dc- 
liriviiigC'allcja  of  their  support,  diminished  the  garrison,  despatching  many 
jiirtica  into  the  country.  He  was  well  informed  of  what  was  taking  place  in 
Callejas  house.  Nvijri'lc,  Mvx.  Shj.  XIX.,  v.  13-14. 

^'Oa  the  18th  of  April  IJayoii  lost  in  one  of  his  failures  a  portion  of  his 
artillery,  aud  had  to  retire  to  Amatepec,  betweim  Toluca  and  Lerma,  and  set 
liiu  to  the  hacienda  La  Garceba.  Ncjretc,  Mc.c.  S'nj.  XIX.,  v.  41-2. 


«    - 


fm 


11 

^1 

t^i 

v^ail 

414 


PROGRESS  OF  THK  WAR. 


m 


',  \t 


l,v 


sight  of  the  iilaco,  and  after  alli)\vin<^  tlic  army  ut' 
tlio  centre  two  Jays'  rest,  despatched  abou!>  1,5(.I0 
men — of  whom  a  number  were  taken  out  of  jail,  iwA 
others  fi'om  amonj^  tlie  insurgent  jirisoners — uik Id- 
Colonel  Joaquin  del  Castillo  y  JJustaniante,  with  scvcii 
guns.  Castillo  tried  on  the  I'Jth  of  May  to  force  tliu 
j)ass  of  Lerma,  and  failed.  The  city  of  Lerma  \\;is 
situated  in  the  middle  of  the  lake  formed  by  the  ]'!;» 
Grande,  conununicating  with  Toluca  on  one  side  aihi 
with  the  j'oad  to  Mexico  on  the  other  by  means  n[' 
two  narrow  causewavs,  one  of  which  was  defended  bv 
cuts  and  parapets  supported  by  ai'tillery.  Throwiii:;- 
a  bridge  over  the  lirsL  cut,  the  assailants  captured  tlio 
para[)c;ts,  when  they  cncount(>red  other  intreiichments 
that  Castillo  had  no  knowledge  of;  and  the  consequence 
A\  as  a  })recipitate  retreat  with  heavy  h^ss  to  their  cii- 
canq)ment  in  the  hacienda  of  Jajal[)a.^" 

The  insurgents  gave  this  atl'air  an  undue  importance, 
and  Ihiyon  was  much  (tensured  for  not  taking  adxan- 
tage  of  his  victory/'^  Castillo  being  rLcnforced  with 
400  men,  two  field-guns,  and  a  howitzer,  made  a  second 
attack,  when  ]layon  abandoned  the  position  in  tlio 
niulit  t.)f  the  2"Jd  of  Mav,  retreating  with  his  force  and 
ai'tilloi'v  to  tbc  sti'onuj  i^ositioii  of  Tonanijo.  Castillo 
tarried  in  Lerma  on!}'  long  enough  to  dv'strny  its 
defences,  reaching  Toluca  on  the  2Gth  of  ^la}'.  After 
driving  away  the  prowling  bands  that  ke[)t  supplies 
i'rom  the  town,  and  having  increased  his  force  from 
the  garrison,  he  marched  au'ainst  Tenango,  camping 
on  the  2d  of  June  in  the  hacienda  of  San  Agustin, 


''■-  Tl.ia  ivvorsc  wai?  nttrihiitt'l  U>  lack  of  skill  on  Castillo's  part,  his  oi."".i- 
]ii'tioii  [iiior  to  the  war  liaviii:,'  \ivvn  that  of  a  trailer.  I'orlicr  hail  \vrit'.';i 
that  the  ivi'iitofi'enu'iits  shmilil  lie  sent  him  hy  aiiothef  roiito,  hiit  hi-*  l"tti"  < 
hail  lnTii  iutrrci_']iteil.  Aldiiimi,  lli"!.  M<j.,  iii.  1  I ■_'-.">;  Mcndihil,  li'i.su/il.  J/i  '■, 
li!l  S:  A7  J/ii'triitlor  Anil  i-icitiio,  no.  1,  in  llermiiuli  %  y  Ddccdo.-i,  Cil.  !>'"'., 
iv.  174  .-). 

^^'i'ho  (U'fi'ndcrs  of  the  pass  were  comnianilfil  hy  .Tii.'Ui  Mamicl  Ali'.'iiit  na, 
a  mail  who  I'oiihl  neither  reail  nor  ,>,ite,  ami  who,  aeeorilinj,'  to  lUiNtaniaiitr, 
('/'((■/.  Ilifl..  ii.  ill),  I'JJ-S,  sii'.it  to  t'aiion  Vela.seo  for  two  hoi'ses  the  glmy 
(if  haviiiy;  his  name  inserteii  in  the  newspapers  of  Sultepee  as  the  hero  of  ili.t 
action;  evidently  a  fiii.se  f-tory  that  of  the  sale,  Wlaseo's  report  to  Raymi 
givir.i;  ^Vleantara  fiill  credit  for  his  defence  of  the  position, 


fr 


oni 


INSURGENT  DEFEATS. 


415 


hich  lie  could   see   tlio   hill  surnioiiiited  with 


artillery  and  defended  I)v  a  larijfo  army.    Castillo  then 
moved  his  camp  opposite  the  town.    iJuring  il 


June  5th  he  directed  ICnrinuez  with  the  caza<l(i! 


do  L 


dtl 


ht 

:'es 


jovera  and  tlic  u'lxniadiers  and  cazac lores  < 


de  M 


eiK'O 


an( 


I  Tres  Villas  to  ascend  the  hill   hy  the  Tunanc'i 


1 1 '•( ) 


road,  while  Calvillo  distracted  the  enemy's  attention 
hy  Ihi'eatenin^'to  nssail  the  town,  and  Aguirrc  Ici^iu'd 
an  attack  on  the  Wdadei'o,  a  point  defended  hy  the 
cum  Correa.      Xo  [irecautions    against   surprise   had 


I  >vx 


n  taken  l)y  the;  insurgents,  and  the  first  intimatic 


»ii 


they  had  of  an  attack  was  when  they  saw  close  upon 
their  hattcries  Enriquez  with  his  troops  guided    liy 


Vicente  Filisola  at   the   head    of    tin 


e    cazaoores    de 


.M 


el  ICO. 


At  tl 


le  sound  of  tlte  trunii)ets  of  the  caza 


(leres  (. 


leD 


n'era,  whi(;h  the  insuru'onts  heard  foi'  tl 


10 


lirst  time,  a  panic  seized  them,  and  without  making 
the  slightest  resistance  they  turned  and  iled.  Calvillo 
then  occupied  the  town,  and  .Vguirre  captured  the 
Vladero."*  The  insurgents  sustained  a  heavy  loss. 
Among  the  killed  were  eolonels  Camach.o  and  xVna3"a. 


Tl 


le  ro 


Valist 


Iti 


casualties  v 


o 


nly  a  tew  wounded 


OS 


The  defeat  at  Tenango  deeply  affected  the  frie'U 
nf  the  reyolutioii  in  the  cities  occu[»ied  hy  the  vicei'e- 
gal  government,  and  greatly  lowered  the  prestige  <>t' 
the  cause.  Indeed,  th<3  menihers  of  the  secret  cluhs 
had  ex[)ectcd  the  forces  at  Tenango  to  march  on  the 
<  ijiilal,  and  so  end  the  struggle.  Xow  all  was  hitter 
disai»[)ointment. 

The   yictorious   Castillo   hastened   to  ta]>:o    advan- 
tage' of  the  enemy's  defeat,  tlespatehing  next  day. Jose 

''  The  insuracnt  account,  not  rnti;io;l  *-o  crtMlitnco,  says  that  only  ."ilH)  m  ii 
hill  luiil  town,  and  that  they  lost  liarily  (i()  men  Ii-dmi  the  lM  to 


o'  !i  ii.U'd  the 

tiic  (ith.  A7  Ihistmdvr  A) 


1SI>    .liinu   l;>,   no.   (>;    lli 


Do 


Til- 


le  royalists  toiuul  much  \v:ir  material  and  provis 


I' 


•'iMj  a  ([U.mtity  of  printoil  laatier,  and  Itayon's  coiicspoiulcuic.     The  latter 
111  il 'lown  !i  ravine;  hut  the  young  men,  anion,'  them  two  lawyers  that  Icl't 


.M 

to.,oll 


xiro  to  join  him  and  had  not  yet  leaineil  to  lun  away,  were  tn 


d 


h  the  other  nrisonci's  mi 


)t.     Ai 


the 


niong  those  thus  put  to  death 


vicar  of  the  place,  l''alhcr  Tirado.  wIik  heing  fond  oi  hunting  had  a, 


t'|^^UllL'  piece  in  his  house.   Itusldtiittnli',  (.'uaUiX'  II 
-y  J.,'ni.  Ho-d;  liinra,  ilob.  Mix.,  ii.  41. 


I'-'.j;  Alaman,  lli-t. 


I  \ 


I 


41G 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  WAR. 


Calafat  to  occupy  the  fortified  towns  of  Tonancingo 
and  Tecualoya,  Calafat  i'ouiid  them  both  abandoned, 
and  was  met  by  the  curates  and  inhabitants,  who 
manifested  Ljreat  joy  at  his  coming.^"^ 

Other  heavy  bhnvs  the  cause  of  independence  suffered 
at  this  time,  not  the  h^ast  of  which  was  the  discoveiy 
by  the  viceregal  government  that  there  were  persons 
in  the  capital  laboring  against  it.  An  insignilieant 
party  of  royalist  lancers,  thirty-six  in  number,  return- 
ing i'rom  Lerma  to  Cuajimalpa,  encountered  in  tliu 
monte  do  las  Cruces  an  insurrectionary  party  of  500 
infantry  and  cavalry  with  two  guns,  commanded  Ijy  a 
Frencinnan  named  Laylson  and  three  priests.  The 
royalists  made  a  dash  and  disp  Tsed  the  party,  slaying 
several  and  taking  live  prisoners,  besides  the  guns, 
several  muskets,  ammunition,  six  mules  laden  with 
clothing,  twenty  saddled  horses,  and  Laylson's  ])apeis, 
among  which  was  Rayon's  correspondence  with  tlie 
Guadalupe  club.^''  Among  Rayon's  captured  letters 
were  a  number  revealing  the  political  relations  l)o- 
tween  members  of  that  society  and  the  chiel's  of  the 
revolution.  Several  persons  were  arrested  on  the 
30th  of  June,  but  were  released  after  a  icsv  days' 
imprisonment. 

The  royalist  commander,  Castillo  y  Bustamante, 
after  taking  Tenango  rested  a  few  days,  and  then  re- 
turned to  Toluca,  where  he  began  active  prei)aratioi)s 
Un-  a  campaign  against  Sulte[)et;,  hoi)ing  to  ca])tuiv 
the  members  of  the  revolutionary  junta.  The  dis- 
trict aifording  large  resources,  and  the  junta  haviii'.' 
no  I'eason  to  fear  surprise  from  the  viceroy's  troops, 
Liceaga  and  Vcrdusco  had  busied  themselves  in  jno- 
viding  war  material,  while  indulu'incc  in  the  ibrmulas 


'■*  The  Indians  aiilod  liis  men  in  taking  down  the  intvenohmcnts.  0<r..  tk 
Mex.,  ISl-J,  iii.  no.  J.")0,  (iUJ-S. 

'"Tlic  gallantry  of  tiio  victors  was  liii,'Iily  appreciated  in  govcrninoiit  tii- 
ck's,  and  a  siilisuiiptiou  of  !?_', "!).')  was  rai.seil  to  give  them  a  suhslaiUial  ir- 
ward.  The  lieiittnant  got  8-00;  the  ensign,  8~'-4;  the  sergeant,  1?I()S;  llie 
eorporal,  $SS;  each  jirivatc,  !?')";  txvo  wounded  privates,  $H7i  eacli.  Gaz.  'Ir 
Mtx.,  1S12,  iii.  :)71,  .VJO,  GlS-'20,  GtJ8. 


OFFICIAL  DISSENSION. 


417 


sscnsion  among 


of  moviTnmont.^"  There  was  iiiucli  d'h 
the  nieuibers,  Rayoii'.s  t'aihire  at  Toluca  contributing 
to  bad  leehiig;  (br  llavon  laid  the  responsibility  <»f 
the  hiihire  on  l^ic-euga  ibr  not  keeping  him  su[)])lied 
Avitli  annnunition.  J^leeaga,  on  his  side,  in  a  letter 
to  llayon,  showed  nuicli  displeasure  at  the  apjioint- 
nient  of  Cos  as  vieario  castrense."''  IJayon's  defeat  at 
Teiiaiigo  still  more  increased  the  ill  ieeling,  and  tended 
toward  the  dispersion  of  the  junta,  which  soon  fol- 
lowed. Ivayon,  ibreseeing  that  Castillo  would  soon 
come  against  them,  prevailed  on  his  colleagues  at 
Tiri[)itio  to  se])arate,  Liceaga  going  to  (luanajnato 
as  m'uei'al  of  the  nortln.n'n  jirovinces,  and  Vei'(hisco 
to  ^licluxican  as  general  of  the  western  divi.sion, 
while  3.Iorelos  should  have  connnand  of  tlu?  south, 
am!  liayon  himself  retii'c  to  his  ovvii  home,  llalpr.ja- 
lina,  to  fortiiy  it,  and  carry  on  tliencc  operations  in 
tile  [irovinco  of  Mexico.^*  All  were  to  raise  as  many 
troops  as  possible. 

These  measures  accom})lished,  they  were  again  to 
meet  at  such  place  as  slioidd  be  agreed  U[)on.  In- 
i'li'mcd  tliat  Castillo  had  bcnrn  his  march  i'rom  Toluca 
on  tlie  KJlh  of  June,  IJayon  departed  next  day  for 
Tlalpujahua,  taking  v.itli  him  the  printing  materials, 
artil!(.rv,  and  ever\thinu'  of  \alue  that  could  be  trans- 

'"  I'ii<lic  T>riiii;;is,  in  lii^  arciuinciits  ngiiiii'st  Doctor  Pos'  plans,  says  that 
l.ii-i'ML'a  iinil  Vi'iilu.;(.'o  iluiiii.if  tlic  holy  v.  ci  k  oli.sci'vi'il  the  i~aiii(j  ccTiiiioiiial 
ir.  the  vici:rov  at  tlio  (.'iithcihal  of  Mexico;  ami  tliat  \'cnhi>co  incsL'utL'd  hiiii- 
si  h'  to  ic"ci\o  til,  ■omiiHinion  in  ii  f;oii(.'rar.s  unifunn  wi.'n  a  ck'i'^'ymaii'.i 
p'lU'.  Alaninn,  0:1  thu  uuthoiity  of  1 'alhcr  JosJ;  Maiiii  Salazar,  ii  tiiar  of 
."iMi  Diego.  (I'liiff  tli(!  fitatoijicnt,  saying  that  VunUi  !C0  ap[)carc(l  simply  in 
]i  s  ((.'cli'siastical  i()l)0.  Jli.'tf.  MiJ.,  iii.  l.~)0.  Among  the  junta's  acts  \v,n  ouu 
i.|'i'oiiitiMg  Doctor  (.I03  vicaiio  ciistrcnsc,  who  i-cniov-jd  Kcvcial  pficst)  fi-oin 
>l!<ii'  ]lal■ishc.^,  ancstccl  ami  .'cntcncca  Id  the  chain-gang  somo  ccclcaiasics, 
.'•ii'l  giaiilcil  iiiarriago  dispensation^.  This  l)roaglit  out  an  enci'i'ctic.  doei'uo 
1  f  the  (lioc(  san  chaptcv  if  Mexico,  dcclaiing  hii  acts  null,  ■  .  i  iulmina;iiig 
iii-iiics.  'I'hi  I  sanio  liody  ivconnncnd' d  to  Uie  viciM'oy  the  removal  of  raLlicf 
( '.Ml, -I,  f  full,  >  ,[i,iln,  and  the  deiivivatioi\  of  his  prehcnil  iu  the  c  ilcrialaof 
<  'Uaihi'u])0  I'ruui  Doctor  \'elasco.  Ltitii  priests  were  exconnannicated  for  liav- 
iii.;  iojacdlhe  insurv'enta.  (•■■z.  ih'  M<.v..  lS|-2,  ill.  TO;).  711. 

-'  l!n.s/niiit(ii/v,  Cuiul.  Ilixt.,  ii.  \11;  JJrii!'/ii.<,  J  nqi'Kjn.;  Alanuoi,  WkI. 
M'j..  ii.  4  t.l-.-). 

•'•'An  act  to  tliat  cfTert  v.as  adopted  on  the  lOth  'f  .Tunc,  .ind  publislic  1  hy 
"lii't,  and  in  Kl  J/ii.t/r"th:r  Aim  ri-niio  of  the  "Jdth  of  ,luii".    Il(r,.ii  •'  ■:  1/ 
J"r„l„>..  CI.  J)  ,:,  iv.  V!S0-1;  N,<ir<l.-,  Mix.  Svf.  XIX.,  v.  --iUO-J;   Ala.xni, 
ii"t.  M.j.,  ill.  1  l!>-.^'i;  nil-,, a,  (jj).  M'X.,  ii.  41. 
lilHT.  Mi.x.,  Vol.  IV.     -r, 


tl 


4IS 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  WAR. 


!■    ii 


SI' 


ported.  Licoaga  .and  Vordusco  did  the  same  .soon 
after,  the  fbriuer  bound  to  the  bajio  of  Guanajuato, 
as  before  stated,  and  the  latter  to  Hudtauio.  The 
enemy  used  every  effort  to  capture  thcni,  but  tluj 
natural  difficulties  of  a  march  in  the  sierra,  r'H- 
dered  still  worse  by  heavy  rains,  f^reatly  favored  the 
revolutionists,  as  it  took  the  royalists  four  da3-s  to 
travel  forty-eight  miles,  the  distance  between  Toluci 
and  Sultepec;  so  that  when  they  reached  the  latter 
place  on  the  20th  of  June,  it  was  found  abandoned. 
Several  priests  and  a  few  citizens  who  had  previously 
kept  in  concealment,  fearing  persecution,  reported 
themselves  to  the  royalists,  and  through  their  inilii- 
ence  the  population  of  the  town  returned.  Castillo 
tk'stroyed  the  factories  of  cannon  and  gunpowdei'; 
granted  amnesty  to  all  insurgents  who  petitionetl  lor 
it;  organized  a  military  court;  and  had  all  prisoners 
sentenced  by  it  shot.  He  ree.stablished  the  local  gov- 
ernment; gatliorcd  a  considerable  quantity  of  artil- 
lery and  other  arms  and  ammunition  that  the  inde- 
pendents had  left,  and  sent  them  to  Mexico.  TIk; 
trophies,  sliowing  the  advantages  lately  gained,  wliieh 
included  thirty-one  pieces  of  artillery  captured  at 
Tenango  and  found  in  Sultepec,  were  convened  in 
triumph  through  the  capital.*''  Castillo  then  tlivided 
diis  force  into  several  columns,  one  of  which  under 
Enriquez  was  sent  in  pursuit  of  the  revolutionary 
junta,  which  having  had  so  much  the  start  could  not 
be  overtaken.  Enriquez,  however,  succeeded  in  com- 
ing up  with  Ra3'on's  artillery  and  capturing  flvc^  guns. 
One  party  under  Jose  Calafat  went  to  Zacuaipaii, 
])lacod  itself  in  communication  with  troops  at  Tasco, 
and  kept  that  mining  district  well  provided.  Ral'ael 
Calvillo,  acting  with  great  activity,  sent  detaeli- 
ments  to  Tejupilco  and  places  near  Zitacuaro,  and 
bi-ought  under  subjection  all  the  towns  oi'  the  sieria. 
Aguirro  and  Pardo  with   other  parlies  kept  up  an 

'Tiirtioulars  arc  j;ivcn  in  the  cominaiiJur'a  rci>ort  from  'ruliica,  August 
fitii.  Gaz.  lie  Jhx.,  lijl'.',  iii.  t)0:>-i'O. 


ii 


COMMUXICATION  OPEN. 


419 


active  warfare  ngainst  insurgents.  Castillo  himself 
extended  operations  in  the  direction  of  Ixtlahuaca, 
left  garrisons  in  the  important  places,  and  returned 
to  Toluca.  Several  unimportant  encounters  followed. 
It  may  be  said,  however,  that  from  this  time  the 
whole  valley  of  Toluca  for  thirty  leagues  as  far  as 
Ixtlahuaca,  was  subject  to  the  viceroy's  authority,  and 
communication  was  open  with  Mexico. 


!  i 


CHAPTER  XYII. 


i|i| 


■III 

M:  i-f   I'     ' 

!■  '• 
\    •■'  \    . 


RAYON  PKESIDENT;  MORELOS  IX  THE  SOUTH. 

181-2. 

Presioent  Uayon  at  Tlalimmaim'a— His  Rklations  with  thk  Vim.a- 
<at\Ni:s — UovAijsr  Srcci-.ssus  un  tiu;  Xuktii  oi'  Miixao— Ai  iaiio  is- 
]\iiriio.\<'AN  -  Fathku  Sai.to  am>  his  ExKccTio.v-  Vi;nk{;as' Sani:i  Is- 
Ar.v  ])i  ri;i:K— Insiucknt  Pkif.sts  J)i;j'uivi:ij  ok  Tiiiaii  lM:\irMTV  - 
lu'iscorAL  iNDii'i'KitENCE—  ExciTK.MKNT  3.\  Mi;xi'_-()— Skcond  Anni\  I'.::- 

SAllY  (11'  In1>K1M;.N1(1;.NCI0  (jELEUltATEU  —  liAMON  ILvYun's  riiiil'lT\I;i.K 
AluVKMKMS — AtiaCK  ACAIN.ST  IXMUJUILPAN  A  FaILIUK — KaYuNS  All- 
IlANCI-MKNl'S  \VITH  RoYAl.IST  T];A1)I:KS— I'linl'O.SKI)  XlHUITl ATKiNS  I. Hi 
ri:A<'i;-— ASSATL'L'    of   YaNIH-ITLAN — SlF.Cl-;   OF   IlrAJfAI'AN— TkIMANmS 

RiULLiANT  Defence — Mokei.os  Comes  to   the  Rescue  am>  ^VI^s  a 

VlCTOUY — GATE.S   OF   OaJACA   Ol'E.SEU  TO   lIl.M. 

The  ])re,si(luiit  of  the  supreme  junta,  Iiiuacio  Hi- 
yon,  liaci  meanwhile  established  his  liea<l([Uai'tors  at 
1  lali)ujahua,  upon  a  hill  ealled  El  Galk),  and  I'oi'iilicd 
it.  lie  raised  ti'oo])s,  and  extended  his  authori(y  i^ 
the  distiicts  near  and  surrounding;  the  province  of  j[e\- 
ico,  as  well  as  to  those  on  the  east.^  The  town  of  Ixlla- 
liuaoa,  to  whieh  the  vieeroy's  swa}'  extmided,  as  l)i'- 
Ibre  stated,  ht^eanie  thus  the  frontier  of  the  territory 
ruk'd  over  by  Ilayon  Iron)  Tlalpujahua. 

Havinu^  described  the  military  operations  which  cul- 
niinated  with  the  restoration  of  the  viceregal  authni- 
itv  in  the  vallev  of  Toluca  and  the  regions  near, 
as  well  as  to  the  south-west  of  Mexico,  I   will  n>\v 

'  The  Xuili)  Iiill,  iioiif  AcuIod,  dpcmcd  iinpvo!jnnl)lo.Avns  fiirthoi'  i^trcnjrthciioil 
nnd  a  laotory  of  jiniist'stalili.-licil  tlicic.  '1  liu  iirisiiltiit.s  loiir  Ijrotlic'isgivnJy 
jii(k<l  iiiiii.  Ramon  Eopt;',  i;ay(  u  not  only  I'stalilisluMl  aiiotlici' iiKiiuit'ar;  i y 
of  arms  in  El  (lallo,  a  iiosition  I'lio.-icn  hy  liiiiisoll',  at  wliich  many  men  \'.  ■  o 
at  work,  l)nt  also  consti  iictid  inid  y.it  nji  a  new  wuv  invthtv  of  lii-i  own  in''  ii- 
tion.    Mora,  Ucrul.   Mix.,  iv.  AVj-'lii;  Busluiaaid';,  Ciutd.  Uht..  ii.  lOD-'.'Jl. 


r.OYALIST  MOVEMENTS. 


421 


s|i(';i]<.  of  those  on  till!  iiortli  of  the  (';4)lt;il."  A^arious 
ciiliuuns  of  rovalist  troops  liaviiiii"  been  concentrated 
uiid'T  JJ)oniing()  Cla,vai'ino,''  he  retook  Pachuca  wiih- 
(lut  resistance  on  the  10th  of  ^lay,  IS  112;  after  whii-li 
h<'  resolved  to  recover  the  neighboring  )ilac(\s,  snch  as 
JJcal  del  ]\[ont(;,  I'^l  Chico,  and  .Vtotonileo  ol  (Jrande, 
at'tcr  })lacing  himself  in  communication  with  Colonel 
Pii'ihas  conunanding  at  Tulancingo.  Accompanieil 
hv  ^dadera,  former  conunander  of  Pachuca,  he  marched 
(111  Atotonilco  the  21st  of  ^lay,  and  broke  up  the  in- 
surgent force  assembled  there,  cajituring  eleven  guns, 
(if  which  six  were  of  brass,  taken  from  the  rt^jalists  at 
J'arhiica  and  Ileal  del  ]\[onto,  one  culverin  made  in 
Siville,  and  four  of  lead/  Clavarino  published  and 
gi'aiited  the  amnesty;  and  after  destroying  a  factory 
ol' artillery  at  Real  del  Monte,  established  there  by  the 
tribunal  de  mineria  under  the  skilful  Flemish  machin- 
ist, La  Chaussee,  i-eturncd  to  Pachuca,  where  a  gar- 
rison was  placed.  jMeantime,  while  Piedras  was 
;iidiiig  Clavarino  in  his  operations  against  Atoto- 
nilco, the  insurgents  undi;r  A'illagran,  Serrano,  Osi)rno, 
('anas,  Anaya,  Espinosa,  and  CM)nzalez  attacked  Tu- 
Iniiciiigo,  and  ke[)t  u[)  a  lire  on  the  town  I'or  six:  days, 


causing  inucU  damage. 


But 


owniu" 


to  tl 


le  success 


ful 


sallies  made  by  the  garrison,  and  to  the  approach 
(if  Clavarino,  the  assailants  retired.  A  portion  of 
tlicni  were  overtaken,  however,  on  the  ])lain  of  Zaca- 
tepec  by  Llorcnte's  cavalry,  and  a  large  number 
killed."     In  Mexico  Tulancinu'o  hail  been  considered 


II 


-Tlie  viceroy's  authority  was  now  in  tlicso  rorjions  par.niicnint  ovcrvwJK  ro 
('xc('])t  ill  Ziuuiiiau  and  Izucar;  tlio  latter  )irot(N-tfil  troiii  (ittad;  iiiurc  hy  tV.ir 
1)11  tlu!  part  of  till!  royalists,  who  hail  been  so  often  ilcfuated  there,  than  liy  thu 
hisur,i_'('iit  foreo  cxistiiiL;  in  the  place. 

'  llel'oro  this,  one  of  hia  ollicer-i,  ( 'aptnin  Thifael  rasasoVi,  on  Pahn-Siuiilay, 
M.iixh  U'lst,  niarcheil  to  Alfajayucaii,  where,  the  [ieo[ile,  whom  ho  (|Ualilie.-<  aa 
fihrls,  w(rc  asscmhleil  on  iiiarlci't-day,  entereil  tin"  ])lai'(>  uure.sisteil,  kiUel 
l."iO  ]ic;iceal)lo  persona,  tool;  possession  of  all  the  coin  »w\  other  (-H'eet:!  whieli 
li''  (listi'ibiiteil  ainoiij;  his  men,  and  then  returneil  to  Ixini.iuiipan.  .See  C'asa- 
Bolu'd  report  of  March  'Jtth,  in  '.' '-    'li:  Mcr.,  ISl'J.  iii.  Illil  (1, 

'(  huiuino's  rc]M)rt  of  May 'i^a,  m  '.'ir.  </■'  M(.r.,  ISiL',  iii.  ooT-Oi. 

M.lorciite's  report  says  that  tlie  plain  to  the  extiuit  of  two  leaicucs  was 
strewn  with  the  slain;  llJt  prisoners  were  taken,  aiiion;^  them  many  wouncled; 
only  1.J  or  "JO  horsemen  eseapeil.     Ilia  casualties  were,  two  privates  wouudcd 


_y||||_ 


422 


RAYON  PRESIDENT;  MORELOS  IN  TilE  SOUTH. 


as  lost,  and  tlio  viecroy  liastcned  to  send  Clavarlno 
the  Guanajuato  battalion  to  render  that  place  and 
Pachuca  secure.  With  this  force  Clavarino  extended 
his  operations  to  the  plains  of  A[)am,  dislodged  the 
insurgents  from  Calpulalpan,  and  defeated  them  at 
Irolo  on  the  24th  of  June.  These  advantages  were 
counterbalanced  by  the  defeat  of  Samanicgo  at  Zaca- 
tlan,  where  he  ran  great  risk  of  being  conjpletcly 
undone.  The  insurgents  were  beaten  in  several  other 
petty  encounters;  yet  in  the  latter  part  of  SeptembtT, 
notwithstanding  the  loss  of  Pachuca,  they  were  mas- 
ters of  the  plains  of  Apam,  and  Osorno  held  Zacatlaii, 
whence  his  soldiers  overran  the  country  in  variou^s 
directions. 

Now,  more  than  ever  before,  perhaps,  this  revolu- 
tion, begun  at  Dolores  by  Hidalgo  and  Allendc,  and 
continued  by  Morelos,  Pay  on,  and  others,  was  as- 
suming the  form  of  a  continual  succession  of  minur 
battles  and  skirmishes.  There  was  a  fiijfht  in  one 
province  or  another  almost  every  day,  and  often  in 
several  provinces  at  the  same  time.  As  long  as  tlio 
revolutionists  could  not  or  would  not  concentrate,  tlic 
royalists  were  obliged  to  scatter  themselves  through- 
out the  land.  And  so  all  over  Mexico  war  became 
chronic.  In  Michoacan  the  insurrectionary  forces 
had  become  greatly  increased,  and  frequently  advanced 
to  the  gates  of  Valladolid,  committing  hostilities  and 
stopping  supplies  as  heretofore.  The  royalist  com- 
mander, bent  on  their  destruction,  had  detached  sev- 
eral bodies  of  troops  from  the  garrison  to  pursue  tliein. 
Two  of  these  detachments  were  conunanded  respec- 
tively by  Manuel  de  la  Concha  and  Juan  Pesquera. 
Concha  on  the  I7th  of  April  occupied  Cocupao,  captur- 
ing there  Father  Vicente  Oclioa,  a  mariscal  de  cam]i'N 
whom  he  took  to  Valladolid.  He  also  found  in  <Iif 
p-ace  Colonel  Caballero  and  fifteen  other  insurgents, 


and  four  patriots  contused:  '  No  liabicndo  qucdado  wn  solo  individuo  quo  no 
liaya  tcfiido  en  sangre  cueniiga  su  s'.iblc,  lauza  6  bayunuta.'  0'a~.,  tie  Mux., 
1812,  iii.  0S7-S. 


FIGIITIXr;  PRIESTS. 


423 


•whom  lie  ;i]i<)t;  afteT  which  lie  inareheil  on  to  T;'/im- 
t/.uutzun  and  IVitzcuaro,  where  ho  or'liMvd  other 
executions.*^  Captain  Pes(|uera  approachetl  the  line 
of  (uiaiiajuato,  who'c  the  eoiuhinatiou  was  made 
I'or  tlie  ea[)tuie  of  Alhiuo  Garcia;  and  lati'r,  on  the 
7th  of  ]May,  was  directed  to  h)ok  after  and  hrinj^  in 
as  a  prisoner  the  clergyman  Jose  (jiua(lahi|)e  Salto, 
cx-vicar  of  Terenien(k),  who  had  found  rel'uu:e  in  a 
cave,"  at  the  entrance  of  which  lie  was  overtaken  hy 
l'cs(piera's  soldiers.  It  is  said  that  he  then  ci'ied  out, 
"Do  not  kill  me;  I  am  a  minister  of  Christ,"  at  the 
same  time  thi-usting  a  lance  into  (jne  of  the  soldiers, 
and  began  defending  himself  from  the  inside  (tf  the 
cave.  Tlie  soldiers  tired;  and  entering  the  cave  found 
Salto  on  the  u'round  with  a  bullet  throau'li  his  bodv, 
and  by  his  side  tw(j  women  whom  he  had  been  hold- 
ing as  })risoners.  Pesquera  had  the  woundetl  man 
c;)nveyed  on  ii  bed  to  Valladolid,  where,  by  order  of 
TrujiUo,  he  was  executed  the  next  day.^ 

The  revijlution,  having  been  begun  by  an  ecclesias- 
tic, had  from  its  incipiency  many  members  of  the 
clci^v,  both  secular  and  regular,  among  its  leaders; 
and  it  may  be  said  that  at  this  time  the  war  was  kej)t 
up  almost  wholly  by  them,''    There  was  hardly  a  bat- 

"CniK'ha'.s  report,  May  4th,  to  Col.  Trujillo.   Gnz.  de  Mcx.,  Vol:'.,  iii.  G04-(i. 

"  latliLT  Sulto  lioro  the  npiitatioii  of  ii  man  of  cx(iii))lary  \irtui',  wlio 
vaa  jn'i-.si'cutcil  by  tlio  govcniniciit  because  lie  had  a  brother  who  was  a 
coloiu  I  aiiioiiL;  the  iiulopeiiik'uts,  and  early  in  April  1811  iiiipiisoncd.  lie 
Mill  altevwaid  p-irdoneil  and  release<l,  but  fearing  rc-arrest  ciinci.'alcil  hiui- 
silf.  Attlioendof  live  luontlis  ho  appealed  in  writing  toBisliop-eleet  Abad  y 
Q.Kipo  tor  jirotcetion,  jileailing  his  innoeenco  and  sull'eiings,  wliicli  i>elitioii 
va:j  uuliecded.  Salto  wixa  thou  eoninii.ssioned  as  a  colonel  of  the  indopen- 
ilcat  forees  on  the  ist  of  April,  IS12.  He  wasaccusedof  horrid  crimes,  among 
tliei'.i  the  murder  by  his  in.sligation  of  forty  wounded  I'oyalisLs,  tognllier  with 
their  attendants,  in  the  hacienda  ilel  'i'eeaeho.  Arcrlu  ih  rir'a,  A/iuiif.  I/isf.,  in 
AhiiHuii,  JIht.  J/i;/.,  iii.  'Jll.  liustamante,  CiuuL  Hist.,  ii.  l.w,  denies  that 
l^alti)  ever  committed  any  ofTeuee — 'no  era  eriiuiirJ,  id  h;il)ia  inolivo  jiara 
l>'rse;;uiilo  conio  a  unafiera '-and  charges  Abad  witli  saerilieing  him  to  curry 
favor  witli  Venegas  and  Trujillo. 

"Trujillo  iiotilied  Bishop  Aliail,  and  said  that  on  no  account  would  he  ex- 
tiMid  the  time.  The  bishop  waived  the  formal  legralation.  (In:,  dc  M(X., 
\^\-,  iii.  GU7-14.  Tlio  prisoner  was  carried  oi.  .i  bed  to  the  sc.i'i'oM,  and 
gairuted,  aud  then  shot.  Catitillo  Xe/rctc,  M(X.,\.  47-.''7;  Ahuuan,  Ili4.  Mel., 
iii.  '2l;{. 

''Somcf)f  tliem  bore  niekinmes  significant  of  habits  not  the  most  exem- 
plary; one  was  called  I'adro  L'liinguirito,  or  ihvuu  of  rum;  auutiier,  I'adro 
Caballo  llaco;  a  third,  Padre  Chooolutc.  Zamacois,  lliil.  Mcx.,  viii.  400. 


'    i. 


'  \ 


i  1  '. 


i    H 


f  i 


424 


RAYON  rni'STDEXT;  MOTIKLOS  IN  THE  SOUTH. 


II:  : 


it  f  V 


tlo  in  wliicli  priests  were  not  foniid  actinu^  as  Icudiiifj 
ofti(3crs.  Notwithstandiiii^  this  wi-ll  (.'stablishod  fact, 
Viceroy  Vem-gas  had  liitherto  abstaiiietl  I'roiu  pub- 
licly issniii'jf  any  decree  i-eo-ardiiiLT  th(>ni,  thoiiLih  Ik; 
had  cii'cnlated  oi'ders  to  the  connnanders  of  royal 
troops  to  shoot  all  priests  that  fell  prisoners  into  their 
hands,  ]jut  these  orders  had  rarely  been  carried  out. 
In  the  case  of  Father  llidal^'o,  ^ve  have  seen  that  his 
execution  was  pursuant  to  a  rej^'ular  sentence,  after 
he  liad  been  tried  and  all  ecclesiastical  Ibrnialities 
obsi'rved.  Some  leaders,  however,  exas[)erated  at 
encountering  hostih;  priests  everywhere,  had  disre- 
regarded  their  cloth,  and  without  ado  des[)atclie(l  them 
to  their  long  home.'"  Others,  among  them  Tovar  at 
San  Luis  Polosi  with  respect  to  Father  Zimnrripa, 
had  with  their  re})orts  placed  the  viceroy  under  1  he 
necessity  of  decisive  action.  After  consulting  the  real 
aouerdo,  f  )ni'teen  of  whoso  fifteen  mcnd)ei's  had  e::- 
})ressed  the  same  opinion,  at  the  petition  of  the 
crov.'n's  counsel  and  with  the  concurrence  of  tlu;  mil- 
itary and  naval  auditores,  the  vicero}''  published  an 
edict  on  the  '2,")lh  of  June,  declarim*'  amenable  to  the 
military  jurisdiction  all  pei-sons  who  had  made  or 
shon.ld  thereafter  make  n^si.stance  to  tlio  king's  t;'oo})s, 
whatever  might  be  their  rank,  status,  or  condition; 
and  orihu'inu'  t'lat  such  oll'enders  should  be  tried  by 
the  o  linary  coui'ts-maitial  composed  of  oflicers  ot 
the  division  or  detachment  that  elfected  the  capture, 
and  referring  the  case  with  the  proceedings  hail 
thereon  to  the  viceroy  for  his  iinal  decision,  ^fhis 
restriction,  if  I'aithl'ull}'  carried  out,  would  have 
averted  many  arbitrary  ac^ts;  unfortunately  it  \v;is 
nulliiied  by  the  i'reedom  allowed  connnanders  to  exe- 
cute sentences  without  iirst  obtaining  the  \'icere;.;"id 
sanction,  vv'hen  roads  were  intercepted  or  circum- 
stances demanded  a  [)rom})t  exam[)le.'' 

'^'(':ilvil!')  shot  r;iilrc  Tirado  iit  Tcuiingo;  .iu<t  recently  Ti'iijiHi  tliil  t!io 
BauK!  with  Stilto. 

"  j'iio  iioniilty  of  I'chi'C  sliot  to  doMtli  wa<J,  ai'co!'(liii\'  to  t'.iis  ilccree.  to  ho 
iiilliciuil,  without  giviii^j'  Kioi'e  tiiiio  than  wua  nccuosuiy  to  pru^iaio  lur  douth 


\.p  i-  ■ 


AKBITKARY  MEARUKES. 


423 


As  tlio  j)riivisi()iis  of  tliis  ])l()0(ly  t'dict  liad  Ix'i'ii  all 
aloii'^  piVK'tiscd  ill  regard  to  iiisiir<j^((nt:;  jreiicinlly, 
tlio}"^  would  n.)t  liavo  excited  any  particular  attciitioii 
liiit  for  llic  clauses  toucliiii'4'  the  ecclesiastics,  in  whom 
they  jiroduced  a  deep  impression;*-  the  l)isho[);-;  being 


as  cliristiiiiiH,  on  leailcis,  in  wlKiti'vcr  nnnihcr;  on  otlicnrs  fnm-  nml  itiolmlin'' 


til 


ll.-l 


luuU'iKintd  iiii; 


en  :i 


11  \;  liu  I'li-'anfd  ill  luii.sttrini'  men  tn  i^Lrvc  the  irvula- 


ti  lU;  ccck'siaijjc:!,  wlictlici' suciilar  or  rc'tilar,  who  had   taken  iiai 


d 


lelrsive:  ami 


lo;U'  V.  ho 


Tl 


hi  the  revijhuioii  wilh  whatever  lith;  or  oliice,  that  of  eliaphiin  il 
t!ie  eilitor:!  of  f;a;:i'tie.s  ol'  pulili -liei.s  of  iiieendiaiy  doetiment.<. 
were  not  leader.',  Init  had  eoimnilteil  lioiliJitie.ia'jainHt  the  royal  troopn,  v.itli- 
oiit  any  excuse  to  .screen  tiu'in  from  capital  [innislnnent,  were  tol^o  deeiniatid; 
mu'h  a.j  wcio  spared  hy  Int  from  death,  an<l  kucU  as  were  not  sudij;  et  to  cap- 
ital pinn.-!liment  hy  tlie  elausen  iif  tlu^  edict,  wtro  to  be  sent  to  tlio  viceroy, 
cireiinistanees  permitting,'  it;  Imt  if  there  t^lioiild  occur  iiiiy  olistacle,  then  each 
cDinmander  wa  1  authorized  to  disj)oso  of  tlieni  iui  he  mi  .,'lit  deem  liest  with- 
out sn'ijection  t(j  ruhn,  which  could  not  ho  presci'ilicd  for  all  cases.  Kccle- 
siaslie.'j  captured  while  in  armi  airain^it  the  royal  forces  were  to  he  tried  and 


ited  without  the  formality  of  de^,'radation.   1'hese  clautics  were  ;;roun( 


,de.l 


on  the  juinciplo  ^et  forth  in  the  edict  itself,  that  respecting'  the  head  men  no 
risk  waj  incurred  of  puui.shinL,'  (he  innocent,  n(jr  of  inllietin^  exce.jsivo  pun- 
ishment, 'p  ir  .'xr  to  loi  verda. leros  Ijandidos,  anatemali/.ados  jior  hi  i;.;lcsia  y 
innr-eriiito:!  porel  j.;(jl)ierno,  :i  (juienes  por  lo  mismo  piiedo  (piitar  l.i  vida  (piul- 


(juiera  impuiiemente. 


li 


<1  to  those  who  weri;  to  lie  decimated,  it  Was 


stated  that  llii.i  u;!s  .strictly  in  eonformilv  witli  the  militarv  ordinance.),  and 


cmmse 

J/r..-.. 

.1/. 


lledl 


y  Round  reason,  when  the  numherof  f;uilty 


'a.-i  lar';e.  (iaz.  ila 


ISIJ,  iii.  (iS.VT;  Ni'urilo,  Mi.c  Shj.  A' /A'.,  v.  ils-lOi;  Z/v,,-,),  /.'.  c. 
Hi !-.->;  l'iiri!li\  P.,  Hijlcxiuiiv-',  l-'Ji;!,  etc.;   //(.riiamliz  i/  JJtirulny,  CuL 
tkic.,  vi.  41;  I'ldnluno,  i.  07. 

'A  representation,   wi'ittm  hy  I..icenciado  Ijcrnarclo  (Ion/ale/,   Angulo, 


k'ual  advi  ;er  el'  tlic  r.rtillci-v  dcpartmoit,  was  laid  heforo  tl 


10  eccU'sia: 


;tieal 


diapter  (jf  Mexico,  askin^;  lor  it.i  action  on  behalf  of  tiicir  fiieros.     1'he  peti- 


lifiu/.^avo  rise  to  meeting.!  and  di  :ciifiHi(jns  of  the  chaptci-;  hut  all  endi'd  in 
iKithiuL.',  owin-f  t.j  jiressuio  from  superior  authority,  'i'lin  chapter  had  a  full 
iiicctiii^  on  the  DJth  of  Juiij  to  dieu.ss  whether  some  stt'p  : 


d,l 


let.i 


lief. 


uee  of  ecelei 


ili 


itv,  but  it  w;  s  decided  nniler 


stances  to  I'O  incNp  dient  to  act.     On  this  beconiincc  k 


^  i-cscnt  eircum- 
iii,  1 10  meinber.s  of 


the  K'jcular  elcr;:y  iai  1  licforo  the  clia])tcr  on  thcTth  of  .July  udeinand  for  tho 


protection 
A  t! 


if 


leir  ri'iu.-;  anion 


'the  .sul 


>scni)en3  were  nearly  a 


11  t: 


P' 


lis!, 


priestjof  tho  capital,  many  outside  of  it,  several  doetora  of  divinity,  and 
other  distiii'Tr" 


the 


li  lie  I  <;!cr^:ynicn.     The  chapter  refcried  it  to  Doctor  S.i 
lbc:!.l,  v.Iio  p;'oaounce<l  it  an  asonada,  or  attempt  at  rebellion. 
Cn  the  viceroy  hc'iriiij  of  tlie  matter,  he  demanded  the  surrender  of  tho 
ilocnmeuts,  which  were  referred  to  the  royal  council,  and  from  the  latter  t<. 


liroinotir 


the 


e'JDwn'.i  counsel,  wlio  called  for  the 


st  of  (Jonzakv,  Ai)''ulo;  he  hacl 


concealed  hiinrjclf,  and  \'illaIpando,  for  lia\iii;^  taken  a  marked  part  in  tho 
iiir.ur,  wan  i,i,pi'i.:;oned.  Of  the  jiricsts  who  had  si;_'iied  their  names,  lifteca 
iiKidc  ;i  form::!  retraction.  However,  it  was  decide, 1  v>  ]irc..ic;iit  another  rep- 
resentation that  was  to  be  drawn  by  Medrano;  but  llataller,  ]iresiilent  of  tho 
junta  de  f;e,'juiidad,  wanted  tho  signers  to  in.sert  therein  their  hatred  of 
Morelo!  and  (jf  t!ic  ]irinciple3  of  the  revolution.  All  reUised  tlu'ir  assent  to 
a  clause  so  entirely  disconnected  with  theobjeet  of  the  representation.     Much 


liul  been  writtc'.i  ou  tiie  subject,  both  for  and 
ciscan  fi'iar  .lo.ie  .T(.)a(piin  do  Oyarz.ibal,  in  A'o^i 


;!„ 


St.     Tl 
h 


■^panisli  Fran 


d  r>,  ridiculed  t 


.V. 


10  r''prc.sentati.)n,  an 


;l 


no  valiitru'lo  by  J.   J.  CJ 


Ton 


iswerecl  in  {'iiidi 
by  Oidor 


?•(  /i/r.fcii/nrion  ( 


1,1 


I'uei 


,',  I  eh 
ill  a  4' 


(TO 


iij"j 


4-20 


llAYOX  rUIvSIDKNT;  MORKLOS  IN  TIIK  SOUTH. 


iii()stl\'  royalisls  oi-  liiiu'-sfrvci's  made  im»  iiionc  in  llic 
iiialt.cc.  Jii  later  years  tlicy  showed  more  spirit  in 
claiiiiiiiij^  tlieir  rii^lils  or  juivilei^es,  even  to  the  |ii((li 
of  I'uliiiiiialiiij^  aiKitlieiiuis  against  iiieasuivs  that  did 
not  coiicerii  ii'li^ioii.  "^riio  revolutionary  autlioritics, 
it  must  lie  aekiiowledged,  Lad  not  on  their  [r.ivl  sliow  ii 
much  better  treatment  to  priubts  wliosju  leanings  weie 
toward  the  royalist  cause.^^ 

]t  is  now  time  to  return  to  Tlalpujalma,  where  wc 
lei't  the  president  of  the  su[)reme  junta  engai,  I  in 
lortifying  his  camp  and  making  [ireparations  lor  a;i 
active  campaign.  From  his  headijuarters  he  k(|)t  up 
a  (;orres[)ondence  with  the  guadalu[)es  in  ]Mexico,  and 
with  ^Morelos  and  other  military  chieftains.  With  th(i 
double  view  of  nnising  the  inhabitants  of  the  territory 
under  his  sway,  and  of  securing  the  obedience,  heie- 
tofore  doubtful,  of  the  Villagranes,  llayon  left  Tlal- 
pujahua  on  the  2Gth  of  August,  taking  witli  him  prim- 
ing material  for  issuing  proclamations  and  other  il>La- 

viiliiiiK!  of  '2l?i  pages  entitled  ^(JIc.vioncA  xnhrc  el hanilo  ile 2"/  (If  Jnnio.  Vcii''- 
g;is,  to  avert  Inrtlier  troulde,  allowed  tlio  matter  to  drop,  ;iiul  never  liad 
his  ediet  lanied  out  at  tlio  capital;  so  tiiat  no  eeelesiaatiu  was  ever  exeiiiteil 
tliero  till  after  tlio  iiuK  peiidence.  'J'lus  agitation  in  Mesic")  was  ;;re;i',  iMid 
tlio  junta  de  segnridad  was  tliu  oliject  of  p>,p\dar  exeeration,  wliieli  was  iiuuie 
inmiife.st  in  an  attempt  iii  open  day  to  assassinate  IJatallcr,  and  in  many 
other  ways.  iSeo  AiV(  hcilmclii,  Apinit.  ll'mt.,  considei'ed  very  reliable  upoa 
events  oceiirring  ill  tlio  eaiiital.  Alamaii,  Hist.  .I/17.,  iii.  'Jlt-liO. 

'^.V  list  of  the  eases  of  Fali .jrs  Ijiistamante,  Ivstavillo,  Flore-",  and  othvi.j 
appears  in  Uriiniiix,  litiptujii.  Man'if.  l)r  Co",  47-S.  From  this  time  wo 
have  an  insurgent  soureo  to  draw  from,  in  the  form  of  a  J>}ano  dc.  ijohi- 
criio  y  'ij»  r((ri(-nc>i  iiti/ilura  de  In  scartaria  ij  cj'rcito  al  muiido  dii  Exmo 
Sr  iif(\<tdi'iitc.  df  1 1  Kiijiiriiii  junta  y  minUtro  itnivcivnl  de  hv  vncion,  Lk.  J>. 
LjiKir'ia  /.ojjc:  Jifii/oii.  It  begins  on  tlio  lirst  day  of  Aug.  1,S1'2,  and  eiiil, 
on  the  Oth  of  Sept.  ISll,  and  seems  to  have  bt'en  kept  liy  ll.iyon's  lecic- 
tary,  JosO  Ignaeio  Oyarzabal.  The  original  is  .supposed  to  iiave  been  in  the 
j)os.sessiiin  of  Fieeiuiado  Ignaeio  l\ayon,  the  general's  son,  and  a  full  e(»iiy  i<i 
it  appears  in  J/ti-ii(u;d<z  y  Duvalo"-,  Col.  Doc,  v.  011-84.  The  iirst  event 
therein  reeorded,  on  the  5th  of  Aug.,  is  the  destruction  of  a  town  called  S;ni 
Agustiu,  near  Actopan,  for  its  leanings  to  the  viceregal  authority.  C.ipt:ii:i 
lio^ilhj  with  "iD  men  attacked  the  royalists,  killing  o,"}  in  the  action,  and  cap- 
turing two  leaders,  whom  he  shot,  and  iiually  destroying  the  phu.o  by  lire.  A 
royalist  eoininander,  Fernandez,  reporteil  that  aCapLain.Toie  Antonio Zammi, 
jiad  lieen  on  the  KJtli  <jf  July  at  tho  town,  and  .shot  Iii  loyal  Indians  before 
the  eyes  of  their  friends;  and  that  he,  Fernandez,  pursued  Zamora  and  liis 
party,  overtook  tlieni,  and  killed  /ainora  and  fourteen  others,  taking  'Ij  pi'i-i- 
oaers,  most  of  whom  were  wounded.  Three  had  alrcatiy  died.  Gaz.  dc  Mtj:., 
\A\-2,  iii.  ti4J-i. 


ini)EI'i:ni)i:n'ck  anxiveusauy. 


427 


liiclits  <()  fire  till!  licui'tsof  llie  jx.'oplo.  Aftt'f  iiispcct- 
iii'4  the  lortilicaLioiiH  mid  uiauuractoi'y  of*  arms  on  i]\c 
Nadu  hill  ho  coiitiiiui'd  liis  march,  hcing  the  olijcct  of 
]Mi|iiilar  ovations  cvcrywhi^ro.  In  ]lui('liai)an,  whui'o 
lie  ari'ived  the  l.'Uh  oi"  Scpteniher,  the  marks  of  respect 
and  loyalty  were  sui'h  as  a  kinjjf  might  have  been 
|ii(»ud  of  At  all  his  piil)lic  acts  he  was  accompanied 
ly  'lose  Maria  Villagran,  generally  known  as  El 
Chito,  whom  he  hatl  recently  connnissioned  as  a  ma- 
liscal  de  cam[)(),  '.giving  at  the  same  time  to  hisl'athei", 
.lulian  Villagran,  who  ke[)t  himself  in  Zimapan  and 
I'a'  surrounding  country,  the  rank  of  lieutenant-gen- 
( ral.  Ilayon  resolved  to  celebrate  here  the  Kec()nd 
auiiivei'sary  of  Mexican  independence,  September 
lOtli,  in  a  manner  worthy  of  the  occasion,  and  as  well 
as  the  resourct^s  of  the  place  would  [)ermlt.^'  In  this 
CDiiiicclion  there  was  published,  not  on  the  IGth  of 
Scnlcmber  thou'jfh  bearing  that  date,  but  shortly  after 
IJayon's  return  to  Tlalpujahua,  a  manifesto  sent  him 
alivady  prepared  from  the  city  of  Mexico.^'  It  pur- 
jioited  to  be  a  picture  of  the  situation,  and  a  narrative 
of  the  events  that  took  place  in  Mexico  from  the 
boninniiiLj  of  the  strugu'lc  to  the  day  of  its  date.  It 
may  Jiavc  served  its  purpose  to  awaken  the  enthusiasm 
of  the  masses  in  favor  of  the  cause  of  independence, 
and  to  inspire  courage  in  its  defenders  fur  I'urther 
saeriliccs  of  blood,  treasure,  and  the  enjoyments  of 
huinc  life;  but  as  a  historical  document  it  is  worthless, 
every  statement  in  it  being  inexact,  and  evidently 
dictated  by  the  spirit  of  partisanshi[).  And  indeed, 
in  this  respect  it  is  about  on  an  equality  with  hun- 
dreds of  writings  issued  at  this  time  by  tlie  vice- 
r-.-gal  government,  its  servants,  partisans,  and  syco- 
liliants,  none  of  which  are  entitled  to  the  slightest 

"There  was  a  high  mass  attended  by  Rayon  and  his  ollicora  and  j;natd  of 
hoiior.  The  sermon  was  prcaehcd  by  tlic  brigadier  llcvcrcnd  D.jc^;;!'  I'r.i.i- 
ciscD  ( luerrero.  After  the  religious  ceremonies,  ihorc  were  public  aiiiUoumeuij, 
liiiiriii','  of  l)ells,  firing  of  guns,  and  in  tlic  night  iiluniinaiion  i. 

''IssiiL'd  from  the  Palaeio  Xacional  d;  AniJrica,  signed  by  Lie.  I^nacio 


I 


n 


j; 


'>  I 


reoidente,  and  countersigned  by  Josti  I;^naci<)  Oyari:abAl,  ojcrouirio. 


i  uU  copy  in  BustamuiUe,  Cuad.  Hid.,  ii.  307-1  j;  iv.  i4c>-J7. 


11 


n 


I 


5  ; 


^\ 


1 


ii! 


428 


RAYON  PRESIDEXT;  MORELOS  IN  THE  SOUTH. 


cTcdoiico,  as  systouuitic  lying  was  a  part  of  the  gov- 
ermncMtal  policy. 

The  ])residciit's  brother,  General  Iianion  Lopiz 
llayon,  coinmanding  the  district  of  Tlalpujahua,  had 
been  no  less  active,  often  making  excursions  to  the 
country  lying  between  Queretaro  and  ]\IeKico,  or  ho 
tween  the  I'ornier  and  A'alladolid.  In  one  of  tlioso 
excursions  ho  signally  defeated  an  archi'oyalist  cap- 
tain named  jNIai'iano  Ferrer"^  at  El  Salitre,  and  to^k 
hiiu  [)risoner.  Innnediately  afterward  he  marched  on 
.lerecaiaro  and  took  the  place,  together  with  two  guns, 
a  large  number  of  muskets,  anununition,  and  nearly 
100  [)risoners,  all  of  whom  were  conveyed  to  the  ha- 
cienda oi'  Te])ustepec,  where  the  president  then  was. 
Ferr(-'r  and  five  others  were  shot  on  the  4th  of  S('[i- 
tember.  The  rest  jt)ined  Rayon's  force,  and  a  few  of 
them  who  afterward  deserted  and  were;  ca[»tured  paid 
the  penalty  of  the  desertion  with  their  lives.  'I'liat 
.same  year  Ilamon  llayon  attacked  at  San  Juan  del 
liio  GOO  royalists,  who  wore  escorting  a  large  herd  of 
shoe[)  and  cattle  bound  to  ]\Iexico,  dispersed  them  with 
some  casualties,  and  captured  the  whole  pro[)crty.'^ 

Most  favorable  results  were  obtained  in  some  ([uar- 
ters  that  will  be  given  at  length.  They  were  in 
a  great  measure  due  to  the  s[)irit  of  union,  un- 
sellishness,  and  surbordiujition  to  their  conunaixhrs 
shown  by  the  officers  and  men.  But  in  other  j)ar(s, 
where  rivalry,  arising  from  personal  ambition  and 
leading  to  bickerings,  divided  counsels,  and  a  wanton 
disregard  of  all  superior  authority  existed,  ilisap[)oiut- 
ments  and  disasters  natu'  ally  followed. 

•"This  niim'.s  life  was  savcil  liy  Ahasolo's  M'ifi?  iit  Dolores,  Sept.  10,  ISll. 
He  wa.i  a  hiuilier  of  the  lawyer  Jose  AutDuii)  {''ei'icr,  w  iio  liail  oil  t!ie  •J'^lli 
of  Au;,'.  of  the  same  year  Ijeeu  jiut  to  death  liy  the  jranoto  i;i  Mexico,  foi'  lu- 
iiiL;  mixed  up  in  (ho  plot  ii^;aiust  VeiU';4as.  '("hi!  two  l)rother.s  had  dillefeiit 
jioliiieal  views.  Tl'-'  one  wlio  was  a  myalist  was  active  iii  his  ojiei'alioiis.  and 
had  (hjiie  eoiisideral. .0  harm  to  tlio  iiidepeudeats,  having  causeil  many  of  ils 
su[)|i,n'Ler3  to  ho  shot. 

"  if  v.'e  are  to  b;'lievo  the  acoounl  as  recoi'iled  l>y  tlie  iiideiiendciit  j.'ovei-M- 
meiit,  iuiyou  hilled  Il7  of  theeiiem\.  wouniled  a  iiiimher  <if  tiicm,  and  lo.ik 
tea  p-.-is  merrf,  he.<i(K's  'JO. (11)  head  of  slu-ep,  "Jll:)  ot  cattle,  a  inianlity  of  lad'U 
pa^'h-:.r.dei,  and  auine  arms.  JJiurin  <li'  O/k  rn'\  (ISU.  I.)ec.  11),  in  lli  ntUivUi 
jj  l^aCiiloK,  CjL  iJoc,  V.  OJS;  Mciuhb'd,  licsunmii,  Jlial.,  155. 


JOS]':  MARIA  VILLAGRA.N'. 


429 


I  have  alroad}  spoken  of  tlio  friendly  reception  (\\- 
tciided  1)}' A'il]a!.;ran  at  Ilnicliapaii  to  the  ])residcnt,  of 
tlie  junta,  which  led  tlie  latti-r  to  helieve  that  his  or- 
ders would  be  respocted  and  oheyed  in  that  quarter. 
Actinj^  untler  this  conviction,  Kayon  resolved  to  at- 
tack Ixmiquilpan,  a  wealthy  town,  and  quite  friendly 
to  the  vicerei-al  >-overnnient,  whose  ufarrison  consisted 
of  a  sn^all  detachment  of  line  troops  and  the  coni- 
jiaiiies  of  ])atriots,  all  of  whom  were  determiiied  to 
li^ht  to  the  last.  Their  commander  was  llafael 
(  asasola,  in  wlu-.n  they  had  fall  confidence.  Tlavon 
slai'ted  I'roni  Iluichajian  on  the  lath  of  Octoljer  with 
a  I'c^dment  (.f  well  equi[)|)ed  infantry,  whose  colonel 


was 


I  ( )se 


]Maria   Ijohatt 


Th 


le  cavalry  was  uiulei 


Epitacio  Sanchez,  a  brave  man;  and  the  artillery, 
ctinslslinL;'  of  lour  pieces,  was  in  chart^c  of  a  com- 
petent  olHcer,  with    the  requisite  number  of  slcilled 

"^o^'other    with    thesu    trooj)s 

<) 


men    to    mana'jfe    it. 


were 


A  illau'ran's  men;   and  at  the  hacienda  ^Vstillei 


tluy  wice  joined  by  the  forces  of  Father  C'orrea 
;nid  ]V)lo.  liayon  apj)eared  bef)re  iKmiquiljian  on 
till'   18th  of  October,  and   occu})ied    the    most    con- 

From  one  of  thes(>  points, 


M'll 


ii'iit  points  for  attacl 


llic  ^Metlia  Luna  hill,  Casasola  endeavored  to  dis- 
lodge the  independents,  but  was  driven  off  with  heavy 
loss.  ]\a_yon  demanded  snrreiuk'r  within  two  houi's, 
luider  guarantees  of  hie,  liberty,  and  jji-opert}'  to  all, 
including    the   Spaniards,  if   (licy  took    the    oath  of 

dd    take    the   town   bv 


ill 


ule'-ianee 


)tl 


oinerw 


le    woi 


ns^sault  and  ]>ut  the  inhal/itants  1o  the  sword,  The 
loyalists,  rememl)ering  the  violated  jijedges  of  live 
efore  to  th.i'  jirisoncrs  of  l\'iehuca,  lui'ned  a 
to   llavon's   jtroposal.  ( "asasola  returnin'i'  a 


lliojlliis     I 

deaf  ear 


haughty    answer."     ]Carly    next    morning    the    inde- 

''  111'  li;ul  lioon  a  corpor.il  c>f  tlio  rnynlist  rcrrimciit  Trcs-i  ^'illils,  iiml  liciii'^ 
iiiiiiic  :i  juisoinT  at  Zildciinro  jniiicd  tlio  iiidi  priidi  nts,  iind  wvim  jr.  ■mol.il 
li'ij'a  tiinc  to  tiiiR'  till  li'!  ali.iiiiol  liis  jircsciit  r.iiik.  Latii'  he  Lrcainc  a  p;ini- 
i'i"il.  iiiiil  liuuixd  in  tin;  ciiily  ^ciirs  of  tin;  rr)iiilplii'. 

'"  Ul'  jiiid  liravu  men  witli  arms  ancl  aiiimunit  inn  to  ilcfcml  tiuir  !i.  c ;  uml 
liiuir.);  1)0  Wuuld  ne\i.i'  bill  rLliUt  T  tu  'Liuididi/j  iudi''nu.s  do  mcrccii'  iii  ami  >iU 


m 


■ 


Il 


i 


H 


^ 


f* 


^ 


HJ?'' 


430 


RAYON  PRESIDENT;  MORELOS  IN  THE  SOUTH. 


IKMidonts  mado  vigorous  assaults;  Corrca  and  Lo- 
bato  ill  the  afternoon  succeeded  in  pof?scssiiig  tlieui- 
selves  of  two  para[)i!ts,  where  tliey  waited  some  time, 
under  tlie  licavy  fire  of  the  royalists  from  the  third 
line  of  defences,  for  reenforcomcnts  under  Villagraii 
that  would  enable  them  to  advance  farther.  Uut  as 
none  came,  and  night  was  approaching,  they  retreated 
in  good  order.  During  the  night  silence  reigned  in 
the  independents'  camps.  But  Casasola,  apprehend- 
ing it  might  be  a  ruse  to  draw  him  out,  kept  a  watch- 
iul  eye  within  his  intrenchment.  The  next  morniu-j; 
no  enemy  was  in  sight;  and  news  soon  was  brought  to 
the  town  that  Rayon  and  his  army  were  fairly  on  tlie 
way  to  Iluichapan.-"  On  arriving  at  this  i)lacc  in 
advnnce  of  his  division,  Rayon  seriously  reprimanded 
Villagran  for  his  violation  of  orders.  The  latter 
made  no  reply,  but  resolved  to  avenge  forthwitli 
what  he  deemed  an  insult  from  one  whose  authority 
lie  held  in  contempt.  He  ordered  the  drawl)ridges  to 
be  raised,  and  called  his  men  to  arms  to  seize  the  presi- 
dent and  his  escort  before  his  troops  arrived.  ]hit 
]la3'on,  mistrusting  the  movements  around  him,  visited 
the  barracks  at  once  and  managed  to  have  his  su])eri(ir 
authority  recognized  and  his  orders  obeyed.  A'illa- 
gran  seeing  his  designs  frustrated  lied  with  twenty 
of  his  aecon'plices.  The  failure  to  capture  Ixmi(|uil- 
pan  and  Villagran's  niutinous  course  tilled  the  presi- 
dent witli  grief,  and  he  returned  to  Tlalpujahua. 

The  Chito  did  not  abandon  his  purpose  of  Nvroak- 
ing  vengeance  on  Rayon  and  his  friends.     He  relent- 

tlrina  outer.-..  Cns.nsnl.T.'  This  nnswcr  and  Rayon's  dcmnnd  appear  in  ll<i'- 
miiidrz  1/  J)nvnlo»,  CI.  Do,:,  iv.  (i;};!;  (7ir..  <',■  M,.r.,  18I->,  iii.  1  i:)l-'_'. 

2"l)iist:im:inte  expressed  tlie  lielief  tiiat  Rayon's  retreat  was  causiil  )iy 
tlio  receiptor  a  letter  .suiniiicainii;  liim  to  a  eoiifen-nee  witii  envoys  froni  \  fiie- 
.•.MS  at  the  Tultenango  haeieiida.  ('ii'ul.  /list.,  ii.  -.^r)  !).  He  is  ividnitly 
iiiistalien.  C'orrea's  report  attributed  their  ill  suec<,'<a  to  \'ilhiL;riurs  t  lil- 
uro  to  ei'iperate,  and  tlit.  preeipitato  retreat  of  lii.s  men,  whieh  is  also  allinli  :\ 
in  'ly  liayon's  Kecret.'iry.  liayon  certainly  went  to  Huiehaiian,  whieh  e:ir- 
ried  him  away  from  Tultcnango.  A/aiiiiui,  Hist.  Mij.,  iii.  IW.V.S;  Jiitirio  ile, 
()/>ir<tr..  in  j'fn-miiuliz  y  Ddralos,  Col.  Dor.,  v.  '2!)S',  &2-2-X  \\'hatever  the 
eause  of  the  ritreat,  it  was  fortunate  for  Casasola,  who  had  lost  about  lUO 
men  of  the  yarrisou. 


villa;:;  ran  discomfited. 


431 


l('-;sly  pcrsocutcil  the  lattei",  and  Cura  Corrca,  who 
lor  ills  oallautry  had  l)een  promoted  to  inarisca)  de 
(•,nii|io,  liad  to  ilco  to  Xopala,  and  thence  to  Chapa  de 
^lota.  Fi'oni  this  time  the  YilhiiTfranes  were  au^ain 
masters  of  the  \vliole  country  extendini^  from  Sau 
Juan  (h'l  Iiio  and  Cuesta  de  Tula  to  the  sierra  de  Zim- 
;i;  m;  Crom  whicli  we  must  conclude  that  the  eider, 
who  jiad  hecn  supposed  to  disapprove  of  his  son's 
(•(lurse  on  the  2'Jd  of  October,  had  taken  no  pains 
to  clieck  his  vmjustifiable  career.-^  The  younger, 
however,  in  due  time  thought  over  the  matter,  and 


Seat  up  Wau. 

concluding  that  nothing  was  to  be  gained  by  going 
counter  to  recoGTuized  authoritv  sou'jfht  reconcilia- 
lion  through  the  agency  of  two  cl(>rgymen.^'"  T<>  this 
]uiy(»n  was  well  dis[)osed;  but  he  answered  tludA'ilhi- 
gran's  future  good  conduct  would  be  accepted  as  his 

'  Rnyon's secretary,  at  tlic  timo  that  Ix^tli  fatla-r  and  son  wore  f,'ivpii  liii,'h 


iiiilitary  i\uik,  n 
MiUii'iial  I 


luS  111 


UmI  that  thoy  wen.'  i-cnvan 
in  the  north;  now  V\  Cliito 


lOH'liinofi  rccuiiihH,   who  hi.il  actod  as  hi;  (lnl  'para  I'Mtivgarso  sin  i 


as  ( 
li.l 


1' jjooil  srrvico  riMKh'i'i  il  tho 
an  'ah'VONO,  inurato  ii 


■<toil 


lO 


1  itinajc,  ar1)itraric(la(l  y  oscosos  con  k\w.  lia  iK 


./,'  I) 


jii  nil' 


II, 


Tl 


//;>/.,  KU-'J;  AIn 
tl 


C'.stos  colitoriios, 
d'izii  I  >, hi  1 1  •,.■<,  (ill.  /)o.\,  V.  (U  t,  d-J.'!;   Mmdihil, 


/flKt.    Mr}.,  iii.  34.S-:)1. 


ic  sountary  says  tho   ]incst3  made  a  warm 


iturcc'ssiun.    Diurlu  de 


0^.( ;•«('.,  ill  Ihrnandizij  Duvalos,  Col.  JJo<:,  v.  G'JO-30. 


it"  ' 


\i  i 


m 


432 


RAYON  rRESIDEXT;  MORELOS  IX  THE  SOUTH, 


best  excuse  antl  secure  lihn  both  for^'iveiuss  Inr  Uw 
])ast  and  his  country's  s^ratitutle.  StiH,  he  liad  hut 
httle  liope  that  the  father  or  son,  or  other  insuhordi- 
nates,  could  be  brought  to  accept  })roper  (hsciphne.-' 

As  liavon  was  anxious  to  ])rocure  resources  i'or 
sustaining'  his  troops,  and  the  merchants  in  ^Mexico 
beiu'jf  on  the  other  hand  interested  in  obtaining'  a  iVee 
jtassago  f(»r  thi!ir  merchandise,  relations  were  opened 
l)etwecn  some  of  the  most  prominent  and  tlu;  pres- 
ident. Tlie  latter  wrote  Morelos  maniicsling  his 
Avish  that  the  I'ich  cargo  of  the  China  ship  lying  at 
Acapule(j  should  be  permitted  a  [)ass  into  the  iuieridi', 
as  the  merchants  needed  the  goods  and  were  willing 
to  pay  (piite  a  res})ectable  sum  of  money,  lie  also 
constdted  th(3  otlicer  wluj  was  besieging  tliat  town 
by  land  on  the  i)ropriety  of  acceding  to  their  })i(i- 
posal.  jMoi'cIos  answered  in  the  n(;gative,  and  thi' 
Jici/  Fernando  then  went  to  S;m  JjJas  wliere  slie 
laniled  her  cargo.  Rayon  made  an  arrangement  willi 
tile  marcjues  do  San  ^Miguel  de  ^Vguayo,  com  .landing 
a  I'oyalist  battarK^n  in  INIexico,  and  whose  son,  the 
condo  de  San  Pedro  del  Alamo,  was  serving'  at  \'al!;t- 
dolid  under  Trujillo,  by  which  the  manjues  was 
allowi'd  to  pass  into  ^[exico  a  Lirge  tlock  of  she('[) 
U[)()n  paying  .$120,000,  jiart  in  clothing  and  arms  for 
the  inde})en(lent  troops  and  the  rest  in  specio. 

\'rni-g"a-,  it  has  been  said,  either  to  rcnci^-r  Tlavon 
susjiicii>u.-^  in  the  eyes  of  his  tro()])s  or  to  divert  liis 
attention  i'roni  militaiy  operations,  or  from  soiiu; 
otlu'r  motive,  manifested  a  disposition  to  enter  into 
negoti.itions  with  him.  To  this  elfecl  instructions 
Mere   given,   under   solenni  guarantees,  to    a    lawvt  r 


-'  R;iyou  wrute  Movolos,  wIu)  (Hisworcil  fi-Diii  O.'ijiuia  Pec.  ."l-^t,  lliat  fi'ii;ii 
ruaiitl  I  lio  luiil  trieil  to  liriiiL;  tin"  ^'ii!;l^l■allc^^  in  order,  tiiiil  tli'^y  li;;<l  ri';ili('l, 
'cDii  prcLcxtort  c;iiao  los  ilem;i:3  del  Xoi'Io,'  iiddiii'-,'  tli;it  tlu-y  all  si'L-nicd  U>  iw 
iu'iiii.;  ill  acL'ovJ.  Osoriio  w-'oiucil  iiu'liiHil  to  ho  ohcdiciit,  Imt  llio  dtlicM  iii- 
il'.U'iiucil  liiiii  ii;jMiiist  sulioril'iiiition,  iiiul  Mu'ri'l'iiro  ii  heavy  liaihl  ;-.lnmld  l/o 
laid  (111  t!ie;ii.  lie  liail  iiniiiiiseil  liiiii.^elf  tudo!  oat  Millie  d.iy;  li'.it  f;ir  the  jU'es- 
out,  '■:ei\i,  uk'iki.s  iiiahi  ilej.;rhn  (jiio  iue^'aii  lioraea  p>ir  sni  nimh;),  i!ist;iliiliile!» 
siemiire  a  (|tie  Ihiuieu  la  ateiieiou  li  Mexico  luiOatnid  liaceuioo  liej^ocio.'  Alu' 
■man,  Hit..  MiJ.,  iii.  .'iOl. 


JOSfi  MARf A  DE  REGULES  VILLASANTE. 


433 


named  Juan  Ivaz  y  Guzniiin;  and  it  was  oven  resolved 
to  hold  a  conf'eroucc  at  the  liaeieiida  de  Tulteiuuigo, 
Ivayon  beiuijj  advised  that  a  iiiereliaut  named  Juan 
Ijaiitista  Lobo,  duly  instructed  by  the  viceroy,  would 
meet  hiiu  in  that  place.''  Although  the  members  ot 
the  supreme  junta  were  scattered  and  Ra^'on  as  tho 
jU'csident  acted  in  its  name,  he  never  pT'etended  to 
thtermine  any  inij)ortaiit  government  ail'air  without 
consulting  his  coUea'jues.  He  laid  the  vicert)y's  lire- 
tensions  betbre  them,  and  the  only  answer  1  have 
i'ound  is  that  given  l)y  ]^iceaga,  written  by  Doctor 
Cos,  in  which  llavou  is  advised  to  confine  his  elForts 
to  secure  a  suspension  of  arms  so  as  to  take  advan- 
tagi,'  oi'  it  I'or  organizing  and  drilling  troops  to  ])r()se- 
eute  the  war  and  cri[)[)le  Spain's  resources  in  her 
nsisiance  against  the  French.  ]\Iexico  would  be 
tlius  e.iabled  to  attain  her  independence.  IJut  as 
tlie  conrereuccs  ap[)ointed  for  Tultenango  never  took 
[ilace,  the  whole  project  went  out  of  mind. 


L'5 


The  viceregal  govermnent,  sinc(>  the  fall  of  Cuautla, 
had,  as  we  have  seen,  kept  its  troo])s  engaged  in  op- 
erations within  the  })rovinces  of  Puebla  and  Vera 
CnvA,  to  tlie  neglect  necessarily  of  the  south  and  of 
Oajaca.  To  enable  the  reader  to  arrive  at  a  clear 
mulei'standin«>-  of  the  coming  events  in  those  regions, 
I  must  revert  ibr  a  lew  moments  to  the  occuri'ences 
of  Xovember,  IHll.  Morelos  had  sent  Valerio  Tru- 
jaiioto  occu})y  Silacnyoapan,  which  was  effected  with- 
out o])position,  and  the  revolution  spread  throughout 
!Mi/.teca,  the  porli(.)n  of  Uajaca  bordering  on  i'uebla. 

'^' Ijiistainanto  spcaka  of  this  negotiation  nml  trivcs  Licoaga'.-!  answer  to 
I'layfiri  on  the  iirojcct.  lli;  ami  Mcuihliil  uro  the  only  ones  that  mention  tho 
f^'.il.ji'ct.  liiiyijn's  secretary  .says  nothing  of  it  in  liis  diary.  i'lauL  liisl.,  ii. 
015-17;  Ui'.-'Uini'n.  ///.-■«.,  l.">4-3,  WVl. 

-'■'Oa  tlio  (liy  lixetl  for  tlie  coniinissioncrs  to  meet,  no  re]iresetitalive  from 
Vone'ias  appoareil.  'J'lio  viceroy  had  "■li.in:4ed  his  mind  when  he  heaid  of 
\  i'la^Tan's  mntiny,  and  now  cx]iecteii  lu  derive  the  ad\aiita;;e.s  h'.;  de.-iretl 
f''>'ni  di.scord  and  anaroliy.  lnti'iy;ues  wen;  aeeordin  dy  set  in  motion  to  ereato 
i  1  feeling;  between  Rayon  and  Morelos,  and  hetueen  the  former  and  his 
e'llI'MLTiies  of  tho  junta.  Rayon,  however,  conducted  liiuistdf  wiih  niueU 
tneiunspee'tion. 

llisx.  M;:x.,  Vol.  IV.    28 


sri' 


i' 


r  a  ■■ 


liii'i 


1 .        ! 

J 

. 

|i: 

4:54 


r.AYOX  PRESIDEXT;  MORELOS  IX  THE  SOUTH. 


Desirous  (tf  chookiiij^  the  .'ulvanccs  (if  llu3  independ- 
ents, ]Jri<jfadier  l^ei'iiardo  Ijonavia  j^'ave  the  conuii'ind 
ef  a  force  organized  ad  hoc  to  m  native  of  Santander, 
in  Spain,  nauieil  Joso  ]\Iaria  de  llegades  Viihisantc,  an 
old  resident  (jf  Xochistlan,  not  a  soldier  by  l)rofession, 
but  a  hearty  ro3'alist,  and  possessed  of  much  activity 
and  a  thoroue-li  knowledge  of  the  ground  in  that  moun- 
tainous country — qualitications  more  useful,  perliap-, 
f  )r  that  kind  of  warfare  than  a  rtigular  militaiy  training, 
llegules,  tou^ether  with  other  land  owners  iViendlv  <>» 
the  royal  cause,  raised  and  disci[)liu(.H.l  a  considerable 
force  from  the  laborers  of  their  own  estates.  Tim 
bisho[)  of  Ante(|uera,  Antonio  Ilergosa  y  Jia'dan,  a 
stanch  royalist,  who  had  been  ]»romoted  to  aicli- 
l)ishop  of  Mexico  and  was  making  preparations  to 
depart  for  his  new  h(;ld  of  ei)isco[)al  duties,  w;is  re- 
quested by  the  ayuntamiento  and  some  ])romlnent 
citizens  of  Oajaca,  at  this  critical  pei'iod  not  to  leavv; 
the  diocese,  where  his  intluence  would  have  gi'e;>t 
weight,  lie  not  only  ac(|uiesced  and  influenced  j)ub- 
lic  o[)inion  in  favor  of  the  royal  cause  with  his  pasto- 
rals and  sermons,  but  I'aised  and  armed  a  body  of 
ecclesiastics.  The  independents,  on  the  other  hand, 
wasted  no  time.  They  organized  a  considei'able  bodv, 
and  in  rFanuary,  1812,  deeming  themselves  strong 
enough  to  face  the  royalists  in  their  lair,  at  Yanlini- 
tlan,  where  liegule-s  commanded  and  had  erected 
strong  foi'titications,  marched  to  the  attack,  .".,0()i) 
sti'ong  with  three  pieces  of  artillery,  on  the  8th  and 
9th  of  Jamiary,  and  met  with  defeat  and  the  loss  of 
their  artilkny,  together  with  forty  or  more  killd. 
and  se\-enty  prisoners,  besides  til'ty  mules  laden  with 
]n'ovisions  and  anununition.'"  The  victorious  li/gii- 
les  started  in  pursuit  of  tlu;  insurg(Mits,  and  on  the 
2;Jth   of   I'ebruary   met  those   of   Uobadilla    at    ^Siti 

'-'' Diiriii'^  tlio  iioliiiii  tlii;  first  day  tlic  f,'i)Vcnior  . Mini  alcildo  (if  Iiiliiins  'f 
till'  tnwu  ;itt(?inpt(Ml  to  join  tlio  ciiciny,  mito  ili.si'DVi'ird,  inwl  sliot.  'I'lic  n'  - 
oml  ilay  lu'\gu!cs  iiuhIl- II  vigiiroii.s  sully  tiuil  jmt  liirf  assaihints  tolliiiit.  Ho 
ul;o  li;nl  lii:j  tsluiie  of  liws.  (/«,:.  do  Mvx.,  liSl'J,  ."j-l-."),  IJl-l;  Mi'iidiltl,  U'tt- 
inea  lil,i.,  SO. 


sieg::  or  v.vxnrrrLAN'. 


435 


Juank'oToposrdliiJa,  wlioiu  luMkilbatcil,  c.^i;  tii'iii^'  llu-ir 
i_;iiM.s  and  a  iiUiii')or  nf  jirisoiiri's,  wlinjii  ln'  (irdciT.l 
,~.Ii(it,  lie  ulsi)  caiisud  to  be  (lcstr(»yo'l  all  llu'  ^L-raiii 
and  other  pro\  isions  stored  in  tlie  town.-'  While 
tlii'.se  ev(,'nt.s  were  takin;^-  place,  th(>  indejtendeiifc 
c'liijls  ]Mi_L;'i^l  and  Xieokis  IJraxo,  I-'alher  ^Miauhi/.a., 
all  I  A'aleiio  Ti'njrino  met  at  Tamasulapaii,  and  re- 
s  :l'>ed  to  assanll  Yanhuitlan  a  second  time  r.nd  [Jimish 
lk'L;ule.s  and  hi:'i  I'ellow-j-oynlists.      They  bes:c;4'e(l  the 


Vilixcu 


opalucan 


.Mar'.iu  Tt;ziit..Iur  111  --p^i  •'." ^^ 


.-...li,.n 
VERA  CHUZ" 


PUE8LA  <!l!;',V'"'f-.    ^    -Ct^J-Si 


Lh'ilt*;^'     .--^  '  o  Orjlzutia^ — — l.^ 
,,      Sun  Aiiilr<-4     AouVi!r,-(;=       -- — -,^         ^^Knualc: 


hnii 


MiZTlXA    IN    OaJACA. 


Sail 


I'lai-c  and  in  a  jew  days  had  possession  of  nearlv  the 
v.liele  town,  pkicin;^'  their  _L;uns  in  the  street  crossin':^"s, 
liL'u^ules  defended  hiinsell' in  the  cemetery,  occU[)yin;^" 
at  the  same  time  a  lew  buildings.  From  th(!  I  ll'i 
to  the  lath  of  Mareli  the  assaults  were  constantly 
repi'ated  till  the  1)esi('ov,d  were  in  a  desperate  (•■Midi- 

"'"  ^'■'■;.  '''' .1A':V.,  ISI-J,  iii,  •J()l--J.  Tlu'-io  (K't.-*  wore  avoiigcil  hy  Cilim.  1 
\  aliii.)  Ti iijiino,  iin  extiiiiii-diiiMi'v  man,  who  had  heoii  iin  liuuiMi:  iiinlc'.evi', 
I'lit  a  lioiii  sdlilirr,  said  to  lio  uriLriii/ill^'  tV.iiu  'J'uiHH'uaL'uilLMi,  wiin  had  liemui 
v.rh  small  jiaitii'.-i  which  liy  his  conra.;!;  and  ^•ut•l.■^s^^^■a  sixju  acij^uii'cd  thu  [H'o- 
li'.>:ti,ju,s  (it' an  army.   BiiMaiiauiif,  Cnu  Ifj  llUt.,  i.  ',\^\-'l. 


V 


430 


BAYOX  PRESIDENT;  :SI0RELOS  IX  THE  SOUTIT. 


if  f 


11  . 


tion.  Tlio  supc(^ss  of  tlio  liosiojjj'ors  was  assuro-l,  wlicn 
tlu^y  suddenly  I'aiscd  the  sic^-o  and  retired.  The  r<i\-- 
alists  could  not  und(;rstand  it;  hut  seeini>-  the  indc- 
jxnidents  march  away  in  jx-rfect  order,  they  did  not 
venture  out  to  }mrsue  tlieni.-^  Tlie  cause  was  an  or- 
der from  ]\[or{,']os  to  the  ]]ravos  to  hasten  to  liis  re- 
lief at  C'uautla.  ilegules  after  this  supposed  tliat 
the  iudopend<'nts  Jiad  entirely  ahamloned  the  ]Mizteca, 
l)ut  lie  soon  discovered  his  erroi-;  the  day  when  h- 
must  atone  for  his  many  cruel  acts  was  not  far  dis- 
tant.        ^ 

Trujano  continued  his  excursions  in  the  ]\riztee:i 
country  for  some  time,  his  field  heing  chiefly  tli" 
I'oad  from  Yanliuitlan  to  Cuicatlan.  After  defe;i1- 
iuij;'  jNIanuel  (luendulain,  a  I'ich  man  of  Oajaca  who 
Lad  armed  his  negroes,  killing  the  leader  and  many 
of  his  me:i.  and  ca[)turing  their  arnis,^'''  Trujano  es- 
tahlished  his  lioaxhjuarters  in  TTuajuapan,  the  chid 
town  of  the  jMizteca,  important  for  its  large  trade 
in  dried  goat's  meat  and  u^reasc  with  Puebla.  ]Io 
availed  himself  of  the  resources  the  jilaco  affordcil 
to  augment  and  supj^ort  his  force.  Bonavia,  the  roy- 
alist commander  at  Oajac-a,  on  his  })art  conccntr.ited 
all  his  available  men  at  Yanhuitlan,  to  employ  tlictn 
in  dislodg'ing  Trujano  froiu  Iluajuapan.  The  foi'ce 
thus  gathered  together  exceeded  1.000  uien,'*''  with  II 
jiieces  of  artillery  and  a  good  sup'ply  of  ammunitio]!. 
^J'he  chief  conniiand  was  tiiven  to  lle'jfules,^^  who  on 

■^  Alaiiiaii,  IliAt.  Mrj.,  iii.  '2.')9— i'J.  Regulea  sent  the  vicefoy  a  long  rfpii't 
cxtolliii;.;  the  v;il(ir  of  liis  troops.  IIo  claiiiioil  to  li:ive  done  much  daiiiirro  t'l 
tlio  I'uciuy,  c;ii)tiii'hig  one  gun,  .'SO  other  lire-arins,  nml  'JO  prisoucrs,  besiilis 
ki;!iug  iiinviii'ds  of  .'JOO,  ami  m-oiukIlhI  a,  very  hirge  number.  Aa  to  his  o\\:\ 
I'asnalties  they  were  18  slain  and  42  ■wounded.  Gdz.  tie  Mex.,  181'-',  iii. 
3;>l-(). 

^^  One  of  Trujano's  Ineky  hits  on  that  road  was  the  capture  once  of  1(>0 
good  muskets,  a  most  important  prize  at  a  time  v;hcn  iire-arms  were  fO  scaivi'. 

''^' Infantry  battalions  fif  Oajaca  and  ('ampevlie;  the  coast  negroes  under 
C'aldelas;  llishop  l!er.','osa"s  'loLrion  sagrada.' made  up  of  clergymen  and  friiir-, 
under  eominand  of  Canon  .losi'' de  San  ^lartin;  and  the  garrison  of  Yanliui- 
tlan. Aldiii'in,  llixt.  Mij.,  iii.  -V.\. 

■"  llo  was  a  ferocious  beast,  of  the  same  stamp  as  Arroyo  on  tlie  iiidcpi'ii- 
<leut  side.  With  tlie  view  of  striking  terror  in  the  hearts  of  those  who  wire 
friendly  to  tlio  I'evolution  and  li.ad  rendered  aid  to  the  iiidepi'iidents  mIh  a 
tliey  besieged  him,  before  leaving  Vauhuitian  he  mutilated  a  uuinbcr  of  luJ- 


SICGE  OF  HUAJUAPAX.  -ir,' 

the  5th  of  A]>i'il  appeared  befuro  tlic  villa  of  iruajua- 
paii  where  Triijaiio  had  erected  rortitieatioiis.  The 
(lay  being  Sunday  enabled  the  revc^lutionarv  coin- 
iiiander  to  aui^'nient  the  number  of  defenders  wini 
Indians  from  the  sui-rounding  country  Avho  had  come 
to  market  and  whom  he  detained.  The  royalists  t(<ok 
U[)  their  positions,  the  gallant  Caldelas  with  the  coa-t 
iKLjroes  occui)yin!jf  the  Calvario  cemetery,  a  com- 
)iianding'  point  on  the  north  of  the  town. 

For  some  days  the  royalists  were  engaged  in  j)er- 
I'ccting  the  siege  and  cutting  off  the  conuuunituitions, 
and  t)n  the  10th  of  April  opened  boml)ardmeut.  Tru- 
iano,  having  no  artillery,  had  three  guns  made  irom  the 
town  bells,  and  I'or  balls  usetl  the  rounded  cobblL-- 
.-^tones  j)icked  up  out  of  the  rivulet  close  by,  besides 
tlie  shot  lired  at  him  by  the  enemy.  Tlie  guns  and 
ammunition  were  del'ective,  but  the  decision  and  cour- 
age of  the  besieu^ed  made  amends.  The  besiegers 
made  several  assaults,  and  once  entered  th*^  place  l)y 
lioriiiL;'  their  way  throuixli  the  houses;  but  were  beaten 
I  lack.  In  one  of  the  assaults  a  Dominican  friar  per- 
islied  on  the  r(.)yalist  side,  and  in  another  an  Augus- 
linian  fighting  for  tlie  independents.  lionavia  sent 
liogules  reenfbrcemcnts  and  two  more  pieces  of  artil- 
li'iy.  Trujanc^  had  pnjvisions  for  some  time,  a  largo 
ijuautity  of  dried  mea.t  having  been  discovered  in  llio 
warehouse  of  the  tithe  gatherer;  and  to  prevent 
waste,  he  personally  served  out  the  rations,  as  well  as 
the  ammunition,  which  M'as  limited. 

The  situation  of  the  bosiegeil  was  becoming  pi'e- 
•  ■arious.  Trujano  managed  to  make  it  known  to  j"'a- 
Iher  Jose  Maria  Sanchez,  who  was  with  his  men  at 
Tehuacan.  Sanchez  and  the  cura  Tapia  forthwith 
.-tarted  with  a  considerable  force,  nine  guns,  and  a 
supply  of  ])rovisions  to  his  relief.  (.*aldelas,  on  hear- 
ing of  their   a[i[)r(jaeh,  concealed   his   coast    negroes 

M\\<\  'luamlu  cortai'  las  orojas  a  vciiititantos  iiiilios,' ami  Ucpt  the  \ii'tiiiia 
piil'nii.'il  a  whole  ilaj' umlor  tli.;  ^'il)l>et.  I'l-uviims  to  this  liorriil  avt  of  liar- 
harity  lie  caiisoil  a  largo  luiinbur  of  uativcj  to  bo  luuigotl.  /'/.;  Can  jxlo,  Esttul. 
HI--1.,  ii.  13. 


i 


4?A 


RAvny  rncsiDiiXT:  MonnLos  in*  Tin:  soi'tit. 


ii « 


r'f 


fr 


11 


ill  .'1,  lliii'l;  j)nlin  ^ri'vo.     It  was  thr  ITtli  of  M;  y.     Tli 


]!1(1('1><'I1( 


lent 


scaiiu!  (Ill,  iiiarcliinc;"  in  a  carvli'ss  inaiiin 


at 


1(1  nil  iK-ariiii;' the  town  wore  liorculy  attaclicd  hy  tlic 
iic-^rocs  and  '.'oiiiiilctcly  hrokni  ii[).  Saiiclic/  and 
Tapia  cseajx.'d  iit  I'lill  _nall<)|>,  lea\iiiL;'  all  tlu'ii-  artillery 
a;id  tho  provisiDiis.  Ut'  their  loi'<'('  a  nuiiiber  wciv 
l:illc'd,  oIIrts  captured,  and  the  rest,  except  a  few 
v.ho  iMlowed  the  leavlers,  became  seattei'ed.  AVeeks 
];:issed  hy,  and  it  last  I'rujaiio's  only  liojui  lay  in  ^cl- 
tiiiLj  woi'il  to  AIoivlos,  a  most  ciitlicult  task.  The 
Indian  hunter  of  Novo,  who  shot  the  Dominican  I'riar 
jdluded  to,  undertook  ti»  conx'ey  a  message  to  ^lorelos, 
promising,  it"  suecessful  in  crossing  the  lines,  to  send 
oil'  I'roni  a,  certain  height  two  rockets.      Trujaiio  waited 


anxiously.      In  due  time  he 


saw 


tl 


le  rot 


ket.^ 


aiK 


I  h 


lioiies 


revived.     The  Indian   I'ound  ]MoreIos  in  ( 


lii- 


lapa,  whither  lie  had  proceeded  from  Chautla,  and  I  he 
cliier  of  the  south  at  onco  marched  v\'itli  a  strong  force 
to  relieve    lluajuapan.      The    same    Indian    bi'ouglit 


lack 


till 


dad  t 


Klmu's. 


Kegules,  judging  I'rom  the  manifestations  that  suc- 

or  was  at  hand,  summoned  a  council,  and  advocated 

aising    the    siege,    but    was    opposed    l)y    Caldelas. 

loi-elos  detached   ^Miguel    l)ra\'o  with  the  i'orcc^  tiuit 

Sanchez  and  Tapia  had  aji'ain  eathered,  with  ordei's  to 


pass  along-  o'.ie  side  of  the  to 


wn. 


1 


>ravo  I 


lid 


so,  aiK 


was  suddenly  assailed  by  (  aldelas  and  Ids  negroes, 
bising  his  guns  and  having  to  retreat.  On  the  2'-]y\ 
of  July,  in    the  al'ternoon,   !Morelos  with   lii 


s   w!io 


i'orce  appeai'ed  before  lluajuajian.     One  of  the  bodies  of 
liis  troops  was  conimantled  liy  Jlermenegildo  Caleana. 

'-'It  is  saiil  that  liotli  times  lie  went  tliroti;.;!i  the  royalist  linos  (lis;j;uiseil 


!i 


Curr'ii'  lo,   J'-i'u'L  Hi 


10.     \V\A  a/rival  ocL'uri'cd  iimler  ciivii;]i 


(■taiii'cs  that  were  attril)Uti'(l  ti: 


a  to  the  iniaLfe  of    t!ic  Sunor 


)  a  s]iL'C!:il  pi'ovidcuce. 


Tl 


1. 


'lij;i 


had  ordt'ii'il 


in  corazones,  or 


Lord   of  lleali 


I  ted 


the  t( 


wn,  prayni','  lof  divme  jiroteetion 


It  v.as  on  tlio  tUi 


■  that  the  Xiivi't  Indian  rrtiuncd  \\  itii  t'.io  ncw^^  that  relief  was  on  the  \v;;y. 


icli  eonv 


ineed  all  that  tlii'ir 


[.rayers 


p   (tes])onclency ;  ai 


d    it  was  nianifi 


d  W 

vA  l)v  tl 


■anted.     Joy  followed  the 
i   bells,  lain:; 


le    I'ui'Mn'f   o 


ct  cannon  and  rockets,  inumiiiations.  and  nnisie. 


'J' I 


l)('sie'_;ers  I'ou 


Id 


I'.ndcr.Uaii 


1   SUt 


li  ii  proceed 


n' 


tuit  11 


(•Tnle 


:U 


diened.   Ahuiiau,  JJi^t.  J//'.,  iii. 


>l)Leious  of  tiio   truth   wore 


TRIU.MI'II  OF  MOIII^LOS. 


A   l);iUK'  (Misiicd,  wlii'li   I'll'   its  ru'r<'(.'ii 


4no 


CSS  was  I >iic  (it 


lIlC    IllDSt    Ilotl'd     (if    t! 


w  war 


Otis  sall\  ,  w 


riijaiiu  made  a,  \  i^'of 


liilo  ^loi'i'los  cliariiLMl  at  lln'   frMiii.      Tlu 


]()\'ali^t-i  wcro  tliiis  hrtwccMi  two  lir 


l)n(  tlii'X'  iiia(k' 


a  stout  (lol'iMice',  Caldclas  jiarticiilarly  with  his  400 
coast  negroes.  He  perished  pierced  hy  the  I'lieiuy's 
hiiices."'' 

AU  was  now  lost,  Ile-'gules  an  i  his  suhoi-diiiate 
Esjieroii  iled.  In  tlie  esca[)e  liei^'ules  struck  his  luad 
aL;'aiiist  the  hr.'Uich  of  a  tree  and  was  thi'own  down, 
\oniitinn'  l)lood.     (Jiie  of  the  cavahy  sohhcrs  |iickc<l 


u\)  Ins  senseless  commander  and  conveyed  Inni  to 
"N'anhuithm,"^  tlie  phice  lie  had  so  la.tely  left  ilushed 
with  jiiide  and  liate.  Trujano  [)ui'sued  the  llceiu^' 
I'oyahsts  to  the  very  gates  of  Yanhuitlan  fixing 
no  ([uarter.  Canon  San  Martin  then  assumed  the 
nuiiand   of  the  i)lace;  hut  wlieii    the   sohhei's    that 


CO 


had  heeii  left  behind  saw  their  heaten  comrades  I'e 
lui'iiing  [)anic-stric!\en,  they  heg.-m  to  Iiasten  from  the 
ii;)[)ending  danger;  and  the  oiiicers,  al'ter  holding  a 
ciiuncil  of  war,  departed  with  the  trooj)s  for  tlu;  city 


(): 


ijaca. 


Mi 


)re]os   trium[)h  was  com[)Iete 


th 


r.iyaH,>t  ai'tillery,  a  large  (juantity  of  muskets  and 
o.her  arms,  ammunition,  and  haggage  fell  into  his 
hands,  together  with  170  jn'isoners,  some  of  \\hom 
j  lined  his  service,  and  the  rest  wei'e  sent  to  tlie  pris- 
eueis'    jicMi   at   Zaeatula.'"     The   siege  of  ]iuajua[)an 

^'Jt  v.;i:s  said  tliaL  Caldclas,  iiidi'/iuint  at  iindini'  himsolf  nc'lcctcd  at  tlio 


la'i'.iiciit  of  greatest  daiiu'e 
liiiii.     ( 'aldflas  was  a  Spa 


r,  \\;[.i  sot';;n)L 


U 


.s  uilli  Tiistid  in  hand  tosl.-i 


had  h, 


I 

11  resident  ot   tli 


le  soiitlieiT.  coa 


ilhmt 


niueli  t'sleeuied  liy  his  neinlihors.     Morclns,  thinii;h  a  I'lic,  admirci 


d 


ly  and  cither  hiudi  (pialiti 


.1 


'I'otteil  III  i  tlcatli. 


Bustanianto 


c;;!l:i  him   'el  liravo  C-ildelas; 


d  Al, 


unan  .savs  o 


f  h 


'1' 


ne    nni)   < 


le  h: 


o'jeialei  mas  l)izaiTus  nno  hiiho  en  esta  "luTi'a.'  Jiii.-'iiitiiiiiilc,  Cnwl.  His!. 


-i!);i.  Ks:)-4;  Aim. 


lli-t.  J/.;.,  iii.  ■J4;t-.7J;  Mi> 


Hist.,  Vl\-:\;  Zu 


.  I!.  n,l.  M,  , 
vlii.  4.'>ii— 1." 


ml  hold  iiim  HI  lii'di  csterni. 


'■'^('(irrh'ln,  K-lnd.  J/ist.,  ii.  -JO.     llonavia  did 
He  I'ecuvon.'d  and  eontinuod  his  serviees  at  Oajar 

''One  hnndred  iirisuner.s  of  the  jail  were  ollered  their  lilicrty  if  they 
t:;!:'„'  care  ^)i  ()[)  wuunded  on  the  j(jurney,  whieii  service  they  reiiderei 


ihl 


1) 


;n-!va 


1  at  Oa  jaea  the  pledge  Ava-i  violated 


Ijiislaniante  i:ivea  th 


iLcr  of  slain  at  400.     Mon  los  in   hi-)  deeUi 


tiens  merely  says  there  were  some  killed  on  li(jth  sides.  Jlayon's  secretary'.! 
r  cord  Iwiiit  tluitTrnjano  held  the  plaee  tv.o  months  m  ith  only  100  men;  tiiat 
l>'',,i.Li  had  npwards  of  000,  of  \\  houi  100  were  slain  and  '600  eaptured,  logethur 


III 


I 


y  iil 


iv 


I 


4  to 


RAYON  rilKSIDKNT;  MORKLOS  IN  TIIK  SOUTH. 


lasted  I  1  I  (lays.  The  town  \\as  much  (luiiia^cd''"  liy 
tliu  artillery  •»!'  the  cncniy,  there  beiii<^  evidences  ti» 
bo  seen  everywhere  of  the  heroic  dctcnco  mad''  liv 
Trujano  and  the  jj^ai-rison.  ^loreli/S  recruited  his  arni\ 
IVoni  thes(!  men  who  had  disj)Iaye(l  such  devotion  to 
the  cause,  and  crcuced  a  rej^iment  that  lu;  called  tln' 
San  Jjorenzo,'*'*  the  command  of  which  was  given  to 
Trujano. 

The  victory  in  the  jNIizteca  open(;d  to  ]Morelos  Ilii> 
jjates  of  Oajaca;  hut  tli(ju;4h  advised  by  Trujano  and 
others  to  attempt  its  ca[)ture,  he  declined.  It  was 
thought  by  some  that  he  a])[»relu!nded  a  strong  resist- 
ance, which  would  have  delayed  his  plan  of  ca[)turiiig 
Tehuacan,  which  ho  could  reach  before  Llano,  at  that 
time  (Migaged  in  conveying  the  convoy  to  Vera  Cru/, 
c(juld  arrive.  Others  say  that  he  wished  above  all  io 
(organize  the  troops  witliin  the  territory  placed  under 
his  command  by  the  supreme  junta. 

We  will  now  for  a  while  leave  ]\[orelos  after  his  vic- 
tory in  Oajaca,  and  the  royalist  conunanders  cain- 
})aigning  in  (Guanajuato,  Puel>la,  and  ^'era  Cruz,  to  de- 
vote our  attention  to  parliamentary  matters  in  S])ain, 
which  arc  intimately  connected  with  the  events  of  that 
period  in  Spanish  America. 

with  400  immkcts,  10  cannon,  and  otiier  things.  Diarlo  dn  0 pern c,  in  Ihr- 
vaiidf".  !i  J)avaloK,  Cut.  JJor.,  v.  017. 

^^  l}ii.st;un;intt',  wliosaw  thu  town  soon  after,  states  that  it  'qiiedohecha  uii 
harnoro.' 

^'IV'caiisn  they  liad  been  exposed  to  iirc  on  all  sides;  named  after  Saint 
L.awrenoo  who  was  put  on  a  hot  gridiron  and  slowly  broiled.  Rivera,  (iuO, 
MtJC.,  ii.  Oi. 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 

AMERICAN  AFFAIRS  IN  SPAIN. 
1811-1812. 

OdVKitNMi'.NT  OF  Spain— The  Coutk.s  and  National  Scvekkiuntv— riiAP.- 

ACTEK  OK  THE  MkMDKIIS— TUK  DirUTACIOV    AmEKIL'ANA    AND  ITS    I'dllcV 

—  Its  I>emands  and  ('iiaiiacteh  of  Conckssions— Dei'ITY   I'kki:/  fiio.m 

I'lEULA— I)E1M  TV  ClsNEIloS   AsiiS  FOR   MEXICAN  AlToNoMY   AND    Kvi.N- 

TiAi.    Independence  —  Akizpe— Mier— Foisced    Loan — Kepresenta- 

TION  OF  THE   CoNNFLADO   OF   MEXICO— BRITISH    OFFERS  OF  M  3DIATION— 

National  Constitftion  as  Adopted — Irs  TruEiCATioN  in  Mexico- 
The  Tress- Election  of  Ayfntamientos— Animosity  of  tii'-.  Naiives 
tiiward  the  spaniards — constitution  practically  slspendeu. 

TiiK  Spanish  cortes,  all  Spanish  America  bein;^  rep- 

I'L'Scnted  therein,  were  installod  as  a  single  chaniher 

at  tli(!  island  of  Loon,  in  southern  S[»ain,  on  tlu'  'J4tli 

of  Septeinher,  IS  10.      One  hundred  and  two  deputies 

wrvo  ])resent.      Of  their  number,  nineteen  were  chosen 

liy  natives  residing  in  Cadiz  as  representatives  of  such 

jiiovinces  as  were  then  under  control  of  the  French 

ti'oojis,  and  which  i'or  that  reason  could  not  freely  hold 

t'lcctions,  and  twenty-nine  were  elected  by  natives  of 

America  and  the  Philippine  Islands  then  dwelling  in 

tiie  same  province.     These  forty-eight  representatives 

sat  in  the  chamber  for  the  time  being  as  substitutes,  or 

M'.plcntes  as  they  were  called,  until  regularly  chosen 

(''■puties  from  their  respective  })rovinces  could  a[)pear. 

Those  called  to  represent  New  S[)ain  were  Andres 

Sabaricgo,  lawyer;   ]^''rancisco  Fernandez   ]\runilla,  a 

retired  captain;  Jose  ]\[aria  Couto,  parish  priest  from 

]^ieijla;   Jose   Maria   Gutitjrrez   de   Teran,  a  I'etired 

uliicor  of  the   royal   garde-du-cor])s;    ^Maximo   Mal- 
lei) 


"TIT 


i(|:i 


'  I 


I    !' 


111-' 


m 


412 


A^IERICAX  AFl'AIRS  IN  SPAIN'. 


(!()!i;i(li)  and  Salvador  do  San  Alartiii,  ])i'('1)(ii:l;ni('s 
dl'  (jJiKuIalajai'a;  and  Ortaviano  Oln'cgoii,  aii  didor  <  (' 
]\[oxico/  In  due  lime  proprietary  ivpresentatlNc-; 
from  New  Sjiain  and  otlier  Spanish  Ameriean  and 
Asiatic  ])rovinees  also  presented  themselves.  .\jl 
the  members  had  to  take  an  oath  to  snpport  tlie 
fjiiliolic  reli^-ion,  to  tlio  exclusion  of  al'  other  en-eds; 
t()  maintain  the  integrity  of  the  S'panish  nation;  lu 
jtreserve  all  her  dominions  I'or  Fernando  VII.,  tlun 
a  prisoner  of  Napoleon  in  I'l'ance;  and  to  ohserve  the 
lav.s  ot'  S|)ain;  ]•eser^■in^■  the  riiiht  to  modii'v  or  alkr 
them  when  dremetl  conducive  to  the  national  v.'ell'are. 
Some  days  later  the  hve  n.-^'ents  o['  the  kini^vlom  re- 
siL;-ned,  and  three  were  appointed  in  thtir  .slead  hy 
tlie  cortes,  namely,  (Jenoral  J>Iak(},  and  tvvo  nav;d 
oihcc^'s,  (h'scar  and  uVgar;  the  last  n;imed.,  hoing  ;i 
native  of  A^enezuela,  ha<l  Ix^en  specially  selected  that 
he  mi'dit  re])resent  Amei'ica,  in  the  reu'i^iicv. 

'idle  gi'ave  (piestion  of  i'reedom  (»f  tln3  press  was 
soon  on  Ihe  tapis,  gi\ing  rise  to  heated  debate,  and  to 
the  oi'ganization  of  parties  whi(di  kept  up  constant 
v,arf;ii'e  during  the  tei'm.  In  favor  of"  I'oforin,  and  el 
a  (diange  in  the  principles  of  govei'nment  hitherto 
accepted  in  Spain,  were  tlie  young  dej)uti(,'S,  sever.d 
])'.'ofess;)rs,  and  all  the  ])i'iests  supposed  to  he  ])ai'ti.saus 
•  if  Jansenism.  Th-'V  constituted  the  liberal  ])arly.  The 
(•thei's  lo.;)ke<l  imlavorably  on  innovation,  and  urg^'d 
tlie  slow  adoption  of  sU(di  measures  onlv  as  ncces.sity 
demanded.  For  a  time  the  conse'*vatives  had  no  jtar- 
ticular  aj)pel]ation,  but  at  last  the  'pithet  of  .sy/vvYwas 
applied  to  them.-     The  (K'puties  iA'  the  ulii-amariiie 

'  ^[(>st  (if  tlu!  I'opri'siniti  t.-  ,  >•■  nciirovinci  -i  in  Spiin,  li;)th  invipiii.'tji'y 
and  .s'.ih.iSitiitcs,  wltc  jirofi  ssors,  lawyi'is,  or  iX'  .  siaslics — anioii'j;  t!irso  i;i. ', 
11  imnilicf  wcio  .sai<l  ti>  In)  j.iiisi  iiists— ]uil)lic  olucials,  jiinl  (soim!  yoini'^  in  ;i 
villi  lial  read  tho  Frciii'Ii  |i!iilosinjlicr.j  of  Uk;  jiruvinii:}  i.ciitmy,  and  v.r:;' 
liicrefori!  iiuliucil  wiili  UioiilcaM  lunl  priiifiploH  oi'  tlio  Firiu'ii  rovoliitiou.  Tiio 
A;iic;icaii  .■■•iijilcnUs  wire  mostly  lawyers,  and  priests  w  lio  lui  1  ;.;.i:ii)  Id  .'^jmi::! 
('.f,;L'r  iinfcriiu'iit  from  tiio  iMy;\l  court,  with  a  sprinldiii;.;  of  niilila''y  rii'M 
M'lio  had  .scrVL'il  iii  Amuriiii  Imt  iuul  hceii  loiiy;  ostaliliishvil  iiiSpaiii,  aud  a  lew 
t'liiploycs  of  tho  j^ovcrmiiuiit. 

-Sorvilo;  or  worso  still  .is  one  nf  tho  opponi'iil>  tn.'ated  thciahy  dctachia^ 
the  syllahlc's,  thus,  ,,■,/•  /•//,  i.    he  vile,  or  i  vilo  bciii''. 


l^;: 


NE\Y  WOPvLT)  DF.MAXDS. 


4i;j 


(••n](.iii;'s  n'onerally  liiiilcil  oii  all  issues  jifllctiuL;' ^Vmrr- 
ic;i,aii(l  were  callinl  "hi  diputaciDi!  aiiirricaiia."  Tiiey 
j''ri;uil  a  pari-  hy  tlicinsclvcs,  usually  Icauiiiu,'  iouard 
liic  lilirral  s  (,1c,  and  thus  ^u;iviiiy  llie  lllicral  jiai(y  ;i 
lai'i;v  majority.  They  kej)t  u[)  the  same  oieauixiaLioii  in 
sui-cessive  tuites,  taking'  hut  little  interest  in  main  vs 
net  ^Vmorican;  hut  they  eourted  Eur()[)ean  iiiiluenee 
l':'i'  iih\i()us  reasons. 

The  e/)it"s  haxine-  at  the!''  firsi:  oittiiiL;'  deelared 
themselves  soN'erei^'n,  tlio  American  deimtiivs  m>)\"ed 
tiiat  the  act  should  l)u  transmitted  to  the  eoluiiirs, 
ai-.-'uiiianied  v.'ith  certain  decrees  conducive  to  a  ter- 
nmiatieii  of  the  dilFereuces  that  had  hrokeii  out 
h  twet'u  tiio  Creoles  and  Sjianiards.  "^i'he  chamher 
acfjuiesced,  ami  appointed  a  conujiittee  oi  Americans 
t')  I'ranu!  such  resolutions  as  they  luiu'ht  d(>em  projici'. 
AVhereupon  the  committee  demanded,  in  ;_;-eue)al 
t  I'ms,  (irst,  that  the  Anierii-an  [trovine- ■  should  ha\e, 
t'l  place  1  licni  on  an  e((ual  lootiii;,;"  with  (hose  of  ^'^ji:iiii, 
the  numher  ol' deputies  allowed  under  tlu;  rule  esla!)- 
lishe  I  on  the  1st  of  Januaiy  tor  eU'ctions  in  Sjiain; 
aail  second,  a  discoutimianci!  of  all  persecutions  and 
lacisuivs  issued  and  hased  on  tlie  ^'I'ound  tlri!  the 
(li-te.i'l'-ances  in  the  ultraniai'inc!  ])i'o\inces  had  sprung- 
IVeiii  ;i  desire  for  ,  •[)aration  iVom  the  mother  couniiy, 
iai  hidiii;;'  the  I'eeali  of  all  commissions  for  the  suhju- 
L'Mtion  ol"  Vmericans;  and  tinallv,  that  all  American 
ilepuiies  chosen  pursuant  to  the  system  proserihed  lor 
the  cia'tes  l»y  the  re'j;'ency,  should  !>e,  admitted  up'Mi 
tlic'i!' a)'ri\al  and  presentation  of  theii"  credeidials. 

T!ie  ma'.;'nitude  of  1  he  .Vmeric;in  demands  c.'i'tain'y 
callc  I  for  a  more  mature  study  than  thos(^  deputies 
\v)ii!;I  naturally  L;'i\e  time  for.  The  chamher  onlei'.cd, 
liev.cver,  tha.t  the  dcci'ee  ah'caly  ]>a^>ed  shouM  hr 
pul>lis!iod  without  delay  and  circulated  throuujhout 
til"  ultramarine  provinces.  The  other  iut crest in;^' 
p  )int^  Wei'c  leit  for  fu(uri>  consideration;  and  mean- 
time, hy  an  act  of  the  iJlli  of  Octoher,  1810,  passed 
ra  -ecret  session,  it  vra-  coniii'ni''dand  sanctioned  that 


l1 


■>! 


'    :t« 


444 


AMERICAN  AFFAIRS  IX  SPAIN, 


tli(;  ultramarine  doiiHiiioiis  wore  beyoDd  all  (Inuht  tin; 
e(juals  in  rights  with  tlie  Sjjani.sh  provinces  in  Juu'opc;* 
the  curies  assuming  the  duty  of  ])roviding  wliatevcr 
might  conduce  to  the  welfare  of  the  peoj)le  dwelhn^f 
beyond  the  seas,  and  >if'  establishing  the  number  ami 
Ibrm  of  national  iH'presentation  in  both  heniis[)her(s. 
A  genei'al  and  lull  amnesty  was  also  decreed  for  .ill 
])(^litical  offences,  on  condition  of  the  sovereign  au- 
thority established  in  Spain  being  unconditionally 
recognized/ 

The  American  de]")uties  then  laid  before  the  chaiu- 
bei'  on  the  Kith  of  Decendjcr,  L810,  elm'eu  proposi- 
tions end)odving  the  sum  total  of  American  oricv- 
anccs.  They  were  sincere  in  their  etforts  to  do  away 
with  all  causes  of  future  differences;  but  it  is  \eiy 
evident  that  they  little  understood  the  spirit  of  the 
revolution  then  agitating  the  8|)anish  colonies.  Tlit; 
propositions  embraced  the  following  points:  1.  e(p!al- 
ity  of  representation,  in  proportion  to  poj)ulation,  with 
S[»ain;  2.  agriculture,  manufactures,  and  mechanical 
trades  to  be  fi'ee   fi'om  restriction;   ;3.  freedom  to  i  \- 


)or 


t  and 


im[)or't  produce  and  mere 


•hand 


ISO,  HI  natioiia 


or  foreign  bottoms,  all  ports  in  Anu-rica  to  be  tlicrefni'c 
opened  to  trade;  4.  free  trade  between  .Vmerica  ami 
the  Asiatic  possessions;  a.  all  pi'ivil(>ges  restrict iii'^' 
such  freedom  to  be  at  once  ab(jlished;  G.  the  suppres- 
sion of  govej'nment  monopolies,  com]iensating  tlic 
roj'al  treasury  for  the  conse([Uent  loss  of  n^venuc  l>y 
a  special  duty  on  each  article  so  treed;  7.  the  worl 


\iiii 


'  '  I'.l  iiiconcuso  concopto  (le  ([uc  los  (loiiiinins  espauolcH  do  iiinlms  lnuiis- 
fcrios  tioii  igiiiilcs.'   I'ci/Vc.v  J)i(trio,  i.  7,  10,   I'J,  "il-d,  4(j. 

*J)oL"L'i!  110.  5  of  the  ('xti'iionlinary  cin'tc.-i,  i.  10.  Of  this  a!ii]ih' iiiiiin-ty 
so  canii'stly  called  inv  liy  the  diputaeioii  aiuericaiia,  and  from  wjiieli  no  iii:iiiy 
bunilieial  ell'eets  vere  expeeted,  several  per.sniis  tt)ijk  advantage,  anioii;^  tliem 
the  ex-viciM'oy  Jtiirriyaray,  ami  the  lawyer  .iiian  Franciseo  A/c:'irate,  mI.d 
had  heen  under  arrest  .since  Sejitenilier  1S08,  tli(MiL,'h  allf)\ved  the  privi!e,'o 
of  liis  own  dwelling  for  a  priscjii.  Otiier.i  retarned  to  lluir  country  to  hj 
di'awa  into  tiie  vortex  of  revolution,  and  to  lose  their  lives  on  tiie  si'.'iti'nM  - 
instanct>  Aenna  and  Aleonedo.  llidalgo  and  Ailende  disdainfully  refuf^c'l  to 
aeeejtt  the  tender  niailo  tiu'ni  hy  Cm/  at  S.dtillo,  as  we  iiavo  seen,  l.i-ii' 
chiefs  aeee|il.ed  tlie  ]ifU'don  wiicii  the  law  was  puliiisiied  liy  tlie  vieerev.  Tin! 
risidts  of  the  nieasnre  were  uninijiortant.  however,  as  most  of  tlie  iusurj^UiLl 
lijoked  upon  it  With  iudill'crcuce.   Altiinuii,  JJi-t,  JIij.,  iii.  10-1-. 


<l<'Ul)t  thi; 

1  luiropc;' 
whatcvi  !• 
0  thvelliiiif 
niiber  ami 
niis|)liciv>. 
■eccl  lor  ,ill 
orcigii  a!i- 
aditionally 

tlio  elia Hi- 
ll |ir<)])(i>i- 
caii   oiir\-- 

O  do  ll\\;\y 
it    is    \rlV 
ii'it  of  the 
nies.     Tii(,' 
:   1.  0(jual- 
[ition,  \vii!i 
iit'clianic;il 
om  to  (  \- 
iii  nation;!! 
L'  tlidvt'oro 
icrica  and 
I'estrii'tiii'^' 

C   SUjIpl'C'S- 

atiny-  tilt; 
iVL'iiiU'  liy 
e  workinii' 

o 

lillilins   luMrlis- 

Jiilili'  ailiiiiv--ty 
>  liicli  sio  iii;iiiy 
,  .uiiun;;  tlii'iii 
k/c:ii;ilc,  wiio 
tlir  jii'ivilt",'o 
L'omitry  fi>  Ijj 

llU'  Wl'lllnl.l-- 

Uy  rufusfil  to 

iic'i'iMiy.    Tlie 
111'  iiisur 'luu 


elp:ven  propositioxs. 


443 


of  (luicksilvor  iiiinos  to  l)C  free;  cS.  .VnK'i'icans,  wlit'llu'r 
white  mull  or  Indians,  and  the  descendants  of  eltlKr 
class,  to  have  tlie  .same  poHtical  riL^lits  as  Enroj)e;!n 
S[ianiards,  particuUirly  tlie  right  to  he  appointed  to 
oiiices  of  honor  or  einoliiinent  at  the  I'oval  court  or 
in  any  part  of  the  monarchy;  9.  one  lialf  at  least  of 
the  puhlie  ofHces  in  each  kingdom  or  possession  to  he 
filli'  Ity  natives  of  that  kingdom;  10.  a  'junta  c<in- 
sulli\a  de  pro})Uestas,'  or  nominating  board,  to  he  eon- 
htiluted,  charged  with  the  dutv  of  carrying  out  the 
jii'cceding  clause;''  1 1.  and  linally,  the  restoration  of 
the  Jesuits,  as  necessary  for  the  spread  of  knowledge 
and  lor  the  progress  of  the  niissicns. 

TIh'  proprietary  dejuities  ior  Puehla  and  Tlascala, 
doctors  Antonio  Joafjuin  IV'ivz  and  Jose  ^Miguel 
(iiiride  y  Alcocer,  arrived  and  t(jok   their  seats  about 


the  ti 


mie  the  ]»ro]>ositions  were  up 


for  d 


iscussioii;  aiu 


I 


on 


the  ;Jlst  of  J)ecember  they  signilied  their  assent 
th'.'i'eto,  asking  that  they  should  be  acted  U[)oii  willi- 
out  delay,  in  view  of  the  disturbed  condition  of  all 
tile  American  possessions.  The  chamber  accordingly, 
tlioiigh  not  without  considerable  op[)osition,  decreed 
(i»  devote  two  days  in  each  week,  namely,  Wednes- 
days and  Fridays,  to  the  subject."  ]^ut  the  4th  of 
January,  181 1 ,  on  motion  of  Perez,  the  American  de{)- 
utles  were  askeil  by  the  cortes  to  issue  an  address  to 
their  constituents  to  stir  up  sentiments  in  favor  of 
the  mother  country,  that  they  might  aid  her  as  much 
as   possible    with    money   to    carry    on    the    struggh 


a'^ams 


t    F 


ranee 


(lez     was     warm 


ly 


ct)mmen( 


led 


fir  his  pati'iotism.     "i'lie  JMiro[H>an    dejiuties,   not  to 
be    caitdone    in    generosity,    acceded    t(»    a    i)roj)osi- 


di  I 


1  to! 
sitv,  the;  tlfiiu  uf  till' 


iicli  ho.'in 


X'  cnnipii: 


iscil  of  tlio  scl 


(liiliir,  the  rcrt'^r  of  lli 


li",'o  of  lawvi  r^,  till.'  lii^'lii'st  mil 


liiirv  oiiici'i 


lilt 


liiLiliL'.st  trcii^ury  oHlciiil.     It  was  ti>  sit  at  tlie  lapital  of  tiio  \  icu-royiilty  oi' 
t.';i|.taiii-,uiiii;ralcy,   for  tilliiii;  eacli  ri'spixtivc  otlico  \\itliiii  its  iliiiiiL't, 


t.;iiio  Aniciicaiio,'  or  m  lien  tl 


Uiu'i  iLaii  term  comes,  'iiciivu  ttriia  ilcln'i'iiii 


pri'ci.si.imu 


U-  la 


itoriiluiL 


I  •|Ukii('s  iiicnii 


iba  la 


[■rovi'ioii.    (.,(( 


//.-/.  J.'irul.  X.  F..->i<.,  ii.  (i47-.")4;  y^jnti,  JIe.c.  .S'<;/,  XJX.,  v.  -lt)-7;  Cord- 


lliiirin. 


ii.  \\u\--n\,  ;)ii;  -,i. 


'  t'(Jii',d  JJdirio,  ii. 


J3-4. 


(  .    '!:: 


i 


4iG 


AMERICAN  AFFAIRS  IX  SPAIX. 


tiou  of  tlic  Pniniaii  tk'imty,  Didiiisio  Inra  Yum- 
j)angui,"  tliat  tliu  ];nv,s  of  the  Iiidii's  eiuuied  1/y  llio 
caLli(tlic  ];ings  lor  the  protection  and  ad\'aneenient  if 
the  Inchans  should  be  made  j)rai'tie;d.  it  wa.s  urdcixd 
that  this  act  of  tlic  cortes  should  be  rend  on  tl 
consecutive  days  in  the  pai 
in  America  and  the  Sj)anislL  Asiatic  j)()Ssessions. 

The  discussion  of  the  American  [iroposltions  was 
be^un  on  the  Dtli.  It  soon  became  evident  that  tlie 
European  deputies  liad  little  kn(j\vled^'o  of  Anieiira 
beycjnd  matters    lelatini;'  to    her  discovery  and  <nii- 


isli  cliui'ch  of  each  t 


o\\  u 


(lUes 


tl 


lOUL 


t.     E 

:h  abl 


\en 


th 


•lent 


le    suplentes    represe 


e   men    enoUL" 


h,   1 


<ne\v 


littl 


nituig 


A 


e  m  re gar  I 


UHTI'-a, 


to 


.f   tl 


le  niliaij- 


a<lnuiHstration,   manneis  and  customs   o 

itants,  adxancc;  in  aii'i  iculture,  arts,  sciences,  lettei': 


etc.      A'icente  Morales    ]Juaiez,  fr 


om 


l\'ru,   was  in- 


deed the    only   one    who   had    made  a   study  of  t! 


authors    treatinLT  of   American    ali'air; 


Th 


wi  ru 


present,  then,  only  the  two  recently  arrived  I'eprc- 
sentatlvt's,  Perez  and  (luride,  comjietent  to  enlight- 
en the  house.  A  few  days  later  came  another  who 
took  an  active  part,  ^Mariano  do  ]\Iendiola,  deputy  for 


(^Hiei'etaro.'^  The  second,  seventh,  and  eighth  propo- 
sitions were  passed  without  discussion.  The  iir-t, 
alter  a  warm  tlebate,  was  rejected.'*  Xegroes  and 
nndattoes  iiad  not  been  embraced  in  the  ])ropo..i- 
tion,  because  a  law  of  October  15,  J8IU,  had  exchidcd 
them.  Equality  of  representation  Ibr  future  c(jrtcs 
Avas  all  that  the  Americans  succeeded  in  obtaining 
ibr  the  present.  The  dilliculty  encountei'ed  by  tlieui 
was  the  inex[)ediency  of  granting  e([Ual  j)olitical  rights 
to  i\\c  Indian  population.  Perez  was  accused  of  lia\- 
iug  ni'ged  the  Euro[)ean  de[)uties  to  stand  tirm  for  iho 
denial>^ 

"A  liiit'iil  (losi'ciiilnnt  of  tlie  royal  fiiniily  of  that  country,  wlio  when  ;i 
cliilil  liiid  lirc'ii  liroimlit  to  Spain  in  the  ri'lijii  of  (';irlos  III. 

"Till!  u.iili  111  oliicc  was  iidiuiiiistorcd  to  liini  Jail.  1."),  1811.  Curfi.i  lJ',nrc\ 
ii.  4)1. 


'  i',v  (11  nays  to  ;'<(»  yeas.  /(/.,  IS!  1,  iii.  .'U. 
' '  l>i'-iioii(liciiilii   I'l    (.'Oil    Ml   i'al)i/a   ij  ic   Mrxico  no 


Id  Ilevaria  ;i   i:ial. 


IJl 


j:<  roi.  A .  y; 


(J IS;  AlaiHitii,  iii.  IUj. 


1^ 

k. 

riilllT  OF  REPRESEXTATIOX. 


■1:7 


]^vnri-^t<)  P< ■]•(•/,  (Ic  ( 'a^tro,  ;i  ]']iiiM|)Ciiii  «Ii  puty,  (Ik  !i 
)iiM\c:l  lliat  the  Alini-icaiis  should  li;i\i'  the  li^'lib 
!)['  a  rcpi'esL'iitation  exactly  o(|ual   t(j  that    ot"  Si-aiii, 


niH 


1  that  the  I'orthconiiii 


i>    ('( 


'listitiltioll  should    fst: 


10- 


lidi  the  mode  of  ro[)roseiitation;  but  cK'ctions  should 
I..'  lu'M  in  America  in  the  same  manuci'  as  in  Si)ain 


llu 


Wi 


corics 


tl 


len    s 


ittin 


o' 


1' 
iianiL'ly,    one    d(  puty 


I'oi'  every  50,000  inhabitants.  The  Anu;i'icaii  dui>u- 
tlcs  sup])()rted  the  motion,  and  discussion  i'ollowcd. 
There  was  Ron)e  excitement,  and  harsli  words  •were 
lii'don  botli  sides,  the  European  deputit-s  spi.-akiiiLj 
(if  th(,!  inaptitui.le  ofthe  Indians,  and  of  the  injj^ratitude 
(  t"  tlu^  Spanish  Americans  in  not  bcin^;'  satislicd  with 
tlu'  liberal  concessions  hithci'to  made  by  the  c('>rtes. 
T'ic  question  was  tinaliy  vt)tcd  upon   on  tlic  7(h   of 


(hruarv 


atii 


I 


VVVA    ( 


!o  C 


1st  r< ) 


had 


diNKlrd 


Uis 


;ioi 


inn  into  two  parts,  the  first  was  approved  and  the 


<'C(nl( 


\\ 


J^ 


:CiC(l 


The   Eurooean  deputies,  to   sh 


low 


heir   iViendly    leelin;^'    toward    their   .Vmerican    col- 
as well    as  their  ap[)reciation  of   Perez'  ef- 


a'jue: 


loi'ts  on  bL'h.-clt' of  t he  mother  country,  had  on  the 
■J  ith  of  Januaiy  chosen  him  president  of  the  ehambrr, 
1m'  beiiiu'  the  lirst  .VmericiUi  that  had  been  so  lionoi'ed. 
dso  iilaced  t)n   the  committee  to  frame  the 


11', 


v.'as 


loiis 


titiition.     The  Ameilcans,  liowever,  with  or  with 


en 


t  just  grounds,  beL>'au   to  suspect  that  Perez,  who 


v,;is  a   canon   oi 


1; 


ueola,  was  woriuu'. 


lor  a   oisiioii 


iinti'e.'-     The  third,  fourth,  and  iil'th  [)rop()sitions,  all 

of  which  concernetl  trade,  L;'ave  liso  to  warm  debates. 

They  containt'd  demands  of  a  \rr\  alarming'  nature  at 

lliat  period.      Tlu  ir  further  consideration  was  pnl  olf 

ich  time  as  the  cortes  c(»uld  obtain  the  opinion 
1  ...,,..^+;,,.,..  ;..  V,.,,.  ^. ..,;,,  la     Ti,..  , i-> 


-evi.'ral  coi 


■porat 


ions  m 


\(nv  S 


)am 


he  re>olu- 


tioiiof  the  sixth  pro[iosition,  calling,'  lor  the  abolition  of 


ii  'a 


•'The  appr<i\;il  of  tlio  lirst  w,o  hy  1'2'>  iiy<'S  ns^aiiist  4  U'lys;  thi' ivjcctina 
(if  ■',^.  Mvi'tiil  I'V  (i'.l  uiiys  to  111  .-lyL's.  T!iu  lattt  r  Ii.td  lor  it;-<  ulijoct  t!i,it  i!io 
I  ■.liitvsU mill  hiivo  I'lVoct,  ill  llio  thou  sitting  ci'irtcs.  (.'■,!•>'  n  JJhtr'tD,  IS!  I,  iii, 
i»*);  .r  'liJ.M^i.,  iii.  IT-LH. 

*-'!  ,  Ii;i4  tr:'m<lL'vri".l  tlii')ni"!v  •■!  nil  t'lc 'Jit:!  .It'  FrK.  toCiJiz. 

'•' i.*  tt  ciK^itor  nil  tlio  cuiiiiinjii'o  iti  .Mc.ijii,  I  ^ivc  tiif  liiuil  ix'.iultd. 


j 

1 ' 

i, 

1 

i 

■ "  i  ■: 

'm 

i 

1          '    ! 

t              , 

■^      .' 

■  r.  M 

■  '    •    t 

■  ■•    '     "'I 

I  '  f 


443 


AMERICAN  AFFAIRS  IN  SPAIN. 


cstaiioofs  was  also  postpoiuxl;  tliu  only  important  one 
1).  iiiu-  that  of  tobacco.  "^I'lie  ninth  and  tenth  were  ru- 
.servc.l  i'or  action  after  the  constitution  slionld  have 
been  enacted.  Tlie  eleventh,  calHnL;"  ibr  the  reestali- 
lislunent  of  the  Jesuits,  was  rejected  almost  unaiii- 
ihously.  A  diiferent  result  could  hardly  have  bi'eii 
expected  from  a  chamber  constituted  as  that  \\,\s. 
Indeed,  a  number  of  the  American  deputies  had  oli- 
jected  to  the  jn'oposition,  and  had  aillxed  tlieir  nanus 
to  it  t)nly  in  tief(.'rence  to  its  author,  JJepuiy  JJuare/; 
and  one  actually  refused  t(^  sij^n  it. 

About  the  time  this  discussiijn  terminated,  tin  re 
arrived  at  Cadiz  on  a  ]>ritish  line-of-battle  ship  a 
number  (jf  deputies  regularly  elected  in  New  Spain. 
They  were  mostly  ecclesiastics,  canons  of  divers  cathe- 
drals, the  deputy  fro -.xi  Vera  Cruz  being  one  e\ce|»tion; 
and  tlK.iir  credenti;  iS  l)eiug  ap[)roved,  on  the  -Zth  of 
February  they  to(  k  their  seats.  A  few  days  after,  tiie 
Venerable  Doctor  Jose  Beye  do  Cisneros,  one  of  the 
re[)resontatives  for  Mexico  recently  come,^'  jH-escnted 
a  menKjrandum  on  the  origin  of  the  insurrection  in 
Xew  Spain,  attributing  the  movement  to  the  great 
love  of  the  jieople  for  S[)ain,  and  their  feai'  of  being 
turned  oscj-  to  !•' ranee. ^^  Cisneros  wanted  the  prov- 
ince's of  America  to  have  a  certain  autonomy,  and 
pi'oposed  measures  toward  this  end,  nauudy,  tlie  cre- 
ation of  a  provincial  legislature,  and  a  supi'eme  legis- 
lature in  each  dominion.  Hi.'  latter  to  represent  the 
government  of  S[)ain,'''  and  tlie  cvciitual  declaration 
of  the  indej)endence  of  S[)anish  Anjc)'i<'a — that  is  t  > 

"lie  liailiui  iiUowaiico  of  !?li!,()00;i  yoiirfroiii  the  nyiiiituniioiitoof  Mo.\ii'i>, 
niid  l)ciii'.,'  fiaiik,  lii)s[iital)!e.  and  geiK'nius,  Id'*  li'nisu  wns  iit  all  tiiin's  ojx'ii  to 
'li-i  collfagiu's.  Wlieiicvt'i'  tlio  Amorioau  di'ijuli/  a  wure  (;fri'ii(|i,d  liy  hidii.,- 
oi.'ciiri'c'iico  ill  the  curte^t,  lie  would  .say,  '  VhUi,  ui/i(!/os,  uo  tic  no  tiui-i  i[\h'  ini 
I'oiiiu.lic),  (|Uo  c's  el  1'.  llidalLto,' alludiii;^  to  the  I'^'voliitioa  bej^uii  in  MojiIlo. 
wliii'li  he  Htidii.'ly  ajn)r.)ved  of.   A/niii'iii,  l/l<f.  Mij.,  iii.  01, 

^■'(I'lirrra,  /li-'t.  lUrtA.  N.  J's/i.,  ii.  (i.M.  The  diarios  ilu  •  urtvH  iiialir  it  > 
luelitioil  of  this  doeuiiieiit ;  possildy  it  was  coiisidei'ed  in  scciet  W'^i'iii.  1 
liavo  alieadv,  in  connection  with  (,'os'  jil.in  di'  jia/ y  j;iaira,  and  with  Rayon's 
l.'itei'  to  .Nfofclos,  givi.'U  tin:  icul  readou  ui  the  revoUuionists'  ll;-te  of  thu 
name  of  l-'eniando. 

''^  I'o  wliieh  he  J<:iid,  '  estiivioHeri  suji'toj  los  viveycs  y  to'jidos  deM|)oticos. 
O'lumi,  Jii-il.  Ikiul.  S.  Jj'i'.,  ii.  (JJuj  AlauiUii,  Jll-il.  Mj.,  iii.  oJ-3. 


lit* 


FORCED  LOANS. 


449 


)i'taiit  (iiic 
i  were  I'l- 

'llld    luiVr 

u  I'cC'^tal)- 

'St     UllMlli- 

ia\'tj  IjoL'ii 
:liat  \v;>s. 
.s  liad  oh- 
eir  naiiiLS 
'  JJaarez; 

0(1,    tllclV 

0    .slii|)  a 
nv  Spain. 
iji'.s  eatlii'- 
xeoptiiiii; 
L3  27tli  ol' 
after,  the 
lie  uf  tile 
H'eseuted 
ectioii    in 
the'  ij;'real 
oi'  beiiiL,^ 
the  pro\  - 
iiiiy,  aiui 
,  the  ere- 
iiie  lejjfis- 
■■seut   (ll;> 
■elaratieii 
l.iat  i-s  t  I 

t'lof  .Mexir., 
illlrs  <;JK'll  t<> 
lu.l  liy  MJill'' 
!  IIUl.<  111!  •  111 
II  in   MoMcil. 

to*  iii;ike  II  I 
t  w.tsiiiii.  1 
►•itli  Ujyoiis 

ilesliuticua. 

I~3.  " 


s;iv,  in  the  cx'eiit  of  Spain  heconiin;;"  suhju'^'ated. 
The  ultrainaiine  cDUiniittee  ;i.j)pr(>ved  the  |>h;n;  hut  it 
lay  mi  the  tal)l('  eii;-ht  months  nr  more,  t!ie  Ivaropcaii 
(Irpntics  ojjposinn"  its  readini;'  on  the  gronnd  that  it 
was  revohitionaiT.'' 

Xext  it  was  resolved  to  extend  to  Aanerieaa  foi'ced 
jnaii  decreed  in  S[)ain  on  the  silver  plat(>  of  the 
churches  aiiil  p;'i\ate'  pei'sons,  cxcL-ptiu'^' oidy  1  hat  in 
the  cluuviic'^  of  Indians,  that  of  the  ehiu'ch  of  ( luada- 
!ii|M'.  and  that  oi'  the  |)arish  chui'ches.''  This  decree 
was  n  ■\('r  published  in  Xew  Spain,  hut  tin;  viceroy 
(lid  scixe  the  plate  of  jtrivate  {lersons,  as  T  stated,  hut 
as  his  own  measui'e,  and  with  a  pi'omise  of  I'ciiuhurse- 
lucnt.  Xo  silvei'  plate  was  taken  from  the  chui'ches. 
( )th('r  minoi'  measures  aflc'ctinn"  Ameii<'a  followed, 
iao>t  I  if  vvhicli  I  allud(>  to  indirectly  elsewhere.  ( >ther 
(lepuiies  arrived  from  time  to  time,  and  so  th(.^  mim- 
l"'r  e.l'  American  mem!)ers  was  completed.  Anionjr 
t!ie  ^aiplentes  of  Xew  S[)ain  the  Diost  I'cmarlcaole  was 
.!o>e  Maria  (Jufierivz  de  Teraii,  not  only  hy  I'casou  of 
liis  el xjuence,  hut  also  for  his  sterliii;.;'  cluwacter  and 
ciierL!,'('tic  speech.  Ihit  amoiiLi,'  American  rc])reseuta- 
ii\e-;,  many  of  whom  weiH'  an  honor  to  their  country, 
there  v»as  one  pir'.iculai'ly  hri'^ht  man,  tlie  dej)uty 
from  tic  d"'<»\  hicias  intei'nas  de  oricjite,'  Doctor  Mi- 
,UUel  IJanios  Ari;q>e,  parish  prie-t  of  the  \illa  ol'  I>or- 
l>on  in  the  colony  of  Xuex'o  Santan<ler,  now  state  of 
Tai.i.i'ilipas.  Il'v.as  a  native  of  ('oahniia,  and  be- 
uaa  his  professional  studii's  in  tin;  seminary  i»f  ^[oi>- 
tefey.  linishiii;^*  in  Guadalajai'a.  lf(^  was  full  of  s]iirit, 
load  iA'  talhiuu:.  and  one  would  never  susjiect,  .cither 
from  tiiis  maimer  oi'  dress,  that  he  \\a>  a  pi'i(\st.  lie 
fh«iiii!4'lit  his  (Tfnnti'ymen   too  patient  and  i^entle,  and 


lii«  w«»uld   oft 


( 


ouianche 


en 

aic 


av 


f 


he  came 


am   not  a 
tti   he    k 


[ 


exiean 


J 


am  a 


hv  that   nan 


H' 


now  11  m  the  curte.s 
Alaman  assures  us  there  were  some 


A  icviilut 


loiiarv  pl.ii 


oil  Cisliwos,  '  tiioy  1110  a  p;iilc  of  tools   whi 


1  iliivi!  .Viuciio.i  t>>  iiiil'.'penilenco.'  Oiorni,  J/iif.  I!ir<il.  A.  A'l/'..  ii.  t 


.i(i. 


'Oil  tin*  iiioti 


t'lo  onlor  fiivon,  ot'  I'crc/.  (liiiiilo,  aiuii  (iorilou,  dcpu- 


tiuarcsiKotivi'ly  t'nim  I'li.l.'n,  Tlascalii,  uiul  Zuoatocas, 


Uisr.  Mix,,  Vol..  IV. 


■iS) 


450 


AMERICAN  AFrAIRS  I.\  Sl-AIN". 


?f » 


marks  of  the  ('')iiiaiicli(j  in  liis  llici";  a  inixlure  oi"  c 

I 


1!1- 


lor  aiHl   niulK'c,  or   (.'iier^y  and   siispiciousni'ss 


Hi 


noso  was  siiiai 


round,  aiK 


I  Hat, 


Ua!\,ly  aiionling  prom- 
int'iicc  enough  to  liold  his  spt'ctaclos,  wliifli,  when  nut 


eonccalni!'' 


)an'  or   snia 


asiini'''  ovi's,    wi'i'o  sn— 


jKMidod  on  liis  lieavy  blade  ovchi'ows.      Jlis  I'onnd  Wwr 
I)Oc-aino    c.vcccdinu'lv   aniniatcil    wlicn    his    mind    v;is 


occiii)it'd   with   puhlic   or'    soria 


»l 


d 


thick,  imisfidar'  i'oi-ni  went  well 


aluur: 
w  i  i  h 


]] 


is    snia 


the  f 


i(.*o;   wlicii 


lie   spolvc   Ids    movoincMits   wci'o  those  ;if  an   atldcto 


rathe)'  thair  of  air  oi'ator.      (,'arc] 

til 


ess  o 


f  (1 


ress,  i)i'o( 


s,  ucnei'oirs  witlr  Jiis  iiiciK 


I'C 


itl 


d\'si\ 


niless  as  an 


in  his  hahii 

c;n('niy,  knouing  little  of  Eui'opean  polities,  hutuiukr- 


standi 


11!>'  \\( 


•11 


men  and  human  natuic,  speaking' s( 


■Id 


Olll 


in  puhlic,  hrrt  cari'vin^'  his  mcasur-fs  1)\'  skill  and  cun- 
iiiiri;',  ho  was  far'  in  ad\ance  of  the  average-  American 
n>presenta(i\c  in  J'^tir'ope.      And  Ari.'qx;  was  not  only 


tl 


le  mo: 


t 


hi'omineii 


t  A 


niciiran   (k'pui\'  in 


Si 


)arn, 


hilt 
one 


iir  later  times,  in   r'cjxrMicaii  Mexico  he  became 
of  her-  most  distiiiL^uislied  statesmen. 

The  A.iner'Ican  de[)ulies  made  (pai'o  free  use  of  tin- 
press  for  the;  sirppoi't  of  their  priiici[iles.  Cisneio;, 
Itur'riu^ar'ay's  lawyer',  re[)lled  owr*  (he  si_i.>'nattrre  cii' 
])orr  r'acundo  Lizai^za,  to  the  pamphlet  of  Juan  Lo])i/, 
Caneelada,''  for'mer  editor'  of  the  (la'j'ta  <h'  Me.rico, 
entitled  ICi'ddd  s(i]>i(hi  ij  hucini  /'c  (jH'ird  i(hi,  oiviiiL;' a 
iiai'i'ative  of  Iturrigar'ay's  an'est,  to;,>ethei'  with  the 
causes  that  led  to  it.  Caneelada  was  at  the  same  time 
])ublisliiiiL;' a  newsi)aper  called  /vV  Tdc  jrafo  Aiiiri'iciin"^ 
Avhich  thoiio'h  isstred  in  (  Vidi/,  was  su[)ported  by  Spnii- 
iar'ds  residing-  in  ^lexico,  and  had  be. mi  established  fn' 
the  express  purpose  of  upholding'  the  views  arrd  intiT- 
ests  of  the  ']»artido  espai^tjl.'  \\\  opjiosition  to  that 
journal,  the  deputy  from  'i'lascala,  iJoctor  (luiide  y 
Alcooei',  established  another,  under'  the  narrre  of  /7 
C('i}S(n',  which  was  a  Spanish  American  or'Ljan,  and  had 
a  number  of  i)r'eminent  Annjrieans  residiim'  in  Cadiz 

1  o 


'Olio  of  Iturii  jar.iy'.s  liittorest, 


partida  do  ix-^it-tio,'  I'y  \  icuroy  Aichbultup  Lizuiia. 


;ia  siut  away  to  Spain  'Ij.ijo 


.m:::ii  y  (;u;:ii:;A. 


4.-.  I 


ciiigst'lddiii 


an,  and  li:i4 
i<j:  ill  Cadiz 

y  to  Spain  'b.iJD 


;iinoii<^  its  conlrihutors.  Two  of  tlu'  ubk'st  wore  Pablo 
(Ir  La  Llavc,  and  Doctor  Scrvando  TciX'sa  do  Micr  y 
( iiK'-.ra.  I'lio  lirst  iianiod  was  a,  clor^i^vinan,  and  a  iia- 
ti\'i'  of  (\j;\l  )lia,  in  tlic  province  of  Vera  C'ru;',;  a  man 
of  solid  instruction,  who  in  ^Madrid  devoted  hinisolf 


t 


I)    0(l 


taiiy 


lie  1 


i:rureil 


lat 


er  as  a  minister  of  .state  in 


?>ie:;ico.      We  .sliali  meet  ])octor  ^lier  a^'ain  in  ]\Ii'\- 
)lli  boi'oro  and  alter  lior   linal   se'paration  i'roui 


irn,  ^ 

Spiiin. 


Ill 


L 

1, .,»:).    li 


ji'  w.as  a  nitin  of  roinarkiiblo  nliility.     His  birthjiliico  was  Montorcy, 


111,  liaviii  '  <li:sc-;iik'(l  from  m.l'  tif  tho  f: 


11. j  latlicr  liiid  hue'u  governor  aiul  captain 


.111  r  I'oniiilL'ua 


.li.l. 


pic 


I. 


( I'v.ai' 


a  \-, 


ulic:!  h.i  prutt 


;i;"i  iiiaiio  a  tloctor  o 


if  11 


Mid 
ic(i!o;rv. 


Do.i 


t'lat 

a  of 

iv 


lied  thi 
L 


:>ucv,) 


.laicaii  Iriai'  lu 


Ml 


11  a  is'.uivt  tnini  lie  lict'anic 


\\||'.^i[  i  ir  hi.)  tloipicaco  and  ujiiud  rcasoiiiny  in  tiic  pulpit,  and  p.-irticularly 
111  his  p;c:icIiiji,L;  llic  liuriuju  on  tin;  Sth  of  .Nov.  171)1,  at  t^iu  K(j'.oni;i  oli;ic<iiiii'S 
lit  ilcinan  Cort.s,  whicli  v.cru  allcmlcd  i>y  tlio  viceroy,  llio  coiirt.s,  prclatcf; 


l.io  Clio  o 


f  Mo: 


iu,:li  Bocicly. 


Allot! 


it  di 


rse  tliat  ho  deli. 


(1 


ill  tli;j  ci)lu;.iat:i  of  (Jnadalupo  ou  the  Kith  of   Dee.  of  the  .same  year  was  the 


Ik 


niiia  'of  t!io  seviisof  i.ii.-3i'oi'tiuien  which  he  c.xpericuceil  d 


liui;,  i.i.'coiiioO 


he  d 


em; 


■d 


.lat  there  ha 


11 


■  Ilia  life,    ill 


joeii  an  aciii 


d  appaiition  t.)  tlie  li 


i:i:i  .hian   1  !ieyo,  aj  had  heea  reported  and  was  helievcd  hy  b)  many,  of  tlie 


ie.l  vii';'e!i  ilo  (l.iadal; 


O  jiiic 


-.,JJ 


liirio,  \1'1 


Tl 


le  eii'eet  of  t'le  sermon 


M'eat  tiiainpli  fir  tlio  orator,  an 


I  f. 


ir  a  lev.'  day.s  he  eiij  .y 


d 


the  pi'ai.iCij  of  hi.)  friend:;;  but  in  the  mean  time  the  eeelesiasti.'al  en.  oirfliip 


tii'ili  tlio  maU.T  into  cunnideration  hy  order  of  Archl 
ca  1  of  it  v.art  that  Mier  v.'a.i  arresteil,  and  senteiiec'd  to  1 

in. 


II 


d  tl 


10 


H!  con.iiieil  tell  ^•ear3 


1  W 


le  of  tlik,"  r.io.st  ausloro  eonvents  of  his  order  in  .Siiai 


'.'en  lutoro  n  'nLe.ice,  t.rii  nature 


][ 


MsaUerin  ;s  were 


favo  awav,   ami  ho  o.ler 


,1  t. 


)  reliraet 


.•ueiiieiu.s,  ;un 


I  even  t.j  pre;^iaro  and  puhlisli  a  discour.so  a;.;ain;<t  tliat  .ser- 


n(ji.lmi'j  availetl  liun.     .Sonio  day.-i  lati'r  was   pulili.s 


d    'I 


liter  mn- 


of   ju:i 


.1  iiolemiiia.' aa  al)ii:.avo  e.liet  tliat  may  i list !y  lie  e.illed  a  defaii.aiion  uf 
He  wa.s  allowed  n  >  defeiiee,  no  appeal,  none  of  ilie  tutelary  forms 


T 


no  sermon  oriLTiiia 


tiiiiC  this  inlanious  treatment  was  in   IT'.'il 


ed  liy  the  couiiL^il  of  t'.iu  lailic.-i  to  the  .li'ailemiade 


II 


i.-itoria,  when  it 


v.a-i 


:-i  .ed,  i:i  Feh.  l!;.;;),  that  the  autl 


lor  Had  not 


aetua 


Iv  (leiuei 


1 1; 


rili'ia  ijt  (Uiadalupi 


dt: 


i.it  lin  .sermon  contained  lioUiin;'  in  any  manner 


10  apjia- 


wor.liy  of  llieolo;;ie;d  c'Jii.i.irc  or  note.    It  was  added  tliat  the  arehliishop  had 


I'.Kceedeil  hi.i  authori;.v,  and  all  that  had 


.siiiU'Uce.  was  ille^ial  anl  i;nj;;:;;t. 


L" 


leen  doiie  ill 
iiiilj 


.Ml 


IVell 


IIS  the 


11  homljre  de  hoiiraue:;  y  do  iiieritij  eayo 


nnui  itad(J  en  iiiano  do  su.t  verdu^jo.s. '  Paijiio.  L'-tnutJ-i  !)r  Ml 


ii   a  Work 

iiii  Ihe  tiiiij  of  his  ur 
I'l  liii's  ill  .Spain. 
}.liei'  travelled  in  E 


coaiaiaiay  tlio  mcuoraiiila  incomplete  of  Dr  Mi 


his 


u:r  .i  advi  ,i;  ares 


lest  in 


-Me:; 


ico,  am 


I  ill  K 


uroiie,  ana 


ily  of   h 


d   h 


L'lf 


rope 

iLu'i 


II  .ai 


d  in  Home,  to  escape  the  persecutions  of  his 

,\t  the  hrealdny-out   of    the    insurrection 

a3t  the  French  ho  became  the  chaplain  of  a  Spani.ui  r(",'iment  r.nd  lerved 

■  "  .      .    ■    .    .  ■  d  to 

eaname  ho 


time  tiU  ho  v.as  t.ik.n  prisoner,  but  e.^cajied  v.heii  licin;;  earriei 


On  l.i.i  return  to  (Aidi,;  he  was  promi 


d  11  p 


M 


^■ehciiient  L'tteis  on  ^Vuiericaii  ali'.ir.s  to  Kl  L'sjiau  /,  pnbli.shed  j.i  Lnn- 
\>  iiellicr  i:  v.aj  from  fear  of  persecution,  as  he  allc  :ed,  or  that  Itur- 


n  ,:i 


lav  allov.ed  hn 


n  11  luiiieni 


1  t.)  write  ill  his  del'encc  in  tliat  ci 


t.V,  1 


le   v.elit 


there'  and  ])ublislie;l,  under  llie  name  of  Doctor  (luerra,  his  second  Hurname 


hi  i  //■ 


lie  III.  J,\r ,hi 


I  ill'  Xi'cni  J.KjiKi'ld,  II,  /'(/.'iil.iir.ilr 


Aiiiiltii 


iIju,  kilLi,  '2  vol.  Svo,  i.,  Uii.  and  o\H  pp.  S  1.;  ii.  oU.j-77'>  pi).,  and  app.  of  pj 


:i^ 


I  ■    ;P! 


! 


|::!t|i 


4G2 


A:Mi;rjCA\  atfaiks  i\  sr.Mx. 


The  Sjiaiilsh  Auicfioau  ivsidiMits  in  (Vi<Ii/  were  in  it 
content  uiili  discussions  in  the  cortcs  and  poh-inics 
in  the  piiss,  and  at  limes  resorted  to  more  direct  Iin>- 
tilities.  With  the  increase  of  their  niimhei-,  the  aid  i>\' 
the  jiress,  pailicularly  of  AY  Ivijxi.nJ',  and  tlie  |iroL;i'e:-s 
made  hy  the  revolution  in  nearly  all  Spanish  .VnieriiM, 
the  (K.'put  ies  assumed  a  nioi'e  decided  tone  in  t  he  cham- 
ber. ()n  iho  1st  of  Ann-ust  thev  i^resented  an  address, 
iH'iterating'  the  demand  contained  in  the  elexcn  proji- 
ositions,  and  insisting  n[ioii  their  adoption.  Tlu  y.il-i 
added  another  demand,  jtroxiding  Iwi'  tlu;  estaliiish- 
ineni  of  ['ro\incial  Juntas  similar  to  those  in  Spain, 
to  JioM  the  government  ol"  tludr  i'cs[)ective  districts, 
and  thus  restrain  the  desj)otism  of  the  rulers.-^  Tin; 
signei's  of  this  address  asked  the  cortes  to  I'ise  s:i- 
poi'ior  to  pivjudice,  and  treat  the  matter  with  l'ali'iie-~s 
and  liberality.  The  addrt-ss  was  read  in  secret  session, 
and  caused  much  di.scussion,  hut  no  action  was  tidceii 

i.-xlvi.  'I'liis  work,  of  v.liii.!i  iiii'iitiou  has  alreaily  l)ccn  niado,  treats  of  tins 
cvfiits  ill  the  jcar.i  Ibv^S-Kl;  t!ic  lir.it  voluiuo  (.■uviiini^  tlio  iicrioil  fivim 
July  I."!,  IbO'i,  to  .January  17,  ISlI,  and  giv.n^;  u  f;y;iiipsi.j  of  llio  origin 
of  tlio  insurrection,  as  uls  >  a  full  aci.-(;unt  of  lli-lalv;i)'s  rcvohiti m,  ciun- 
paif^n,  etc.  Thu  Kucond  v.ilnmo  (.-oiitaina  political  events  from  Jan.  l>ill 
to  .Nlarch  !),  Isl;!,  principally  ^lorelus'  campaign;;  it  alao  fnrnisliea  linLitliy 
dcliati'S  in  the  Spanish  enrte.-!,  v.  illi  (.■oniincnts  tiereon.  TIk!  author  trie.-;  ti) 
appear  ini|artial,  hutiittim  s  allows  himself  to  lit;  carried  away  hy  ]iassioii 
in  spealiin;.;  of  the  S[ianiili  oppressive  colonial  :ystcni,  and  of  the  even,  t  (.nu- 
iH'cti'd  Willi  llic  Trench  invasion  of  Spain.     His  bitterness  i'eaelie:i  the  !ii;.'!iist 

iidint  at  the  mention  of  certain  names  that  are  supremely  hatefnl  to  him. 
lidalgo  is  hi )  hero,  and  t)thcr  revolutionary  Ladoiy  receive  their  meed  "f 
j)raise.  J  lis  historical  and  st.itistieal  illustrations,  iis  well  aa  his  eonnmnis 
on  ail'airs  in  general,  prove  a  cultivated  mind,  and  evince  great  .stuily;  and 
those  on  Europcau  policy  in  |  articular  show  his  familiariiy  with  it.  'I'iiu 
style  is  elc'gaut  and  full  tif  spirit,  abounding'  in  (ip[)ortune  witticisms,  wlii'li 
revival  tlie  aULhor'.s  elc.r  mind,  erudition,  ;iud  s mnd  judgment,  ^licrron 
tinned  writing  till  Iturrlgaray  noticed  that  tlie  work  w.as  hecoining  .iii 
apology  for  Mexican  iudcpendeuee,  which  did  not  enter  into  the  e.\-vicci(i\  s 
views,  and  the  aHowancc  to  meet  e\peiises  was  stojii.ed.  The  autlmr  st;ll 
continued  writing,  hut  mIicii  his  means  gave  out  and  he  eould  nut  pay  ilm 
lilinler,  the  latter  attaeheil  the  copies  on  hand,  and  caused  Mier  to  he  juit 
in   the   dchtors'  prison,  where   he  mi.!,dit  have  remained  hut  for  the  arrival 


of  t 
Look 


le  lirst  envoi 


fi 


rom  L>uenos 


ilio  paid   tlie  printer  and  took  tl 


tl 


of  which  the}'  sent  to  their  own  country;   hut  the  vessel  on  whii  li 


ley  were  .saippcil  was  wre 


■  I  and  the  In 


were  distributed  during  it 


Tl 


V 


ilicat 


i(in  exist. 


lost.     Only  a  few  copies  that 


pai 


icr  wa?  drauii  1111  liv  Doctor  { 


.  urii 


le,  detuitv  for  Tlascala,  and 


figned  liy  Wo  deputiet ;  t!ic  signature  o 


f  M; 


imaii,  ueputy 


t  V  for  \'i'ra  ( 'ruy 


no 


t  appear  on  it.     Kl  E^panol  published  it  March  lbi2,  iv.,  110.  Ul,  old.  Ala 


man,  iJist,  Mij.,  iii.,  app.  no.  '2,  5. 


ELKCTIOX  OF  DKITTIK 


■i.-.:j 


IjmvoikI  rcrcrriii'j^  it  to  ;i  coimuiitoo.  .Vll  llic  ])niiil>i 
(■iul)i';i<*<'<l  ill  it  ueic  ni'tiTward  (•(Hisidi'iTd  as  settled 
bv  cl.'iiiscs  ill  tlu;  coiistit  lit  iiiii  wlicii  adopted. 

TliL'  couiiuittet!  oil  tlu;  coiistitutiou"  laid  Ix'i'orc  tlio 
fliaiiil )(-'!•  oil  tho  IStli  tiic  chirr  part  of  its  laI)ors, 
iniiicly,   tlic  or"j,"aiii/,ation  of  tlio    loL;islati\i'   and   ox- 

iti\o   |>i)\vcrs,  and   tlic   illtli   was   lixcd    tnr   riiilliiT 


rci 


al  lolls. 


Iirrr  were  otiicr  iiR-asliri' 


tro  t  he 


cnii'^ross   iiiori'    t 


loscb 


uiiu'ctrd    with    this    hi-torv 


Olio  was  a  petition  Iroiii  the  i-ousidado  ol"  .Mexico  w 
sj)cctiii'4"   the   rcpi'osuiilatioii    which    America    shoiik 


Id 


ii.i\(' 


accoi'diii:''  to  tin;  state  ot  ci\  ilization  of  tl 


le 


-ev 


al  classf.'s 


coiistitiitii!!^'  her  population. 


lie  coiisu- 


,i(li)  eoiiiiilainet 


1  that  t 


lie 


•(  tioiis  of  deputies  had  not: 
I 


u  I  ■  1 1 1 


■11  accordiiiL;'  to  law,  heiiin' carru.'d  ''.Y  iiywntaiiiiento- 

es ;   so   that    tlu 
Tlu 


it   ca])itals  composed   mostly  ol"  creol 


lies   chosen  Wi.'l'e   eXclusivelv  of  that    da 


c  iiiseijueiici;    was,    tiiat    S[)aniar;ls    in    Xew    Sj>.dii,   ;i 
weahhy  and  iiilhielitial  class,  were  left  unrepresented. 
t  therel'ore  ])etilio 


w.d  that  the  consulad 


OS    Ol 


.\[( 


;ico. 


\'eia  ( 'lu/,  and   ( < Madalajara,  re[)resent  in;^'   the   mer- 
chaiils  ol'  L'aeh  di.-ii'iet,  and  eiiiliraciuL;'  ahiiost  all  the 


Siiauiar 


in    the 


couiiirv 


dioidd    each    he    I'l'lU'i 


f-i  llted  in  the  corte.S    l»y  two  de[)Utie; 


and 


nriliei' 


discussion  on 


A 


mericaii   aliairs   s 


houli 


>iisiM'n 


led 


till    1 

their 


nose 

seats. 


six   rei)resentatives  had   i)eL'n   admiCo'd   to 


In  tl 


10  mean   time,  tlu;  considado  as 


ke.l 


lia 


t  the  de[)Utie.s   Evarl^to  iV-rez  do  Castro,  Manuel 


-•Compo!<ed  of  the  most  jironiiiieiit  inciulicrs  of  tlio  cartes,  .sovoi'fil  of 
wluiiu  \\\vc  Aiucricaii-i.  Aiawu  ;  tlicni  were  Autoui.)  .loa  iiiiu  IViv/.  iiml 
Maii^iiio  .Mcniliola.  I'lic  c;!i;.niln  r  wa*  at  tlir  i'uwc  in'tsiik'il  dvi  r  hy  .luaii  Jusij 
OiK-nn;i,  cauuii  of  I'licMa  and  (''cputy  I'ldni  Duranin. 

'■"' lUiuaiiia'.itc,  Sn/,l(:i,i.,  i'.i  <'  '•  s  /V' ■>'  S'i/!it^,  iii.  li.'ili-TT,  irivcs  t'.ic  ilocu- 
iiHut,  w  i.icli  licai:!  ilaio  A])!'!!  17,  I'll,  :u\A  aiidlhcr  on  the  sauu'  subj-'ct  il.itcl 
-May  "JTl-li.  Tlicy  liad  tlio  i  iu'iiaUnc:-!  of  liie^^'odo  A^;roila,  condi;  ile  easa  do 
Ag^id.i,  [iiior.  1  ramisLO  C'iiaxani  and  Lorenzo  N'orioL'a,  consul.;;  and  were 
ilrauii  nj)  liy  Fianeiseu  Aidinban  i,  a  l')a>i|uc  froai  tiuiiHizc  ;a.  wlio  had  lived 
.ii.iiiy  \eai:i  ia  Siaith  Anieriea,  liasilio  do  .Vrriila^'a  was  l!ie  secrivary  uf  tho 
!■  'ii.salado,  Imt  lieiiii;  a,  iiaiivecif  Aiiu'riea,  lie  was  kept  in  i','norani'C(vl'  ihe  eun- 
teiits.  AhiiiKUi,  H'l.-il.  Mij.,'ni.  7(!  7,  \'.  app.  103.  Tlie  elee'.oral  law  of  Ang. 
-",  I  do,  ),iilj;ished  ill  Mexiei)  l)ee.  IDtli.  said  that  it  einWraee  1  all  Sp:iiiir.rd«, 
\Wieta.  r  liurii  iii  Aineiica  or  .V;Ma  or  t  Lsewhero,  that  were  d'Unieiled  in  tlieso 
e'lii;  ;iiuo,  the  liidiuUd,  ami  iiloo  tlio  son.s  of  .Spaiiiard.^  and  inuiaiis. 


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33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

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AMKI5ICAN  AFFAIRS  IN  SPAIX. 


(ini'cia  IftrriTos,  Mild  A^'usiiii  Arm'icllcs  slioiilil  I.,' 
rc'<'(»i;iiiz('(l  ;is  |>r(»visl()ii,il  (U'liMidcrs  of  tlio  KinM|i(;iii 
SiKiiiiarils  !•(  ^idiiii^  in  New  Spain. 

AiiotluT  )•(  jM'csciitatioii,  <»t"  May  "jrtli,  took  up  the 
lii-toiy  of  Anu'i'ica  Iroin  its  lii-st  seLlli'WH'iit,  assiirin.;' 
the  fcM'tc's  that  tli(!  accounts  mivcn  l>y  tlio  con(pn'iMis 
WiVr  grossly  c\a<4-!Lj<.'i"atcd.  Al'tiT  praisjnLf  the  in>li- 
tiilions,  tilt!  wisdom  of  tlu;  lifovt  rnnicnt,  and  Spani-Ii 


s>()o(|  sense,  and  ivitivsen 


itinn"  tl 


w  { 


asl. 


(;s  III  tlh'  coiiiilr 


in  the  <larkest  colors,  tho  consuiado  cNplalned  liow 
the  desire  lor  independence  was  awalceiied,  aeiMisiiiM' 
tin;  Spanish  jniita  ceiiti'al  ol'haviii'^'  ^really  proiintid 
itin'its  |»roclanKition.  All  the  politi<-al  eiiors,  whi'  !i 
a-cordiii;^-  to  the  consulado's  o]>inion  the  junta  coiii- 
liiitted  in  the  system  adopted  toward  America,  |ii;i- 
ceeded  iVoin  theexanijili!  set  l»y  the  constitution  loi,  nrd 
by  the  junta  de  notables  called  l»y  Xapojeon  at,  15,1- 
yoiine.  The  consuiado  believed  it  a  'soleniiie  dispai' 
to'  that  Siiain  and  the  Indies  shou]>l  1 


JO  «''o\eriiei 


I- 
l»V 


the  same  code  ot  civil,  criminal,  mercantile,  and  lisi-al 


laws.      The  petition  concluded  byaduiiu;'  t!ia; 
ivseiitati:iii  iVoin  Now  Spain  should  not  e\ci 
ty-oiie  depuli'-',  namely,  oiu;  IVoin  each  pro\  in> 


■•■  )- 


V.eli- 


Ihesi.x  cnoseii  by 


thet: 


ll'eo  coiisula.los 


on  mu<-ii  iiTiiaiion 


Tl 


10 


.IlieiMcail    del) 


Ql 


This  I 
utii 


and 
troU'-'lit 


s  deenie 


1 


leinselVe 


an( 


I    tl 


loir    countru 


insui 


3torales  Duare;^  then  otferodarc'.olution  tliat  the  p  ip 

sliould  l)e  deiiouticod  by  tho  cortes  and  burned  !iy  i 

j'ommon  execulioner.      ][e  fuitlicr  pi-ojiosed  that  t 


K^ 


lOl 


t  of  Cadi/  be  closed,  so  th;d  no  v 


esSi'l  coulvi  carry 


Id 


away  iid'ormation  that  such  a  measure  was  belbr*,'  the 
fortes  without  its  being  accompanied  by  its  denouii 


cc- 


.■e| 


ii('S','i'ciiiii  in':iLiiii 


1  wassonttoaitiorcliaiit  v.Iii)\v:u  a  rt'l:i'i\(.'  of  t'li'ili 


utyC 
til- 1; 


■  lie  ii  llenv 


sccrclarv  di  IIK'  i'iil\c'.i,  ;  )  \v.io;.l  ii'jdi-.iVL'i' 


lit. 


Til.'  lat- 


(";):  K  1.1  iil.il>  )<  lets 


iiii,  ai  tliu  .Viiu-'iii'ir.uli';)  i  Jo  ):;.i:i;)j;;tt'.l,  li  I  llic-  lillle'f 


^o|i'.i'iii'»n',  on  Willi.. 1  (lay,  tlio  uini'jrcs 


vi  lifia  '  ta  r.i'ro.l  i.i  tli.'il 


I  ii'a.suiia  () 


itl 


II! 


rtiil  •  ia  t! 
At'i'iiM,  111-  laiil  ii  l>i' 


le  c.>..a.u:uK)a  <  xi. 


!a>li 


!•;  Iroia  n',)'.v:ion„a^i,)a  tlio  ii,'  riMci  lnr.i  lU 

1  th- 


ro till!  |ii\'si,!ciit,  Wii »  ru  lorvO.I  ij  t  j  t  lu  lij.i:< ',  an  I  tlii! 
lalt.'f,  Ikliovia  ;  it  wkiM  tliiow  light  oa  tli,-  p  lijil,  ii.i  Kr  tli.sfiiJi.suia,  ur>K  rcil 


it! 


IV  <l  la  i>  iiiiic  ih's.sdh. 


Alaiiuii.  ///■■<(.  .1/  /.,  iii.  7'i-7. 


"'Till!  ili  'cii  ■.>ii)a  )  may  I'o  f.miiil  in  i  'o';•■(■.^  l>i  irij,  viii.  o.'JS  I't  biMj. ;  ami  ia 
Uiurra,  J/isl.  llcfol.  X,  Esp.,  i.  'J8J-7;  ii.  liT-t-o. 


THK  COXSTITUTIOX. 


4i>5 


iiHiit.  Fui-(1r'1'  tli.iii  tliis,  tlie  S|)aiiiar«ls  t)f  Mi'xico 
ki|>t  scndim^'  K'tturs  to  the  <^(»vt'nimfiit  jiihI  jirivato 
pcisdiis  wliicli  writ'  j)riiitr<l  ill  tlu;  S|Kiiiis]i  jounials, 
;iii<l  translations  of  lliciii  iiiscrtud  in  lorriL^ii  |»a|K'i's. 
A  |ii'oniinent  J^ondon  journal  was  suhsidizcd  l»y  tlicni. 
Sin-li  letters  were  filled  with  abuse  ag;unst  the  na- 
ti\fs  of  America.-'' 

The  i'ei)resentation  of  tlic  oonsulado  was  refei'i-ed 
in  a  coinmittee  of  three  Americans  and  two  Sj>an- 
i.iids.  Tlie  niajo)-ity  reported  ])retty  much  the  foi-ni 
tif  decree  that  was  proposed  l»y  ^lorales  I)iiare;c;  hut 
(Hie  of  the  Spaniards,  (Gutierrez  de  la  Jluerta,  dis- 
Muted.  The  suiiject  ^ave  rise  to  violent  woids,  which 
toiiiin'--  to  nothin'4,  it  was  formally  buried,     Jn  ^[ex- 


o  tliev  had   but  a  confused  idea  of  the  cousulad 


o  s 


ivpifsentation  by  an  extract  from  it  that  was  cir- 
culated in  Xovendjer,  which  o'ave  rise  to  an  edict 
jitihlished  on  the  llth  by  the  viceroy,  prohibitin!L( 
•  I'ltnin  seditious  papers  that  were  in  circidation  ou 
livahies  between  J'^uropeau  and  Amei'ican  Spaniards, 
;iiiil  even  forbiddinL;"  conversations  on  these  matters. 
A  mail  shi[)  that  lel't  Cadiz  the  2d  of  October  brt)iiL;'ht 
iidvices  towai'd  the  end  of  JJecember  of  thi'  occiu'- 
r  iices  in  the  c()iles,  which  added  to  I'oi'mer  aiii;'er, 
.■•lid  sent  many  into  the  raidcs  (»f  the  revolutionists. 
Iiidi''iiati(>u  was  still  iurther  aroused  w  I u-n   bv  royal 


I'wU 


•r  the  oonsulado  was  thanked  for  its  rej)ri'senta- 
tion,  its  zeal  and  pati'iotism  beinj4'  ]»raised,  and  fault 
found  only  with  a  few  of  its  e\[)ressi(!ns.''^'' 

'■'''riK!  iiisur<,'(;nt3  wci'c  rcprc^nMiti'il  as   l)aii'lits   aiiil   assassins;   aiiil    tlio 


>|i  iiiuinls  as  si)  iiiiiiiy  saiiit.-;, 
Ii  iiih.s  uf  m ; lie fiiu tors.  Uiia-i'i 
iii. 


I.V  t: 


r.  A'./-./,  '.v.  A'- 


litV 


.all.iliiiii   til  liji'i 


til 


1'  >■' 


Hiililll 


II, si.  M. 


'  Una  rcprt'lionsioti  <|U0  fii ''   iiii 


Th. 


laniards   caifu 


.1   tl 


I'Miiit.  (!-ivn-(i,   lli-'i.   11  !••,/.   X.  i: 


'/I.,  II 


(l7t-">.     Tii(!  ill  li'iliu.,'  gnw  woisi! 


lull  tho  jwi)))lc  saw  Cliiivani.  ono  <<(  tin;  Mi;.'ni!ivs  of  tin;  nH'cnsivi'  papt-r,  ap- 
|Hiiutc(l  to  siiuroeil  tliu  ohikIo  ilu  C'.isa  <li'  Au'it'ila,  wIik.su  tu.  ni  liad  I'xpiioil. 
AiiilicU'ric'tii's  niaiiiiscri[)t  gives  all  tlic  facts,  ami  uquiirlL'tte  tliiit  ciicu  luted 


ai  tiiat  time  as  follows 


Aht 


man,  IHmI.  Mi  J,,  iii.  si. 


rnilirisro,   I.oriMr/"  V  lllego 

Sill  hlhl'   ili'l   ('.ill^lll:lili> 
lllCilT'ill    IIIIH    ilHlll4l'llt<'!« 

III'.'  Alk'iiil'i  ,v  ul  (.lira  lliilulgo. 


i   ) 


45G  A.Mi:iliCA\  AI  TAIUS   IN  Sl'AIN". 

AiiKtiiLf  tlio  si'Vt'i'al  incidents  tliat  tin-  discussion  i-n 
the  consiitutiun  ^^avc  rise  to,  onc^  of  the  most  iin|»ii-. 
taut  was  hroU'^lit  al)ont  liy  deputies  opposed  toliiMial 
ideas,  V.  lio  advocaleil  placing"  tlie  rei^ency  of  the  Span- 
ish iloininitsns  in  the  han<ls  oi'  (lie  pi-ini-ess  ('ailut.i 
Jojupilna.    l'\"rnando"s  sislt-r,   who  uiih   her  hudi.-md. 

the    |, 
had   ; 


iiice  o 


;ess( 


1"  ilrazih  was  at  Jiio  Janeiro,  whence  sh 
•d    letters   to   the   coites  and    autholiti* 


deniandin;^  that  her  s(»n,  the  |)rince  i)()n  l*edi'o,  ^^hnil  I 
be  recoL;"ni/ed  as  rei;int.  The  c(')i'tes  lei'n.-ed  thed,- 
niand,  and   the-  all'air  en(h'd   in   the  a|)ptunt nie!:t   <>|' ,i 


new  re;'encv,  wi 


th   I 


IM'  nieinhers,  ni    pLu-e   o|    thl 


Anoth.ei"  ini[iortant  matter  was  an  oli'er  made  hy  the 
Jiriti.^h  i^overnnient  to  me(hate  hetwcen  Spain  and  Iht 
American    ]»ossessi(ins,   which  was  deehiied    throu^^h 


f  ar  that   i^n-'liind 


won 


Id 


•t  tliem 


d.-'   ]t  1 


niallv 


becann.'   the   j)raclice   to   I'hoosu   the   |>resident   ot"   th. 
chandt'-r   iVom    t!ie   .Vniei'ican    deouties  evei-v    oiJK-r 


month. 


And  theV  Well  deservi^d  it,  no  less  1)V  rea- 


on 


oi'  their  talent>^  and  learnin^•,  than  lor  tlu.'ii'  honc^t_ 
and  patriotism.  'Idie  «rreat  re[)ulation  and  inlliienc 
that  several  ol'  them  enjoyed  in  their  respoetise  cmni 
tries  alli  r  their  independence  were  tirst  won  l»y  tl 
in  the  corte.s  at  C'iidu. 


lent 


i 

r 

1 

H- 

I- 

■| 

'  |).ii|iic  ilil  InfiiiiUulo,  :i  I'liiinuillur  <if  .state  .iiul  ii;iti\("(if  (';ir:ic:is;  Vi 


(!iiiir;:l  .luaii  .M.nia  \"i!hi\  iofin 


J 


Jt'xlr 


!; 


oil  cif  {'-.i: 


mill  1. 


lL'ilt-;;i'li, 


0'l»i. 


.'iiacio 

nil,  toiulo  (L  I  .\l>i.'.i)al. 


ivaN,  III   Uii-  Kjiia- 


'1  111!  oli'ir  v.a:t  at  la.st  iicci'iilcil,   Imt  aicdiuiiaiiicil   villi  impracticali'i- 


iilitii 


In  I'Al  l".ii;.;l..iiil  niH'ali'il  lliu  olU'r.  v.i.'i  t.i 


ai)ii  1  t  >  sfivc  at 


tl  IwHu  fill-  m;."i.ialii>iis,  naiiicly.    I.  icssatiou  of  liostilily  liy  land  «v  !na:  "J. 
gi'ULTal  anniL'..Ly;  ',i.  iMHilirniaiiun  of  ligiit.i  ami  Aniriic.-in  ri'pi'c.onialiim  iu 


tl 


10  oirtc.-ii 


4.  la 


lra<l 


f.   with  cirtani   advantMLVs  ;;iM'ii   to  Sj):;niar 


olliii's  I'f  \  ijtrov,  ;,'i(Vciiiiiis,  itc.  iu  .Xinuiua  to  liv-  ;;iv(  ii  without  ili^liii'ti<'a 
to  Aniiric.in  >  ami  l.moiiians;  (i.  the  inU'iiKil  jiovLiinncnt  of  .\ni(jiic:iand  tliL' 
«(linini^liaiii)n  lif  al' 


jiinilly  V,  1 


il>i  i> 
li  l!io  rliic'f  of  ih 


lIii'.-)  tolii' ill  char.'o  cf  tlic  avuntaniicnlo-i  vn\- 


]<■  IliOVIULH'. 


l>k 


A 


]•; 


im.iic.1  to  iviMi''ni.x' 


iropcan  Spini.iii 


iTuamio  as  iiir  hii\  uni'';!.  iim 


;t:>l)l 

1  ;;iv 


■I' 


llyiliv'i- 

llll    l.l'llLV. 


Conrii  l.r<r.ili<'ii>'i\  no.  Ij.;  J.'/  J.'s/'iim,/,   Sipt.  1'>I-;  ilinrrn,  Hist.  /,'</•../.  S. 
Ksjt.,  ii.  ~u;\  4.     OllVrof  lufiiialion  icji'i'ti'il  liy  Idl   to  Ki.      .Xironlin','  to  /,'/ 


.■i]>itni 


,1,  tl 


.li 


on  w;.s  n  it  w 


fllSL'll 


.Icl  (' 


iiMi'a><,   Santa 


I'. 


i 


Quito;  ))iitt!uT  •  liiinLjno  rtv.ilnlionary  yovcinniciit  in  .M<'\ie'o,  it  \xas  dfi'iii 
improper  t  i  treat  \vi;hriolei> 


■"'iiii'  Ills;  .\in(  rieaii  ineiideut  was  ( 'unon  -Xntonio  .lo.'niuin  Perez;  otlit'-' 


foil. 


.1, 


d  .M  ir..le  1  lUiali  z  ha\ 


u\'  <ll' 


dd 


uliii.si  liohdn  ;  tl 


It  "Uiec.  the  enrte.i  pMnl  his  ii  liiaiin  ii 


enlv  oil  tin 


.li 


d.f  Ai-ril.  I>.l.' 
.ill  :.ii-!ie  1  linn 


ors.     'I'll.'  dejiiUy  troiii  /aeatcc.'i-i,  (JirdiKi.  was  the  last  prcsiilcut  of  tlio  e.v 
truurdinary  (.urici.   Ala, nan,  lJi~t.  M'j.,  iii.  W-. 


a;'.s:':;.\( T  or  Tin;  con-stiti'tiov. 


457 


At  la-t.  <»ii  the  Istli  <>1"  Maivh.   I-I'J,  ;irtcr  nioiitlis 

(if   l;il).)l',    tin-    ciirtcs    u';i\-,.    til    the    S|»;illi>ll    IMi  HiMrcliy 

tlh'  iiiiicli  (loircl  ciiiistitiitioii.  i t  was  (li\  iilfil  into 
t.  II  titirs,  v.hicli  1  ('iiiloiiii/A'  ill  a  imtf.'"  it  was  lih- 
cial  iiioii'jii  ill  ils  |»r(t\isi(iiis.  To  tlif  iiM»naicii  was 
iidt  <4i\('ii  iiihliic  aiillioi'ity.  Tlu'  |iiii\  i'licfs  wci'o 
uuaiaiilfcd  ill  ilic  (•('trtos  (.'(jiialil y  ol"  i<|>!(S(inat i»iii 
wiili  Spain.  Xi'L,n'<»»'s  and  tlicir  iiitiTiiiiMtircs  wi/o 
fXfludfil  liMiii  cit i>;('iislii|t,  wliich  in  .Mixico  was 
(Ifi'Mnd  ;i  jiMlilical  niislakf,  ^ixiii'^'  rise  tn  nnuli  dis- 
(■'|s.-,i(iii/'-     J'j^Iidcn    di'[)iiti(;s   rii>iii    Ni'w    Spain   ami 

"  Ti:li' r.  lie  clarc'l  t!i:it  tin- si>\  i  riiinity  \v:i>  in  tlir  u.-r  i  m.  niil  t.ll\\liat 
coiistiliiti'il  a  S|i;iui,ii(l.  'I'itli^  II.  ilrliiuil  tiu'  S|iiiiii>Ii  il  ■la.iiinn.s,  iiiclinliii,; 
till  rii;i  a  '.  .\iii,  ri  an  .•iinl  .\>ialio  |ni.sscssii)ii'i;  cst.'ilpli^luil  lis'  i-.ii linlir  ii'li^ioti 
t'l  liii- iKciiLsiiiii  I  f  a.l 'iJicis;  iDiiii  of  j_'iivcniiiiiiit  liiiiit'il  li' rtj.litary  liimi- 
iircliy,  v'lli  i;ii\v<'f.i  iliviilcil  iiitii  li '.'isliitivi',  cNiii.tivc.  aii<l  j  iciii-i.i!;  i;iicl  tuM 
v'liil  CDii.i.iUilfil  a  ria/' 11.  'JD  (lisi'iinlaiits  nf  inLrrin  s,  liorii  i.i  v.iiUoik  «if 
Ii;iri'!in  v.liv)  v.tri'  liiirn  fric,  ami  iiianifil  t'>  I'nc-lMini  v.oiinii  rr-idiir;  in  t!u' 
Spaiii.sii  (loiiiininiM  luul  ('XL'rci>iiiii  t»'\w  ]>ri)iL'^sioii,  irailr,  <ir  ii.-^ct.il  iinlii.stry 
witli  MilliiiLiit  <'a[iilal  uf  tlivir  nuii,  \vas  l>  It,  (i|i('ii  lln;  ilmr  i>t  vir.iiu  ami 
nniit  t  )  iici'oiiKi  ciu.x'iis.  It  w.is  ciijnincil  cm  tlio  ro;tcs  ti>  }^;i'aiit  I  ttcra  of 
i'iliziiislii[)  to  nun  or  woiikii  of  ivilor  wli.i  riinlcrcil  pKiil  n'rviccn  to  iIu'cdum- 
try.  ('iMli.-iiin'jiii.-iliccI  tliciiisclvos  liy  tlu'ir  takiits,  iinlii.stry,  a:icl  ^'  )i>.|  li.li,i\  ii)r. 
Title  lil.  ciiiis^ituticl  till'  iiii'tis  in  otu'  chaiiilii  r  fuiiii'il  of  tin'  <1(  pniic^  fioni 
t!i<'  Spaiiisli  iloiiiiiiiim.i  i;i  Kiiropc,  America,  ami  A.sia,  the  liasis  of  r('|iie:ienl.i- 
ti'a  iKiiii;  llie  Hanie  iveryw  here,  namely,  ciiie  ilepu'v  for  ivery  7»'.<>.;,)  inliali- 
iia:it>,  ami  aimJier  f  >r  an  exees.i  of  U.-i.t^M;  evi  ry  piMviiico  Via.i  t.»  lia.eat 
least  oil;)  ile])Uly.  The  eleetion  of  ilepu;ie-<  wa.i  t.>  lie  liiaile  hy  thri'c  ■  iieees- 
hive  onleii  of  vii'aii'.,'.  To  have  ;i  vote  it  was  iieee-'.-iary  only  t  >  lieailo.nieileil 
eiti/iii  williiii  iliu  parish,  anil  after  |s:(a  the  voter  lnils^  he  ali'.e  to  re.el  ami 
write.  'J'ith'.i  l\'.  an  I  \'.  treate.l  re.spiiti\ely  of  t!ii'  Iuiil;"  i  powers,  an  I  ot  t!io 
<ir;.'!ilii/alioii.  e'.e.,  of  emirtw.  Title  \  I.  scippie-sefl  til''  a  \  iinl.iiiiieiit  i.-*,  to  I"! 
liaiier.seruil  liy  otln'f  .  jiojUlhirly  elioseii,  u  iiieli  were  to  ha\  '  eliai  ';o  of  tlie  loo  .1 
ji  ilieu  of  tlieir  towns,  of  tiie  i;iiiiii.  ipal  ii'Veiine,  piililie  i.is.riio'.ioii,  lienevo- 
I  lit  est:il.lislimen'.s.  'i'lie  new  aynnlatiii  .iilo.s  w  ere  to  lie  miller  til- fipervi- 
xiuii  of  oJiere;>ri)oralioiis  of  hii,'lier  rank,  lail'il  dipiitaeioiie  ■,  ]iro\  iiieia'.e  s,  ono 
III  w  Iiieli  wai  tocNi.s!;  in  eaeli  p;'  ivinee,  ami  lie  pii  siclcil  o\ir  liy  llie  '■iiperior 
chief  appointed  hy  ihi;  erown,  and  eomposv  i|  of  I'lo  inlemleii'.i;  and  seven  liietn- 
Iais,  e.'iiisetl  Iiy  llie  tii'.iur  ilertors  who  Were  t  )  ehoose  the  dejMKici  to  t'le  ei'ir- 
tes.  The  iu'\l  llireu  Liwlcireferred  toiivil,  Iwral,  and  niiiKaty  aduiini  -tiatioii, 
iitiliiiliiiij;  freedom  of  tlie  pie.s ;  already  e.-italili.-slie'l  liy  a  law  :  ;ki  1  tlie  lentli  to 
tht'  ohserv.ineu  of  tliu  eoiialilutioii.  L'y..  (' uistHi"-.  l\il:l..  ('iii(~.  I  dJ,  S\o, 
1  I.  .VJ  pp.  4  1.;  II.,  Culi/,  I'll.',  Kim  I,  ll.U;  A/n„i>i.i,  //^•./.  .1/../.,  iii.  |,)l- 
IJ;  /i.ii'ii-)!.-!.  /jiif.  ,!//,(•.,  viii.  ."i."i;)  1;  Ciji-ii-.  I'llcr.  />(•,,  ii.  l."(i-;il;  .irraii' 
'j'l'-..  .'/,/'..  1.  (ipp.  It));  Lhriijd,  A'Ir.  IJ  n<'i-l{i\,  'I'M  ;i. 

'■'i  ho  e>.el;;.aoii  v.aa  repre.seiited  to  tlie  eiowii  as  an  iiijustiee,  in  ii  jiaper 
hvu'iied  liy  lli.ili  >;)  i'rii'.r  Aiitoniij  do  San  Mirnel  of  .Mielmai  .1:1,  hut  diawii  up 
liy  .\l.:id  y  (,>.;tipi),  I.i  I  Kiieces.ior.  The  ayuntamii  nt  >  of  toiad  d.ijaia,  tiimi  ,'li 
C'laipo.sed  of  Liiro[)eaii  .'>paiiia!ilt,  liad  iiiNtriiced  the  deputy  Una  t  >  M^ieak  ill 
f.iV'ir  of  liio  Afrii.-:;i»  raee.  The  oi»rle.s  failed  to  nee  that  tin  iK";r.K,'i  ami 
iiiiihittof.i,  depiivcd  hy  the  c'linsLitiUion  of  the  lii^lit.s  of  litLten  iliiji,  not  only 
f'  riiie  I  th';  '  Inuall  jiie  ■  do  piirdo  i  y  i;r  r  nos,'  oi'.'aiii.ted  for  V.w.  deiem.'e  of  tlio 
htirain.,' legion  of  tlio-ioa-coiisl,  luit  hud  acUially  rciidoied  nio.st,  valuaiilesicrvioo 


MHM 


408 


AMKRICAN  AFFAIRS  IN  SPAIN. 


l\ 


•  j 


tlic  pi'oviiirias  iiitcMiiis  ^i^ncd  tliocdnstitution.  II.kI 
till  this  ciiiiu  ill  tiiiif,  uikI  in  the  iMi^lit  way,  licr  cold- 
iiics  ini'4lit  liavu  Imvii  saved  to  Spain.  Dut  it  wns 
too  late,  .lusticc  and  luiniiliation  were;  ii(»\v  n^t 
I'liouuli ;  slit!  must  pay  tlit'  penalty  of  her  ]>ast  iiii(|ni- 
ties.  'i'lu;  t'ost  of  sncli  an  iniini'iisc  rcprcsentalioii, 
niid  tlio  transportation  dl"  the  deputies  I'roin  *J,()<)i)  to 
(1,000  lea'^nies  every  two  years,  were  jxtints  not  with- 
out eoiisidel'atioli.''^ 

'I'lie  (•(>rti;s  j)i'oc'eede(l  at  onct!  to  carry  out  the  coii- 
stitutioiial  clause  that  created  a,  council  ot'stat(!,  mak- 
iiiiL;'  the  appointments  ol'  c(junciIlors,  lioweNcr,  only 
one    hall"   the    numhei".     Ainoii;^'    thi;    .Vnierican  aii- 


])onit 


ees    were' 


J 


( )SC 


M; 


iriaiio   <{ 


Al 


iiniisa.   o 


f   \" 


M 


CM  CO. 


CVuz,  and  Melchor  de  J'onceriada, 
constitution,  with  tlie  (»rder  to  idorjaini  and  cany 
it  into  t'll'ect,  reached  N'iceroy  VeiieL^as  on  tin;  01  h 
of  Septeliiher  ill  the  coi'resjioiidi'lice  l)l'oU;j,lit  hy 
Llano's  e\[>e(litioii  from  ^\■l■a  ( 'ruz.  Alter  th(.' suh- 
ject   had  heeii   duly  considei'ed    hv  the  vicerov,  cdiui- 


u 


[)on    lor  thi 


cil,  and  si^veral  coiporations  cal 
advice,  it  was  on  the  "JiStli  |»ul)li>hcd  hy  royal  tdi  t 
with  tlu'  usual  solemnily.  ( )n  the  oOth  tlu;  vicercy, 
audieiicia,  and  other  authorities  i-esidiii<jf  at  the  <  api- 
t;d,  assemhied  in  the  rece[>tioii-|iall  ol"  the  [lalace:  the 
constitution  was  read  hy  one  of  the  kiiij^'s  secretaries, 
and  all  ollicials  [)resent  made  oath  to  keep  it.  Thni 
followed  salvoes  of  artillery  and  i'in',;in'j:  of  hells,  while 


S  ce 


a  concourse  of  people  tiiK>d  the  [Jaxa.      lleli'riou 
emouies  in  the  cathedral  and  other  oliicial  acts  I'ul- 


to  the  roynlist  causo,  fighting  with  remarkiil>lo  zi'ul  against  tlio  iiisiir;.'('iifs. 
Moivovor,  a  iiinuljiTot'  dcsccmlanls  from  ncrnn's  Iwnl  lifcii  onlaiiu'il  ;i^  jnirst-;; 
tlicio  woio  o!licr:i  liUiiig  honoralih-  ])()/:iLi(>iis,  ami  tliu  niajoiily  of  tlaiii  utTu 
useful  nion  tilling  the  soil  ami  v.orldiig  the  iiiiiieH. 

"^Tlic  consulailo  of  Mexico  saiil  that  the  '(lesaiii|iaro  de  las  easa^.  la  !],"• 
lestia  y  iMiligros  de  largna  navegacioiies,' would  kec])  in  ooiislant  distre>s.i 
iiiinilier  of  tlio  best  families.  It  aNo  rffers  t>>  the  eiiormous  e\penso  tliat  Ihi; 
traiisporiatiou  and  support  of  the  deputies  uuist  entail.  Mier,  whose  eonipu- 
tatioa  was  rather  low  than  exag'^erated,  sets  down  tlie  d<])utii'S  from  tlie 
ultrauiariuo  provinces  at  I4U,  besides  one  third  that  uunilier  of  supleutes;  the 
eousulado.  ineludiiig  the  castas,  gave  'J'lil  deputioi  jiud  eiLihty  supleu^''d,  cost- 
iUo'  yearly  !irl,iJ(X),O0O,  besides  tlio  expense  of  trunspurtatiou. 


CELEDRATION  IN  MKXICO. 


459 


1m\\i(1,  IiicludiiiLf  that  <»r  rcadiiin' tlif  new  rmidainciital 
If  ;,loiul   to  the  jtcoplc,  anion.;'  wlioni  it  produced  a 


(••  K 


nuiiri'ssion. 


V  ""I 


Tl 


lu   occasion    was   ^ 


lul 


V  cell  hfa 


t.-d 


with  cdniiui'inorative  medals,  j)ul>li('  amuscnicnts, 
illniiiinatif.ns,  and  lar^T'ss  to  the  lowci'  classes.  The 
(lath  of  recoL,niiti(»n  of  and  alle'j;iance  to  tlie  new  re- 
;  iiiie  was  administered,  on  the  4tli  and  follow  inj^' davs 
I',  to  the  |)eo[»Ii!  at  lari^e,  the   lower  courts 


clooi 


r  () 

IkI    ol.ieii 


the  r 


■li.. 


Ions  o 


rdeis   of  hotli 


si'Xi  s,  ant 


th<'  troojis,  idl  manil'estiuL;'  a  lively  pleasure  wilh  the 
( .-.laI<li>hMient  of  a  system  that  was  to  do  away  with 
tlic  (!>!  despotism;  and  indet'd,  hopes  were  awakened 
l!i;it   I  hi'    tiouhles   of  the   count  I'V  Wtndd   be    therehv 


t '  riiiiiiai  ( 


d.     Never  had  alleuiance  heen 


SWOl'll 


to  tl 


le 


lilies  wiih  so  much  soltinnity  or  zeal,  'i'he  army 
v,as  net,  hehind  others  in  its  manifestations  orj(»y. 
'i  hi'  hat;d!on  primero  Americano  threw  the  uihliel  to 
i!it  ground;  hut  the  most  surprisinLj  spectacle  ol'all  was 
lliat  of  tlie  hattalions,  mostly  made  up  of  tin;  very 
i.iiihittocs  that  the  constitution  deprixed  of  citizen- 
•Hiip,  takinLC  the  oath  with  as  much  joy  ami  n'lalitud.e 
a-  ihc  r.si.''*  Or^lei's  were  issued  to  adapt  evei-ylhim,' 
In  I  he  I'li'ins  and  lani;'ua_L;'e  of  the  new  system.  Thus 
ihc  'pla/.a  mayoi''  had  its  name  chanj^ed  to  'plaza  de 
la  cdiisiilui'ion,'  and  a  conuiieUK-rative  stone  was 
placed  thes'ein.  The  custom-house,  mint,  r^'venue, 
<  1'-..  had  th(!  adj<'ctive  'nacional'  attached  to  them  in 


;cil  oi 


real,'  as  had  heen  formerly  the  })i'acti< 


TIk'  amnesty  deci-et-s  ol'  the  ('(M'tes  were  j);ih]ished, 
Mild  tlie  vicci'oy  with  the  audieiicia  visited  the  prisons 
t'>  K  lease  all   persons  therein  detained  that   v.<  ic  en- 


litl 

hlu 


lo  I  lie  l)ooii ;  hut  nolle  lii 


■Id 


or  insuri'e 


11  Were 


at( 


Tl 


le  coiistltutloii 


ca 


ile.l    I 


ol'  nian'\'  cliaii'jt'S 


ill  t!ie   adminlsti'atioii  ol' ju-tice  and    rexeniK!  as  well 
a-  of  e'oNernment.      The  civil  an<l  military  authorities 
re  not  to  he  vt\steil  in  the  same  peison;  thi;  audi- 


\\i 


§ 


.V. 

yi. 


'"Aim, inn.   //Is/.    Mi'j.,  iii.  'J70-SI;  /!,,■<  m,   /Us/,  ./•i^'ipn,  i.  .".Tl;  Oiz.  ile 
■t.,  It.lJ,  iii.  102"J,  10o>-}-',  lOJ4-IJ-lii,  iMStiiii;  M(x:  Col.  Li/.  I'liiid.,  34- 


I 


■w 


4C0 


AMKUICAX  AFFAIRS  IX  SPAIX. 


I'S 


curia  \v;is  nMliiccd  to  iMttliiii::^  iimm'c  than  a  supi'iiur 
court,  and  ci-asi^d  to  Ix'  the  viceroy's  council;  all  |iri\- 
ilc^cd  (ourts  must  n"(t  (»ut  ol' existence;  the  s|  eci;d  ad 
ministrations  of  certain  i)ranchis,  such  as  drainanc  nt' 
the  \  alley,  were  to  heiriven  in  chari^e  of  the  'di|aitaci>iii 
provincial.'  Not  the  least  ini|>oitant  of  these  chany 
was  that  which  placed  the  administi'ation  orju.^tiif 
e\c!nsi\(ly  in  the  ((rilinary  courts,  thus  doiuLj  aw.iy 
with  the  junta  <le  seijuridad  which  had  had  e\.-hisi\(! 
jiu'iMrKtion  in  |)i'oceedinns  I'or  treason.  All  thtsi> 
no\ollics  would  he  Irau^ht  with  serious  conse(|Uencr-i 
even  iii  times  ol'jK'ace;  it  may  well  he;  iman'ini'd  wjii't 
the  eli'ect  was  with  i-evolutiou  raj^inijf  thnjuj^hout  the 
iiiiid. 

The  most  important  innovations  were  yet  ttt  he 
])ut  in  |»i'actici',  namely,  Ireedom  of  the  press,  and 
election  of  the  |>oj)ular  ayuntamientos  to  siipeis.dc 
<he  pe'rpetual  ones  hitherto  '.'xistini^.      Jjiherty  of  the 


ire 


had  h 


teen  i)roclannei 


and 


a   i-cLTu 


lat 


ion    (leci'eeil 


thei'ef'ir  hy  the  cortes  as  I'arly  as  the  1 0th  ol'  Noveni- 
Itei-,  IS  III,  hut  the  measure  had  not  h(;en  i-arried  into 


■ll'eet 


d. 


■  lect. 


T\ 


le  rejj^ulation   provideil    the  ap- 


pointnieiit  of  a  hoard  in  each  i»ro\ince  comjxised  ol' 
live  nieinhers,  two  of  whom  were  t(t  he  ecci esiasties. 
i'^rom  that  hoard  an  ap|)eal  was  allowed  U)  a  supreme 
hoai'd  I'esidm^'  neai"  the  sujirenie  n'oveiimient  and 
com|»osed  of  niiK' nuMnhers.  'I'his  sujireme  hoaid  had 
the  poW(  r  to  nominate  tlu'  memhers  of  the  respect- 
ive  |irovinci.il   hoards,  and   its   di'cisions  wen;  linal."' 


Jt 


I    h 


mav  easuv  he  conci-ived    how    mconveiui'nt    tin 


ariau'^euient.  was  of  one  sin^K;  hotu'd  for  all   Mexico 
and  how  lardy  must  he  the  I'ecourse  to  the  su[ir<'mi 


h 


toard  HI  r>iiain. 


Tl 


i(,'  re\i)lulion   I  .ivinu'   liroivt  n   out, 


in  Mexico  when  the  law  was  issued,  tiie  vicero\',  i'ear 


]■& 


-I 


Ari'liiK'iui'ii  I) 


titiifc  Uu!  l)i>:ii'(l  ill  Mcxiiii,  tlu'  fullDiviii.!,' piTsdiis  were.  ;i|i|>iiiiiti 


;iiii; 


M.  I' 


iji:r;i,  ii  ii;i(iM'ut  Siimiii,  Imt   ill    tavnr  nl 


M 


iMi'iKi  i;iar 


,;l'IiiIl'!1C'i,';    I'lilio   Fiillti 


LU   1-  1 


H'lMiiR'  anMiiislidi)  (I 


.1   M. 


w  mii'U'iici 


ii'ii;   ( JllillilUI'i    AyViini',     ligfllli.'   ol'    ll 
S:il\:uliir,  hiiniii!  ct'  wliciso  wiiliuirM  alimit  tlii-  ivviihit 

//it.  .'/-./.,  ii 


1 1   t 


I'l'IlMIK 


1' 
h-/.    ,1.; 


I'rll    LIHT'^vtl.' 


mil 


I  iiili 


JJdcul<i<,  Cnl.  /),i,:,  iv.  8in»-UJl;  U, 


ui;<  low  mill  sfui  ril.dis 


.r 


// 


ll'IIUI, 


lli't.  Jahtiiu,  i.  ;{7  J-i>. 


«/<;  ij 


TIIH  I'i:lNTIN(;  ruKss. 


481 


\'.\'j;  that  rrccdoin  «»!"  tlic  jtrcss  would  !»c  a  nowcrful 
jij;(iit  ti)  .s|)r(;ul  tln'  iiiNiiiTfctidii,  iivaikitl  liiinsrll"  o}"  a 
jH'tty  rirciiiiislaiicc,  the  di-atli  of  one  of  the  iiiciiilx'r.s 
aj>p<)iiitcd  to  r<ti'm  the  hoard,  to  jtostpoiiu  its  installa- 
tion till  tlitTc  was  a  I'ull  hoMi'd.  Xo  a|)|>oint  incnt  was 
ui;idf  to  till  tlif  vacMiicy  in  seven  or  cin'lit  months. 
.Mcaiitiiwr  all  the  aiillioiilics  in  Mexico,  civil,  militafv, 


all) 


I  eccl 


esiastic,  wi'i't"  consulted,  and  with   tl 


le    excel)- 


tion  of  one  hishoj),  exjiatiated  on  the  dan^'ers  ol'  h;iv- 
iiiLi'  a  tree  jiress  under  the  existiuLj  circumstances. 
JloWeVel',  Alizpe  jUt  -sinn'  ^I'*'  i^nhject  and  the  C('>rte.s 
•  ic'edinLj  ti»  his  demands,  the  iiscales  of  the  aiidien- 
cia  in  Mexico  I'eported  that  the  |»uhhcation  of  the 
l.iw  could  no  loiiL,^*'!-  he  delayed.  Jt  Was  accoi'dinu'ly 
iiiadi'  |)uh!ic  <tn  (he  5th  of  Octoher,  ISIJ,  and  the 
hoard,  or  'junta  de  ceiisura,'  was  formally  consti- 
tuted and  (jualilied,  with  An-lHleacon  Ucristain  for  its 
|ircsi(leiit,  and  Jose  M.  I'^a^oaoa  vice-|iresident.  It 
i-  not  necessary  tt)  recaj)itulate  here  the  restrictions 
and  foi'malities  that  the  printing''  and  jtuhlishiii'^  of 
hooks  and  periodicals  had  Ix-en  suhjected  to.  ( )f 
the  almost  nidiniited  iVeidom  now  granted,  writers 
scarcelv  knew  how  to  make  a\ail,  it  was  all  so  new 


After  all,  it  was  hut  a  ileetinir  hi 


ess- 


lai 


see 


and  sti'anu'e. 
ill!.;',  as  We  si 

The  I't'atler  dou!)tless  rememhors  what  has  heoii 
said  in  an  eai'lier  volunu-  of  this  woi-k  on  the  jealous 
cai'e  the  n'evernment  took  undei'  the  old  legislation  of 


til. 


Ind 


ies,'*'  t(>  ])revent  all  |)o|»nlar  assemhlai^es,  unless 


tliey  Were  a[)[)roved  (>f  hy  the  superior  i\'pi\'sentativ(! 
of  the  kinu's  authority,  and  presided  over  hy  an  olK- 
1  of  his  appointment.      The  constitution   pui'poseil 


I'la 


^''('ailos  M.  Bustainantp,  one  <<f  t\w  cai'lit-st  to  outer  the  liilil,  licirim  tlip 
tirst  iiuiiiticr  (pf  liis  joiiriiiil  K/  .hniiiil'lln^  askiii!.'  M'iiiii|Ui'  iimIiimos  li,ilil:ir'/' 
He  Was  fdllowfd  \iy  Kl  I'l  iii'ul'ir  M(/iriiii(i,  )iv  •ti>ai|\iiii  IV;  iiaiiilc/  l.i/anii, 
till  tlnii  an  uli.si'urf,  iiiiUiiDWii  man,  Imt  who  was  aftur-waid  ;.'i\  iii  fur  a  Hiir- 
iiaiiiu  tlic  title  (if  Ills  imlilii'atioii.  'J'lic  filitor  of  tlie  l>i'irhi  now  vcntiuvd  to 
tix'ily  expie.ss  his  tlioiijirjits.  Several  looso  paptM's  were  lirciilateil  on  tiie 
e.i.lesiastieal  fuern;  tliere  w<'re  v^ry  few  evidonees.  if  any,  of  a  ilisre^ard  for 
the  di'eeiieies  of  society.   Al'iinan,  Jlinl.  M'j.,  iii.  '2S(J-7. 

■'■  Ikco^i.  ik  liid.,  i.,  iv.,  'Jo. 


t  ' 


M     I 


402 


AMKItlCAN   AI  TAIUS  IN  Sl-AIN". 


to  tlo  nw.'iy  with  this  syNtciu  willi  the  iiimi'jf:ir;i(Inii(if 
])i»|iular  <'!f(!i()iis,  wliicli  nli'ci'cil  as  tjr>';it  a  rondast  .is 
l»(jl\vi('ii  M  iVcc  and  a  ri'strictrd  jucss.  Acronlini^r 
to  llif  c'-iisus,  tliti  capital  ua-!  cniitlcd  to  twciitv 
{\\v.  clirtiirs,  as.sii^Miiu'^'  two  t<»  tin;  most  |t(»|)ulniis 
|)jiris!ics,  ainl  louf  to  lli;it  of  the  Sa;^;ai'ii),  (!i\i(| 
iiiLf  till'  laticr  into  Iniir  si-cf ions,  \vil!i  an  (.'lictDial 
tal)l('  at  lacli,  hut  witliniit  lixiiiL;'  tlu^  i-cspcctivc  iiuni- 
Imt  oi'  \'ilfis.  '^I'liu  pisalt  was  that  the  t  liunijih  i»i' 
the  .Viiifiicaii  clcinciil    was   cinnplctc;  not  a     sinu'lf 


I 


Ul'djiiaii    was    el i< (SI -I I 


a;i    clcctdi'.       In    I'act,   (1 


clijctor..!  law  was  violated  in  tlu;  most  haivi'afcd  man- 
ner, 'i  he  Ami'rican  ti<-I<ct  containid  t!u'  names  of 
those  known  loi*  their  i  rvolutit>narv  lU'oclivilies;  and 


the  .S!):inish  had  tho> 


ihe  most   n<(te(l   Spaniai'.l:- 


and  ol  a  lew  ci'foK's  |titiial  to  them.  ^s  o  ellort  \\,i> 
made  1;»  f|na!iiy  the  voters,  and  tluis  were  |>olled  many 
illegal  Notes.  In  sonu'  j)arishes  more  votes  were  cast 
than  lilere  Weri'  vecinos.  'i'he  rount  (»!"  tlie  votes  he- 
in_n'  coneluiled  at  S:;;()  r.  m.,  and  the  ti'iam;»h  ol"  the 
ei'eole  party  estahiislii'd  iteyond  a  d(»iil>t,  t!ie  victor^ 
gave  t  llemselves  U[)  to  1 


ejoici'.l'i". 


)eoj)le    I'llslie, 


^o  the  cathedral  towers  and  ranuf  the  hells  durinn'  a 
»^'i'eat  i>art  of  tlu;  ni;4ht,  and  ceased  only  when  thi' 
viceroy  s  secretary  eame  out  and  sto|>j>ed  it.  Some 
asked  to  have  the   artilleiv  (iivd,  l)iit  the   vict'rov  I'e- 


I'tised,      (  )n  the  iollowin-'-   dav  there    wer* 


4iil 


)nol'(! 


mai'iced  manilestation^ 


Tl 


le   viceroy  leariii''"  a  I'iot 


kept  tlie  ti'oops  in  their  harraclcs,  and  cansed  tlie  cor- 
ri'gidor  to  issne  ortlers  i'or  the  people  ton.'tire  to  theii 
liomes,  or  the  patrols  would  use  Corce.      I'he  popul; 


oheved,  and  hy  nii>ht  (luiet  had  heen  i'ldlv  restoi-id. 
In  1'oluca,  l*uel)la,  and  other  places,  the  result  ol 
the  elections  was  the  same.     Animo.sity  towanl  the 


83 


Tliorc  were  masaes  of  tlianks!,'i\  iiig  at  tlio  sevcr.il  parish  clmivhrs,  w 


were  attrnc'.cil 


tlie  electors 


1' 


tl 


le  earri;i','o  o 


hirh 
f    dllO    (.f    tlu'Ill. 


Jacol))  (1,-  N'iilaurnitia,  the  pcoiile 


hi:j  li 


loiisrj  , ■111111 1  iiiiicli  applausi 


lariios.seil  tlio  iniiku  ami  i>iil!eil  liiui  to 
Till' .  aiiie  was  iloiie  with  a  I'aiion  and  two 


eeelesiasai-a.     \yilli  a  man  of  the  r.ili'.ilo  as  their  leader,  t! 


i(!  crowd  KCi/ei 


•d 


earriaui'  ii:ii 


1  eoiiveyed  in  it  to  the  iwri.sli  ehureh  of  San  Mi  .,'iiel  Cjrloa  M. 


liuijtuniauio  ami  Ductor  Sartorio,  eluLiors  chuscii  fur  that  district. 


SKDiTioi's  \viirrix(.s. 


4(;:i 


]'iini]>r;iM  S|>;iiii;n"(ls  \v;is  iiiMiiilrst  cvcryulicrr.      Tli" 
pi  ilicljilc-!     nl'    tlic     ilislll  Tcct  i(»ll     |>It'(|(»iiiili;il»'.l.       This 

|i  [t'.il.ir  iii(>\ ciiiciil  \v;is  lint  crrfMiiilv  n  (•(•iifi-rtcil  rcv- 
tii>ii:irv  |iliiii:  liiu    tlicrr  can  l»r  no  tlouhl    tliut  it, 


•  •III 


\V;i-  IHnlliptc.I    Ity  sonic  |M'rs(»lis  l(i|-  uKflKU'   |)Ur|>(»srs.  ■ 

Tlif  til  iiKiits  |tl;n'«(|  Ity  llif  new  cMiist  itut  imi  in  tli<( 
li.iiids  III"  lln-  rcviiiiitioiiists  rt'iidcrt'd  it  alnmst  iinpos- 
sililr  tocxp'.ct  a  l;i\<iralil('  result  of  the  war  I"  ir  t!u'  roy- 
Tiil  lat<lv  till'  ichtls  had  itccn  ahlc  to  use 


.'III   I  cause 


llic  press  in  a  \<  ry  limited  dc'^rci'  only,  hut  now  tin; 
iMiistitut  i  m  placed  every  print  iiiL^-pi-ess  in  tli«'  coun- 
try at  l!iiir  (lisjiosal.  Seditious  wi'iliiiLfs  wei-c,  it  is 
true,  suhject  to  t\\r  action  of  th(!  Junta  de  cciisura, 
hill  thi  -  was  aCter  they  had  heeii  circulated  and  had 
t'leir  ciiect.  T\u'  puhlic  peace  in  the  capital  and 
o'Jier  lar^'e  cities  had  heeil  prcsci-ved  hv  '^reat  N'i.u'i- 
I  nice  oil  the  jiait  of  the  I'oval  authorities.  It  had 
liiii  miK'li  i:iipeiilled  duriii'Lf  the  I'ecent  iMiinici|)al 
e'  ■ctioiis;  hut  the  LCreatest  daiiLjer  was  u  it  over. 
The  ('lection   of  deputies   to   the  ordiiiaiy   ci'ntes  in 

ro,  aiul  the  ^'overnnicnt 


Si 
I 


laiii    was   soon 


t(»  take    i»la 


ivMsonahJy  leared  that  its  enenii»'s  would  jnollt  hy  the 

T\ui  city  of'Moxico  heretojore  had 


;ite  eXMerii'IiCL' 


1 1  •(> 
trie 


11    (hvided   into  a  nuniher  ol"  districts  an<l  sulxlis- 


Th(!    loriner  were  in   chartre  ot"  the  alcald 


es 


<Ie   corte,   corre  ;idor,  and  alcaldes   ordinarios,   under 
whose  .supervision  were  the  oiliciuls  placetl  over  the 

""  I'laiicisi.'ct  ({.-ilicia  wrote  rrrsiilciit  IJiivdii  !i  narrative  nf  tin- oreui'reiu'cs, 
s  lyi'i','  i.'i:it  t!i"  i)iM[)l<'  liait  ;,'ivrii  luonf  uf  tli  ir  eiiUiusiasiii.  ii!t<'iiii ,'  \  ivji-.  tn 
Auieriea.  t!io  ;in;>ieiiic  jaiita,  ami  eiicli  one  ef  its  iiiciuliers,  ami  trviii^',  '^lue- 
r.iii  loi  jr;ulni|)i;ie;<,'  not  cumjiK'tiii.;  (lie  worli  for  the  want  ot'  ann  <.  lie  asljeil 
liayon  to  ai)[)ro..eli  tiie  city  with  his  forces,  in  whicli  event  lie  (  laliiial  with 
his  jieo])!^'  woulii  asli  the  viceroy  for  arms  to  tlefi'iiil  tiie  jilaee;  if  t'iviMi  tiiey 
WouM  lie  liseil  ti>  aiil  ILiyon.  and  if  l-i'fiiseil  he  would  eiidcavnr  t'  take  tlieui 
fipivilily,  an  1  then  .sally  oat  to  join  Jt.iyoii,  as  lie  had  1  I.IKI)  or  more  Inili.ins 
ill  tiie  ea[iiLal  that  wonlil  follow  him.  Uayon  was  so  iniich  jiliased  tliat  he 
saitgested  to  Verdiisco  the  expediency  of  littint;  out  a  force  to  t.ik  •  advantage 
of  so  ;;()()il  an  opportunity.  Ild'/on'M  litlvr  to  I'lrdnsni,  from  'J'/a/jiiiJii/iiin, 
I'l'c,  It,  KslJ,  ca|itiire  1  hy  the  royalists  with  Verduseo'sbagLjage  in  the  attack 
of  l'iini:in(liro,  of  \\hich  an  account  will  lie  given. 

*"Aii  attiiniit  Was  made  to  nullify  the  hist  elections,  and  to  make  an  in- 
vesti_'ation  into  the  popular  disturliances;  hut  the  liscalcs  of  the  audiencia 
advised  th;»t  no  furtlier  stejis  should  ho  taken  in  the  matter,  in  order  to 
tivcrt  all  occasion  for  more  popular  nicctinys. 


4M 


AMKRHAN  Ai'r.Mi;-;  i\  si'\i\. 


V    .' 


l!^' 


Kulxlisf  licts,  ;ill  <•!'  \vliii!:i  (Iif  ^i  i\  (I'liiiiciil  loiiU  Ikivc 
rcli;ui<'i' tin.  I»iit  uiidcr  llif  fi>iiNtilii(i<ni  tin-  syslcm 
was  iivt'i'. cd  ;  it  KtlKKivcd  tlir  a\  imt.iiuiciito  to  ;ii'l 
the  iilcalili-  ill  |»roti'('(iii<^  lilt-  ami  |in>|»fity  and  |nv- 
Kci'viiin'  |Mil)lic  ordi'i'.  Tlir  ditlifiilly  iidw  w.is  iliis: 
liow  cMidd  (lif  |trfscivati«»ii  of  nrdci-  lie  li  t,  jo  th,,' 
vi'i'v  |M'i-s(»iis  iiKist  iiitcrt'stf-d  in  disl  iirl)iii ■;•  il  ^  This 
stall'  <»r  sti^]i(iis('  Ia.sti'(|  till  llif  ."id  of  1  )fi-cii''i(  r,  tin' 
vii'croy's  saints  day,  San  Ki'anciscti  .)a\  icr.  w  lieu  th.' 
recently  clioscn  licrtitrs,  taking;'  to  tin  insrlvcs  un- 
tluc  iin]t<)itan(M',  callfd  <»ii  him  in  present  tlieir  i-iu\- 
<;!-atMlations,  and  lie  I'eceiveil  tlieni  with  niar!vs  <>\' 
(hsjileasMl'e.  The  /*<'iisiii/or  }!<  .rial n<K  "I  V,  hi- ll  lai  n- 
tion  was  made  hejin-e,  liad  heen  tl(  !'laiiiiin'^-  in  se\(i,d 
iiiindiers  a'^ainst  the  ejoveinnn  lit.  It  ha  I  e\leii-l\i  ly 
expatiated  nn  the  eomplaints  ul"  the  Anieiieans.  dr- 
iiiaiKhiiLf  an  armistice,  in  order  tn  let  those  uhn  ha<l 
taken  ii|»  arms  l»e  heard,  and  then  wail  lor  t!ie  de- 
cision of  till'  iiatioii;d  c()rtes.  In  the  ii'iiiilier  ol"  !)••- 
cend)er  ."id,  while  ItretelldillLj  to  leiicitate  t  hi'  Nieijuy, 
it  was  iiisultiii'^:*'  and  speakiii'^'  oj"  the  edict  of  Jmie 
L'alh,  Just  ly  called  the  sanguinary  e('iei ,  itdideil  hy 
uskinn'  in  tin:  name  of  the  cK-rny  am!  .heir  llorlv  tliatj 
it  he  ri'Voked.  'I'Ik;  viceioy  hesitated  no  loii;;i'r. 
]Ie  summoned  the  justices,  liscales,  and  aliaMes  dd 
ciinu'ii^"  to  a  consultation,  which  lastid  several  hour-, 
and  was  advised  hy  •twelve  of  the  thirteen  I'um lion- 
aries  that  he  should  susjiend  the  ireedom  of  the 
press.''''  Jn  the  edict  puhlished  on  the  filh  of  I)r- 
comber  were  j^ivon  tlu'  jj^rounds  for  the  su.>|>i  n-inn. 
uiul  the  (dd  laws  and  rcj^ulations  were  restored,  the 


!i    ; 

V.       I 

1. ; 


*'  'Es  nil  nii-x'i'alilc  mortal,  iin  Iioiiil)ro  coino  tixlos,  y  im  Mtorim  iltsprcc  i 
alilc  a  lii  t'i!/.  till  'J'tiilopoikToso;  las  silele  toicor  la  iiialieia,  la  i^'unr.iiici.i,  n  la 
lisoiija.'  /./..  '-",14. 

*-Acc(i!'ilin;,' to  liis  own  words,  'I'osolvi  fcU'lirar  Aoiici'ilo  jiUmio  ilc  scfiorcs 
iiiiiiistros  (If  osta  Kfal  Autlioiiiia  con  mi  asi.sti  ntia. '  (Ur..  (/<■  Mix.,  ISIJ.  iil. 
l'J!)J-;{.  'I'lii.s  ot  itsilf  was  uiiioiisntiitioiial,  for  after  tlic  coiLstitiilinn  was 
jmt  into  tll'i  (.'t  the  aiuliencia  was  no  longer  an  acuerdo,  havm;,'  bun  liniiud 
to  jiulic'ial  fiinuLioiis. 

*^  Villaiirnitia,  wlio  liad  lieen  nppoiiitfil  oiilor  of  tlir  aiKliiniia  of  Sc'ville, 
was  not  ]iri'sint.  Tlic  liscal  Osr.s  ilisscntuel;  lie  ifcuniniiiHlcil  the  (jruatinii  ui 
a.  isu|>rcaio  juutu.  ilc  cciibuia  iu  .Mcsicu, 


tli 


TIIK  OX.STITUTION  IX  orKIlATIvJN'. 


4';.-> 


j;iiit.i  <K'  (iiiMir.i  Iiciii;^-  cliar^Td  with  the  tliilv  <*l'  ix- 
ii;iiiiiiiiL;' ••Miy  writini^  iiitt'iidt'd  tn  !»<•  pi'iiitctl,  aiul  tlio 
vlriiuy  ivscrviiig  to  hiinself  tlio  r'lLjIit  <»!'  iiistomtion 
<\'  till'  lil)i'r(y  uf  tilt!  [)it'.>s  wli  ii  tilt.'  prtst'iit  f\ti;ni|-- 


(liliarv  ril'ctllustaiK'cs  sliollld    Ii;u   '  (-(jascd 


Allot  I 


KT 


(•dirt   i'\'  {\\i'  saiiH'  date  |tl(»liiljitrd,    iluUv  llic  |M'iial(y 
u!'  ttii  years  in   tlitj  rliaiii-L,^!!,^;',  tin-  liiiLiiii'^'  "I"  licll-; 
N.IIiniit  an  nidci*  of  the  gowi'iiuic'iit,  and  the  ruiiniii' 
(if  ^rmil 


iits,  which  the  armed  lui 


ree  was  eiiioiiiuu  Id  (lis 


'J 


I  t( 


The  o-ovi'i'iinieiit  had  now  a  kiiowlednt!  ni'  the  pcr- 
.siiiis  that  iiiii^dit  hi'  iiiehided  in  tht;  dan'_cer<ni.-i  class 
and  piT.x'ciiteiL  Without  oitserviii'^  any  Inriiialili  ■, 
thi'  janla  di;  ,sc|^iiridad,  which  still  e.\eivise<l  power, 


ll'lll; 


;h   th 


k;  |)ress    i-ad  clamored  lor  its  siippii'ssion 


I  r. 


a'l'i'sietl  I''     nande/  Lizardi  of  the  Pejisiidur  McriCa 


I'), 


[>■  \\i\> 


however,  soon  after  ivleased,  and  continued 
t!ii'  imhlication  of  his  paper  till  he  had  completed  t' 
iiiiiiilur  snhscrihed  for,  lait  in  (piite  a  dill'eri'iit  toiu; 
NriieH'as  said  iiothiiii;"  at  this  time  ahoiit  the  <'lec 


Id 


ti  'lis  to  ho  made  for  de[)iities  to  tiic  ciales,  and  i'oi- 
tlinx'    to   constitute   the  dipiitacion   |»rovincial  ;■*'   hut 


w  ud 


I  asked  ah(»ut  the  matter,  t 


owar* 


I  the  end  of  ]).- 


cciiilicr,  hy  the  (Hiti^oiiiL;'  ayuntamieiito  of  Mexico, 
and  hy  some  of  the  electors,  la;  declared  them  .>us- 
peiidcd,  diri'etiii,!;'  tlie  old  ayuntamieiito  to  continue 
ai  tin;;'  as  theretoforv!  till  further  orders.  Jii  I'act, 
c\eryt hiiii;'  pi'cscrihed  in  the  constitution  to  he  done 
\va>  left  unexeciitt-'d.      Thus  was  that  instrument  in  a 


' 


I'llstalMMIltc,    \i'li 


111'  I'll 


-s.    Tnr,-vi:i,',  l.'in.l.  Hi 


■■I.,  I 'J.  i;i 


ic;llv:*    (.f    tl 

;UI;  /I  in 


10    ICVollltI'MlMI 


a.  .1/ 


y  sjiiiit  (  f 


III,.  I. 


'J'iio  tloL-ivi;  altout  liiigiui,'  of  1)l1I.s  is  i|iiiiliiioil  «itii  tlio  wunls  'ii  viiolta 


I'l'.ii 


lii-..'  a 


(I,-  ^/r 


I; 


ii.  1  •_'!!;!  1. 


'»  iiilcis  M.  lliistiiiiiaiiti',  t'. 


itor..f  /; 


ii'iiii  fi 


(la,  h 


I'.tnii''  iirreri 


t:il 


ISl'Oll 


1  liiiiilly  JMiiiiil  tiic  iiisuirixiioiiaiy  cliict   (Jsunio  at  /acaUau.     Aiiuiliir 


'V  iiaiiK  il  Martiiic/  was 


nil (1 1 


'II  tlio  ciiarj^'v:  or  sii-.|iieioii  < 


■f. 


niT\  iir.j 


u\\  1 1'l  iL't.j>oii(kiii'L'  \\  itii  Uir  iiisiir^ciils.    Sfvi'ial  otlicr.s  witu  ■   •I'MfUlcd  l.inr. 


11,  t.  Ml 


'  111  tin;  liL' 


/•-    "1 


laiHdiilv,  Ciici 


I.  Jli^t.,  ii.  1..m;-!)II;  L 


'•'".7". 


tiiiitorial  <livisioii  for  1!k'  iiitiinUiHia-,  tlur 


r.K''  fonncil  w  Itli  tlioso  of  Mexico,  I'lulila,  t)iii.;ea,  Wrii  ('n,z.  Mi 


I'  was  one  jiic 


't..f; 


ill  ( r 

/.'in 


uliirli   were  to  hi'  iiinlor  ouu  ilij^Kiiai-loU  liioMiicial  iv 
/t'lxf  .iitl'ijia.  i.  ;;tJ4, 


(.'lioarMi,  aiiil 


aiiiU''    111 


Ul8i,  ilts.,  Vol.  IV.    30 


I. 


ii  I  r-i 


ill 


4no 


AMERICAN  AFFAIRS  IN  SPAIN. 


littlo  inoro  tliau  two  moiitlis  IVom  its  most  soloinii 
])roiiiu]L;"atioii  suspt'iidcd  l)y  ;in  act  of  executive  xoli- 
tion;  and  yet  they  eoiitiiiued  adiniiiistei'iiiL,*'  (Ik.- oath 
to  ol>ey  it  to  all  authorities  and  eor[)oratioiis  that  had 
not  heen  sworn/"* 

The  eonstitution,  l)oth  hy  its  proniuln^ation  and  suh- 
sequent  sus|)(;nsic)n,  gave  a  great  impulse  to  the  w\n- 
lution  in  aftoniing  legal  pretexts  for  its  suppoi't.  At 
lii'st  the  insurLTeiit  sheets  said  that  the  oidv  bonds  ex- 
isting  between  the  American  and  S[)anish  people  lay 
in  the  sovei'eignty  recognized  in  the  kings.  J>ut  as 
the  constitution  had  liow  changed  the  foundations  of 
S[)anisli  socit;ty,  placing  the  possessions  of  Spanish 
Amei'ica  on  an  equal  footing  with  the  mother  countiy, 
th<'  former  had  acquired  ri^lits  that  demanded  I'espcct, 
and  if  they  v.ere  violated,  they  had  a  rii>litto  disselve 
the  coimection.  At  the  suspension  of  the  constitutinu 
it  was  claimed  that  the  peo[)h!  of  Mexico  should  re- 
sort to  arms,  because  the  laws  on  which  dejiended  the 
paciiK'ation  of  the  country  had  been  wantoidy  set 
aside  by  the  goyernnient;  th(\y  alleged  that  those 
laws,  if  they  did  not  end  the  revolution  evei-ywlien', 
could  certainly  have  brought  calm  and  peace  to  the 
greater  portion  of  the  country.  Such  were  the  I'e- 
marks  of  the  Corrco  del  Suv,  nos  20  and  Ml.  ]\[oi-eli»s 
wrote  Rayon  on  the  lath  of  January,  1813,  that  tli y 
now  had  tlie  evidence  of  S[)anish  rascality.  The 
Spanish  authorities  had  called  for  elections  to  lay  a 
heavy  hand  afterward  on  the  electors;  they  had 
granted  liberty  of  the  press  to  im[)rison  tlie  writer.;.^' 
The  cortes  had  really  ariued  the  revolutionists  wiili  a 
double-edged  sword.  The  whole  matter  went  bi  fore 
the  supreme  government  in  Spain,  and  was  taktMi  into 
consideration  by  the  regc'ucy  and  council  of  state,  by 

■"'\'(  ii(';4:i3  ooutiiincil  oxcrcisin'jf  more  powers  thdu  lie  li:vl  Ijfforc  tlio  piili- 
liciitii'U  ot'  tlid  l'iiiiil;iiuciit;il  law.  .VotwiHistjindiii'^'  tlio  markcil  iiitViiiT«;ii'iit 
of  it,  lie  still  jiiililisheil  (lie  decree  ot'  the  e(irteH,  to  thoeU'eet  tluii,  'iiifi'.;cci.)ii'  ^ 
lie  l;i  coiislitueiuii  so  vienui  de  pret'ereiieiaporlos  trilauuiles  eorresj.oiiuieiitr  .' 
lanni,  J/i.^f.  ./.ilri/n,  i.   lO!). 

^'■>  1  h-  eiuleil  ill  \\\A  usu;il  w;iy  with  a  Latin  quotation,  '(^uid  adliuc  dersideiaro 
pos.siiiiiu.s.'  Aluntdii,  Jlist.  M'J.,  iii.  -i*7  S. 


i  f 


MiMliQiiii 


nnilELLIOX  MUST  HE  C'RU.SIIEP. 


467 


(>ri\<:v  of  tlio  ci'd'tcs  at  tlio  instigation  of  the  Anicrican 

il' jiiitirs,  with  ArizpL' at  their  hratl,  w  ho  \vanti<l  tuseo 

WiK'ufas  and  the  audicneia  inipeai-hed   lor  their  siis- 

]H  ii>iiin  of  thc^  constitution;  hut  nothing-  came  of  it. 

As  it  was  a  measure  int<'ndi'd  to  suhjuLjate  the  rehels 

if  America,  it  was  deemed  just,  and   its  author  was 

Ktl  punislu'd,  hut  on  the  contrary,  conunendeih      'J'ho 

ijiinion  linallv  L>;iven  by  tho  council  of  state  was  that 

11   Mi'xico  iiothiuLjf  hut  a  military  i-cj^ime  shoidd  lado 

iiitil   the   revolution   was  quelled.      J](^th   the  ciuies 

ind  regency  arrived  at  the  conclusion  that    further 

•niice.->ions  Would  l)e  out  of  place,  and  the  rehilliou 

uust   he  (jUelled  b}^  force  of  ai'Uis  with  the   utmost 

iici'uy,  to  which  end  the  gos'crnment  would  det;ich  as 

a;iny  troops  as  possible  from  the  army  in  Spain. 


I: 


CHxVPTER   XIX. 

SUCCESS    or    MORELOS. 
1SI-J-1S13. 

Mtmr.Los'  Tiiiui"  Campaicx  -Chilapa   I'etakkn  — REocrrrATUiN    of  Tiir. 

CmsTltV  To  AcAl'ILC'O— .MATA.MultOS  AT  WuUK  IN  I/irAlt — \l(n|  \> 
];i;A\o"s    \'i<  ToUIKS— Vu  KU1;(;AI.    TliUil  I.ATIoNs    -riI;i.|r.\TloN    or     iM. 

ri;r.Es  i>v  the  Spanish  C'uute.s — J)eath  of  Thijand — Moilelon'  N'lir 
TO    ()/rMr,\  — I[e    Attacks    a    Uovai.ist  Convov — Takes    Oiuz\i;\ 
]»i;KKAr  ON  the  IIeiohts    or    ArruiNdo — Cai'tiim.s    Oa.iaca  — I'lNi;.- 

Jlol  S  I'lUOTV— KsrAP.l.ISII.MENr  OK  (JoVEUN.MENT — \'l(ToK  ANIl  Mk.II.I. 
]iI:AV(>'s  »  AMPAKiN  TO  Ja.M  1  l.TEPEC — ^luKELUS'  I'LAS.S  —  V'ENEUAS  Srpl.K- 
SEKEH— IJl.VIEW   OE   HIS   lilLE. 

Wk  will  now  rotuni  to  ^loi'flos  and  fullnw  Jii^ 
^Iterations  snliscijuont  to  liis  rcniai'lvaMo  cscain'  iVom 
(  'uaiitla  in  the  early  niorninL^'  ol"  May  2,  18  1"J.  it  li;t-< 
liei'ii  alreuth'  stated  that  he  went  from  the  town  >  t" 
( )('uitu<'o  to  Chautla  where  he  tarried  one  month  n'atli- 
erin;^'  the  disjicrsed  I'orees  of  (Jaleana  and  JJravo  1  > 
the  niunher  of  ahout  800.  Of  this  small  army  ^h'- 
rt'los  took  command  and  marched  to  retake  Chilap;! 
and  Tixtla,  which,  during-  the  time  he  was  in  Cnauthi, 
Inul  been  reoccupied  by  the  royalists.  Thecommanil- 
ants  .Ahorve  and  CV>rro  resolved  not  to  wait  his  rdiii- 
ini;-,  but  to  retreat  to  .Vyutla.  The  insurj^ents  undrv 
(ialeana  on  the  4lh  of  .)une  t'uconntered  part  of  tin  ii 
and  took  a  numbrr  |iri>oners  besides  '200  mnskit-. 
1'hey  tinally  succeedeTl  in  I'eachinLj  Ayutia,  ilniily 
I'eenforeenient  h;ivim;'  been  sent  them  by  J*;'uis  wIm 
A\as   stationed    there.'     The   nyalist   prisoners    were 

'  I'liiis"  ri']iort  from  OiDi-tcpcL'  of  Julv  11,  IslJ,  in  (,'iiz.  (/(  M'.r.,  IslJ,  lii. 

<i()i  1;  Mfiidihii,  jy'iimuini^i.,  iJo  t>." 


imi 


CIlILArA  .SACIvED. 


469 


1;il<('ii  to  Z;i!';itula.  ^Fni'dos  nitiM'L'd  nii];ip;i  uni'c- 
>i>tr(l.  TIil;  parish  priost,  JuxlriLi'iU-'Z  IJullo,  a  standi 
loyalist,  i'or  whose  licad  a  ivward  had  jjecn  oll'c  rod, 
Imd  (Hsajipoarod.  The  vicar  cauie  out  to  iiitorcedc 
I'ur  tlio  iidiahitant.s.  ^[()rflos  received  liiiii  ail'ahly, 
\>\\{  doomed  it  necessary  to  ]>iinish  the  peoph;  who 
liad  taken  so  ])roniinent  a  i)art  in  the  iniprisoninont 
nf  the  suhdelen'ado  .Monto/unia.  Jle  accordin'jiv  al- 
I'lV.ed  liis  troops  to  sack  the  town,  and  caused  tlie 
piisonors  to  he  decimated,  despatchini^  tlie  ivst  to 
Zacatuhi,  nnion^"  whom  was  the  giant  ^lartin  Sal- 
iinrou.  Three  months  later  lie  had  the  ,L;iant  hroui^ht 
liai-i;  and  mustered  into  his  ^'uai'd  of  honor,  and  issued 
ail  order  of  i^eneral  amnesty."  This  triumph  of  the 
n'\()lutionists  produced  a  dei>p  ini}»i'ession  in  govern- 
iiieiit  circles,  and  oa\-(.  ]'enewed  eiicoura^'i'ment  to  the 
friends  of  indepeiideiici'.  The  secret  i'lul)s  bestirred 
lliemselves.  Calleja's  friends  charu^ed  the  loss  <»f  the 
( 'liilapa  rei4'ion  to  the  \  ieei-oy's  faihiie  to  ha\e  ^Toreh 
pmsued  alter  his  tlin'Iit  from  Cuautla,  which  mi;j;ht 
have  been  doiu;,  thev  said,  had  there  been  a  force  at 
Tixlla  or  Chilapa. 

.M<,'anwhile  the  indejiendt'iits  were  jdannin^-  for 
iiew  expeditions.  A'ictoriano  ]\laldonado  res(»l\-ed  to 
t;ike  ()mete[>ec  witli  the  i'orce  he  had  on  the  Me'tla- 
t"iioc  hill.      It  was    not    a    dilHi-ult  undertakin<>-,  as 


)S 


( 'aldelas   had   '''oiu'    willi   his   forces   to   the   sii 


.f 


ijua] 


)an. 


aris, 


lea  re. 


AFaldonad 


OS    move- 


ment, left  Avutla,  where  he  did  not  i'eel  safe,  and  went 
t  I  ( )metcpee  before  ]\Ialilonado  appi'oached  the  place. 
This  cIkuc^'o  of  base  on  IMi'is'  part  opened  the  way 
C'V  ^[orelos  to  occupy  that  jiortion  of  the  country  to 

-  Siilnipron -was  bnrn  nnnr  ('hilM]).a  ill  .\[)iil  177'       Whrii  '22  y.'Mi's  of  iiu'" 
111'  \v;is  prfsciitccl  to  tii<!  vioi'ldv,  ,iii<l   at  tliat  tiiiH',  accoidiii.;   to  the  <i'<r..  >/'' 


.1/. 


.)f  Nov.  11.  \~[M.  liis  \\ti''ht  \\;n 


70  11. 


il  his  hci''lit  '  dos  varas 


y  tri'.s  ciuirtas  v 


(loH  iiiilL'anas,    ciiua 


lit. 


JIi 


(111(1  says  that  liis  true  height  was  -J.-J'-U  iiictivs,  or  7  it  :{'.  in.   /: 


miilioMt  .saw  SaliMi'ioii 


.SV<( 


/' 


Aft 


I'l'  utTviui'  SOUR'   time  in  .Mon'los"  I'uai 


■d. 


taUi'ii 


ill 


,1   r. 


tainnl  to  his  liiriliiilacc,  Ciiilapa,  w  la  re  ho  ilicil  in   isl.'l.   A' 


/; 


irduii    I , ri I ri I  .■i 


h  'I.  r  of  /•:  /,.  ,.'/,  1 


M. 


,'^-iO,  111 


A'ni. 


J.  'Sij'u  XIX.,  V.  -287  'JO. 


Jliil.  M'/..  iii.  -is,  app.  no.  .">,  '^7;  X'r^jnh' 


■? 


! 


r 


4;o 


SUCCESS  OF  MOllKLOS. 


the  vtTy  i;at('s  of  Acajnilco,  wliicli  port  wis  l»(.si»'4i  .1 
1)V  tin;  iii<lc])('li(I('iit  IcjuK'i*  Avila  IVmih  the  \'tlai|<i'> 
liill.  Xtitw  itlistandiii^"  tlu-sc  a(lvaiitaL,M'.s  of  Moivl..^' 
forces  ill  the  south,  li^uala,  Tasco,  ami  the  whole  eoun- 
tiv  on  the  il;^ht  of  the  Meseahi  ItivLi-  weie  held  l«y  tli-' 
royalists.  ]t  is  ti'ue  that  the  latter  were  constantly 
assailed,  hut  they  had  hoen  victorious  at  everv  oikouh- 
ter.  One  of  their  most  noted  victoiits  was  wnu  hv 
Kionda  on  the  Santa  ]losa  heii^ht,  iK;ar  .]aiuilt«|ii<-. 
in  the  CV)sta  Chica,  when  attacked  the  :5Ist  of  ( )riM- 
ber  by  Yictoj-iano  ^Maldonado,  who  was  defeated  with 
th.e  loss  of  his  artillery.^ 

The  tiniL'ly  Nictoiy  of  !Morelos  at  Huajuapan,  tin' 
subsecjuent  ca[>ture  l)y  his  f  )rces  of  upjjcr  and  lti\v<  r 
I\Iizteca,  and  his  refusal  to  march  against  Oajaca  havi,- 
Ix'iu  already  related.  With  3,(500  men,  im-hidinL,'-  the 
*,Mirison  of  Jluajuajtan,  he  started  for  Tihuaran,  a 
most  important  position  which  he  occupied  on  tin- 
10th  of  August  and  made  his  i^oneral  head(|Uartei>.* 
'^riieiice  he  could  watch  and  send  ex|)editi->ns  to  Oajaca, 
Orizaba,  and  ^\'ra  Cruz,  without  losing  sight  of  M<\- 
ico.  ]Ie  could  also  fi'om  this  centre,  well  providtd 
with  food  and  amnumition,  give  an  impulse  to  hi- 
ciuise  throughout  that  I'egion,  whose  inhabitants  had 
repeatedly  shown  a  disposition  to  throw  ofi'the  Span- 
ish yoke.  In  the  event  of  a  large  force  comiiiL; 
against  him,  or  of  defeat,  he  would  have  a  v/ay  op. n 
to  the  intt'rior. 

The  comamlante  at  Oajaca,  vVntonio  Gonzahv.  Sai'a- 
via,  fearing  that  Morelos'  obji'ctive  point  wouM  be  the 
eai)ital  of  that  jtroviiice,  called  on  the  vleerny  t'  r-- 
enforce  him,  the  troops  he  had  with  him.  in  th<'ir 
di.'moralized  condition  alter  the  recent  ih 'feats,  being 

'Tlio  oflicial  ilcspatcli  calls  MfiMonailo  'el  iiulio  Viutoviaiio  ili-  Mctlatoii'H-, 
foronul  ilu  iiisiir^ciitc's. '  |[<:  is  i-rp'ntcMl  to  iiavu  li;st  many  iiiiii,  .S''Vi.ii  luji- 
iiDii,  all  liis  imiskL'ts,  ])i)\viK'i-,  utc.    '/■':.  ih'  Mi.c,  ISIJ,  iii,  IJNIi-l 

*  Mniihhi/,  ll'summ  lli<i.,  CJ!)-;!();  Al-unai,,  ll'isl.  Mrj..  iii.  •_■.->•_' -4;  c-'r- 
rUih\  l-:^tiid.  Il;>.i.,  ii.  •20;  A'<;/,W.'.  Mij.  Snji,  XIX.,  v.  -JitT-S.  A  Si>;iiii  H'l 
v.rotfa  lott'T  which  Mas  iiulilisliod  in  tlio  Hcihirtfr  (.oik  rat  of  Catii/.  I'"'''- 
1  J,  \M'\,  tiiai  ^iiii'clos  tli^-iiriiyi  il  aii  iiiiiiicii.'ic  tjiKr.ii.ity  ui"  tjlxicvo  u.ivt  ex.i 
50 )  1  ■.■idono.  0'«',/T«,  liUt.  JtuCo'.  X.  /.';'.,  ii.  10.'), 


L^ 


■hAi 


kn"i;a»;i:1)  r.v  (  L::^;A<ri;  s. 


471 


il!;i!>  (jlliilc  I'dI'  ;i  surce'ssful  (It'TciiCL'.  Arllc^as  \v;is  UIl- 
;i''i  '  tti  aid  liim,  li:i\  \i\'^  all  lie  could  attend  to  at  home, 
liidcfd.  ()ri/al)a  v,as  in  no  less  peril  than  ()ajaea,  its 
|M  iijije  exjiectinn"  ^loVelos  anv  llionK  lit.  As  to  |  'ilelija, 
inid  llie  load  to  \'ei'a  ( 'ni/,,  these  j)laees  were  not. 
iiiMcli  sal'ei',  it  l)eiiii4'  in  .Moivlos'  jtower  to  eni|i]o_v  de- 
t.ielifd  parties  in  waylavin-^-  trains  and  eullin;^-  oil' 
Uiiieatioiis,    tliiis    ])re\  i-'iitiiiL;'    the    l;o\  ei'inneiit 


iiiini 


I, Kill  i!ii>\in^"  tobacco  and  i-ther  merchandise,  its  only 
i.u'ans  olraisinL;"  money  at  tills  time.  Jn  order  to  kee[» 
th''  roads  ojxMi  a  lar^'e  force,  much  neeiled  els^'V,  Ik  re, 
iiiiist  he  stationed  there.  A^ain  I'm"  a  time,  whilt; 
v.atihini''  closelv  events  llirou'i'hout  the  countr\'.  More- 
I'.s  hiisied  himseir  in  lorminLi'  his  men  into  reniment-^, 
I:ittalions,  and  cavalry  s(juadrons,  and  diillin;^'  them 
I'll"  active  Work,  !^^atamoros  did  the  same,  Ih'st  in 
tlie  hacienda  of  Santa  ( 'lara,  and  then  in  I/i'icar.  It 
hei'e   that    the   latter  heard   of  A'ciicLias'   famous 


v.-.e 


edict  of  dune  L'atli,  depriving'  jiriests  seixitiL;'  in  the 
i:isi!rrectioiiai-y  I'orces  of  their  ecclesiastical  immunity. 
Tills  raised  yet  liii^her  his  priestly  wrath;  and  he 
f' rilled  a  new  l)ody  of  dra^'ooiis,  wliich  he  called  San 
IVmIk),  thu    standard    hein^-  Mack  witli    a   lar^\j  red 


(To.-s  111  tli(!  ci'iitre,  and  on  which  appeared  tin'  in- 
^crl[)tlon  "  ]\Iorh"  [)or  la  inmimldad  eclesi.islica.' '^ 
]Morelos  I'ollowod  the  exami»le,  and  thus  many  oi'  the 


reuuiienls  came 


to! 


lave  saints   name; 


With  the  assistance  of  Mler  \-  Teran,  some  excellent 


artill 

a;4'e,  ; 

Won 


erv  was 


-t.  :\r..ivi. 

Ill 


IS  was  o"p')ose( 


iiKl  cmpitVv'eretl  Jo>sai 


ins  to  I 


1' 
>ersecu 


1    to  I 
teall 


>ri''a!Ml- 


Wlio  W  ell! 


ess 


t  to  pi'cy  upon  rural  jd'operty  and  small  d.efeiice 
tovv'iis."     Tlio  vi^'ilance  of  the  revolutionists  aloii-j^'th 
\  era  ( 'ruz  road  ju'ewnted   the  I'oyali-ts  from  u'ainin 
any  iiitelllL^'eucu  from   that  (piarter.      Flour  had    lu. 


dibU.  I. 


riiny  lirnvcil  (o  lie  ^ooil  llLilitt'is.   Iitixlrunniito,  C'lutil.  Iliif.,  ii.  IK);   .1/ 


//;.•./.,  i'-'!»-;is;  Xi'iriie.  Mij.siijio  XIX.,  V.  .•i();i-i(». 


IS  ordoii  woro  virv  sovcrc. 


Any  soMior  fniiviotoil  of  stoaliii;^  to  tl 
valuo  of  diK'  jK'so  wan  to  lio  niiot.     ll  a  ]i:irty  i-iiiuiiiitt'.'il  ilrin-clui  n.i,  llio 


iiii'U  wen;  ti)  1)0  ilc 


iti.'(I:  the  rest,  ami  als  >  (liii\es  H'ealiir'  tlie  v.;l;ie  ui'  half 


i'vo,  Were  U)  he  SL:;t  tj  tlio  i.!iaii;-j"ili;. 


X 


./■■'■', 


'l.].Sul^XlX.,y. 


■  h 


n\ 


If 


: 


^ 


;ii 


472 


SUCCESS  OF  moi:i:l()s. 


conic  vorv  scarce;  at  the  port,  and  as  tlicrc  Avas  a  lar^o 
amount  of  mail  niattcr  (•ollcctod  tlicre,  (^ivcrnor  j)ii- 
vila,  in  nnion  with  the  nicrclianfs,  dcsjjatchcd  an  cx- 
jicdition  ol"  oOO  inl'antry  of  tlio  (Jani[>(.'cli<j  rcL^ininit, 
70  cavaliy,  and  tlirec  mountain  howitzers,  umh  r 
fluan  Lal»af|ui,  ca^jtain  of  ono  of  the  voluntoei-  cdiii- 
paiiiesof  \'cra  Cruz,  wlio  had  seen  military  service  in 
Spain  in  171)J5,  aijcainst  the  Fi'eiioh.  Lahacpii  took  the 
Urizaba  road,  and  on  liis  march  several  times  encou:i- 
terod  the  indej)en(lents,  cominjj^  olf  victorious.  ]ic 
})assed  the  heights  of  AcukinLjo,  and  havin_<^  reacjicd 
the  heautli'ul  ]»Iain  ^vhi(•h  stretches  off  to  the  south- 
west, ho  halted  to  rest  at  the  town  of  San  A^-usliu 
del  Palmar,  nineteen  leagues  from  Puebla,  ^loi'tlns, 
l»y  Sesnui's  suggestion,  sent  a  fovco  to  attack  him, 
under  XicoLis  J^ravo,  wliom  he  had  ai>i>ointed  gcn- 
ei'al-in-chief  of  all  forces  operating  in  Veiu  (Vii/. 
Jh-avo  took  (500  men,  of  whom  "JOG  wv.vc  coast  negroes, 
left  the  guerrilla  chief  Arroyo  with  a  small  party  in 
the  Canada  de  Iztapa  to  prevent  surprise  iVom  Oi  i- 
zal)a,  and  came  up  with  the  enemy.  After  a  long 
and  iierce  stiaiggle,  Labacjui  was  dislodged  iVom  two 
])oints,  and  had  <»nly  one  ])rotection  lei't,  a  building 
which  ho  <lel'ende(l  as  his  life.  After  forty-eiglit 
hours  of  fighting,  the  independents,  led  by  Ca[>1aiu 
l*alnia,  a  negro  of  the  coast,  fell  on  the  enemy  at  close 
(punters.  J^abiupii  fell  mortally  wounded,  and  liis 
niiMi  surrendered.  This  was  on  the  20th  of  Augu-t.' 
Hravo  sent  the  pi'isoncrs  to  the  province  of  Vera  Cruz, 
and  Mcnt  himself  to  Tehuacan.  ]]ut  live  davs  later 
he  routed  near  the  puente  del  R(>y  a  royalist  force 
escorting  a  train  to  Jalapa,and  took  ninety  prisoneis.'* 

'Tlio  niyalists  liad  -IS  killed  and  many  wouikIimI.  TImto  wore  captund 
SOO  iirisoiKTs,  (iO  horses,  ■'{  pioecs  of  artillerv,  .'tOO  imiskot.s,  soiiK-iiinimiiiitiiu, 
and  till!  uliole  mail  IVoiii  Spain.  JJiislttiiiniifr,  i'awl.  J/itl.,  ii.  170-!!;  /■'., 
AVnr/.  J/o)v '()■■,  i:);  Miinlihll,  n^sihiun  Ili4..  lU-,"i;  MVov/x  M,x:.  i. 'JOiM. 
lliierra,  llUt.  Ucrol.  X.  Kip.,  it  4(i.")-(5,  on  the  authority  of  a  Spaniard  who 
■wrote  !i  letter  Xov.  I!)th,  imhlished  in  the  l!i<''iriuf  Oi  nrrnl  of  (.'.uliz  of  I'l  ii. 
14,  ISl.'},  ()laecs  Labaijui's  ari'ival  in  S.m  Ai^ustin  dtl  I'ahnar  on  tlie  IMih  if 
Sept.  witli  .'l.V)  men  an<l  tliri'e  pieees  of  artilleiy,  and  says  he  wa^  atlaeked  hy 
4,U,K)  rehel-i,  losiir,'  l"i:>  men  in  kiUed  and  'Jil.)  pri^onei's. 

^JJustanianlt^  and  Mora  speak  ijf  prisoners  siiut  l)y  order  of   Morelos;  but 


NICOLAS  BHAVO. 


47:$ 


X.iliinilly,  from  such  a  iiian  as  Oonoral  Xic<)];is 
iJr.ivo  we  should  ex])rct  to  lu'ai;  iiiiich  diuiiin'  tlK'->c 
sliiiiiiLT  iiine«.  Since  his  si<jjiial  victorv  at  8aii  Aunis- 
till  ilcl  I'aliiiar  liis  military  ]nesti;^(j  liad  iiicreasud. 
('i\iliaiis  llof-.ed  to  Lis  standard;  suldicrs  dcsertt'd 
I'nni  tlie  oneniy  to  servo  luidi'r  liini.  S])aniards,  as 
Will  as  ^rcxicans,  came  to  rcLU'ard  liim  as  less  an  eminy 
tli:iii  a  ]>atriot;  tor  his  conduct,  Avlietlicr  toward  iVicnd 
I  If  t(H',  was  always  marked  by  that  lionesty,  maL,nia- 
iiiniity,  jturity  of  sentiment,  and  austere  virtue  whith 
wri'r  part  of  his  nature. 

IJravo  now  determined  upon  a  campaii^n  aj^ainst 
-l.i'apa,"  a  ])oint  of  Ihe  highest  importance  to  the 
vi((  letjal  ufovermnent,  on  account  of  its  ])ro\imity  to 
till'  I'hiet'  seajiort,  and  its  fine  climate,  which  was  iVei; 
iVniii  the  deadly  vomito  of  A'era  Cru/,."^  AccordiiiL^ly 
In'  ani)eared  before  the  town  in  <>ood  force  on  the  J  H!i 
dl'  Xi)\'eml)er,  The  inhabitants,  beinuc  standi  roval- 
i>t-;,  brave  and  well  armed,  prejiared  for  defence.  TiK^ 
cniiiaiidante  of  the  garrison  was  the  major  of  the 
^'(■l•a  Cruz  rcLjinient,  named  Antonio  l^'aiardo.  At 
this  time  there  were  in  the  place  ]>rigadier  I'orlier, 
v,i(h  his  marines,  and  Colonel  Francisco  II.e\ia,  with 
tlic  Castilla  I'cgiinent.  Fajardo  tendei'ed  tlie  chief 
ci.!!!iiiand  to  those  ollicers  as  ol' higher  rank,  liut  both 
(li  chut'd,  ]>romising  him  their  1)est  aid.  In  connnand 
"I'tlie  inde[)endent  troops  besides  IJravo  was  Mariano 
iJiiU'on,  who  since  his  disaster  at  Coatepee  had  again 
oiganize<l  an  elli<:ient  force;  also  lUrera,  ^Fartinez, 
;iiid  the  brave  Veracruzan  midatto,  Francisco  Zuzi'i- 
iiM'^a,  who  occu])ied  the  a\enues  leading  to  tli"  city, 
and  the  adjacent    heights.      At  two    o'clock    in    the 

r.ravo'.i  Ic'ttcr  to  Alamaii,  licfcu'o  (jimtcil,  iiialit's  I'o  niciitiou  of  such  oxu- 
cutiiiiis.     15iavo  was  certainly  t>r,pjsL'il  to  killiii-^  prirsoiicii*, 

'•' I  •ctailod  royalist  accounts  i>f  events  at  .l.i'apa  foi'  the  ]ifrioil  from  Oct, 
I'^ll  to  .luno  ls'l'2  iu:iy  lie  set  ,i  in  <,'nz.  <<<•  M,x.,  ISl'J,  iii.  I'J7I  S.  I'mther 
III  I'.ravo  in  Mcndihtl,  UtMiuu  n  JlixL,  llJo-li;  Tcri-iiilr,  I/I^i.  L'.  r.  X.  /.'y., 
ii.  -Ii-J. 

'"  I'rom  17S0  to  ISIO  .lalapa  had  licon  tlie  place  of  rcsidciicp  of  the  wealthy 
Tucrchants  of  Wva  Cniz,  and  ii  fair  was  held  tiicrc  on  llio  arrival  i'i  the  lleets 
f'oui  S]);iin.  The  town  lost  its  importance  after  the  independence,  and  de- 
ciiued  Biill  more  after  the  railroad  win  made  from  W'ra,  C'ru/.  to  .Mexico. 


474 


SUCCESS  OF  MORELOS. 


!      I 


luorniiig  ilicy  attacked  Mitli  vigor  on  all  sides.  Tlic 
garrison  rucuived  the  onnlaught  with  cool  and  dctir- 
mined  resistance.  All  assaults  they  repulsed;  and 
the  independents  after  eight  hours  of  hard  lighting  re- 
treated. Bravo  then  took  up  a  positicni  at  San  Juan 
Cosconiatepec.  Next  to  taking  Jalapa  he  believed 
he  could  most  advance  his  cause  by  occu[)yiug  the 
]>uente  del  rey,  later  known  as  the  pucntc  naciunal, 
a  position  deemed  impregnable,"  and  whicli  gave 
him  control  of  the  road  from  Vera  Cruz  to  the  cajiital 
via  Jalapa,  then  the  route  for  jiassengers  and  mer- 
chandise betvvccn  the  coast  and  the  interior.  For 
damaging  the  enemy  and  securing  spoils  and  supjilic-, 
no  point  could  be  better.  lie  did  not  begin  by  sri;:- 
ing  and  appr<)|)riating  all — a  course  which  would  soon 
have  stopped  traffic — but  ho  contented  himscli'  by 
levying  a  tax  on  every  bale  passing  to  or  i'rom  the 
coast,  "^riie  cargoes  being  numerous,  the  tax  yicldc;! 
larjjjelv.  In  vain  the  viceroy  iorbade  the  niercliant.s 
i'rom  liolding  any  intercourse  with  rebels;  the  inter- 
ests of  ccjuunerce  always  found  a  way  to  attain  their 
ends.  JMoreover,  Bravo's  integrity  of  character  icn- 
deretl  such  operations  comparatively  safe  f(jr  the 
merchants. 


-It! 


It  was  a  time  of  tribulation  for  the  viceregal  gov- 
ernment. Morelos'  daring  and  eneriifctic  efforts  wcii.' 
being  crowned  with  success,  and  the  means  to  pay  the 
royal  trooj)s,  or  even  to  keep  them  together,  were 
wanting.  No  revenue  entered  the  treasury  from  tlio 
ports;  the  silverware  of  private  persons  had  been 
exhausted;  the  church  had  even  contributed  largo 
sums;  and  the  tax  on  urban  rents  was  insuilii  ient. 
Yenegas  nmst  have  money;  $700,000  would  <}o,  but 
nothing  less.  He  called  a  meeting  of  merchants  a'ld 
officials.  The  former  j)roposed  lowering  expenses  by 
reducing  the  salaries  of  the  latter  one  third.    To  tlii-, 

"  The  briilfjo  is  fi  fino  pioco  nf  .T.rclnt'r''^tii''f.  l)iiilt  hy  Jo^r  l^ini^oii,  .''t.  tiio 


co:;t,  of  till)  coasulaJo  ol'  \\ii\x  C'l'u;;,  ou  tuo  nvi.:'  ci.ip 


I'v ' 


u  L^ . 


;,i 


SPANISH  DKCIlEE^i. 


4TJ 


Tiio 
(letrr- 


of  course,  tlu^se  ck'votcd  servants  (if  their  eotiiilrv 
(ihiccted.  At  a  second  nieetiiiLj  u  i)lan  sii-'i^i'stud  1)V 
( 'respo  (Jil  and  the  consuladoto  [>lace  atax  on  stajiK'S 
was  tried  and  failed;  wliercupon  the  viceroy  resorted 
to  the  old  method  of  a  I'on.'ed  loan. 

Several  decrees  of  the  Spanish  cortcs  were  made 
piihlic  in  ^lexico  about  this  time,  one  of  which  did 
away  with  the  old  feast  of  the  pcrdoii,  which  had  been 
held  every  year  on  the  ]'3t\\  of  Auu^ust  to  coinini'mo- 
r.itc  the  ca])ture  of  the  ca[)ital  by  Cortes.'  Tiiis  was 
(1  >iicbv  way  of  conciliatinsj:  the  ^fexicans.  Another 
111  asure  tending  in  the  same  direction  was  the  substi- 
tution of  the  ijarrote  for  hauLjin!^,  the  latter  beiu'^  a 
"spectacle  rej)U;L^nant  to  humanity  and  to  the  generous 
cli;iracter  of  the  Spanish  nation" — a  refrc-shing  senti- 
iiiciit,  assuredly,  considering  the  wholesale  slaughter  in 
v/hich  the  Spanish  nation  was  everywhere  intlulging! 
liow  comforting  to  the  son  of  Leonardo  ]]ravo  that  his 
fither  should  be  so  humanely  killed  for  devotion  to 
liis  countiy !  Another  law  allowed  ))ersons  of  Airican 
descent  admission  into  the  universities  and  religious 
eigaiiizations,  as  well  as  the  privilege  of  ordination  as 
priests. 

On  the  whole,  matters  wore  improving  somewhat  in 
Sjiain  and  South  America,  but  n(»t  in  ^lexico.  The 
^  iceregal  government,  it  is  true,  by  its  army  of  the 
centre,  had  recovered  many  jilaces  formerly  occupied 
by  the  rebels,  and  put  to  death  Torres  and  Albino 
C.ii'cia,  the  formidable  chiefs  of  the  central  provinces; 
luit  on  the  other  hand,  the  revolution  ha<l  exteiide<l 
en  the  gulf  coast,  and  ^lorelos,  with  greater  prestige.' 
tha'i  ever  as  a  military  leader,  and  with  an  ellicient 
ai'iiiy,  held  a  central  position  threatening  the  i)oints 
tliat  the  government  had  the  greatest  interest  in  de- 
lending.  The  revolution  now  possessed  only  one 
j)o\verl"ul  leader,  and  only  one  army ;  but  armed  j)arties 
o\erran  almost  the  whole  oountiy.  Not  a  road  but 
v.as  intercepted  by  gueri'illas,  nor  a  district  where 
>yjii\Q   cliief   had    n(jt    become    notorious.      One   great 


m 


i 


476 


SUCCKSS  OF  MORKLOS. 


<liflienliy  llu;  govcniim-iit  liad  now  to  fontond  with 
was  a  lack  of  comiectiou  or  co(')|Kration  hctwi.-en  (ma 
iiiHurj^ciit  leader  and  another,  none  of  tlieiii  recon^niz- 
iiiL;'  aii\'  superior,  and  all  deridini^  the  junta  suprcnia 
M  hencxcr  it-  attempted  to  bi'ini,'  tlu.'Ui  under  eontrnl. 
jfad  there  been  anion,!Lj  tlieni  a  central  authority  any 
<'on(juo.st  over  which  would  have  ended  the  rebellion, 
the  probability  is  that  with  the  victories  already  won 
the  royalists  could  quickly  have  achieved  such  con- 
<piest.  As  matters  stood,  victories  only  served  to 
mu]ti})ly  insui-gent  bands  r:A  extend  the  war  over  a 
still  broader  arc>a.  Revolution  everywhere  faced  the 
vicoroy.  His  troops  were  at  times  defeated,  but  were 
usually  victorious.  Still  they  could  not  bo  divided 
and  conquer.  Experience  had,  however,  formed  snme 
ollicers  lit  for  counnand,  and  Venej^as  himself  directed 
army  operations  from  Mexico,  while  watching  enemies 
at  home. 

Morelos  continued  to  annoy  the  enemy  as  best  lie 
was  able.  He  sent  Trujano  with  .TOO  men  to  re- 
move fi'om  the  haciendas  that  supplied  Puebla  and 
the  royalist  garrison  of  Tepeaca  all  the  grain  and 
live-stock,  which  he  was  to  convey  to  Tehuacan  for 
his  own  troops.  On  the  4th  of  October  he  rcacluil 
the  rancho  dc  la  Virgcn,  situated  between  Tlacote- 
j»ec  and  Tepeaca,  on  the  road  from  Tehuacan  to  Pu- 
ebla, and  established  his  headquarters  there,  l^ieu- 
tenant-colonol  Samaniego,  who  was  at  Tepeaca,  de- 
termined to  attempt  his  capture.  Setting  out  at; 
two  o'clock  in  the  mornin<jf  of  the  5tli  with  []00  men 
of  the  vanguard  division  of  the  royalist  army  of  the 
south,  and  having  a  small  mountain  howitzer,  they 
silently  approached  and  attacked  the  place.  Trujano 
managed  to  keep  his  force  together,  and  in  the  house 
of  the  rancho  made  a  stout  defence.  Samaniego  then 
set  lire  to  the  building,  which  drove  out  the  inmates, 
and  Trujano,  his  friend  and  most  efficient  officer  (iil, 
and  man}^  of  the  men  were  slain.  Samaniego  having 
received  a  wound  in  his  leg  which  lamed  him  for  lil'e, 


rUEIlLA  AXf)  \'KUA  CRUZ. 


477 


I"  rrclving  a  lai'mc  lurci;  of  iiidt'priKlont.s  apj)r()a('liiii^, 
ivticiitc'd  toward  Tt-peaca.  'J'lit-  Itaiid  pr(tvo<l  to  ln' 
( iiiltaiia's,  wliicli  liad  Ihmii  Imniedly  du.s[)iitcln.'(l  to  tlif 
A  iru't'ii  I'aiiclio  1)V  Mttivlos.'- 

Jt  wdl  \}(i  romeiulH i'L'd  that  of  tlu;  silviT  liars  cjiit- 
tiiri'd  1)}' Osoriio  at  l?acliuca,  a  portion  hud  hnii  al- 
ii >tti.'d  to  Morclos,  whicli,  as  Osoriio  never  sunt  as  prom- 


f\^     "..% 


T    L    A    S   p        '     sj  ^  f    <tf»-.        -      ^ 

,..     ■'...      -I  i--/>i>y — -^_ 

'  -■'■'■       '■  " -    ■  VERA  CHUZ 


I  111"  I 
TLASCAUA 


^1..    \Mli;u' 


^       ...  ^  ,  A^"-       ,  _^. — -^^v 

Run  AmlrM      >     f*l^.         >      .  .  f^  y^      S 

ci,.iu.i,.,mi.i.,i  v/  ■>,    \\        I   -<- ~"\,_y^ 

^»'*,     I'ulmar/   f  •fj,c»mii,ki.V.\    ^ConlulV  V\  ^^^v/"^,  „ 

Tlai-nf..!.-!-  I  f   .t^  ) ^  >         >-"■ 


:J 


Tla.nt.l«r  >/  j_^  )  ^ ^ 

J'.,„         - i/CTiui>lco    oZ<;nK..Ilia  ., ' 


:>IIuftjuai>au 


Al 


C.VMrAKiNS    l.N-  I'l  KliL.V  .\Sl^    VkII.\   ClU'Z. 

i^i'd,  ]Morclos  resolved  to  '^o  after  them.  Lcaviu'^ 
Tcliuaean  on  the  l.'Uh  of  Octoher,  he  jiroceeded  hy 
the  way  of  San  Andres  Cludchieomula,  and  reached 

'-(lale.'ina  carried  the  liodicsof  Tinijannand  (111  to  Tdiiiacan,  ■vvlietc  M'>i-e- 
I'ls  liuil  lliciu  interred  witli  military  Ihuku-.s.  'J'nijaiii)  was  a  iiiul.ittn.  and  lie- 
fi  le  the  revnhitiiiii  liad  liceu  an  arriern,  or  imdetcer  in  'l'cpi'caeui!(.i>  his  lurth- 
ji'.ue.  Aldiniiu,  JUkI.  M<j.,  iii.  ,'iOl-(!.  Llano  transmitted  tiuia  I'lii'li':'  nii 
the  (i;h  <<i  Oetober  SamanieL'o'.s  verl)al  re[)iirt,  vhirli  ."ays  tl.at  tiii.s  oliiter 
I'd'  i\iil  two  halls  in  one  of  iiis  h-,^;.',  and  t!iat  'rnij.ano  ami  .^■)  moie' \\>  ro 
killed.   Va::.  de  M<x.,  \'6\~,  iii.  107'J-Slj  BuMaiiianti-,   Cuwl.  Jiir-l.,  ii.  1:30-4. 


I! 


1 


:  i    ; 


47S 


srciKss  OK  M()i:i:iA»s. 


Ilii-  Ii:Hi>ii<1a  (>r  ( )/iiiiil>:i,  ilisdtiit  oiu^  and  iiliall*  Ica^nn  ■; 
ri«»iii  \(»|ialucaii,  will  IT  lie  ri'ctivcd  one  Imiidi'ttl  anl 
sixteen  l>ars  n|'  silscr.  'I'lic  iiiovciiiriit  Iiad  Itrm  it" 
Ircli'd  with  the  iitiiKtsl  sccrt'cy,  as  was  tlu;  ciislnin  nf 
Moi'clos.  It  liap|M>iicd  at  this  time  that  a<'niiv*iy  h.nl 
heeii    i'orilU'd   at    Alll(i/oe,  Jllst.  ollt  (•!'    I'uehhi,    lllnl. f 


liieiiteiiafit-cnloiiel   Mariano    Ivivas,  t 


(»    eset 


•rt  a.  mill' 


t  lain  III'  ammnnition,  money,  and  other  ell'eets,  and  ai- 
tilhiv  detained  in  IN-rote,  and  also  to  set  in  inotimi 
the  /amora  an«l  ('astilla  reniinents  recently  arrixiil 
iVom  Sjtain,  hut  wliich  lor  want  •»!'  those;  sni)|ilies  hid 
Iteen  unalile  to  mo\»'  iVtim  dalapa.  The  ai'lillery  and 
troops  Wert'  intendecj  lor  layini;  si(>jjji'   to  Morelos  in 


'I'ehn; 


lean. 


A     I; 


iiLi'e    iiumiter   oi    passciij^ers   and    a 


i|tiaiility   ol'  private   merchandise!  were  also   tlier<'   li 


ma 


ve' 


aval 


I  ol'th 


le  militarv  escoi 


t.      J 


jii'jfadier 


I'orl 


hr 


\vh«>  with  the  ri-mainder  ol"  tin;  marine  hattalioii, 
now  reduced  to  less  than  half  its  ori^i^inal  iorce,  had 
i^oiie  to  Puuhla  on  his  wav  to  Vvy.i  ( 'imi/  to  eiiihaik 
I'or   Si)ain.   liaNimr  in   his  char"''*'  ollicial    despatches. 


also  j.'ined  the  convoy,  which  on  the  ITith  ol"  l)ctiili.  r 
Ntaited   iVom  Anio/oc.      JjJano,  on  iieariiiL;'  ol'  M 


olf- 


los'    mo\«'nient,  sent    th 


o    convoy   Itai 


k    to    A 


mo, 


and  recntorced   it  with  the  Asturias  hattalioii,  order- 
iiii;"  at   the   saiiu^   time   that   Luis  del  A;^uila,  should 


c.i. 


laki'  conr.nand  of  the  vann'uard  stationed  at  Tepea 
and  ili\ert  Morelos'  attiMitioii  in  the  diroction  ol"  San 
Aiidres,  while  the  train  could  pass.'''  Ou  reachiii';' 
Xopalucan  it  was 'cariu'd  that  Morelos  was  in  ( )/,uml»a 
preparing' to  at tac  the  convoy.  When  the  latter  hail 
j)assed    the   sanci     iry   of   San    Josu   C^h 


liana,    in 


4 


th 


morninuf  of  the  1     h,  ^[orelos  was  in  its  rear  march 


iiiii"  auain!?t  it  in  tl 


ec  ce>lumns, 


li 


'<Jitz.  ili'  .^f^'.r.,  ISl-J,  i      n;!.')-l'2.  Alanmu  In  ilosorihiiic'  ^lorolos' 


titiiis  ii'lii's  ;i  yroat  ileal  • 


opi'i 


it  cliii-f's  own  stiitonu'iitsat  liissulisLMHieiit  trial. 


r>iit  a:<  tlu'y  ari' not  (luito  soniiiuitoas  it  would  Im  ilcsiniblo,  other  sourcc-j 
ist  lie  ooiisultoil.    Jlist.  M,j.,  iii.  ;{0(;-l(). 
"'I'lu'  train  consisted  of   I, .">()()  l.iileii  iniilos,  nine  coaches,  and  five  litters; 


It  was  1 


■lace.l 


Iiill   of  easy  descent,  close  liy  tiie  road,  hy   tlie  side  if 


N\  liicli  was  a  cornlield.  and  the  mules  were  pi-otected  fioui  ii  cavalry  alUck 
l<y  an  Indian  liij  lleld;  the  whole  waa  giiardeil  hy  the  Union  battalion. 


(•.\iTr::M  or  oim/ap.a. 


IT* 


Tin-    Sli.iliisli     Inrcr-;,    <'\c(|  »t  ili'^'    o|ic    !  >;itt  :ilin|i     dc- 

(:i(||c(|  fi»  |ir<)(( el  (In-  ti'iiiii,  <iccii|iir(|  llif  rii.id  nlc  i^^ 
wliiili  M<tri'l()S  \v;is  roiniii'^.  ( J;ilr;iM;i's  ciiluiiiii  l»V' 
ii  lull.;'  (I'lolir  lliudc;  Jl  (li\frsi<iii  ;i'4';iilist  iilid  Jitt:i<Lt'(l 
llii-  nar,  l»iit  was  rc|iiil,s('(|.  .Meant iiiic,  tli<'  itclioii 
liad  lif'^'uii  at,  Hit!  I"n»iil,.  ()ii('(»r  Mnrdos'  cohimiis 
iiiaili'  ;i.  \  i.,r(»r<iiis  cliari^^c,  Itiit  was  iihI,  Ky  ()tcr<> 
iiiiil  i(»iit(i|.  Tin;  iiisiii''_(cri(s  fled,  Icaviii;^'  tlwco 
|ii(C(s  of  ar(  dlcry,  (iiK-  hiin-^  luadcd,  whidi  (lie  my- 
ali>t>  hiiiird  MLjaiiisf,  <li(!  rii'^itivcs,  kiHiii'.,'  tlic  icv- 
m  lid  ('(iloiicl  Ta|tia.''  'I'Ik;  convoy  coiiLinufd  its 
iiianli  (<•  ( )io  (If  A'Mi.'i.  Mondos  "jot  toL^ctlicr  Ids 
Iwrcc  and  went  liack  lo  'rcliiiiican. 

I'lKin  (lie  Jirrival  oj"  (Ik;  convcty  at  Pcrotc,  l*<u'licr 
Willi  on  JM  Jalapa  lo  o|H'n  ('onniinni<'a( ion  with  Vcni 
(ill/.  'Ilic  siipidics  to  !)(!  (»l)tainc'd  at.  JN'folo  wcnj 
t.ikiii  to  |*iicMa  l)y  tlio  Zainoi'a  iid'antry  ri'i^iniont, 
under  ( 'oloiicl  iiafacl  iJfaclio.  A'^nda,  \vdios(.'  i'or'(;o 
was  ^uardiii'jf  Ilic  ti'ain  on  ilu!  Icit,  a|»](i'oaclifd  San 
.\iidi>s  ( 'lialcliiconiida  to  oliscrvo  lIu'  ciicniy,  ami 
liriii.;-  lalscly  inloi'nicd  that  .Moi'clos  had  lied,  icjoiiKMl 
till'  ciiiivny  it  ()zund)a.  iMcanlinic,  'i\'|n'aca,  which 
Iiad  iiiiiaiiird  with  a  small  jj^arrison,  was  assailed  hy  in- 
suri,fents,  hut  with  timely  reliel*  undei'  Colonel  lOi-hea- 
!4ir;iy,  sent  hy  Llano,  re|iulsed  lh(!  assailants/"  Mo- 
irlos  how  saw  hiso[»|toi'tunity — ■(  )ajaca  hein'4  iVe(!  j'roni 
|HPSsihle  assaults,  and  Aj^uila  _i;one  with  th<.'  trains  -to 
Tail  i!|ii.n  ()ri/.ai)a,  then  dei'cnded  hy  a  small  lj  irrison', 
aiidwiiost;  inhahitants  ho  helieved  to  h((  friendly.  ( )n 
till'  "JDih  he  ajipeared  hefore  the  ujarita  del  Molino  of 
tlie  villa  with  L','JUO  men,  and  occu[)i(;d  the  ( 'anieio  hill, 
.1  ciiiimiandiii!^  poin^.  Tho  j^arrison  made  a  t-wo  hoius' 
dil'iice,  dui'in;^  which  many  woro  slain.  Coloind  Joso 
Ant  )iiio  Andi'ade,  tluj  commandant,  then  reti'eatiMl  to 
(,'urdoha,  ahandoniiiLf  six.  liuns  and  a  onaiititv  of  other 

'■'I'lio  iiiili'iKMiilciit  loss  M-.in  liu'lit,  tIioni,'li  AiMiilii  ri'iiurtt'd  (iOO  sl.iiti.  Mo- 
itIh  p;isscil  the  iii;;lit  in  0/.iiinli;i,  wlicio  TajiNi  \v.n  Imiii'il.  H'fs'ain'Hifp, 
I  ii'i'l.  IIUl.,  ii.  lsV-(;;  III.,  ICIuijlo  Moi-rlo^i,  i;i-l  I;  y^i/i-'fr,  M.x.  Sijio  X/X., 

y.  :;j.;  i. 

''■LUii..'drq,jrtof  Oct.  ^jtli.   Oaz.  il<-  Mej.:,  ISIJ,  iii.  lUl-'J. 


480 


SUCCESS  OF  MOKKLOS. 


arms,  bcliin"  dosrly  imrsia'd  till  miclday.  Snnic  of 
his  lufii  \vlu>  Were  <,'a|)turctl  enlisted  in  tlio  indcjK n- 
clent  service.^' 

i^lorelos  had  no  intention  of  reniaininL«;  at  Ori/.aii,i; 
po  alter  seizini;'  the  government  tobaeeo,  he  tonlv  a 
])ortion  I'or  liis  own  army,  and  returning'  to  the  jjlaiii- 
ers  sueh  j)art  as  they  chiimed,  lie  ordered  the  n ■^t 
(K^stroyed,  and  leaving  there  a  small  garrison  um!!  r 
liocha,  took  his  departure.  Soon  alter  starting  lii' 
saw  thesmoUe  rising  IVom  the  hurning  tohacco.  'Vlw 
loss  to  the  government  was  considei'ahle,  hut  hy  no 
means  so  gr^at  as  ^[orelos  re[)resented  it  in  a  letter  in 
]iayon.'^  -\s  soon  as  the  news  reached  Puebla  of 
?dorelos'  e\j)i'dition  to  Orizaha,  Aguihi  marched  alhr 
him  with  I  ,"J50  men,  and  three  j)ieoes  of  artillciv. 
.\t  the  same  time  Llano  sent  Aguila  the  Zaiihua 
I'eiiiment,  LaO  draLi'oons,  and  three  guns,  leas  .ng  Jlixas 
at  Tejx'aca  with  oOO  men  to  keep  the  way  open. 
Aguila  hy  Ibrced  marches  ivaehed  the  cahada,  df 
]/:ta])a  the  ;Hst,  on  the  same  day  i\[orelos  had  lit. 
Ori/.aha.  lM)th  parties  continuing  their  march,  neillu  i- 
knowiiiL!"  the  iiosition  of  the  othei',  thev  came  tou'ctlici' 
on  the  Ist  of  November,  Morelos  being  on  tlie  heights 
of  Aculcingo  in  an  advantageous  position,  with  his 
men  in  two  lines,  his  artillery  enfilading  the  j)ublic 
road.  J  le  opened  lire  as  soon  as  Aguila  was  witliia 
I'cach.      The  laltei',  who  was  wii.h  the  right  colmiiii, 

'•Tiio  ollii'oi'S  tiikfii  wivo  shut;  ;iiiiMni,'  tliiMii  \v,ii  yi)\in;,' S;int:i  .M.in;i,  .-i 
ll.'Uivc  (if  \\t;i  ( 'ru/,  and  IhhUk.'!'  to  .Mi,L;iicl  S.iutii  Man.i,  who  in  aftiT  vrai.i 
V>:\A  y\c\'n".\n  iiiiiiistrr  to  Sji.-iin,  aiul  w  itii  (lie  Sjiauish  iihiii^tcr  <'f  stato,  C.ila- 
trava,  bii^iii'il  tho  tri'aty  hy  wliiili  .Mexico's  iii(lri)(.ii(hiuo  wa.s  foiiiially  iiim.'- 
lii^;uil.  I'lic  youiij,' man  had  hocn  one  of  tlio  S:ui  Aiiiistiii  del  Tuhiiar  iiri.->"ii- 
vv.i.  and  toi'scaiH'diath  jiri'ttMidod  to  he  a  jiartisan  of  .\hii-i'h)s,  heiuL,' I'nii'h'Vi  I 
liy  him  to  iasliau'L  his  troops,  hut  at  tho  lir.st  (.'lianuu  i'st:a[i(..'d  and  ii'ioincd  t!if 
royali.stM.  Uiinj,'  now  iwa|itured,  a  yoni'.L:  woman  to  wiiom  Santa  Nh-iria  «in 
boliMtiu'd  jMvsiiiud  a  [H'titiou  on  his  lahalf  to  Nhnclos,  who  ooolly  \\im!i' 
upon  it,  '  Let  ill,'!'  choose  umore  (h'eent  swain.'  'I'lie  eh'r;.:y  and  chief  ciii/ein 
interceded  for  llic  prisoner.^.  Morehia  L'avo  an  evasive  answer,  and  (hiiiir,' 
tlio  mass,  liimself  lieinif  ■'»  attendanre,  the  piisoners  were  shot  in  tiiu  adj  'la- 
in l;  pla/a.  liiisiaiihiiili-,  (':^iiil.  Jt'i-t.,  ii.  i;id  ;!;  Ahtiiiiiii.  Hi<l.  M' j.,  iii.  ."I"- 
]j;  dnzil,'  M(u.:,  ISl-_>,  iii.  llS4-ti;  (;ii,'rni,  h\  m/.  .V.  /•;>■/<.,  ii. -11111'!  M,iclil,</, 
Itiniimiii  ///W.,  I,">1;  Mum,  J,'<  rul.  Mt.v.,  iv.  ;fSS;  A(  7/- /c,  J/i/.  N.';//)  XIX., 

V.  ;;•_'  t  (i. 

'"lie  said  tlia^  ipy  t',11' hmniu'X  of  fonvdeu  niil'ion  ei'^ai's  I'le  govei  nnieui; 
had  l)eeii  ileprixcd  of  lejoiiieei  lo  eairy  011  .seven  yeaid  of  war. 


1      I . 


II 


;iy.     Sonic  of 
tlu)  iiidcjM  II- 

i.U'  tit  ()ri/,al.,i; 
(•<•(),  luj  took  >i 
^'  to  tllti  J)l;ilil- 

vvcd  tlitj  rot 
garrison  uikIii' 

v  .stai'tiiiu-  li,, 
oliJKro.  Tin- 
l>lo,  l)ut  I)y  In, 
t  ill  a  letter  t(i 

10(1     .l?Ucl)l;|,  of 

luarc'lu'd  al'i.  r 

s  of  artillttv. 

th('   Zaiiio|;i 

l0a\  .l|0-   JJi\;l.; 

lo  way  open. 
10  Canada,  df 
k'los  liad  left 
aarcli,  licit lirr 
:'aiiie  to^^-ctlur 
»ii  IIk)  Iu'i_;ii;.s 
ion,  with  his 
i.^'  the  ])iiiijii' 
a  was  wiihiii 
■i,L;ht  i'oliiiii;i, 

ll:,'  S;inhl,  .M:iri;i,  a 
i\  III)  in  iifti'i-  yv.wA 

-^tcTlif  fstiltt.',   ('.ll,|. 

.'i.s  fiiriii.illy  rii'.iL.'- 


iiiui.ir  ]iii.iiiii- 


>M,  lii'lll^'i'||i]i|,,yr.l 

il  !Uhl  rcJoiiu'irtlK; 
1  Siinta  Miiru  \v;n 
\\\u>  cciolly  wruii! 
Jiiiil  cliiol'  liii/iiis 
i-swrr,  ;iii(l  iliiliii',' 
liut  ill  Uic  jiilj  liii- 
^^  J/'/.,  iii.  ';{ I  li- 
ii.-Ki!!';  .U,,f/,/,;/, 
MtJ.  S:,//.)  A7.V., 

H  (!ii'  giiviiiuiaul; 
;ir. 


MARCH  TO  OAJ.VCA. 


4S1 


wit  hi  lilt  waitir.i;'  for  {]\c  kTt,  ordcivd  his  (\'i\a]iy.  sup- 


Ml|1(     l| 


I.V 


tl 


R'  !>rL'iia(!iors, 


to  t'l 


la  !•'_!■(' 


'^I'hc  K-l't  cohiiim 


Mioii  camo  iijt,  and  the  in(K'|n'n(K'iits,  ahaiuhiniiiL;' tliiir 
tiisL  hno  and  the  art ilK'ry  there  ]:hu'i'd,  rcti'c'atrd   to 


t!i 


C     SfC( 


)nd,      Tlio   iiiiht  here   hi'cuno    very   liot;   ih 


i;r_;'iions  ol   Mexico  WHTi' lorcci 


I  to  <4i 


vc  wa\',  and  their 


hi  iitenaiit-coloiicl,  ^lt)ran,  had  his  horse  killed  under 
liini,  ^lamicl  J'loii,  a  son  of  the  coiide  de  la  Cadcna. 
who  coiiinianded  a  s(|Uadron  of  J *iiehla  cavalry,  nii  t 
A\ith  a  liku  adveiituro.  ^Vhilst  this  was  _noinL;'  on, 
mules,  men,  and  woineh  \vere  ail  makini;'  their  escaj 


Willi  as  miu 


the  side  road  towai't 


h  tob 
I  t> 


jact-o  as  they  could   carrv,  a 


d  Tel 


luacaii. 


.M 


oiH'los  and  Ins  sol- 


le 


alvinu" 


he  s( 


altered 


diers  Were  liiially  forced  to  do  likewise. 

revolutionists  camo  to^'ether  ai^'ain    I»y  ])i'evious   a[i 

poinlinent  at  the  town  ("^f  Chapulco,  on   the  way  t( 


eliuai-aii. 


(Jal 


eana,  whose  iiorse  was  l^illed,  e^-capei 


ca 


1 
pture  I»y  hiiliiiL;'  hiniself  in  the  hollow  Iriiiik  ol'  an 


old  corlv 


tl 


ee. 


Aiiilil; 


I  reportt 


liim  anioii!.;' 


ailed 


a  III 


I  ^lorelos  had  also  ^n'iveii  him  u[)  as  Jo^t  till  he  ro- 


ajMH'arei 


Ith 


e  ne\ 


t  d; 


M 


oix'los  remained  in 


1) 


T.'l 


luacan    only  se\en   da\-s. 


A\'iih  l!,j(JO  men  from  Izi'icar  under  Mafamoros,  -JjUim) 
froni  the  ^li/.teca  "aider  IMiL^'Uel  and  \'ie(or  ih'avo, 
and   aUO   collected   at   Cluipulco,  he  had   ahoiii    a, ODD 


Dldurs.  wi 


th  wl 


loni,  aiu 


I  -10 


iiieces  ol  ai 


tilh 


ry  oi  \ari- 


call 

Aiiuil;! 


hre,    he    started    for    Oajaca,'-"    makiiiL;'    si 


oW 


ri'iii 


rt  of  Xuv.  ."itii   fiMiii  Ori/,ili;i,    in   (! 


Il~>(i,  I'JI  I    1.").     'J'iiidiicrouut:.  Al.imaii  t^.i\  ■;,  M.i,sc(irriiliurali' 


-A    .1/. 

,lha 


ISlL'.  iii. 
I  r  liy  l;(  ui-iio 


■.i.-^ainaiito,   wli.)  in  tliis  lutiiiii  was  A;,'iul'' ■>  niil.    l/isf.   M'J.,  iii.  ,'{[•_'   lii 
-Ai  iniiiliii;  to  .Moi'ulos'  ilcclaijitiiHi  at  ills  trial,  lio  tliill  lia<l  only  S(l(>  nun,  ami 


l..~L.l(l(,f   t 


it'in,  to''i.'tlu'i'  Willi  lour  nv  ir, 


r  caiinoii,  licKies  some  aiumiiiiiiioii 


tL'W   lllU'-krlH.    etc.    Jiil-^!(liil'liiti\  (ini'l.    ir,.<l.,    ii.    Isl-(i;   III.,  Kii 


(.■<,  i:!-l,-i;  JJ, 


d::,  1/  Jhii.i/o..;  i:./.  tin 


\\.  '.'(>. 


Tl 


III) 


M,. 


10  roNalisL  Imico  was 


Il  lai'Ljur,  ami  liail  seven  liillcil  ami 


ilol.     Ai^iiila  saiil  .Moi'cli 


.\ 


.leiel 


V  I'oiiteil;  ami  it  was  i:vi>ii  ninioroil  lliat  lie  hail  hem  \V( 


A  an. I 


I  lo\,i  Ullli 


■  1.      Jiut  tile  result  wa.s  rva 


ll\ 


iiiiuortaiil ;   Moiel 


iiiiiiii| 


o.s  !'ot  lo_  ft  lie 


the  iiiNt  (lay  .")()()  of  lii.s  Heattereil  men  and  irturmd  to  Tehuaeun  in  jjomt  or 
ill  r,  ha\  iiii;  savi  il  marly  all  lii.s  iiiiiskels,  a  matter  of  no  small  imiiorlame  I 


,'Ull:i  went  to  ( Ill/alia,  w  lieiie 


10  .sent  some  iisslstalioo  to  Aliui 


\\a-  t;iially  lieset  liy  the  insurgents  at  Coiilolia. 


Ill'  Lent  tlio  iitiiiosL  I 


1  loii.i  .siniiiisos,  iiinl  he  an 


ileil  tl. 


■y  lespe  '.ili;4  lii<  (l''-itiiiatioii.     T 


lel'''  Ui  ic  \a 


|)   lip  tlie  ilollht  W  itil  II  letter  of    .\i 


.V.     I     t 


fioin  t'liie.itlaii  to  the  t  lira  Saiielie/,  left  in  Teliuae.in  wiiliasuia'l  numl.er  of 


men,  sayiii;;  that  tin'  t'reat  heataiiil  weareit)  of  r'o\  isioin  coiiiin 
iiiai'.  Mlx.,  Vut,.  IV.    Ul 


leUeU  llllil  lo  l;o 


w. 


n 


SUCCESS  OF  MORELOS. 

iiiarclics.  Ho  encountered  little  difficulty  on  the  wav, 
and  on  the  24th  of  November  established  his  hoad- 
(juartcrs  in  an  hacienda  distant  only  three  leagues  iioui 
the  city.  In  approaching  the  hacienda  there  was  soiuu 
skirmishing  with  royalists,  who  were  easily  driven 
Avithin  the  city's  deti;nces.  These  liad  been  built  on 
.1  plan  apjiroved  by  the  superior  government.  An  in- 
t(dligent  Catalan  had  made  thirty-six  fine  guns  of  va- 
rious calibre,  and  a  large  (piantity  of  shell  and  ollnir 
Uiissiies.     Anununition,  much  of  it  fiom  GuatemuLt, 


"-\ 


{'■ 


i 


Oajaca  Pkovinck. 


PI 


i  • 


■  I 


was  abundant.  The  garrison  was  not  under  2,000 
men,  made  up  of  Spaniards  residing  in  and  about  the 

back  to  Toliuiican,  whence  Iio  would  marcli  against  I'licMa.  Tliis  letter  wa-s 
fouml  ill  Ti'liiiacan  l>y  Ayuila  wlion  he  eiitci-cil  the  place  <iii  the  'Jlst,  Sauulicz 
haviic^iiiaileatiriicly  exit.  Iziicarwa*;  also  retaken  l.y  then  lya  lists.  Llano  iit- 
trihiited  the  aliaiuloniiieiitfif  the  t\voi)hu;es  to  the  royali  ,t  '.  ictory  on  Aciilcin;,") 
hcii_'ht8;  Imt  he  was  inistakeii,  though  it  is  ii'it  likely  (hat  the  illllcpen'1^■nt.^ 
colli. I  liave  held  tlicm  loic,'.  a<iz.  dc  Mi.c,  iSl'J,  iii.  l'-';n-3,  ll'dO  i.  More- 
h)s  jn'oiiiotcd  Mataiiioro.i  and  (ialcauato  inaiiscal  do  cainpo,  inaUinj.;  the  fur- 
iiicr  his!  second  in  coinniaud,  as  tiie  latter  conhl  not  read  or  write.  Tile  chief 
hail  at  thi.i  time  no  little  tioulile  with  Martinez,  the  vi.-iitador  Kcnthy  Uayon; 
n  >r  v.ai  Ids  di.s'^iHt  less  with  other  in.surf,'eiit  chicf.s  tor  their  li.id  conduct  and 
i;i'irdin  I'e  iM'clensions.  All  a]ini'n.rs  in  his  eorrespondeiiee  with  Itiyoii.  .■!/;(- 
h>  III,  lliit.  M'  j.,  iii.  3J9-oo:  X'jntc,  Mrj.  Hhjio  XIX.,  v.  331;  Mara,  lUvol. 

;;<•.,  iv.  \r,.vA. 


CAPTURE  OF  OAJACA. 


4S3 


place,  Borgosa's  sacred  leo-ioii,  and  tho  remnants 
lii'oiight  by  Rcgules  from  J  liuijuapaii  and  the  Miz- 
ti'ca.  The  j)lac'e,  therofbrc,  did  not  lack  tor  means  of 
defence,  though  tho  comandantc  general,  Gonzalez 
iSaravia,  had,  a;;  I  said,  used  his  best  elforts  to  get 
still  more. 

])ishop  Bergosa,  now  archbishop  elect  of  ^Mexico,  on 
healing  of  ]\Iorelos'  api)roaeh,  st(jlo  out  of  the  city  at 
night  with  his  family  and  valuables,  and  startc*!  tor  the 
capital  by  way  of  Tehuantcpcc,  Tabasco,  and  Vera  Cruz. 
]|(!  had  been  virulent  toward  Morelos  and  the  revo- 
lutionists, anel  deemed  it  prudent  not  to  remain,  Ifis 
flight  greatly  disheartened  the  royalists.  The  fright- 
dud  women  sought  refuge  in  the  nunneries,  and  many 
hid  their  money  and  jewelry  in  the  same  sacred  })laces. 
Oh  the  25th  Morelos  demanded  the  surrender  of  the 
ciiy  within  three  hours,  and  receiving  no  answer, 
jipproached  it  and  made  preparations  for  the  attack. 
llv  made  of  his  army  six  divisions,  two  of  wliich  wci'e 
t  I  i)revent  the  garrison's  retreat  by  the  I'oad  to 
(Juatemala;  to  one  was  intrusted  the  duty  of  guard- 
ing the  baggage  and  protecting  the  rear;  of  the  re- 
maining three  divisions,  the  In^st,  under  llamon  Sesma, 
was  to  assail  the  fort  in  the  church  and  convent  of 
J^a  Soledad  conunanding  the  town;  the  second,  under 
]\ratamoros  and  Caleana,  was  directed  to  enter  the 
city  by  ]\Iarqucsado  street;  and  the  third  JMorelos 
ivtained  under  his  innnediate  conmiand  as  a  reserve. 

^Vll  being  ready,  o[)eratioiis  began.  Sesma  with  tho 
San  Lorenzo  I'O'j'iment  (uiicklv  dislodged  the  i^arrison 
ir.  t'le  Soledad  Ibrt,  their  connnander  Jvegules  ilccMng 
to  hide  himself  in  tho  Carmelite  convent.  This  fort 
ci'iiii  uuiicated  with  the  city  by  a  drawbrid"('  the 
(li'fence  of  which  had  1)een  given  to  Colonel  Bonavia, 
V.  ho  togetlun'  with  his  otlicers  tied,  leaxing  a  seigcant 
b>  iircvcnt  the  bridu'e  I'rom  bt'in'>'  raised  as  IdH"'  as 
ii'issible.  But  Mier  y  Teran  seized  the  bridii-e,  and 
placing  on  it  a  gun  swept  (he  ojtposite  street.  jNfata- 
nioros  and  Caleana  simultaneously  entered  the  city, 


u/fm 


■ '  i 


;  f 


j  t 


484 


SUCCESS  OF  MORELOS. 


11)0  other  columns  advanciiiL?  and  nje(;ting  Imt  lii;lo 
resistance.  Mier  y  Terau  advanced  to  t)ie  plaza,  driv- 
ing before  them  the  fugitives  who  were  still  liring  finm 
behind  the  ])illars.  Galeana  proceeded  again.-t  tliu 
Santo  Domingo  convent,  which  was  very  strong  aibl 
suited  fur  a  long  defence.  After  a  slight  opposition, 
the  place  was  surrendered  with  upward  of  300  uu  a 


K^r^ 


;7^iuA^ 


Qarlta 


[|f/^ 


is.  Mar 


{^' 


LltLi^LJUaUaJJJJLJJJ 

"'     "auLj'iJLijjjLjju: i_id 

JLJU'JiJildaLJJLJ'JJtiaUrj 
JUDLJLJLI »  Ull  J  J  JLU-JD 

iaiJU_JJ:3JdJjL 

^""'lJlJ.JlJUJJJJ. 


OU!Jl1LJLJU:JJLJ__1UI!^"^=.V     ' 


LltJJJjJ 


>«; 


stiuAinta 


-'.X 


k-  fii-t<j 


Plan  oir  Oajaca. 


1.  Cathedral, 

2.  Saiilu  Domingo  Convent, 
a.  Talaco. 

4.  i'la;ui. 


5.  El  Iiistituto  College, 

C.  -Mint. 

7.  'l'..\vu  I  Fall. 

8.  Moutu  Alban  Ruius. 


riLLACE  AXP  EXECUTIONS. 


4S3 


r,:"l  tlirco  rfuufs,.  INIatanioros  .itiickod  tlic  Ctirnion, 
wliicli  was  Kooii  taken,  tliouLili  liotlv  (It-'feiKlcd  by  the 
S]Miiisli  friars,  juirticularly  Friar  Felix,  one  of  tlie 
c.'iptains  of  Bishop  IJor^osa's  ecclesiastical  iiiihtia. 
Lii'utenaiit-.Gfeneral  Gonzalez  Saravia  sallied  forth 
with  the  cavalry  of  European  Spaniards  to  in(X't  the 
independents  that  were  coniint^  in  from  all  quartei-s, 
hut  his  men  quickly  lied,  leavinn^  him  alone,  and  he 
soun'ht  I'cfngc  in  a  house.  The  whole  affair  lasted 
hut  two  hours."^ 

The  city  being  thus  taken,  pillaii^c  and  punishment 
fallowed,  the  houses  and  shops  of  the  Sjtaniards  re- 
C(  iviu'j;'  the  chief  attention.  The  convents  as  well 
as  the  clfects  de[tosited  in  them  were,  however, 
respected;  hut  ]\[orelos  afterward  took  out  every 
tiiini;'  heloni^'ing  to  the  S[)aniards,  and  ap})lied  it  to 
the  uses  of  his  army.  Ho  also  issued  an  edict  com- 
iiKiiiding  the  surrender  of  all  elfects  that  had  been 
C(^ncealed  by  8|niniards.  Next  those  were  looked 
ni'ter  who  were  to  die.  Five  hundred  prisoners  came 
with  the  city's  cai)ture,  two  hundred  of  whom  v.'ert; 
line  old  Spaniards.-^  Tlu;  notori(ms  Ilegules  A^illa- 
s;uite  was  found  in  the  Carmelite  convent,  hidden  be- 
liiiid  some  coffins.     Among  the  royalist  officers  taken 


-'  The  mnin  facts  rolatiiii^  to  tlin  attack  and  cajituro  of  Oajaca  liavo  licen 
taken  from  .Mmolo.s'  own  ilcclaiMliuns  at  his  trial.  Accoriliiiu;  to  lii.-i  f-tatc- 
ii:i!it,  'so  apiiilcraron  di;  kv  ciuihul  dcspuos  do  solo  dos  lioras  do  fiu'^'o,  tn 
till  s  ti'niiinos  fiiuwi  las  (los  ili;  la  tardo  ya  cl  dcclaranto  csttilia  (  n  la  I'laza 
Mayor,  y  ;l  la.-i  tivs  coniicudo  en  la  (Jasa  ilo  nn  Imu'oik'o  a[)i'llidado  (Juticr- 
117..'  Ilfru'tmh-:  ij  Diinilnfi,  CqI.  J)nr\^  v.  (!.'{l);  \i.  '2(i-7.  A  iiiiiiuto  account 
(if  tlic  air.iir,  and  ono  tiiat  he  obtained  on  the  .'<]iot  .«o(ia  after  il.s  <ic(;iirrcnc(>, 
if  iriven  l.v  i5u.staniantc,  '^V  (./.  //;.s/.,  ii.  ■Jl)(i-'J(i;  l<L,  Kln^fnt  M, ,,-<'!. ix,  l.VIO; 
.'/../•■;,  /,'<)'.  M,:c.,  iv.  :;1h;  lUO;  Minuin,  llUt.  M'j.,  iii.  M'O  I,  :>-J!l;  ]\'a,<l'~i 
Mi.r  ,  i.  'iOl-'J.  Among  tin;  independents  in  (In;  attiick  lignreil  M;innel  |',lix 
lVrii:indcz,  who  in  ;'t'ti.r  ycar.H  ,L;ave  u])  hi.s  name,  as^uminj,'  that  of  (luad.diqM! 
\'ictoiia.  JIo  had  tiuviw  n  iiimse'f,  full  of  enlinisia.=;ni,  into  a  mo'it,  in  tend  in.; 
tn  y-\\'\m  across  it.  -Mier  y  'I'ei'an  .saw  luni  iloundei-in^'  in  tin;  mire,  hut  ollei'id 
no  assi.stanco.  When  in  later  years  he  told  .Mier  hi.s  intiiition  of  i'h;!n;.'ini,' 
liii  name,  the  latter  jocosely  appri/ved  it,  iiro]iosinL;  tliat  ol  .Ann  lieo  'J'riuntu, 
V, 'liih  made  the  otlier  very  aii'^'ry,  and  ijroii,Lrht  ill  feelin'.:;  iietwecn  them 
vliicli  aflerwaid  einised  their  country  nmcli  misery.  Ahim;in  says  lie  oh- 
hiined  tlii.s  information  fi'oni  Mier  himself.  JJiM.  M'j.,  iii,  ,')_',i;  Mtiift-r'.-i  Mir, 
.  1. '-'•., 'JOl-'J. 

-■-  I'.e-ides  si.\ty  pieces  of  artillery,  "2,000  nm.skets,  and  a  largo  quantity  of 
ainuniniiiiin. 


486 


SUCCKSS  OF  MORKLOS. 


I  hi 


the  first  tlay  were  (.'oloiiol  B(  rnnrdiiio  Boii.'iNi'n,  .-ind 
Captain  Aristi.  Lieutenant-general  Gonzalez  Saia- 
via  was  captured  three  days  afterward  attiniptin^;'  t  i 
escape  by  the  Guatemala  road,  disijfuiscd  as  a  man  o'l 
the  lower  class  with  a  sheet  round  his  ))erson.  On 
seeinuf  tJiat  he  was  to  bo  confined  in  a  buildiuLf  m'li- 
ei-ally  used  for  common  criminals,  he  asked  Moic- 
los  to  treat  him  as  befitted  his  rank,  and  ofilrcd  {'oily 
thousand  tlollars  for  his  freedom  and  leave  to  emljai!; 
ibr  Spain,  which  proposition  was  dedincd.  lie  w:\a 
a  man  of  mettle,  generous,  chivalrous,  and  wlicn  lli'' 
Jinditor  do  guerra  aj>pointed  by  Morelos  to  try  his  case 
v.ent  to  interrogate  him,  he  callcMl  ]\Iorclos  and  his  sol- 
diers banditti,  oll'ered  them  anmesty,  and  refused  to  an- 
swer any  (piestions.  This  hastened  his  doom,  i'  );i'_li 
perliaps  only  a  few  days.  On  tlie  2d  of  ])eceiiili<  r, 
SaraA  ia  and  llegules  were  shot  in  the  ])lain  of  Jjas 
(  anteras,  the  same  spot  where  early  in  tlu'  revoluti./r 
]joj>ez  and  Armenta,  messengers  of  Hidalgo,  had 
been  t;xecuted.  Bonavi'a  and  Aristi  sufl'ered  death  in 
the  plaza  de  San  Juan  de  Dios,  where  the  royalists  had 
wreaked  their  vengeance  the  previous  year  on  Tinoc:) 
and  IVdacios  for  conspiracy  in  favor  of  inciependence. 
A  young  Guatemalan  servant  of  Sara  via  v/as  also 
})Ut  to  eleath,  because  he  toi'e  frt)m  a  wall  and  burned 
an  edict  of  ]\[ore]os.  The  death  of  .llegules  was  well 
deserved.  The  lives  of  the  other  prisoners  wero 
spared."^  But  notwithstanding  this  and  many  otlu  r 
acts  of  kintlness  and  maLjiianimitv,  ]\Ioi'cdos,  ll!;o  Hi- 
dalgo,  has  been  called  cruel;  but  only  by  royaliNts 
antl  their  sympathizers.'"'*  This  was  a  war  wilhout 
fpiarter,  and  with   far  greater  strictness  than  the  in- 

^^  Canon  Moreno,  vho  liad  hcon  Morelos' teacher  of  Latin  grauinini',  anl 
otliei'iiieniliiTs  of  tlio  clergy,  toiit'tlier  witli  tlie  ^anlilie^<  of  llie  pii.ioner.-,  iii'.ei'- 
coileil  fit-  (hi!  ."'iianianls.  L'pwaril  of  "JD.)  were  releaseil  on  1)  nul;<;  ".1  of  wliini 
lio  was  tlistrus'.fiil  \ver(>  ilespatclied  to  tin:  ]irisnn  at  Zaeatiila.  AnioiiL;  I'li' 
prisoner:*  wei-c;  .'!i)i)  native  Mexicans,  of  wlioni  lie  niUhtereil  theahlc-ljoiliccl  :r,i[ 
cliicieiii".  into  ills  o\\  II  force. 

'■"  Oni'  of  tiio.sc  referred  to  tiscs  these  words:  'Xo  era  posihlo  <pie  Morelos 
dcjara  de  llcvarse  de  pus  feroces  iiistinto:-!. "  Arm. ••(/or.,  M<j.,  i.  l!)(i.  Cane;'- 
lada,  yV.  Mi'.c,  'JJ'l-J,  -81--,  in  speaking  of  llie  capture  also  charges  Moreluii 
with  cruelty. 


■iih 


HONORS  TO  THE  DEAD. 


487 


piiiu'c'iits  tlio  royalists  awarded  death  to  every  inde- 
jpiiideiit  chief  i'alliiii^  into  their  liaiids.  We  may  bo 
Ncry  sure  if  the  situation  at  Oajaca  l)ad  l)eeii  re- 
\(■i•.-^ed  ^lorelos  and  all  his  odicors  would  ha\e  heeu 
killed.  The  ri'Volutiouists  made  some  little  distine- 
tjoii  in  rei^'ard  to  the  men  they  executed;  the  royalists 
iii.ide  none  whatever.^'''  l[ad  Morelos  refused  entiiely 
to  execute  notorious  prisoners  it  would  have  laid 
liiiii  o])en  to  sus[)ieion  and  perha[)s  have  bi'ouu;'ht  on 
iMutinv,  Undue  nia'j'nanimitv  would  hardly  ha\e 
Icrii  ap[)reciate(l.  When  Mai'iaiio  Jimenez  Iteeame 
;i  prisoner,  his  kindness  toward  the  governor  of  Coa- 
liuila  and  other  Spaniards  in  the  internal  ])rovinees 
v.as  all  forjj^otten.  The  Spanish  authorities  made  no 
(listiuftion  between  him  and  the  inlamous  ^larroquin, 
llie  butcher  of  the  barrancas  near  Guadalajara. 

!Mt)relos  despatched  Father  Garcia  Cano  in  pur- 
f^uit  of  J3ish()p  liergosa,  hoping  that  ho  might  bo 
o\rrtaken  in  Tehuantepec.  Cano's  orders  were  to 
(■xti.'iid  to  him  every  kindness;  but  the  bisiiop  had 
iili'i'ady  gone  to  sea.  Cano's  expedition  was  not 
fiiiidess,  however,  as  he  gathered  on  the  road  a 
large  quantity  of  cochineal  and  other  property  that 
the  Sj)anish  merchants  had  sent  out  of  ( )ajaca. 
]  j"euteniint-coh)nel  Vicente  (Juerrero,  who  had  begun 
]\\<  military  service  under  (;!aleana  in  1810,  was  di- 
1  ■•led  to  seize  in  the  bights  near  Tehuante[)ec  the 
l;il);u'co  and  cacao  landed  I'roia  Acapulco.-*' 

To  the  remains  of  Tinoco,  Palacios,  and  othei-s 
siK  I'iliced  in  Oajaca  by  the  royalists,  ^^.lorelos  caused 
I'liieral  honors  to  be  paid.  Jle  released  the  rev- 
ulutioiiary    prisoners    coniiued    in    the    convent    of 

-"'It  is  said  tliat  afterward,  bi'tter  infnrmrd,  'MoP'los  ackno\vl',^d  .jfd  the 
fliDiitinir  (if  Sarjivia  to  li;iv.'  hcoii  an  crnn',  and  r(-'gfctt;d  it  lid  liis  diatli. 
H".-i'aiH<iiili\  Cnud.  ][■■<>.,  ii.  'JI7. 

'■'' M(jrL'los  wrote  llayon  on  the  l.")th  of  Jan.  ISII],  that  (liicrrcin  'liiiipii'i 
l:;  bajlos  de  Tehuantepec,  I'lierto  i'l^iiiondido  y  il  de  Santa  (.'ni/.'  'I'he  "(uan- 
ti;y(if  eoehineal  tliat  fell  into  Morelos' iiands  was  Si)v)  luiles,  tlio  vahie  of 
wLiuh,  added  to  that  of  tlio  tohaeeo,  eaeao,  jewelry,  .silver  jilale.  etc.,  formed 
a  total  of  .ihout  tiu'ee  million  dollars,  with  which  ho  re:j(jlved  to  yive  the 
greatest  impulse  to  the  revolution.  Alaman,  llUt.  Mij.,\\\.  \i'lii. 


it- 1  ■■  j 


i     i 

4 
j' 

■ 

!     ■ 

1 

Iftft 


SUCCESS  OF  MORELOS. 


Santo  DoiiiinjTo.  placed  tliem  on  liorscs,  and  caiisod 
thorn  to  ride  tlu'ougli  the  streets  with  tlieir  lon^'  un- 
kempt liair  and  hc-ards  and  tattered  i^arinents,  so 
that  tlio  people  n)iglit  see  how  they  had  Ijeen  treated. 
Masses  of  thanks<j^ivinuf  to  God  and  the  virnin  n[ 
Guadalupe  were  celehi'ated,  at  onci  of  which  Hk; 
])reaeher  was  Canon  San  jNIartin,  late  coniniandir  ol' 
Bishop  Bergosa's  saei'od  legion.  The  ceremony  ot' 
swearinL?  obedience  to  the  sujirema  junta  as  the 
representative  of  Fernando  VII.  was  ])erformed  witli 
great  pomp,  the  ceremonial  used  at  the  acts  ofswcai- 
ing  al](!giancc  to  kings  b(;ing  followed.  Morelos,  wIk^ 
liad  been  raised  by  the  junta  to  the  rank  of  captain- 
general,  was  in  attendance  with  his  new  uniform, 
wliich  had  been  presented  him  by  ]\Iatainoros.*"  A. 
civil  government  was  organized;  a  new  ayuntamiento 
was  formed,  composed  of  natives  of  the  country,  well 
known  by  their  honorable  record,  who  were  re(|uii'r(l 
to  acf!e])t  the  positions  they  were  called  to.  In  every 
one  of  his  acts  Morelos  gave  evidence  of  his  desire 
to  establish  peace  and  ord(U'.  Jose  ^lari'a  jMurgui;i, 
a  citizen  of  intidligencc,  administrativ^e  ability,  and 
sterling  charactc]',  was  made  intendente.-^  With  the 
money  he  obtained  from  the  booty,  a  battalion  of 
infantry  called  the  Oajaca,  and  a  I'egiment  of  cavalry 
named  Los  Valles,  were  organized  and  the  artillery 
wa.s  put  in  order. 

With  the  view  of  making  himself  master  of  all  this 
rich  province,  and  of  that  j)ortion  of  the  intendenciaot' 
Puebla  bordering  on  it  then  extending  to  the  Pacilic 

'" 'I'liis  historic  uniform,  wliich  was  inasnificciitly  cinliroiik'roil  with  goM, 
is  siiiil  ((>  ))0  ki'pt  in  the  nniscuiii  of  tho  artillery  (Iipartinout  at  .Madiid. 

-^  Whoa  tlm  myalists  recovered  the  city  Mur^iiia  was  pardoned;  and  later 
became  fi  df-pnty  to  the  Spanish  cortes  of  ]S'Ji)-lS2!.  Ho  wa.s  the  author  (if 
an  ixc'Mlent  ^vorlv  on  the  statistics  of  Oajaca,  in  several  I'olio  volumes.  Mo- 
relos'decree  namin.'  t'.ic  ayiintainieiito  is  of  ])ec.  5,  ISj'J.  The  acts  of  the 
lirst  ;iittini;s  pet  forth  the  oath  the  nieniliers  took  'to  u]ihold  the  mysteiy  of 
tlie  iminaeiilatG  conception  of  our  lady;  th(^  catholic  religieii;  and  to  recog- 
jiize,  res[iect,  and  oliey  his  majesty  the  snprema  junta  >.;nlicrnativa  do 
America  en  representacion  do  iiucstro  angusto  soberano  cl  Sr  D.  Fcrnaudo 
VU.  ((^>.  D.  O.).'  I<l.,:i-2'J. 


r.OYALTsT  .\il.NTAKi:S. 


4S9 


( (rcan,  Morelos  toolc  steps  to  destroy  tlie  ?;inali  r«\valist 
i^arrisons  under  ]?;tiis,  J le^mei-a,  Aiiorvo,  Jiioiida,  and 
( 'crro,  whose  cliiel'  jx/nit  of  support  was  .Janiiltepcc 
.Miiruel  antl  Victor  liravo,  who  liad  slmwu  niueli  u'al- 
l.iiiliT  and  judgment  at  the  capture  of  Oajaca,  were 
l!iu  oliioers  chosen  i'or  the  pur[)ose.  jNToving  forward 
with  activity,  they  soon  ch^ove  IMris  and  llegucra 
into  Aca[)ulco,  whde  Rionda  ri'tircd  to  ^Mexico,  and 
( 'ci'ro  to  the  (.)ther  side  of  the  JMescahi.  This,  liow- 
(Vtr,  (Hd  not  seem  to  affect  in  tlie  least  the  royalist 
iToi-livities  of  the  inhahitants  which  lle<>-uera  cncour- 
aged  from  La  l*alisada.-''  Aguila,  who  had  entered 
Teliuacan  on  the  2 1st  of  Xovemher,  when  he  heard 
that  ^lorelos  had  gone  to  Oajaca,  started  after  him 
aiid  even  advist'd  lle'u'ules  that  he  w^as  marchinL,^  to 
liis  relief;  but  on  learning  of  the  fall  of  the  city,  and 
tiiat  ?trorelos  had  possession  of  the  passes,  returned  to 
Tehuacan.  Morelos  had  now  no  armed  foes  on  the 
southern  coast,  except  the  lew  concentrated  in  Aca- 
pulco.''^ 

.Vll  these  advantages  gained  were  the  result  of 
I\Iorelos'  ])lan  in  ha\ing  made  Tehuacan  the  central 
point  of  (operations.  On  the  other  hand,  we  cannot  buL 
(- 'serve  the  series  of  blunders  of  the  viceroy  and  his 
oilicers  in  Puebla  and  Oajaca.  The  royalist  leadei-s 
II i'tainly  displayed  ignorance  and  inability  in  leaving 
uncovered  so  many  })oints  of  easy  defence  between 
Tehuacan  and  Oajaca,  and  concentrating  in  the  latter 
place  niostof  tlu'ir  available  forces,  thus  inviting  defeat 
with  the  abundant  resources  at  their  command. 

About  this  time  there  came  to  visit  ]Morelos  two 
members  of  the  ayuntamiento  of  Tlascala  with   a  ]ie- 

^'■'800  map  on  patjc  •l".').  This  cxpcilition  was  beset  with  difTici'ltics  ahly 
snriUDUiitoil  hy  tlio  IJravos,  tlu)ni,'li  tlicir  iinxlcst  ivport  of  it  iiiiulu  it  aiipiMr 
a  inure  exoursioii.  Tliey  grautcil  pai'ilou  to  all  who  took  the  (latli  of  alh;- 
i-iauce,  wliicli  was  soon  Im'oLcd.  Bn.-itdihante,  ('ntvl.  I/i<!.,  ii.  'J,')!)— I;  M'nilifiil, 
Ji(--^tiilll'll,  J  list.,   l(il. 

••'Ho  wull  uuiltT-itooil  the  value  of  Iii.s  acrpiioilioii.  Dec.  IG,  ISl'J,  lie 
wioto  Jiaycrti  that  tile  royalist  army  '  e-it:l  li((l)eaiulo  en  Teliuacan  e  l/iiear, 
rarai|i!eancloavancesile  :i  ineilioreal,  i)iirnullou('..ic|iielia  [leriiiiio.'  A;,'aiii,  .fan. 
;fl,  l.^i;;,  ho  says;  '  We  have  in  Oajaea a  ^irovitice  worth  a  lun^ilom.'  ALinutn, 
l/'-f.  M'j.,  iii.  ;i;i2. 


:m 


, 


it 


I 

f!] 

.4 


490 


SUCCESS  OF  MOIIKLOS. 


titit)ir"'  dial  rausod  liim  todesjjatcli  Montaao  to  (icciijiy 
that  city,  not  iHini,^  able  tt)  go  hiiasclt'  till  tlic  whole 
southciii  coiist  was  Hocured.  lie  had  the  idua  that 
l)y  holdliiL(  Tlascala  he  could  beyond  a  doubt  i»ossess 
hiniscll'  of  Puebla,  and  even  oC  ^[exieo.  To  accmii- 
j)li.sh  this,  he  invited  Ivayon,  and  through  him  th.' 
other  members  of  the  junta,  to  di'aw  the  attention  nf 
the  viceregal  commanders  in  the  direction  of  Tohici, 
so  that  they  might  not  bring  their  whole  t^trength 
ii[)on  him  as  was  the  case  when  he  held  Cuautla.  ll" 
this  shoukl  prove  too  dilHc^ult,  he  would  direct  Ids  (it- 
erations against  Orizaba  and  Cordoba.  Uoth  of  these; 
]>lans  Were  bold,  I'or  Jieither  were  hio  troo})s  adequate' 
i"or  such  undertakings,  nor  could  he  promise  himsdi' 
tlie  coo[)eration  of  the  j)resident  and  his  colleagucs.'- 
Further  than  this,  lie  placed  but  little  reliance  on  the 
accounts  of  victories  their  chiefs  re])orted  to  have  won.''- 
IJefore  he  had  fully  decided  he  thought  of  another 
jilan,  which  was  to  conduct  in  person  the  siege  of  Aca- 
jiulco.  It  was  not  altogether  a  good  idea.  It  mu.-t 
bo  a  slow,  tedious  undertaking,  and  of  doubtful  suc- 
cess; but  even  allowing  that  everything  should  turn 
out  as  he  desired,  it  could  aid  but  little,  if  at  all,  hi.; 
great  aims;  tln'  acepiisition  of  that  port  would  not 
compensate  him  Ibr  the  time  he  must  spend  in  secui'- 
ing  it  and  which  his  enemies  would  employ  in  regain- 
ing strength  and  in  preparing  better  plans  for  ihc 
next  camjiaign.  It  was  clear  that  the  viceroy  was 
making  his  arrangements,  though  he  did  not  choose 
tlie  best  instrument  to  carry  them  out,  for  he  in- 
trusted the  connnaiid  of  his  army  of  the  south  to 
Ih'iijfadier  Olazabal. 

Let  us  again  look  in  at  the  capital.     I  have  else- 
where mentioned  the  bitter  feelin<r  existing  between 


■"  Accoi'iUug  to  his  own  letter  of  Jan.  21,  1S13,  to  Kayon.  I<1.,  iii.  .3.S8. 

^-1I<;  aL-liiiowl'ilj/ed  liiinsclf  advisod  of  tlio  proi^ress  claimed  to  have  he- 
made  1]y  I  ho  president  ami  the  otli  -m-.s.  As  for  Iiiniself,  he  saitl,  '  I'oruod  voy 
poco  ;i  [loco,  por(]iie  asi  larga  la  galliua  el  nioco.'  J<l.,  iii.  ;>:JS. 

"^  L'adre  Uanios,  '  no  me  conte<ta  ii  losulieioo,  pero  si  aie  oucnta 
tura:i  6  ha^Jaiiao  do  D,  (juijole.'  lb. 


)eeii 


, sua  aveu- 


RKMOVAL  OF  \I:N'K(":AS. 


491 


A^Iceroy  Veiu'Lj'ns  mid  Goiicral  ("alK'ja.  'V\\c.  laltci', 
siiicu  his  suri'ciulcr  of  ilu!  foiuiiuuKl  of  tlic  central 
aiiiiy,  lived  in  rotireuu'nt,  liaviiii^' declimtl  the  j«tsiti<»u 
Ic'iiderud  liini  of  coniaiidaiite  ijfeiieral  of  the  provineias 
internas  de  orieiite.  'J'hat  ill  I'eelin^  was  well  known, 
and  had  heen  the  suhject  of  many  pnhlic  conunents, 
CJalleja  being  charged  with  i'onienting  hy  his  remarks 
a  spirit  of  hostility  on  the  pai't  of  the  I'oyalists  toward 
the  viceroy.  Nevertheless,  on  the  'Jlith  of  iJecemlu-r, 
without  any  antecedent  to  explain  his  change  of  I'eel- 
ing,  Venegas  a|)i)ointed  (.'alleja  military  govei-nor  of 
]\iexic(),  conferring  on  him  at  the  same  time  tlie  com- 
mission of  lientenant-colonel  of  the  royalist  or  ])atriot 
mlUtary  or-'anizatiou  bearing  tlie  name  of  Fernando 
AM  1.^'  A  few  days  later,  on  llie  7lh  of  January, 
]  s  I :;,  jiaving  ,su[)i)ressed  the  junta  de  segui'idad  and 
created  in  its  stead,  at  each  provincial  ca[)ital,  a  mili- 
tary commission  for  the  trial  of  ])ersons  arraigned 
lor  treason,"'^  he  gave  the  presidency  of  the  commis- 
si(jn  at  ^lexico  to  Calleja.  It  was  one  of  the  dutit-s 
of  the  militai'V  <'"overnor  of  ^Mexico  to  receive  every 
day  at  the  i)alace  the  [>arole  and  ct)untersign.  On  the 
2Stii  of  February,  the  last  time  that  he  perlbrmed  this 
duly,  ]\v.  had  already  received  his  C(»nnuissi()n  as  vico- 
loy  of  New  S[)ain,  an<l  Venogas,  g(/mg  to  the  outer 
rece[)tion-room  to  meet  him,  tendered  him  his  con- 
gratulations. 

The  I'emoval  of  Venegas  from  his  higli  position  re- 
sulted from  the  representations  made  by  tlie  mer- 
chants of  Ceidiz,  whose  iniluein-e  with  the  government 
was  very  ijreat,  to  the  elfect  that  the  coulinuaut-e  of 
the  insui'i'ection  was  mainly  owing  to  the  viceroy's 
mefiicient  measures.''*'^     His   was  the    fate    of  many 

"'It  oonsistud  of  threu  liattilioiH  nf  iiifunti-y,  two  Sfj.i;iili-nns  nf  ca\Mlry, 
and  one  h.i'ttiTy  of  jirtillcry;  tlio  viocniy  lioiii;^  i-X  ollicio  its  uuliini'l. 

"'The  new  court  cou-sistjcl  of  seven  (illieiTsof  lii;j;ii  niilitiiry  I'aiiU,  wit!n\  Imni 
was  assoeiatiil  an  ecelesiu'uieal  juil^^'o  uoniinate;!  liy  tlio  re-ipeetivo  (ii>liiia:  >  , 
who  was  to  cxei-ciso  jui'isdietion  in  eases  of  ecclesiastics  brought  for  t/i.il  lie- 
fore  the  inilitarv  court.  Tiiis  was  a  nioiUlicatioii  of  tlic  famous  decree  of 
Juiio-J.-.,  lsl_>.   },!.,  iii.  ;}7o-0. 

"^'i'iie  desiwtcii  uuuouuciug  his  relief,  and  the  appointment  of  Calleja  as 


I T-; 


m 

i  :;r 


402 


SUCCESS  OF  MORrXO.^l. 


anotlior  or>pupyinf^  liiL,^li  i'cs|i()iisil)](>  pl.'U'p  in  n  I  line  of 
fi^n.'iit  ])Ciil,  when  coinplctc  success  only  can  save  liim 
1V<»ni  ()Itli:f|ny.  \'cn('<^'as,  n<  (lie  time  lie  .'issiinicd  llic 
vicci'ci^al  ollico  lon'ctlicr  with  tlic  cliict'  coniinanfl  of 
llio  t'oi'ccs,  was  liailcd  hy  tlio  Si)aniai'(ls  as  ilu  ir  lih- 
oratoi';  Www  can  lie  no  donltt  that  lii.s  timely  arrixal 
and  ])rom|)1,  measures  saved  Xew  Spain  to  the  erowii 
in  IS  10;  iatei'  he  hecainc^  an  ohject  of  censnre  to  the 
«nirei'i'iitpa»-ties,as  their  passions  orinterests  jtromptid. 
'I'he  insur_ufents  Jiated  him  because  lio  j)jevi'nted  thr 
consummation  of'theii-  ]Hii'pos(>,  calhnpf  him  eriu'l  and 
])lood-thirsty — and  it  must  hecoid'essed  tliat  these  ac- 
cusations wwo,  hoi'iio  out  hy  tacts,  Th(^  fh'iXV  hateil 
]iim  lor  attaclcinn"  their  jtrivilenT's,  Tlie  royalists,  on 
th(;  other  hand,  found  iiudt,  with  whatthey  called  his(\- 
CGssive  henevolencu  to  the  rebels,  to  which  as  well  as  ti» 
the  absence  of  a  well  conceived  plan  of  uiilitaiy  opcaa- 
tions  they  atti'ibuted  the  recent  advantas^es  obtained  by 
thc!  I'evohitionists.  Venei^as  thus  found  himself  with- 
out the  ufood  o])inion  of  either  party,  who,  if  they  did 
uot  actually  feel  pleased  at  his  removid  from  ojfice,  cci-- 
taiiily  looked  U])on  it  with  inditference.  At  this  dis- 
tant! of  time  it  is  easier  to  iud^'e  the  man  with  im- 
])artiality.  Justice  demands  of  us  to  say  that  his 
character  for  lionesty  was  irrej^roacluible;  even  his 
bitterest  enemies  concede  him  thaf '  lie  never  re- 
sorted to  rei)reliensible  means  to  em-icli  himself,  and 
even  went  beyond  ordinary  henesty  in  refusin;j^to  re- 
ceive presents  which  a  lorj^-ostablisluHi  custom  had 
authorized  the  acceptance  of.  lie  went  back  ])oor  to 
Spain;  and  out  for  a  l')aM  of  §2."), 000  fi'om  his  pei'- 
sonal  friend,  the  conde  do  Casa  de  Ajj^reda,  he  would 
have  found  himself  without  money  for  his  journey, 
liis   constant   attention   to   the    duties    of  his   oliice 


liis  succcssoi",  bears  date  at  Cadiz,  Sept.  10,  ISI'2;  nw\  thc.  reason  alleged  for 
tliit  aijtion  was  that  liis  iiiilitaiy  scrviou-i  were  ii-jivlod  in  Spain.  Gaz.  de  JJi-.c, 
Ksi.i,  iv.  •24-2. 

^' '  W'liegas  no  rob(')  un  peso:  injaLi  quo  p'iili.'>ra  anarccer  .i  los  ojos  del 
nr.indo  tan  piudoso,  como  fiiCi  linipio  dc  nuuiuil'  JJii-<!atii'iute,  Ciiad.  UUt., 
ii.  L'Ol. 


CIIAllACTKU  OF  VKXIMAS. 


403 


alli)\vi'<l  liiiii  Mo  leisure  except  tor  a  i'kK;  occasioiuilly 
ill  the  al'tti'iiooij.  \\[  al»lo  liiiaiK-icr  and  nihr,  liu 
l.ad  uriierally  managed  t(»  |ii'ociir(;  rcsoiirrrs  to  iiicrt 


llio  i.'ii<)niio!is  ixpi'iisL'S  ()l   tli(j  war,  ami  to  or^aiuzo 


d   t. 


al'liilt'S   to   ojiposu 


it'aiv'f 


I  ill  1 


the  insurgents  wliercNcr  tliuy  a[) 


oice. 


I  Lis  resolution  to  enter  the  struL(,L;'l<'  with  so  many 
iiilds  aij;ainst  liini  was  certainly  that  of  a  man  pos- 
sessed of  undaunted  rouraLje;  and  when  lie  made 
prejiaratioiis  to  resist  Hidalt^o  and  his  host  of  80,000 
men,  witli  a  handful  of  soldiers  in  whom  he  could 
imt  then  have  much  confideiu-e,  the  most  he  nuL^'ht 
e\]tect  was  an  honorable  death.  Even  certain  weak- 
nesses in  his  relations  with  tiie  other  sex,  attributed 


to  him,  he  Uiud 


e  use  ( 


>f  for  the  benelit  of  his  cause- 


tlie  insur<4'ents  of  ]\Iexieo  were  always  of  the  o})inioii 
that  to  female  gossip  he  owed  the  discovery  of  the' 
August  c<-)ns[)iraey.  The  war  allowed  Venegas  hut 
little  opportunity  to  attend  to  the  duties  of  the  viee- 
ri'gal  vlWco  [>roper,  hut  he  did  not  neglect  them  entirely. 
It  may  be  truthfully  ass('rted  that  if  [teace  had  reigned 


di 


durmu'  ins  mcumijencv  lie  won 


Idl 


Kive  be'eii  one  o 


f  th 


best  viceroys  New  S[);un  everhad.^^  On  his  return  to 
tlie  mother  country  he  was  given  the  title  of  ^larcpies 
de  la  lleunion  de  Nueva  Es[)ana,^''  and  was  also  treated 
with    the    utmost   consideration    in    other    res[)ects. 


Uiistiiniante,  who  show.s  littlo  charity  to  Vcncgas'  military  record,  usc-i 


thi.i    hlllL;! 


huwc'Vur,  '(  ri'O 
do  1 


(H'lO  SI 


liuliicrau 


ilo   ti 


liiona  gol)(.'iii,\(lo  liu'ii,  piles  a  Ilia  ha  las  cioiicias, 


Sin,/, 


jilcill. 


■lup.j.s  j)aciilc 
in  ('(iro,  Trr.-i  > 


/(/>',  iv.  ."),">.     'I'hv.  same  writer  accusc.-j  the  late  viceroy  of  having'  'uii  ^'ciiiij 
I'll  to  the  use  of  pi'ofaiie  laiiyua'^e  when  an;4('recl,  lo- 
ll learniii;4  of  a  ;  canty  sup[>ly  of  aimiMiiilion 


asncio,   ail 


1  of  \n 


lal 


iiig  tiK't  Upon  one 
when  h^  expected  to  fuel  an  aliundaiice,  '  vc^ti't  y  jiiio  eoin\>  el  ni;i:i  reiiei,'ad;) 

also  cliarLTcs 


•.pec 
rouiatero  (sej^iin  tenia  de  eostumhi'c  y  era,  sii  leiiiraa'^e).'     He; 


JJht. 


th  liauuhtinesis  toward  tlie  poor  (derko  wlio  had  t)  approach  him,  wl.oin 
d  liardly  look  ill  tiio  face.     'J'his  is  jirohahly  an  exay-eiatio.!.    C/in  /. 


ii.  -K 


I-/. 


-'enOLjas  cilico  s 


to  ;.is  private  apartiue 


its.  fu 


lipp 


d  and  foil  on  the  ate 


'p  Mtaircasi 


leadi 


h  reason  ho  had  it  removed  and  .i  more 


suitahle  one  erected.     Tlieic  were  not  wautin:;  .some  to  at'.riluite  the  fall  ti 
dr 


L'lniesd,  wliich  was  unfounded,  tor   he  was  noted  for  lii.s  boljiiety.  ^1/ 
/li.i/.  Mr).,  iii.  .•isi). 


>;^i 


Alaman  lias  it  'M-.inpies  do  la  Concordi.i, 
ii.  .'iSO.  I'mstamanto  says:  'Coade  de  hi 
Union,'  adding  that  it  was  'burlezcoC;  insultaute.'  SiqiL,  in  Caco,  Trc-i  !Sijlut<, 
iv.  iij. 


(Ic  ^-1 


lis; 


nut.  Mrj.,  ix. 

"       "      //;./.     Mr 


494 


SUCCESS  OF  ^rORELOS. 


AVhen  Fernando  recovered  liis  throne  ho  sliowed  ]  is 
esteem  lor  Veneu^as  hy  conlerrinii;  on  him  the  IiIliU- 
est  offices  of  hoiu)r.'"^ 


'  111  tlio  preparation  of  this  and  the  prccoding  four  chapters,  the  following 


authorities  liasc  l>ern  consulted:  (.'6rti'.-<,  J)i 


IslO-ll,  i.  ii. 


M,  ;ii(; 


.SK;-.-)!);  /'/..  1811,  iii.  ;;S7;  /./.,  1811,  iv.  ;i(i,  (14,    17U-1,  I'.l-J,  '_'7-2;  /"'.,  Is'll, 
V.  1-J;  /,/.,  isll,  vi.  IG;  /(/.,  ISll.  vii.  471;  /</.,  1811,  ix.  7-S,  .-{.Vl,  a:.S;  //.. 


isii 


.S!);/</.,  ISil-l-'    xi.  114;  /-/.,  1Ml\  xii. 


l-J-\  'Ji:?;  /(/.,  LSI 


Id. 


LV.4-(i;  /(/.,  1M3,  xvii.  l.'jl;  /(/.,  l^l.•i,  xix.  (ji),  IjDO;  /(/.,  l8i;!,  xx. 


14-l(i;   Corirs,  A<f.  O.d.,  l8l4, 


■)1S;   (' 


('',1.  Do 


ii.  125,  44- 


i; 


i4, 


'217-2(>,  •2l'4-0;  III,  iii.  (i,  .'iG,  lOU-.W;  Curl^-s  JJiai:  L'xia.,  viii.  IS'Ji.'-:!, 


/) 


I'trni  (Jfii' 


iii.  10.");  liii.f'iipianii',  ('nail.  Ilisi.,  i. 


Nl    Hk;:  a/. 


ii.  4G-7,  !)!)-l()G,  I'-'J  4S,  1,-,S-G2,  17G-S0,  '20-2-:;4,  'J;!3-9,  2o\,  '2'M^-?m,  ?,i)-,-\ox 


l<l. 


14S- 


llii.'^i' 


tni«iite,  Caini/fiiia-i  i 


U  Cullr 


loS-'J;  /-/.,  Au/lr.  I. 


""■.I- 


\-2\:];  l(L,  Khiifio  M(„dos,  in-l(i;  AluiiHVu  J/i-'-  M'J.,  ii.  44;!-,"),  lliU  70,.".;J4- 


i4'.i;  LI.,  iii.  (17  71,  87-'J7,  104 


7W.  Ain<;:,  1-8;  /</.,  T.  L  M, 
iv 


i;i7-(i'.',  i7G-'Jot, -jui-a-i, •_'4rj-(;8,  L^-i-ii 


•,S-S(),  r.sl-i.>,  aiip.  30-G,  4.')-'.);  LI.,  iv.  7'-'4,  ajip.  :3-r);  Caiir,:'iitln 


l- 


JSl--.':  r,Vc.  (/e  J/r 


•J4-J:  y>»/. 


?; 


pas 


/./., 


l/iyf.  6Vr,;/.,  iv.  IMI-I';  y/.,  vi.  844-Sl;  LI.,  ix.  'Jl',)-'.':; 


.1;  J<1.,  X.  87-8,  in  1(1,  ];j-',  010-1,  app.  1.  58-9;  f'l 


do,  E.i/lfdln-:  J/hf. 


ii.  IG-Jli;  (.'aro,  Ti 


linn.  If 


Do 


Sijln 


i.  •M2,  840 


;4-44,  40-50,  .'Wl  41;  Cididario,  i.  ful.  !)7;  /A 
:i01-S;  LI.,  iv.  81111-01)1;  A/.,  v.  1SS-0(J,  •Jl)8,  01 


St.  l)(i!)-ll,  0-Jl;  /(.'.,  vi.  'JO-7,  3_'-;j,  41,  lOU-'-'J,  1245-0, 1251-12,  10:iO-8;  L 


Ad;, 
jf,., 


/.'( 


■///(,■ 


-412;  1 


Kt'uija, 


rO;  Mn.-ia'i 


214-17;  Arntiiijoh.,  Mi 


urr.'Hic,  l!ii\  lli^jiiiii.-Aiiui:,,]]0—\'2;  Arriiiii'.,  JH  "j. 


Ml- 


ii.  lis,  l!l(i,  ll'S,  l2;i 


15.5-OS;  /(/.,;!pp.  100;  MilicdMlc.,  ii.  Ii::i- 


.1/0 


J/t 


iv.  1201-14, 


41i2,  4l7-:iO,  445-8;  JA'.e.  Jh 
91;  MnidihU,  /.',>•/! 


.qnij, 


Iiifol.,  15-IG;  Mcx.  Col.  Lii/i'i  FtunL,  .M- 


<ia  Hid.,  80-7,  9t-7,  1120-45,  151,  154-5,  101-12;  app.  ii. 
375-8;],  iii.  :i84-5,  iv.   38.5,  v.  3S5-(i;  JLn/' r,  Me.r.  Aztcr^,  i.  l280-Ii;!;  M'    ' 


Ill-ill  r,  11 


il, 


;S,  305;  LI.,  iii.  04,  144,  i27i2;  Pircz,  l)h 


•toij. 


K-tul. 


115-10;  (^hiiii-l.  Hi  I'.,  xvii.  542-3;  J'iiinr/,  I'rhd,  i.  no.  7;  /'/.,  no.  9;  M<r.  J'.l 
lirn/  dc  N.  E"]).,  1-S;  Spnin,  t'oiititil.  J'oUL,  Madrid,  1820,  iiassim;  Cor.  E 
Mc  ■  '  "' 


1S20, 

(I'liin 


Sept.  21,  1827,  2-3; 


passim; 


Coiistd.  I'oU'.,  Cadiz,   ls!2,  K'luiiit  >' 


Amrr.  an 


Hist.  II, 


N.  E 


I  Mix.,   157-00;    Ih  r.  in  S/in.n.-Ai 


'l>nn. 


iS/iiim  fiin 
M 


5,  405,  400;  Uohi 
I  Mix.  I.u 


in.  Ml' 


!'• 


A' 


//;.s^ ,/(, 


312-41; 
1 1!) -50, 


i.  41)  (10;  A/.,ii.  321   8;  f!or!:irill. 


1)8; 


Ah, 


Ml 


d  Mr,:  Z'irt. 


iiiinr 


JJi 


quia  Eipail.,  C'aili/.  1.^12,  pn<«ini;  d'al/o,  Jlomhi-ci  Ihi.-ifi 


<!i,n.-lil.  I'uHl. 
iv.  7  171: 


iU'  Ai 


20  Api-ii,  1851),  pM.s 


\.iiici:ii  .s 


irr///v 


.MS. 


Kolli  iiknrnp,  Cnidi/idniji'ib /'.■ibiniiif,   155-71,   17-0;  Ln  llnstr.  M,,\,  i.  ill)- 


]i)0,  437-9;  /. 


^[|  X. 

Zainr 


ls3 
-■,  //'■ 


'  iiijiri'  re. 


Xo'i' 


Ml 


424;  Dri-.nva.  (In 


,4-15,  105;  I 


jn2-20;  irf(//o,7,  /;, 


102-0;    )' 


0.7// 


.1/' 


pas 


LI. 


I,   1 1  it.  Ml 


\-<),  125,225-31,503- 


20,  770-90;  LL,  x.  270-7;  /'-/.,  xi.  019,  8i3;  LL,  app.  789  01;  Z-rv: 
Jhx.,  133-5,  li5-90. 


i  onl't 
c.  SO-OI 
50S,  (iOO- 


CHAPTER  XX. 


VICEROY  CALLEJA   AND  HIS   TLAXS. 

ISl.'J. 

Cai  Lima's   CiiAr.ACTEn    and    Ari'iCAnAMT,— How   tiik    ArroiNTMi-.sT   was 

I'lKCKIVKD— CoN'IUTION  OF  AfFAIIIS — FuESll  TaXIIS  AXTJ  LoANS — JIliFDiCM.S 

-  IssnicKNT  IIkkoine — CuNSTrrnTiox  of  ISI'2  Ivvfokckd— 1nql"isitiox 
TMsAri'F.AKs — Incueask  of  Chime— PitoTEsi>>  and  Cuinu.u-api'eals — 

1:^XTENT  OF  iNsrUUECTION  —  CaI.LEJa's  CAMPAIGN  PlAN — RoVALiST  POSI- 
TIONS— Verdusco's  Fiasco — Rayon's  Tom  of   Insfectkin — Qcakuel 

BETWEEN  THE  LEADERS— ItCUUUJe's  VICTORY  AT  SaLVATIMIKA. 

The  feeling  in  New  Spain  at  tlie  appointment  of 
('illcja  ^vas  l)y  no  means  of  unmixed  delight.  Span- 
ianls  naturally  welcomed  one  frt)m  whobe  proved  sidll, 
fii«'ri;T,  and  experience  thej  hoped  to  reach  a  spei'dy 
ii>nclusiou  of  the  ])rotracted  civil  war  and  attendant 
(iisoixlcrs,  and  the  iidiahitants  of  the  capital  could  not 
"iijict  to  a  mail  whose  fondness  for  ostentation  [)rom- 
i>ril  to  sustain  the  splendor  of  the  court  and  iIk; 
allin'cments  of  the  metro[)olis.  S()citl_^,'  spoloj  of  him 
iusides  as  eleu'ant  in  manners,  with  a  convt.'r-.'itiou 
that  I'cvealed  Loth  wid(!  reading  and  taste,  llt'i-e 
till'  praise  stopped,  ho\ve\-er,  lor  there  was  something' 
stn'n^ly  repelling  in  his  haughty  dis{)osition  and  sin- 
i-tu"  aspect,  stam})ed  hy  cold  cali.'ulation  ami  \indic- 
tiM'ness.  ]Much  of  this  was  due  t  >  a  I'ilious  ti'mprra- 
iiicnt,  reilc^' '  ■  I  also  ill  his    jaundiced  coiiijih'xion  and 

'dike    face,   with  its    ercuiii.^h    eves   and    lowering 


r;i 


lauces 


,  1 


r.iHtaiiiaiitc  compnres  liiscyi'stst  two  l)')i!ei(  toiimtoi's.     ITi-i  liiarJ  ts^niii- 
I  ill  a  point.     'I'lio  imrtrait  ill  Ahunaii.  iv.  77,  shows  no  hcaV'!.     (V.lui. 


||: 

II  it.  1 1  111  11,  j  II  (int.      1  ho  jum  ii.iiu  111  .1  i./MiiM,  1. .  1 , ,  (-11.,..  ,^  ...7  .,^,,. ....     ..,...- 

\o-r  the  foriuei'  yivi'.s  him  a  line  iij,'urc',   'agcstado,  uU'gautf,  aii.j;  >  cii  loa 
'lii'.  iiuiiiitut).'  Ciiiiijianas  lit;  (.'aldjn,  t\iY'.    17. 


(  ».)o) 


490 


VICEROY  CAI.LKJA  AND  HIS  TLAXS. 


>i  < 


As  a  soldier  lie  ]i;i(l  distiiigiiisljcd  iiiiuscir  L'ss  i'-.,]- 
daring  tc*\ts  tliau  I'or  jiroiiipt  (jxccutiou  of  (.•autii»ud\ 
jilaiuicd  iiiDVcuU'iits.  Tliisat  least  inspired  eoiifldeiic' 
in  his  suliordinates;  and  lie  su[»[)leniented  the  sair,' 
with  strict  disci[iline,  sc^t'tened  by  prudent  attention 
to  creature  condbrts;  so  that  while  his  cold  tbrnialii  \ 
of  intercourse  and  studied  niotliods  repressed  enthu- 
siasm, he  nevertlicless  enjoyed  j^'ood  re])ute  anion^'  liis 
men,  wlio  manifested  their  deference  and  gratitude  hy 
callin''"  him  Anio  Don  Felix. ^ 

Itespect  was  indeed  the  only  fec;]in!>;  evolved  1)V  liis 
positive  ([ualities;  it  hardly  warmed  into  admiratitin. 
Fear  aiul  distrust  rose  as  a  barrier;  and  those  who 
ventured  lu'ar  him  did  so  with  a  motive,  [)repared  witli 
concession  or  flattery.  And  CaHeja  was  content;  f"i' 
he  loved  to  be  flattered  and  lool^'d  up  to  as  a  gr<;!i 
man,  and  that  without  a  too  searcliing  or  microscojiic 
analysis  of  the  (pialities  com[)rising  Ins  character. 
Devoid  of  magnetism,  and  with  a  teniperament  liard 
cued  ))y  sanguinary  wai'fare  on  the  border  and  liy 
comparative  isolation  of  Wi'c  among  rude  soldiers  air  I 
colonists,  his  ambitious  spirit  had  '.'ome  to  reg;ii] 
fear  as  the  sweetest  of  liomaLi'e  and  the  strtju^'est  ni' 
inlluences. 

Acknowledged  as  the  foremost  soldier  in  Xow 
Spain,  liis  ap[)ointment  failed  not  to  inspire  the  army 
with  a  wholesome  confidence,  ami  the  hisurgents  wit'i 
a  corres[)onding  awe,  wdiile  the  peo[)le  at  large  cou[)lcd 
his  name  only  with  relentless  cruelty.  Yet  even 
among  th(!  creoles  thei-e  was  a  cli'|U(!  which  had  b  - 
<j;\ui  to  look  upon  this  new  Tamerlane,  as  Jhisti- 
mante  calls  him,''  as  a  possible  liberator,  llo  li:i  I 
more  than  once  allowed  to  esca))e  tlio  utteranr-e  tli.i: 
ind(M)endcnce  would  benefit  the  countrv.*     Fm'oura'j' •■'! 

''  AiUD,  moaning  llic  m:nU'r  nf  an  cstiitc,  nr  faotory. 

"  ('iiiii/i'ii'id.-i  dii  Ca!lij((,  aap.  'J.  r;i;j;(;s  177  -!>  are  laiKii  willi  cIidu'c  (.'[)it!ii-'ts 
nu'nin-'t  liiin. 

*  MvH'ii  in  a  iii'ivak'  lettrr  ti  tin-  vircrny,  in  J.inuuvy  ISI 1 ,  lio  li.ul  w  litli  ii: 
'Siis  iiatiiralci  y  aim  lo.i  niisinm  Miiim|i('ii;  ('.sl;iu  convi'ncid.i^  iL'  las  \i  nt.ij  .< 
([110  Its  ro.-iuUariaii  do  uu  yjljieiuij  iiiili.|)v;uUcalo.'  iia^luni  tiite,  Citudrj  JL'-, 

i.  mii. 


mm 


JEALOUSY  OF  VENEOAS. 


497 


1)V  this  and  by  the  late  ill  fooliu:;  l)ct\VGcn  liiin  and 
the  viceroy,  the  guadalu[)0  society,  in  active  syni- 
jKithy  with  the  insur^'ents,  had  approached  him,  hold- 
ill^^  forth  in  alluring  colors  the  lame  and  position  lie 
might  acquire  by  casting  his  talents  and  inliuence 
v.ith  their  party,  and  achieving  the  independence  of 
an  eni[)ire.  Whether  Calleja  seriously  entertained 
tilt.'  proposition  or  merely  sought  to  keep  hitnselt'  in- 
t' 'lined  of  the  enemy's  plans,  remains  uncertain;  for 
just  when  the  guadalupes  regarded  him  as  won,  liis 
ii!  ]:)ointment  came  as  viceroy,  and  satisfied  the  ambi- 
!;i>  IS  craving  which  ahtne  could  have  induced  him  to 
tU'  traitor.'^  Jealous  of  the  general,  and  aware  to 
rM.:uie  extent  of  his  leaninufs,  Vonegas  had  not  neijlected 
t(»  tlirow  out  liiuts  a'^ainst  liiui  to  the  ufovcrnDU'iit  iii 
Spain,  but  the  rei)resuntations  :)f  Spanish  residents 
pi'oved  stronger.  Perhaps  it  was  thought  well  to  sr- 
•  •;ii'e  so  able  a  man  with  the  irresistible  bribe  of  a  vice- 
rrgal  sceptre. 

While  each  was  watcliin<jf  the  other  and  awaitiniif 
tlie  result  of  their  nuichinations,  Veiiegas  had  aston- 
ished his  riv.'d  hy  tluj  appointments  lately  conferred 
upiju  him.  Some  saw  in  these  acts  a  desire  to  humil- 
i.itf  the  goucral  by  obliging  him  to  appear  daily  at 
the  paliK  *.'.  i'oi  orders;  others,  a  mark  of  confidence 
and  c()n<  iJiati on  m  view  of  the  foreshadowed  cliang''. 
Tlieu^h  ('.'r'ja.  had  refused  the  position  of  coman- 
danto  gem  -al  of  the  provincias  internas  do  Orientt'," 
it  suited  hi.  j^/ians  to  accept  these  2>^^itiuns  in  the 
capital. 

^  Unaware  of  the  extent  of  the  negotiations,  Alainan  wouM  not  believo 
tliat  lie  cinild  liavo  iM'oveil  falsi'.  /Jl-f.  M'j.,  ii,  .'US-!).  But  Zcrecero  .stati:i 
tliat  tlio  .society  used  often  to  meet  in  the  iion.sc  of  hi.s  family,  ami  lie  as 
.seci-utary  iiiiew  that  the  iiay  wa.s  tlxeil  when  Calleja  shduM  join  the  revohi- 
timi.  Sanchez  (lu  Tagle  and  LiocntiatcCristo  y  Conle,  the  iierseented  asesor- 
geuera'  ^i  Itiurigaray,  weie  thoso  who  treated  with  him.  Tlie  day  after 
Callija  U'ceived  news  of  liis  advancenuMit  they  came  to  confer  with  liim  as 
iisau!.  if  you  wen!  not  my  fi'iends  1  would  have  you  shot,'  was  now  tliu 
fctarliiii,;  ii"y.  'You  .siieak  to  tlie  viceroy  of  New  Spunii.'  .)[rin.,  '2'>7. 
(';illi'j:i  ■!;  ;  not  ahiise  the  secrets  of  the  .society,  altliough  availing  himself 
to  a  great  Lxtoiit  of  what  lie  knew.  Letter.s  l>y  O.  Lizana  in  AdcUid,  Causa, 
Ms.,  i.  -J  ;$,  hint-  at  Calleja's  leanings  to  iudepundence, 

''As  explained  liv  Aiccheilerreta. 
Uiar.  Mi.x.,  Vol.  IV.    3J 


49S 


VICEROY  CALLEJA  AND  HIS  PI.AXS. 


!  i 


After  Ills  reception  at  the  [)alace  the  hi.st  of  Fehniarv, 
Veiiegas  visited  liimat  liis  li(jus(;,''aii(l  aiTaiiged  loi-the 
suri'ender  of  the  couHiiaiid.  On  the  4th  of  ^[ardi, 
18 lo,  CaHeja  was  conducted  in  .state  to  tlie  i)alaiH.', 
there  to  receive  the  staff  of  office  and  U)  take  the  (Kiili. 
The  attendant  ceremonies  were  celebrated  with  all  th. 
])oni[)  so  dear  to  his  heart,  manifested  further  in  tin' 
formation  of  a  guard  in  Hashing  uniforms;^  but  no 
j)0[)ular  applause  greeted  his  ears/* 

Among  his  i'w^t  acts  was  a  proclansation  wlu-reiii, 
alluding  to  the  i  "  ar  and  its  ravages,  he  poind;! 
out  tliat  no  furti.  ausc  existed  for  tliscontenl,  a^ 
the  new  constitution  nad  gone  forth  enaljling  tin'  p.n- 
j>le  to  choose  their  own  guardians  of  civil  economy 
and  delegates  to  the  national  congress,  and  so  pre- 
vent abuses.  They  knew  that  he  could  form  ariuiis 
and  lead  them  to  victory,  but  for  this  he  needed  iinxls 
and  expected  the  necessary  aid  and  temporary  sari  i- 
fico  which  would  procure  the  restoration  (jf  peace  and 
prosperity.  As  he  had  shown  himself  rcadj;  to  pro- 
mote their  wellar'S  so  would  he  prove  fuin  in  chasljx- 
ing  obstinacy  an.l  inalevolence.^"  The  latter  senteme 
was  thoroughly  characteristi(.',  and  the  wlu)k,'  dorn- 
ment  a^tpeared  stamped  with  the  energy  expect<d 
from  a  s'eneral  who  had  so  severelv  criticised  the  i><il- 
icv  (jf  his  predecessor.  Nor  was  he  wron-nn  his  eon- 
ilemnation,  to  juilge  from  the  condition  of  all'airs,  v\  ii  h 
the    administration    in    disordei',    excliequer    entity, 

'Ho  lived  in  the  sanio  liousc,  liotcl  dc  ItiirbiJe,  where  the  libcniti.r 
A^'iistiii  f.  rt-'ceivcil  his  prochiiimtioii  as  cniporor. 

''(.'alh'd  'drai;ono3  del  vircy.'  ()i'<'i'is  from  Spain  R(XT1  c'loncrod  the  tcnn 
to  'del  ivy,'  lli.s  tijiisort,  Fiaucisuado  hi tl.iiidaia,  inove.i  the-  so.ai-j  night  tu 
the  pahu'o,  where  the  usual  Ix  .s:i.in(iiiiiii  I'lMM'ptiuns  took  place. 

*  There  was  no  huk,  however,  of  felicitations,  a(hlre>ses,  and  colehrations, 
ns  at  the  university  and  ulher  institutions.  Li/ardi  joined  «  il'i  a  euhigisiii; 
addie>.s  ill  hi  j  l\  ii^ailiii'  Ml  xic'Nio,  .sup.  pt  iii.  Caueelad;;.  expressed  deli;;iit  hi 
his  Tdi  ijrn/o,  'JIJ',),  and  loyal  aihlres.ses  were  sent  in.  .See  also  Tomiitr,  Ji'i  r  iL, 
i.  .)iJ.")-(!;  Miiiililii/,  Jii.sihii.  /list.,  lOS.  I'ortrait  and  autograph  are  giv^.i 
in  A/iomtii,  Jli.if.  JLJ.,  iv.  77,  7-4. 

'"'J'iii.s  was  the  eharacteiistij  elosing  sentence.  The  npcin'n_'  alluded  to 
his  apiiointnieiit  as  unexpeeted  and  nnsougiit.  Tiie  elergy  antl  other  ela^M  s 
vere  urged  to  proUKjte  lestoration  of  peaee.  For  full  text,  see  (.'(liliju.  "  t'li 
J/nliif(i„ii'i,  fol.  IS,  dated  Ma'eli  "Jii,  I.SI.'l;  J'<>/>.  ]'ur.,  xxxvi.  jitvii.;  Ou:. 
lie  Jhx.,  Ibl3,  iv.  '3m-(j'2;  Ihriamdiz  j  JJavalij",  Cul.  JJoc,  v.  G-lO. 


A  LOAN  DICMANDED. 


4^9 


t'lji'iiarv, 
(1  Goethe 
■  ^farcl,, 

•  I'Jilacc, 
the  ()a;!i. 
til  all  (1,„ 
'l-    ill  (III; 

but   iK. 

Vk  li'-'r<'iii. 

.»'»iij(cil 

iteiil.  as 

the  p,  ,1- 
«<->     |)lL- 

anuici 
•d  I'uw.U 

-'accaii.t 

to  J»lu- 

cliastis- 

ClltcllCL' 

he  |»(il- 
il.s  dill- 
's, \vi;li 

OUJJily, 
liber;it(ir 

the  tc!!  1 

I  uiylit  tu 

bratifiiis, 

^ui"i,'i.siio 
L'lj.:iit  m 
■,  J.'<  r../., 

luilc'cl  to 
/«.  "  Itn 

i.;  Oa:. 


aiiiiy  ncgloctctl,  insui'j^^ciit;?  in  creator  Toi-co  and  coii- 
tml  than  ever,  and  })ublic  opinion  giowino'  more  lios- 
tilc.  The  reliance  in  Calleja  was  based  also  on  his 
jiiii'j^  experience  in  the  country,  with  which  he  had  in 
a  si'use  i>Town  up,  imbibing  lessons  i'roni  difl'erent  ad- 
laiiiistrations. 

The  intimation  for  funds  produced  most  unpleasant 
a]iprehension;  for  Calleja  was  as  unceremonious  in 
1  \  viu'j:  contributions  as  he  was  i)rodi<jfal  in  expendi- 
tui'e.  Not  long  after,  indeed,  he  came  forth  with  a 
wiifid  comj)laint.  Thei.^  was  a  debt  of  more  than 
thirty  millions  and  a  UKKiti.ly  deficit  of  .$:2G0,000,  and 
the  sources  for  revenue  were  insufiicient,  the  best 
lilies  being,  moreover,  hy[)othecated  ibr  advances.^^ 
The  first  necessary  step  for  relieC,  he  declared,  was  to 
liberate  trade,  and  mining  and  other  industrii's,  from 
the  crushing  weight  of  oppression  by  the  rebels,  who 
ravaged  tind  kept  in  perpetual  alarm  the  settlements, 
and  blocked  the  roads  in  every  directi<.)n.  To  this  end 
liinds  were  above  all  reipiired  wherewith  to  organi/.o 
i'lrces;  and  as  the  interests  of  nu^rchants  would 
ivi-eive  the  earliest  benefit,  he  ajipealed  iirst  to  the 
t  ibunal  del  consulado  for  a  loan  of  a  million  and  a 
]:;ih'.  Although  the  demand  was  not  fully  complied 
v.ith,  the  prom[)t  res[)onse  revealed  a  llattei-ing  con- 
lideiice  in  CalKja,  united  ])erhaps  with  a.  wholesome 
tear,  which  proved  stronger  than  the  feelings  evoked 
by  his  discouraging  revelation  of  ailairs.'' 

Th*.'  1(  111  itself  drew  attention  to  the  main  issu(\ 
whieh  was  means  to  increase  the  revenue,  a  problem  in- 
trusted to  a  council  of  re[)resentatives  from  dill'erent 


" -Manifesto  (latfd  Aviil  IT,  I'^l"-.  0',z.  <h'  .lA.i;.,  ]SI;5,  i\.  4-Jl-L'.  Many 
c'oni'i'nmi'il  itiis  ilan^'cions  tu  I'ovcal  the  ciiiiilitinii  si>  ]iiililifly,  Imt  it  wui 
ui  11  enough  known,  fnmi  tliu  fi-i'ijiuMit  ivcniu.sc!  to  forced  Ickuih. 

'- Till!  intci'cst  oli'-'ieil  Mas  livu  \wv  cent,  .'ind  tlio  scourity  iialf  tiio  rcve- 
nuf  (if  the  city  ciistonidiouscs  from  .Ian.  1SI4,  hut  wliii'ii  icccivid  no  con-c- 
s|viiidin!j;  application.  In  the  list  of  sul)-<ciilii  is,  juiIjILsIkmI  in  1 1<  ninml-z  ij 
Jhir'tl'i.-t,  (Jul,  Dor.,  V.  11-1"J,  are  found  the  lianies  of  prominent  local  noMcs, 
iJasuco,  Cortina,  and  others,  for  sunn  of  §.511,000  ilownward.  At  the  same 
tiitio  the  (!(i~..  dc  Mcx.,  Jan.  o,  1S13  et  simj.,  continued  to  exhiliit  rcipecta- 
hle  douutioiis  for  Spain. 


eoo 


VICEROY  CALLEJA  AXD  HIS  PLANS. 


classes,^'  wlioso  efforts  were  assisted  by  reports  from 
the  provincial  governors  on  the  economic  condillnu. 
Anionrj  the  results  was  a  continuance  of  the  five  per 
cent  tax  on  urban  rents,  and  the  impost  on  articles  of 
consumption,  a  levy  of  one  per  cent  on  money  in  cir- 
culation, and  an  additional  lifty  per  cent  on  tol  ;icc-!i. 
The  latter  measures  proved  so  onerous  that  they  .  eru 
repealed,  and  instead  of  them  was  placed  a  direct  ron- 
tribution  on  property  and  income.  Fixed  witlmut 
f-ufficient  data,  and  affected  by  tlie  long  reign  of  dis- 
order, the  contribution  })roved  difficult  to  collect, 
and  led  rather  to  arbitrary  exactions,^*  before  wlii<!i 
Calleja  never  shrank.  Indeed,  in  December  he  again 
called  on  the  merchants  for  a  loan,  this  time  increased 
to  two  milli  )ns.  The  struggles  of  the  finance  de[)art- 
ment,  however,  and  the  failure  to  carry  out  the  j)r()iii- 
isc'  of  hypothecation  and  repayment  had  created  a 
reaction,  so  that  the  first  aj)peal  elicited  only  a  paltry 
hundred  thousand.  Pressure  was  thereupon  apjjlit'd 
without  compunction,  often  with  a  doubling  or  treb- 
ling of  the  amount  assiu^ned.^' 

An  encouraging  adjunct  to  those  dispositions  was 
the  enforcement  of  economy  in  government  depart- 
ments, partly  by  stopping  all  extra  salaries,  contingent 
expenses,  and  gratuities,  save  those  granted  in  cam- 
paigns.^" Several  changes  were  also  made  among 
officitds,  Secretary  Velaz'juez  de  Leon,''^  for  one,  being 


"  Civile ja's  (Iccrco  of  April  17th  contains  the  appointees,  represeiitiii;; 
mines,  agiieulturo,  church,  and  other  departments.  Lkiz.  dc  J/cc,  ISIIJ,  iv. 
A±i-X 

*♦  It  •was  passed  by  a  representative  meeting  of  Nov.  l.'Sth,  and  proelainicd 
Dec.  Kitii.  The  Side  nf  tuhiKJco  fell  so  niiiidly  after  the  .W  per  cent  tax  <jf  .Inly 
4th,  mainly  owl  11  j«  to  the  growth  of  contndt.ind,  that  the  repeal  had  to  lie 
made  l)y  Dec.  lltli.  Diiiio.s.  Varian,\\.'l^;  I'iiKtrt  Coll.,  \i\int\.i\ijQ.  1.").  Mcii- 
diVil  explains  some  of  the  difiiculties  (.'alleja  had  to  contend  with.  The  ^'uv- 
ei'nnient  had  reeomiiiended  a  lottery,  i.ssue  of  copper  coinage,  und  hyiiutiicoa- 
tion  of  national  property.  For  nature  of  contributions  oa  ecclesiastic  corpo- 
rations, sec  If(  riiiiii'liz  y  Ddniloi^,  Col.  Doc,  v.  247-9.  For  regulation  ul 
custom-houso  duties,  see  GntUrrcz,  Lcycs  lt<'f.,  449-dG. 

'^  Alamau  furnishes  some  instances.  //('sY.  M<j.,  iii.  4.33. 

'^Ordei's  had  come  to  Venegas  for  reducing  salaries,  but  the  incrcasid 
cost  of  livini',  etc.,  made  it  not  advisable  to  ohey. 

''lie  had  stood  suspected  among  the  Spaniards  ever  since  the  time  of 
Iturrigaray. 


Ei;PIOXAGE. 


501 


nplacod  b}'  Patricio  ITuiiiaiia,  and  a  special  war  do- 
partiiicnt  was  created  and  intrusted  to  Joaquin  Pe- 
latz.^^  All  army  men  and  i)r<nincial  officials  were  sent 
to  their  posts,  and  impressment  was  called  into  action 
to  enforce  the  levies  for  recruits.  These  had  to  swell 
the  regular  army;  and  in  order  to  leave  it  free  to  take 
the  field  against  the  insurgents,  Calleja  resolved  to 
Inriii  a  militia  for  the  garrison  duty  and  local  dei'ence, 
;is  vainly  recommended  by  him  toVenegas.  Country 
piMpiietors  were  required  to  join  in  raising  companies, 
and  at  the  capital  even  prominent  nobles  had  to  swell 
the  ranks.'* 

Tlie  military  councils  lately  inaugurated  received  or- 
ders to  watch  the  observance  of  regulations,  and  [)ersons 
Mispected  of  favoring  the  rebellion.  Even  women 
were  not  spared  from  their  rigorous  ferreting,  the  cel- 
<1  (rated  wife  of  Corregidor  Dominguez  of  Queretaro 
luiiiLT  arrested  and  arraii>'ned,  althou<*']i  the  state 
(.f  lior  health  averted  punishment  for  a  thne.^^  A 
prominent  young  lad}'  of  the  capital,  named  Lcona 
Aioario,  sent  not  only  information  but  funds  and 
other  aid  to  her  insurgent  lover,  a  law  student  serv- 
ing under  the  banners  of  Payon.  Pcitrayed  by  a 
servant,  she  was  arrested,  and  notwithstanding  tlio 
iiiiluence  of  her  famil}',  it  would  have  fared  badly  wiili 
lier,  for  she  boldl}'  avowed  revolutionary  sj'uqjathies, 
liad  not  her  friends  come  to  the  rescue,  and  one  niLiht 

''"Who  cscapcil  the  first  massacre  at  (iuaiiiijiiato  l)y  proclaiming  to  the 
Tiiilinns  tliat  Hidalgo  had  promisccl  to  give  5t)0  pesos  to  any  ouo  who  should 
tkliver  him  alive.  Jliistamaiifc,  (Itind.  I  lift.,  \.  V.\. 

"Thu  leading  per.s(jns  V  ho  at  fii'.st  fiMiiicd  tiie  battalions  of  the  patfiotas 
<!('  rvniando  \ W.  had  gradually  suli.sti luted  paid  men,  or  loft  the  vauUs 
.'iJuigitlier.  -Although  severe  pressure  was  now  aiiplied,  large  nundjera  man- 
aged to  escape  dutv. 

'■'"'riie  rei'stablishod  constitution  led  to  tlin  f'moval  of  eorre,'idorcs,  .iiid 
aiiusations  now  grew  .stronger  again.st  her,  Archdeacon  lieristain  deciaiiug 
'ijie  la  corrcgiJora  cs  una  Ana  ]5oiena,  y  auado,  (^ue  (iil  [aeuraat  Quen  tai'j 
es  su  Wolseo.'  Letters  of  J)ce.  rUii,  'Jlid,  'JUth.  Slie  «as  hurried  away  nun 
d:iy  witliout  warning,  and  placed  in  the  convent  Santa  Teresa  at  Mexico. 
The  liiishand  was  also  chargeil,  liut  vindicated,  licing  cnciinte  she  cn- 
j  lyc'd  eoiiiparativc  lii)erty;  indeed,  she  was  even  sheltered  liya  suspicion 
of  insanity.  Reports  and  charges  connected  with  the  case  may  he  con- 
ndted  in  llfriiaii(h:z  ij  Ddvulo.'i,  Col.  Dor.,  v.  {(70  et  setj.  Other  ancsts  in 
<.>iicirtaro  are  noted  in  Id.,  '^^T}-^\.  DiH'rce  against  rebel  sympallii/iers  iu  Guz. 
d,  Mcj:.,  1813,  iv.  GU7-S;  Cuco,  Trin  ,s:jlus,i\-,  'M-lOi. 


CC2 


VICEIIOY  CALLEJA  AND  HIS  PLANS. 


l)roalcing  into  tlie  (.'oiiveiit  wlicre  she  was  detaiiud. 
tMi'iicd  Jier  off.  Slio  reached  her  l)etrothed  in  tin- 
luoimtaiiis  of  Tlal[)ujahiia,  and  i'ollowed  liiiii  as  his 
wife  in  liis  campaigns,  submitting  bravely  to  ewrv 
hardship.'"^^ 

While  taking  (>norgctic  measures  for  crushin'''  Up' 
insurgents,  Calleia  endeavored  to  give  effect  to  tin; 
concessions  of  the  cortes,  as  manifested  above  all  in 
reestablishing  the  suspended  constitution  of  ISli', 
which  was  expected  to  molliiy  a  host  of  malecontents 
and  wavering  factions."  Foremost  among  the  iniv- 
i leges  it  conferred  was  the  election  Ibr  town  go\eiu- 
ments,  provincial  assembly,  and  representatives,  wliicli 
created  the  most  excitement.  The  requirement  ibr  ;i 
municipal  body  in  every  settlement  of  a  thousand 
souls  was  not  strictly  attended  to,  owing  to  the  igno- 
rance of  the  Indians  and  indilference  of  the  authori- 
ties; but  in  towns  with  n\estizo  and  white  setlleivs 
tlic  ')pj)ortunity  was  not  lost.  The  curas  naturally 
wielded  great  influence  in  the  choice  of  men,  and  de- 
cidedly so  in  the  villages;  officials  also  interfered,  an  1 
at  ]\Iexico  the  viceroy  made  a  strong  effort  to  ])iv- 
vent  the  exclusion  of  Spaniards,  as  had  happened  at 
the  former  annulled  election;  but  all  Wcjs  vain,  f(jrtlie 
Creoles  carried  everything  here  and  at  most  other 
l>laces.^^ 


J 


-'  Ilcr  estates  were  confiscated,  althoiigli  she  was  a  minor.  ITor  iiulikt- 
inent  oeuupied  vohiniinous  (locuniout-;.  Areeljcderruta  speaks  at  length  uf 
licr.   Akuiinii,  Ilisi.  M('j.,  iii.  411-10. 

'-'■' Measure?  for  ciivulating  it  aio  piveii  in  Curies,  Dluno,  1813,  xxi.  1."-, 
lOS,  and  allusions  to  its  adoption,  in  /'/.,  i.  St),  etc. 

-^  The  alcaldis  at  Mexico  as  elected  on  April  -Ith  were  Conde  do  Medina 
and  Antonio  do  Velasco,  the  foi'nier  colonel  and  the  other  trader,  assisted  hy 
1(>  I'egidores  and  '1  sfmliros.  Cuno^o  .M(.'\,  i.  pt  ii.  The  audiencia  report^  I 
to  Spain  against  the  legality  of  s-ucli  election,  the  result  of  rebel  syni[jalliy. 
Their  roprcf:'.;ntation  in  I'tHt-tnaKtulc,  Cuml.  JJi^f..,  iv.  1)5-7.  The  vic(  rny  ii.:! 
released  tlio  electors  fori  lerly  arrested  for  supposed  corresiioudence  uilh 
relu'ls,  and  ncallid  Villaurrutia.  It  was  a  repetition  of  the  old  tickc^t,  'tc:;!- 
dos  por  adictos  ;\  la  imlependuncia.'  Alnmun,  Hist.  M^iJ.,  iii.  41'J.  For  ni!' s 
go\erning  aynntaniientos,  see  ('diii:^,  Dhirio,  xix.  .IS.'i;  J/'.r.  Cnl.  Dec.  y  Vi>'., 
()!i-7,  80-101;  .1/r.r.,  Lti/isl.,  )St!),  :t41-08.  tjueretaro  elected  libcrals'dcsjiiu' 
all  care.  //•  riiumlez  y  Ddvalos,  Col,  Doc,  v.  3o9.  Pensador  JJuc,  sup.  92-o, 
j^ives  a  honiily. 


AD^kllNLSTRATIOX. 


603 


^(-'taiiicl. 
in   til,. 
u  as  his 


an. 


A  similar  result  obtained  in  the  formation  of  the 
provincial  assembly.  According  to  the  constitution, 
each  intendencia  could  roLi^ard  itself  as  a  ]ir(n'ince  and 
choose  its  own  assembly;^'  but  the  definition  not  being 
Aery  clear,  the  intendencias  united  to  elect  one  body 
for  the  whole  country.-^  At  the  electit)n  of  deputies 
to  the  cortes  in  Spain,""  each  intendencia  acted  for  it- 
self Owing  to  the  wide  control  of  the  insurgents,  the 
i'r})rescntation  of  one  for  every  seventy  thousand  souls 
v\as  attained  only  in  certain  provinces,  and  here  the 
]  ndians  were  almost  wholly  disregarded,  and  the  Euro- 
juans  nearly  so,  mestizos  joining  the  Creoles  in  con- 
ti'olling  the  choice  which  fell  mainlv  on  ecclesiastics 
and  lawyers."''  When  the  time  came  for  sendinij^  the 
drputies,  the  viceroy  declared  that  no  funds  could  bo 
spared  for  their  expenses;  they  who  wished  to  go 
must  do  so  at  their  own  cost.  Only  a  few  could  afl'oi"d 
to  undertake  the  journey,  and  so  the  representation 
faded  to  a  shadow.^"^ 

The  change  in  the  administration  jf  justice  began 
ill  ^lay.  Special  cribunals  were  abolished  with  a  few 
exceptions,  such  as  army  and  church,  and  the  audi- 
eiicia  was  deprived  of  extra-judicial  privileges.     Prom- 


-''To  1)0  composed  of  a  prcsiilent,  intcmlcnte,  anil  seven  inemlicrs.  Tlicro 
v,a-i  II  vagueness  in  art.  ',i?y2,  liowcver,  wliieli  Ict't  the  iinpivssion  tliattlic  prcsi- 
'Irut  was  tlio  vieeroy,  now  known  as  gel'e  superior,  aul  wliieli  iniiiiied  that 
\r\v  Spain  was  l)ut  one  province.  Consult  further  the  text  in  Dalian  ami 
L'cniin,  Lrr/.  M(x.,  i.  'A~o,  etc. 

-■'Mexico  ciioso  two,  one  for  itself  and  one  for  Oajaca,  which  being  wliolly 
in  the  hands  of  Morclos,  could  not  take  part  in  the  election.  The  t\ro  wc:-o 
JVcjvisur  Alcoccr  ami  .J.  M.  Fa^oaga.  For  rules  froverning  the  liodv,  sco 
.;/•  .'■.  '  W.  Jhr.  y  Or,/.,  Jtl-."),  10:!4;  \;.i~.  do  Mix.,  ISi:},  iv.  iw.  Tin-  .t'liada- 
l;pco  Imported  tiie  re./  lit  joyouslj-  to  .Mui'clos.  JJii-ilfiiiKtii/c,  <'(iiii/)rn~iii.i(  'nl/ij't, 
177.  J-IlcLtion  was  ])erforiued  Ijy  an  electoral  college,  constituted  ')y  a  .sec- 
u.idary  vote. 

-'The  election  for  Mexico  hegan  July -tth,  and  endfcl  on  .Tidy  ISth.  Of 
the  41  partidcs  in  this  province,  only  '22  appointed  electois,  '2;)  iu  iiuni'jcr, 
w'.ii)  eho.so  It  deputies,  wherent'  9  were  lawyers  and  .">  ecclesiastics. 

-'  Caste  distinction  was  sharjily  discussed  at  the  time  in  the  e/irtes,  partly 
owing  to  the  exclusion  of  negro  blood  fruni  e;iuality.  ('dii,'s,  ])'i(irh),  xx.  319, 
elc.     Comment  on  election  iniliience.H  in  I'np.   Var.,  chiii.  pt  ")(),  1-1. 

'•'"From  Mexico  only  two  weio  sent,  and  those  partly  by  way  of  expulsion, 
as  tluy  Mere  deemeil  dangerou.s  to  the  jiublii:  peace.  Canon  Alcalii,  an  I  l^ii'cn- 
ti.ite  Cortazar.  A/ani(iii,''Ui.-<f.  M(j.,  iii.  4'_'.'t.  in  <'or/'.'<,  A'-lits,  l:il.".,  i.  (i-, 
tlic  rei)rescntation  from  New  Spain  proper  is  put  at  1 1,  and  from  the  proviu- 
cias  interuas  at  2,  Yucatan  being  counted  by  itself. 


•     V 

,  ( 

..  t 


1.1 

III 

m 


ii) 


.  j,.      ., 


604 


VICEROY  CALLKJA  AND  HIS  I'LAXS. 


inont  amon<^  the  fallou  institutions  was  the  inqiii- 
sititm,  which  had  so  long  cast  its  shadow  over  the 
land.  Not  content  with  opposing  heresy,  bigamy, 
and  the  like,  and  indorsing  the  existence  of  witcli- 
craft  by  its  dread  cognizance,  it  had  of  late  devoted 
special  attention  to  repelling  the  invasion  of  modeia 
philosophic  thought  and  scientific  investigation,  by 
i-estricting  publications  and  persecuting  students. 
Tiio  suppression  was  hailed  with  unfeigned  delight, 
and  the  inquisitors  responded  with  admirable  prompt- 
ness to  the  popular  will,  surrendering  the  records  and 
property  without  subterfuge.  The  estates  and  bonds 
alone,  not  counting  allowances  from  churches  ami 
other  sources,  amounted  to  a  million  and  a  fifth  of 
pesos,  which  went  to  swell  the  national  resources.'-'' 

The  Indians  were  deprived  of  their  protectivti 
fiscales  and  governors,  and,  ignored  as  a  representa- 
tive body,  rather  suffered  than  gained  by  the  I'eform 
movement;  of  the  promise  of  land  distribution  and 
fi'cedom  from  personal  service  there  was  no  indication 
of  fulfilment.^''  Another  revolutionary  reform  was 
tlie  suppression  of  the  acordada,  which  had  proved 
so  efficient  in  checking  brigandage  and  robbery,  and 
of  the  less  valuable  police,  established  with  much  care 
and  expenditure  under  Vcnegas;  while  the  primary 
administration  of  justice  in  the  capital,  hitherto  con- 
iidcd  to  thirty-two  subordinates,  alcaldes,  and  others, 
was  now  surrendered  to  six  elected  judges,^^  as  aids 

^'•'Tho  suppression  d'jcrec,  dated  Feb.  22d,  was  issued  at  Mexico  in  June. 
Tlircc  montlis  later  tli'j  archbishop  took  the  prclinihuiry  steps  for  cnfon-iii'.j 
it.  O'alicrrcz,  Lei/ea  Itef.,  33;  Mex.,  Provkl.  JJioces.,  M8.,4!>(i-7.  In  Inqi- 
xicioii,  Iii/orme,  Mex.,  1813,  1-Gt),  is  an  argument  a;.'aiiist  the  proccciliiigs  pre- 
sented to  the  cartes.  Itivcra,  Hist.  Jalapa,  i.  430-3,  has  preserved  a  synopsis 
of  its  executions  in  New  I -pain. 

^'^By  decree  of  Jan.  4,  1813,  the  cartes  ordered  vacant  lands  to  be  as- 
signed to  the  villages  for  cultivation  with  community  funds.  Lands  could 
c\-en  bo  burrowed  fromadjoining  jurisdictions  for  two  years.  Cortas,  Col.  JJc: , 
iii.  189-93.  The  decree  was  issued  in  New  Spain  in  April,  but  the  war  pre- 
vented its  enforcement;  and  so  with  the  exemption  from  sei-vice  to  curas  and 
others,  proclaimed  in  June. 

^'  The  law  assigned  only  one  to  aid  the  two  alcaldes,  but  these  being  too  few, 
the  viceroy  added  five.  >See  his  decree  in  tiaz.  de  Mex.,  1813,  iv.  402.  For 
other  sr.ppressed  and  reformed  departments  of  justice,  see  Id.,  5C)')-i>,  etc. 
The  p.y  of  these  judges  waa  §l,uOO  and  fees.  fcJeo  also  Mex.,  C'yi.  Dec,  y 
OrU.,  07-72. 


EPIDEMIC. 


50d 


{')  the  two  alcaldes,  who  wore  burclencil  also  with  the 
duties  hithei'to  ijerforiuod  by  the  acorduda,  the  police, 
,111(1  other  bodies.  The  eft'ect  so(jii  becaiue  iiianil'e.'it 
in  an  accumulation  of  delayed  suits,  nci^lect  of  court 
I'diiiialities  and  prison  regulations,  and  a  startling  in- 
civaso  of  crime;  so  much  so  that  patrols  hatl  to  be 
established,  as  well  as  a  soldier  police.  Several  of 
the  measures  led  to  open  quarrels  between  the  vice- 
roy and  the  alcaldes,  who  were  naturally  jealous  of 
iuterrerence.  Beyond  the  cai)ital  the  military  took 
matters  into  their  own  hands  with  respect  to  insur- 
gents, robbers,  and  others,  to  whom  the  sunnnary 
jii'Dceedings  of  a  civil  war  period  might  be  safely  ap- 
plied.^'- 

blatters  wore  not  improved  by  the  jealous  objec- 
tion on  the  part  of  the  newly  invested  authorities  to 
iiU  interference  from  the  government  or  the  now  hum- 
bled Europeans.  The  latter  retaliated  by  withdraw- 
ing as  nmch  as  possible  from  any  position  where  they 
laiglit  be  exposed  to  further  insult  and  defeat.  They 
liiade  their  displeasure  manifest  during  the  epidemic 
v.liicli  ravaged  the  plateau  this  year,  by  contributing 
s'^)aringly  for  the  relief  of  the  sick  and  poor,  who  so 
fir  had  depended  chiefly  on  their  charity.  Tiie  inflic- 
tion was  malignant  fevers,  which  began  in  the  preced- 
ing year,  and  extended  ov'er  the  central  provinces, 
fioin  Vera  Cruz  to  Michoacan,  carrying  oft'  nearly 
f  nty  thousand  persons  in  Mexico  and  Puebla  alone.^'^ 


i 


'-The  luulicncia  seeks  naturally  to  exaggerate  the  condition  somewhat  for 
iti  own  sake.  Sec  report  in  Un-'lamniiti',  L'nmlro  1114.,  iv.  113-17.  In  the''- 
report  of  Feb.  they  showed  a  disposal  in  the  sala  del  eriiiicn  for  the  preeei'u'  ^ 
tlii'ee  years,  of  9,080  cases  with  14,81).')  criminals,  of  whom  half  were  lilper.iii  '. 
'I'iiii  (lid  not  include  the  much  larger  number  'qiiintu])lieado'  of  eases  of  the 
jiiiila  de  SL'guridad.  Gaz.  de  Mi.x.,  1813,  iv.  2G8;  jVeiidihil,  llcfunwii  IH<t., 
I  ill.  Eighteen  cases  alone  remained  pending  at  the  close  of  181'J;  and  this  is 
strong  testimony  against  the  subsequent  condition. 

'"■Alanian  intimates  that  the  capital  alone  lost  over  14,000  'quedando 
di  sile  cntunces  desierto  el  barrio  de  Santiago.'  Hist.  Mrj.,  iii.  414.  Concern- 
ing the  board  of  health,  sec  Id.,  Apiin/i's',  11-12.  Humboldt  attributes  the 
f  vcru  to  the  sicgcof  Cuautla,  but  Bustamante  believes  they  were  spread  by 
th.!  Zaniora  soldiers,  and  originated  in  tlio  humid  habitations  of  the  poor, 
th'  germ  still  lurking.  Cmtd.  Jlist.,  ii.  '2SG-7.  The  southern  line  of  San 
i-i.is  Potosi  to  Jalisco  proved  the  limit  northward;  but  Oajaca  also  auil'crcd. 


I .'  m\ 


I  ■■* 


h 


■.iv^. 


k  • 
I' 


j4- 


600 


VICEROY  CALLEJA  AND  HIS  PLANS. 


The  defects  revealed  in  tlie  eonstitutir)!!  of  is  I  J, 
find  to  l)c  expected  i'rom  its  expcr'nieiitiil  nature,  wev" 
seized  upon  us  weapons  l)y  its  opponents.  The  audi- 
encia  took  tlic  lead  in  a  lengthy  representation  to  tlic 
oortcs,  of  November  18th,  explaininjjf  the  origin  and 
growth  of  the  rebellion,  which  now  alfected  nearly  all 
natives  of  the  soil,  and  j)ointing  out  the  inap[)lical)il- 
ity  of  the  constitution  to  the  colony,  with  itsniixtuiv 
of  races,  Interests,  and  feelings.  Afraid  to  expose  tin' 
defects  of  the  law  itself,  they  preferred  to  instance  tin' 
bad  results  (fits  partial  enforcement,  and  the  dangt  r 
of  carrying  out  the  full  text  in  the  midst  of  civil  wai-. 
The  people  were  intent  on  independence,  and  would 
regard  any  concession  as  due  to  fear,  using  it  to  pio- 
niote  their  ultimate  object.  The  country  would  in- 
evitably be  ruined  and  lost  to  Si)ain  unh.'ss  d(X'i>iv(! 
measures  were  taken  to  suppress  the  rebellion,  hy  'ii- 
dowing  the  viceroy  with  necessary  freedom  of  i  i 
under  previous  laws.  Only  when  this  had 
effected  should  reforms  be  introdu'.'ed.^* 

The  ai'gunient  of  the  oidores  that  the  constitution 
favored  the  independence  movement,  under  present  cir- 
cumstances at  least,  was  not  entertained  by  all  Sj)aii- 
ish  residents.  The  ayuntamiento  of  Vera  Cruz,  which, 
owing  to  the  exceptional  local  influence  of  the  mer- 
chants, was  of  a  European  stamp,  but  firndy  devoted 
to  the  liberty  party  in  Spain,  insisted  that  the  full 
enforcement  of  the  constitution  would  tend  to  quell 
the  revolution  by  removing  all  cause  for  discontent. 

^'Tlio  iponing  paragraphs  show  that  the  .audiencia  retains  the  iluty  to  in- 
terfere hy  iiiriking  tho  present  protest,  and  that  the  opposition  aserilnd  !■) 
Europeans  against  tho  constitution  consists  really  in  their  devotion  to  tlio 
mother  country.  The  clergy  fostered  rebellious  ideas.  Art.  ]'.i'l.  AVhatevrr 
(lie  motives  of  the  audienoia,  tho  document  contains  in  its  '270  articles  a  nia>s 
of  valualdo  statements,  and  presents  somo  unanswerable  arguments  in  suppint 
of  its  aim.  It  is  addressed  to  the  king  and  signed  by  eleven  members,  Y.-.Tic/, 
an  American,  alone  refusing  to  sign  so 'ignominious' an  exposition.  Oidn- 
Bodega,  appointed  to  another  position  in  Si)ain,  no  longer  attended  tlie  m  s- 
sions.  ]lustaniante  admits  tho  value  of  tho  paper,  but  declares  that  'euila 
linea  <lo  esto  papel  tienc  mucho  veneno.'  Ciind.  J  fiat.,  iv.  137.  He  rcproduci  ■' 
tho  wiiolo  text  in  pp.  '27-l.')0.  Alaman  doubts  liis  supposition  that  Onl  i 
Pedro  dc  la  Pnontc.  a  Spaniard,  prepared  it,  and  ascribes  it  rather  to  the  h  • 
lator  ,1.  M.  Torres  Catafio,  a  trusted  and  well  informed  Mexican.  Jlid,  Mij., 
iii.  4o3,    A  valuable  synopsis  is  given  in  Ward'a  Mex.,  i.  41)0-507. 


rosrriox.s  of  tuk  combatants. 


.•07 


This  view  tho}'  supimitcd  in  a  i'<'|>i'cs('iita<i«)n  t<»  tlio 
(•('irtos,  wliereiu  Callcja  stood  accusrcl  as  tlir  ip.aiii 
cause  for  all  cxistini^  trouble,  paitly  Cor  neglect iiii;'  to 
lit  the  constitution  prevail."'  Indeed,  it'  we  t'xcept 
tht'  clauses  relatiu'jf  to  tribunals  and  elections,  the  or- 
^auie  law  reniainet!  a  dea<l  letter.  Not  only  did  Ca- 
lli^ja  retain  his  power  as  vieero}',  but  by  allowiu'iif  the 
attributes  of  the  audiencia  to  decline,  and  the  aihnin- 
i  tration  of  justice  to  became  involved,  and  by  nullil'y- 
iii'f  to  a  G'reat  extent  the  etlect  of  the  elections,  he 
<iliialned  more  unrestrained  control  of  aflairs.  Nt>r 
(an  he  be  blamed  for  acting  as  ho  did,  levying  funds 
and  troops,  suppressing  the  liberty  of  the  press,  and 
dtherwisc  encroaching  on  the  prerogatives  of  the 
(urtes;  for  the  situation  was  critical,  and  in  order  to 
p^'rlbrm  his  duty  as  royal  represcitative  and  agent 
i'or  Spain,  arbitrary  measures  were  needed.^** 


The  insurgents,  as  wc  have  seen,  had  risen  with 
renewed  strength  after  the  apparently  crushing  <lis- 
a-ter  at  Cuautla,  and  occupied  at  tlie  time  of  Calleja's 
(  ntry  into  oflice  the  greater  part  of  the  region  south 
el"  a  line  drawn  from  Tain[)ico  to  Lagos  and  Colinia. 
'"The  government,"  writes  the  viceroy  himself,  "could 
barely  claim  anj'thing  else  than  the  capitals  of  tlio 
]ii'o\inccs,  and  even  one  of  tlu'se,  perhaps  the  richest, 
Oajaca,  was    absolutely   lost."^*^     Morelos    controlled 


'•*It  was  prepared  liy  Comoto,  editor  of  Amijo  iJc  la  Pafrh,  nncl  a  proti'gd 
cif  X'ciii'gas;  and  aiiiuii;,'  llie  iiiiiniripal  inciiihur.s  wiio  si^Ilod  it  \wyv  Arriilaga 
and  l;^iiacio  I'lsti'va,  tlio  lattera  nalivi;  of  the  town,  Ijotli  susiicetcd  of  liolding 
iulLTcourso  with  tlio  iu>iir;,'crits,  and  later  hohliny  inim.sterial  pists  uiuler  tliu 
repulilic.  Tliu  duuuineiit  \\as  secretly  intrusted  to  (Jidor  ]>()de^,'a.  on  lii.-i  way 
h)  Spain;  but  on  hid  arrival  Fernando  had  ellan^^ed  the  aspect  of  allairs,  and 
he  held  hack  tho  juiper,  thus  saving  Iho  hignei.s;  yet  (Jalleja  was  inforui'd  of 
tlio  facts  Ijy  lii.s  friends,  liustanuiiito  reproduces  the  document  ia  CikuI. 
1I'<K,  iv.  S--2-2;  Muhiih'il,  Ihsnumi  //i-rf.,  --"SO-T. 

^''Ii  is  curious  to  note  that  decrc  es  h,;d  licen  issued  iniposino;  Brvcrc  pen- 
r.ltics  ou  all  who  refused  to  take  tlie  oath  to  the  constitution,  altlio'i'.di  po  lit- 
tlj  ctTort  was  made  to  carry  out  its  provisions,  or  demand  fuliilnient  of  tlio 
e;iih.  Another  decree  substituted  the  word  'national'  for  'royal'  in  all  put)- 
lie  papers.  lu  Juno  of  this  year  a  Kpecial  law  wad  made  in  Spain  to  regulate 
liie  sustained  liberty  of  the  press.  Text  in  IJeriHiiidiz  y  Dundoa,  Vol.  Doc, 
V.  (i.-.-7.1. 

''Ilia  later  proclamatiou,  in  Bu^lamante,  Camp.  Callja,  app.  7. 


503 


VICEROY  CALLEJA  AND  HIS  PLANS. 


I    I 


all  tlio  southern  juirts  of  Piiebla  and  Vera  Cruz,  aiiil 
the  ])rosent  Oajuca  and  Guerrero,  except  Acapulrr), 
wliich  was  even  then  about  to  fall.  North  of  Jalapa, 
Vera  (Jruz  was  overrun  by  bands  whose  Htroni;hi>l(;> 
lay  w  itliin  the  Sierra  Madre,  whence  they  extendcl 
fioni  the  gulf  inland,  and  to  the  south  line  of  Taniau- 
llpas.  Proniinent  among  their  leaders  was  the  uldi  r 
A'illagran,  who  hold  sway  at  Ziniapan,  in  senii-inch- 
jtendence  of  the  other  revolutionary  chiefs,  and  unda- 
the  pompous  title  of  Julian  I.,  emperor  of  the  liiui- 
steca.'^^  Further  iidand  his  son,  kn(j\vn  as  Chito,"' 
occupied  the  districts  centring  in  Iluichapan  and 
carried  his  operations  into  the  \all''y  of  Mexico,  while 
(Jsorno  controlled  the  region  south  and  east,  in  north- 
ern Puebla,  to  the  gulf  shore,  with  his  headcpiartei.s 
at  Zacatlan,  where  he  had  important  factories  of  arms 
and  anununition.  lie  was  the  terror  of  the  hinhwav 
to  Vei'a  Cruz,  and  the  main  reliance  of  all  oppressed 
and  discontented  refugees  from  the  royalist  lines. 
While  following  his  own  plans  he  recognized  the  iii- 
suruent  c<nmcil,  althouiili  discord  had  broken  uul 
among  its  members,  to  the  detriment  of  the  cause. 

The  latter  held  different  sections  of  Michoacanand 
Ouaiiajuato;  Ignacio  llaj'on  from  his  retreat  at  Tlai- 
puiahua  conimandiiiuf  the  re<»'ion  from  Zitacuaro  to 
I'oluca  and  nortli  ward,  his  brother  llamon  obstructmg 
traffic  on  the  high  road  to  Queretaro,  while  Caiias, 
Sanchez,  and  other  followers  ke[)t  the  lake  valley  la 
alarm  I'rom  the  mountains  of  Chapa  do  !Mota,  even 
threatening  the  neighborhood  oi'  tlie  capital.  Thu 
coast  districts  of  Alichoacan  also  adhered  to  llayo!., 
and  most  of  the  southern  towns,  among  which  W-v- 
dusco  was  recruiting  his  forces  and  extending  his  in- 
ilueiice.  In  this  province,  indeed,  the  governnieiit 
could  claim  little  moi'c  than  Valladolid  and  Zainor;i ; 
but  in  Guanajuato  nearly  all  the  large  towns  stood  on 

'''So  Calleja  ilcclaros.  //.,  S.  AUmiai-.  iiuvl  heard  that  he  even  uoiuc  1 
moni'y  with  thin  iiistriptioii, 

•''•''J'ho  ti'iiii  is  apiilied  to  dried  goat  meat,  and  may  allude  to  his  uehieve- 
nieuts  ill  elimbiiii;  iiilla. 


TER]lITORY  COVERED. 


509 


r/.,  aii;] 
'alajj.i, 

iUiia;;- 
■iudr- 


ifs  side,  the  insuru^i'iits  iindc;}-  Lireat^a,  atid  his  licutoii- 
ii;t  Cos,  the  lixitvv  ill  the  north.-cast,  the  other  near 
Lake  Ciiitzco,  ]nivoriii,Lj  in  the  country  districts  and 
^  i.'kinLj  to  cut  oil'  su[)[)lies  for  the  royalists. 

I'ho  coniparativo   rcinotcnoss  of  Moreh)s  from  tlio 
provinces  nearest  to  the  capital,  and  the  approach  of 


^7  ''Culiacnn/'     'l^>  -.^/^ 


\        Nou'lire  <1  ■  'yiM',      Sombrurtle 


.^ 


X. 


^;, ;  .*>iA-;-.  ,::>',-.!.  p.. :   ','"..        ■'^■\■f. 


:<: 


.UnVl. 


1  >>  ol' 


Map  of  thi;  Ki:vo[,rrioN-. 

l^xtcnt  of  tlio  rcvdlutioii  in  \e\v  S|i:.iii  in  tlio  s|iri!)g  of  ISl.T;  the  i\:uk 
sliMiliiii;  iiulicatcs  llic  ti-iTitory  iilisuliitcly  under  I'lintnil  of  tiio  in.sin';,'(iits; 
t.ii'  liihli'i- sliading  tiiogrouml  ovciTunor  r.ii'li.d  Ijy  tlicni,  Imt  \\!u;ri' royalisM 
laid  tin;  cliiuf  tuwns. 


tlie  rainy  season,  wliich  \voul«l  scrioiish'  affect  the 
lictdth  and  movement  of  troop.^  in  the  lower-lyinL? 
southern  regions,  rcndcr(;d  it  los  needful  as  well  as 
niore  difficult  to  undertake  a  camjiaiL;ii  aj^ain^^t  him  for 
some  time.  The  most  pressing  demand  was  to  liher- 
ute  the  central  [)rt)v:nces  IVom  the  numerous  hands 


ill 


IN 


mo 


YICEnOY  CALIJM.v  AND  HIS  PLA:,'S. 


wliifli  f)b.-tructe(l  comiiiiiiiicatioii  witli  the  mines  jiinl 
the  outlet  to  the  ,yull',  iiii[>e(]<Ml  tlie  llow  of  wu[)plii's, 
and  })laye(I  havoc  with  the  main  re«ouiees  of  thej^ov- 
crniiiL'ut.*'' 

]t  was  proposed,  therefore,  to  direct  every  efl'mt 
nga'nst  the  ditferent  headquarters  alony;  the  hne  noit  Ii 
of  the  capital,  leavirig  only  the  necessary  f)rce  soutli- 
ward  to  watch  !Morclos,  and  n'uard  auainst  any  .snd- 


di 


den  niroad  ironi  nis  lorces. 


To  th 


lis  end  a  main  cor 


of  nenily  six  thousand  nu.'U  was  stationed  south  iX 
Puebla,  in  connection  with  a  semicircle  of  reonibrcid 
posts  at  Jalapa,  Oi'izaha,  Perot(%  Izi'icar,  Tasco,  aiid 
Tviluca;  while  otlu'r  ti'oops  were  massed  northward, 
l)artly  at  Tula  and  other  places,  but  mainly  round 
Lluanaiuato 


'J' 


41 


clir 


Castro  Terreno,  who  had  been  removed  bv  V 
'•as  for  incapacity',  mider  the  guise  of  another  motiv< 


was   rems 


tated 


S'  '! 


in  Puebla  and  made  general  of  the 
ithcrn  ai'my,  which  spi-ead  j'rt)m  Jzucai-  iiortli- 
oastward  to  Perote,  a  ste[)  which  Calleja  had  i-iu,]\ 
to  regret.  Negrete  held  command  in  Guanajuato. 
(Garcia  Coiide  succeeded  Trujillo  at  A'alladolid,  ;i!- 
th'iuuh  he  soon   yielded  to  (Jeiu'ral  Sotarriba.      ( 'a;i- 


till. 


}■ 


])Ustamante  was  stationed  in   "J'oluc;!,   A' 


connected    by   strong   detachments   with    (^ueret; 
nid  Armijo  occu})ied  tlie  distiiets  southward  to  tl 


mm: 


yl'jhi  baid;s  of  the  AFescala,  with  1 


lis  ca\a 


liT,  t] 


ar- 


I'i.sons  o 


i'T 


I  SCO  an( 


1  iLi'uala,  and  recruits  fri»ni  tl 


le 


tates,  to  which  was  added  a  coi'ps  o|'  obs(.'r\ation  at 


i  I 

:\\ 

J 

5 

J: 

*"  Wl'.ilo  tlic  rciy:ilist,s  licM  tlii'  l(\iiliii .;  (owns  ami  pupt.s  al^nrj  tlio  roal :  ( ) 
Guaiiajiiiito  iuul  \'cra(.'ruz,  ('\ti')iiliiiL,'  tluir  liiii's  a.<  I'ara.-i.l.ilaiiaainl  'i'iacotr.l- 
)i;ii  (111  I'illii  r  side,  niid  iH'cujiyiii;;  sinttcfcil  iiioitiniM  lii'*\vi'cu  insiiriji  !i': 
caiii]is,  siicli  as  I'ulaiiciijgi)  ainl  l\ini'i\ii!|ia;i,  junl  cm  n  posts  ill  lluasti-i'a,  x.-t 
CDiiiiiiiiiiicatiiiu  v;is  tat  oil'  in  oVitv  iliivcUvjir  and  ti'aius  lT(initV(l  titl'irij 
I'Si'iirLs  tl)  make  tliiir  way. 

■"  Sei.i('allt'ia'.'nv\  icw  uf  plan  in  TUi^lnmnufr^  ('(LniniDiK.  Sn/L,  9.  'I'di'iviitc 
('■^tiiiiatt'H  (/alli'ja's  fuivc:-!  at  J^l.dO:),  i'li'liKiiiiL,'  the  iiiilili.i  siill  in  t(iiii>ei't 
fniiiiatioii.  Of  tlii'so  \u\  plat'i'H  ;i  yridiiit  main  limlyof  (!,OI)i)  in  V<'ra  ( 'iii  ■. 
Jlo  j,'i\c'.-i  Ml  )i  ell  IS  )(t,OOI)  men  witliiliawii  liy  liim  (n  the  enast,  anil  S,(l!ll)  w  i,h 
liuyipii.  l/isf.  Jt'ii:,  i.  4;{t)  '2.  ("aneehula  alhulis  uitli  SDine  detail  tu  tl." 
liiiivements  and  nnppiised  plans  on  Imlli  ^.ides,  aeeiisin  ,' tiie  insurgents  et'  a;i- 
s.issiiialiuu,  rubiiery,  and  other  outrages,    Ttlnj.,  -73-8. 


sniBM 


ATTITL-DF,  OF  IXSUKGEXTS. 


r.u 


( 'luriiinafa,    uiKlcr    T>iu)\7.,    \vlio    al.^o    cxlciuk'tl    his 
iMoVL'iuciits  to  lliu  ^Nlescala/^ 

We  liavo  seen  but  latel}-  liow  tlio  insurgent  cause 
"-lined,  it' anytliin<j'  1)V  their  bands  beiii<>-  so  scattered 
:is  to  i)revent  tlio  rovahsts  from  crushini>-  them  in  one 
Liraiid  eilbrt.  Xow,  Caheja's  ])hins,  on  the  contrary, 
Wire  destined  to  lind  no  little  su[)j>ort  in  the  dis- 
cord (Uid  lack  of  coo})eration  anions'  the  in.'^urocnts, 
Vvliich  led  to  a  seiifs  ol"  false  mameuvres  and  disas- 
tr<ius  defeats.  In  this  respect,  Doctor  Venlusco  dis- 
tiiinuished  himself  in  ]^>lich(;acan,  the  |iro\  inee  assi^'Uf  I 


Ol'KUATIONS   IN    -MUIKIACA.V. 


^•'At  Vera  C"*  I'll  z  tlio  l)rusr|HO  brigadier  <lo  in.\i'iiia,  Qiicvcdo  y  Clii('7.i,  ro- 
lilh  rj  (All,  Soti)  and  treated  tlio  in'nplu  lik"  sniloi's.  Atlaehod  t^) 'I'l'nn'i.i'.H 
."iuiiiaiid  woiT  the  sei'tiniiH  <if  ()laz:Ui;d  and  .Moiidiiy,  thi^  furiuer  L'r.ai'diiiL,'  tin' 
.1  ila[i:i  I'lHito  from  riioljhi  to  \\.ia  L'riiz,  the  dtlier  tlio  Oi  i/alia  line.  IHrri-i, 
IlihI.  Jd^apn,  i.  401-11.  Ol.i/.aliils  foreo  waH  tlie  stronurst  united  Imdy  iit  tliis 
ti.iie,  cniliraeinij;  the  roginiciits  of  Fernando  \'II.,  Zmmra,  ( liiatiajuat'i,  jind 
liiK'lher,  Willi  suniedra;;iiMii.s  of  Spain  and  .San  Luis.  Col.  ,\;^'ui'.a  had  re'.iiriiid 
t  1  I'lli'lihi  alter  oliservin>(  at  'reliuaean  Moielos'  early  nioveinents.  'J'la-^i  al.i, 
S^in -Martin,  and  (itlb  ]ioint-A  had  .strong  jrirrisoii.s.  'I'iic  troo|PS  from  .S|i.iiit 
\vi  re  ue.arly  jill  litati  .neil  in  Vera  Crii/iind  I'mdila,  ('astillo  y  l!iist;,ni:iiite's 
liiiis  eoniic-eted  wiili  Ijdier.'tavo  liy  nie;ins  of  liodieH  ojieratiii'j;  I'oiMid  'i'nia  ainl 

>;i'i.Tiian  del  Hio.  and  und.r  eoniinand  of  Col.  ( )rdoUez  and   l,ii.aie><  its] • 

lively.  iMirotlierolli.'ers.andapiiointnKiits,  Keo  Ci)/-/i.-(,  /I'lario,  xx.  'J.')!-!',  Noi. 
•Ji>7,  ;W0;  (,'r(;.  dr  M,,:,  lS|;t,  iv.  !)(i,  cto.;  Corh  ",  A,-/,ii,  i.  -j:!!.',  ele.  i'..i' 
re,'ul  tioiia  to  enforeo  (lisei[)line,  cti'.,  '/(':.  <^'  M<\r..  Isll!,  iv.  .'j,'!:)— IJ,  ^~ty 
M,  l<n;j-4,  1008,  I107-1-.',  l:;jl  0;  M,.r.  CjI.  Dlc.  yiJnl.,  Ill    IJ. 


* ! 


i 


m 


51-2 


VICr.ROY  CALLEJA  AND  Ul^  PI.AXS. 


t  )  liis  rhnrii'c.  After  abaiidoniniTf  T'l-uaijan  anfl  Tan- 
cj'taro  as  untenable,'*^  ho  was  overtaken  in  Septemlx  r 
1)V  NeLfrctc,  in  tlio  l)arrancas  of  Ara])arieuaro,  iw.d 
Ills  men  dispersed  with  loss  of  guns  and  Ijai^traLiv.^' 
Assisted  by  Delgado  and  Rosales,  Ik.-  again  niiister».;l 
1,000  men,  only  to  fall  in  anew  with  his  pursuer,  an;! 
repeat  tho  previous  performance,  with  greater  lo  s 
than  before/^ 

Verchisco  now  proceeded  to  Arlo,  where  soon  nenrly 
all  of  the  leaders  in  the  province  assembled,  including 
^^Tuiliz,  Carbajal,  Rosales,  Montano,  and  Sanchc;^ 
with  a  force  of  i'ully  15,000  men^"  very  fairly  armed. 
So  large  a  reunion  could  not  be  without  an  object,  and 
it  was  but  natural  that  this  shoidd  correspond  to  thi; 
magnitude  of  the  rcpres(Mitation.  It  was  proposed  in 
attempt  tho  capture  of  Valladolid,  l)y  which  the  control 
of  the  (Mitirc  province  would  be  assured.  Tho  moment 
seemed  opportune,  for  tho  not  very  strftng  garrison, 
now  in  chaigo  of  Lieutenant-colonel  Antonio  Linai'es, 
had  been  further  reduct'd  by  the  escort  taken  l)y  t!u> 
departing  commandant, Trujillo.  Aware'  of  Verdusco's 
lack  of  ])rudence,  Raj'on  hastened  to  bid  liim  awair 
his  ai'rival  before  undertaking  so  important  an  oper- 
ation; but  the  prize  sei-mod  too  glittering  and  easyol' 
acquisition  for  surrender  to  another,  and  on  Januaiy 
30th,  Verdusco  appeared  before  the  city  with  0,000 
men,  well  provided  with  cannon,  scalingdadders,  and 
other  material.  On  the  following  day  he  prepared  for 
the  assault  with  ufreat  deliberation  and  manifest  assur 
anco.  ]^inares,  who  had  called  in  all  the  aid  possible 
frcjm  the  neighborhood,  soon  discovered  tho  weak 
points  in  the  position,  and  by  a  series  of  successful 

^'  Ilia  socrctnry,  Velascn,  had  rojoinod  liim  .iftcr  siiffrrini  dofoat  nrar  P;itz- 
ctiaro,  at  tlio  haiida  f)f  Lilian's.  Tho  iiair  liiuiod  at 'laucitaro  hoiiio  reci'iitly 
inaimt'ai'tuii'il  guns,  which  wore  discovered,  liowever.  Utisldiiiuiil'',  Ciiait. 
JJiyf..  ii.  'j:{!»et  seq. 

*'  Fivo  guns  were  captured.  Report  of  Ncgretc,  in  Gaz.  de  Mfx.,  1813,  iv. 
12-14. 

*■' Seven  guns  wero  taken,  with  'liorriMo  matan^a.'  /-/. ,  21,  nn  Oct.  'Jflfn. 

^*  '  Mas  (h;  vcinticiiieo  mil  homhres  liicn  arniadiis,' writes  r.ustaniante, 
Cnniirn  llht.,  ii.  241;  but  tiiis  nppeaia  doubtful.  He  adds  N'edoya,  lljilri 
guez,  ISuai'cz,  aud  Arias  to  the  luudcrs. 


I 


BICKCKIXOrj. 


513 


(■liai'u'os  and  feints  nianacjod  to  create  sueli  distraetiou 
i\l;U'j-  the  lino  that  a  linal  sortie  in  force  led  to  a  com- 
ii! 'le  ront  of  the  in,surL;(,;nts,  with  a  loss  in  killed  of 
M'Ncral  hnndred,  and  the  ca[)tnre  of  laO,  toL^ether 
with  twenty  cannon/'  Some  of  the  lleeini^'  artil- 
1(  ri.-ts  wei'o  mere  hoys  under  sixteen  yL>ars  of  iiLi^c, 
fidiii  which  may  he  iudt-'cd  tlie  value  of  the  olher 
1i'ii.i])s,  which  now  scattes'ed  in  diil'ercnt  directions. 

jjayon  had  reason  to  feel  indi^•nant  with  A'erdusco 
ill!'  his  disohedience,  and  took  him  formally  to  (ask  at 
J*;it/,cuaro;  Init  a  colunni  of  I'oyalist  pursuers  hroko 
i!]!  ilie  meetiu'"",  and  tlic  leaikis  hastened  awav  in 
('.hi'erent  directions.*'*  These  undi^'nilied  nnshaj)s  did 
no'i,  however,  interfere  with  llayon's  projects  of  mak- 
iii'j,' a  tour  throu^'h  the  province,  for  the  purpose  of 
;i>-ii'tmLr  his  authoi'itA'  ;)s  v/ell  as  i^'forr-iinn'  al)uses; 
lor  coni[)laints  had  heeii  llov.in^'  in  against  the  exae- 
lii'iis,  raids,  and  othe:  outi'a^es  connnitted  hy  L;'Uer- 
ri'l:is  and  countenanced  hy  the  lii;j,her  coiiini:uiders. 
The  liope  for  relief  broti'^ht  a  host  of  a[)plicants  to 
tlie  iVont  wherever  the  pi'esident  appeaivd,  and  added 
ni  litlle  eclat  to  the  occasion.  J'ayon  reaelily  ac- 
es j>ted  tlu;  princely  ln»ma!4'i!  tendered,  as  manitested 
ill   pi'ocessions,  lin^'in^'  of  hells,  and  solemn  masses,'-' 

The  result  of  his  investigations  implicated  a  num- 
h-.'r  of  chiefs,  including'  <he  cura  J)elgad(),  the  inten- 
i!'iite,  who  was  I'ouud  guilty  also  of  negotiating  with 
til.'  royalists  for  nai'don.  Oni  of  I'eu'ard  i'oi'  liis  sacer- 
(1  lial  chtiiucter,  he  was  merely  exiled;  hut  Arias  anil 


''Tiint  is,  ill!  tin;  arliilory -inl  nilicr  mat  ri;J,  .'u'Conlin','  (d  Liiiaivs'  fo- 
1  :)i'ti  (if  Fell.  :!(l  and  St!i,  in  '.'■'.:.  <!'■  J/r.c,  ISfl,  iv.  -JlS-.Vi,  •_'!>:!.  Hi'  nnitcil 
ii  111  i.ariiiil  (lisonli-r  int-i  ll'o  I'lnks  iR'fuiv  lie  clKir'.'i'cl  tlic  ccnlrL-  ln^ily  to  tlio 
tiir.itli.  U«  L'stinwti's  the  iiiikvl  nioilcnitcly  at  l,'J(iO,  ami  timk  in  Uio  llual 
c!kii'l;u  l;i,S  I'lri.siiiuT.s.  yi'i'ilusc'i/s  main  Kiiip'ii-trrs  mitl'  KusaU's,  Maiiiz, 
NiivaiToto,  ami  Anaya.  Ih(,tl'un'nii,\  Cnni/.  II, >l..  ii.  '_'ll--;>.  'I'iii.-!  aiitliur  ac- 
I'l'jili  tlic  rcj.oi't  of  Linans,  hal  it  aiipi'ai-.s  ^;i)ml  wliuL  tuntfatliL'toiy  as  reu'arda 
maiilHTs. 

•' Wr.lusci)  jiassi'il  to  Arin,  ami  I.itor  m.s-i'il  snnu'  ti'ii..ps  w  illi  whicli  ho 
lart  .Vniont'lli  in  April.     Xavaricto  ucciiiiii'il  Zac^iim. 

'"  Ari  fully  rulatu.l  in  tlic  diary  \.y\>t  l.y  Ids  j^cfiviary.  He  iiis[i(Tlrd  troc.jH, 
.ind  ga\X' attontiiiii  to  roads  ami  other  nicasnros.  llvruaadz  y  Duculns,  Col, 
A.c.'v.  ii.il -Ii. 

llim.  Mes.,  \oi..  IV,     03 


if 


514 


VICEROY  CALLi:.JA  .VXD  IIIS  1'LA:;S. 


ii  I 

m 


I!  ■!• 


several    otlicr  ooloiicls  and  iiiinor  officers  vverc  exe- 
cuted for  tJieir  baiidil  operations.'''^ 

The  licentiate  Francisco  Solorzano  was  now  ap- 
])ointed  inti'ndentc;,  and  ^luniz  ciMuandaiite  n'cnei';.!. 
It  was  easier  to  issue  coininatids  than  to  cnloi'ce  tlic:;i. 
Instead  ol'  obcyinjj;  the  oi'derot"  exile,  ])elgad()  met  (ho 
e(|ually  ollended  and  recalcitrant  Verduscc^  at  Hrecho; 
and  Joined  i)y  Licea^ja,  they  issued  a,  ])roclaniation  dc- 
I'larinn"  that  in  them  as  members  of  the  supreme  coiii;- 
<'il  I'esidcd  the  sovei'ci'^nty.  They  made  a  series  cf 
countii--charL;'es  against  ]{ayon  for  usurjiatioii  of  jiu- 
thoiify,  j'oi;  invasion  of  ]\Iichoacan,  which  stood  suh- 
ject  t)  XerduHCo  and  ]3e]gado,  and  for  unauthori/.:  ;l 
and  traitorous  acts,  sucli  as  lioldinuf  intercourse  witli 
royalists,  and  seekiu'j^  to  oust  ecclesiastics  from  coni- 
mands,  and  cited  him  to  ap|)ear  and  give  answci'. 
They  even  marched  against  him  and  sur[>rised  his 
escort  at  Santa  Eliu'cnia,  killinf''  several  men;  vrhero 
upon  tlu-y  ])roclaimed  him  a  traitor. '^^  ]l(.!turning  to 
Tlalpujahua,  ]ia,yon  issued  a  defence  of  his  conduct, 
declared  tlie  hostile  vocales  suspcnde;],  and  appeals  I 
to  all  leaders  for  su])i)ort.  jMost  of  them  took  his  p;u't, 
but  others  sided  with  the  Yillagrancs,  Morelos  avoid- 
ing a  decisive  answer,  while  expressing  disapproval  if 
tii(3  fjuarrel."-  IJoetor  Cos  tecdv  the  best  step  in  aJ- 
dressing  both  ])arties,  p(jinting  out  the  danger  of  dis- 
cord and  urtj'inu'   reconciliation.     All  declared  them- 


^^  Arias  on  Auc^.  l'2th.  Nct/rrtr,  Mi.r.  Si'jh  XfX.,  vi.  52.  Tlic  ouiii  viis 
baniHlu'd  to  Las  I'.alsas.  Jli  riKiiuhz  n  I)'ir.u'iv.  <'nJ.  /-or,,  v.  (i;!.'].  ])Ustani.iir.  •. 
Ciiad.  Wis!.,  ii.  -Jirri,  jircsciits  the  fofiiuihitti.1  cliargo  uguinst  Ycrduscci  uiiil 
otluTs,  fur  (ILsijlKMlii'iico,  outraicos,  cti.'. 

•''  Ou  .March  7th,  three  days  after  tlic  Knrpi'ise.  Dinr'io  dc  l!(t;/nii,  ti.'!l. 
Ill  Ills  eii'i.'uhir  to  supjiort  ehari;e3  a^'auist  Jtayoii,  Verdiisco  ^:e(•k!j  to  create 
jirejudiee  against  Iiuu  hy  iusi.4iiii;j;  that  his  aim  is  to  remove  all  eeclesias; iei 
from  iiolilieal  and  military  eommand.  The  ohjeet  of  the  allaek  at  Saiii.i 
I'.lineiiia  was  merely  to  disperse  a  l)ody  intended  for  the  snii[)ort  of  ll^iyin. 
Ke.Ljrete,  Mi.c.  Siijla  XIX.,  v.  410-5,  elaims  to  lie  the  only  writer  wiio  Ims 
liotieed  this  document.  Jlnstamaiitc,  ('nud.  Jlisf,,  ii,  '27.")-ti,  ol.j,  etc.,  delVn'is 
liayon  a;4ainst  the  eharye  of  traitorous  intercourse. 

'•'^  lli'Vii<tiiil(~  If  Ddmhx,  Col.  JJoc,  v.  o-ti.  lie  maintained  relations  wit  ii 
Lict  sx-^ii  and  others.  Kayon's  decree  removing  VerduECO  and  iJceaj^a  is  dated 
April  7  th. 


BATTLE  OF  SAT.VATir.HT'.A. 


515 


s  l\('s  I'c^ady  to  yield,  l)ut  tlicy  Iu'iIlmI  lociilei"  Into  ue- 
^(ili;iti:)iis  with  a  con-esfioiulinn'  spii'tt."^ 

Rayon  was  jJi-obaMy  not  alto^'ctlicr  insincci'c*;  l)ut 
lie  rcsolvt'd  to  iK'i'lcet  no  means  lor  extendin'j"  Ids 
('\\  n  influence,  and  sent  his  brother  liainon  into 
the  old  territory  of  ]jicoaga,  north  of  Laki;  Crdt/eo, 
ti:  assert  his  claims  and  (h'aw  recruits  to  his  side. 
Liceaga  also  li.astened  to  the  scene  with  the  sanu; 
ohji'ct.  At  this  time  Iturbide  received  orders  r.t 
Z.iinora  to  proceed  to  (Guanajuato,  whence,  amon^' 
olh<i'  duties,  he  should  lead  a  convoy  with  silvi'r  to 
(^*;;eretai'o.  On  the  way  he  leai'ned  of  the  miistt'iinn' 
\iy  I  he  two  insur_L>'ent  leaders,  and  liclieviuiL;"  it  neces- 
>aiy  ibr  the  safety  of  the  convoy  to  impose  a  check,  he 
turned  aside  to  enjjjai^o  them.  Iiamon  liay(Mrs  Ibrce 
was  by  no  means  numerous  or  disciplined  enout^h  to 
meet  so  renowned  an  opponent  with  any  coniidence; 
and  he  would  undoubtedly  have  hastenetl  away  but  for 
th(;  accusations  so  widel_y  spread  by  his  rivals  that  he 
,-.t-)od  in  accord  with  the  vicerei^'al  party.  .V  retreat 
would  lend  coniirmation  to  the  charge,  and  he  I'e- 
s;'lvcd  rather  to  face  defeat. 

Jle  took  up  a  position  at  Salvatierra,  a  town  situ- 
ated on  the  right  baidvS  of  the  Rio  de  Lei'uia,  dis- 
tributing his  Ibrce  at  the  bi'idge  and  the  adjoining 
\\n■^\^^.  It  was  good  Friday.'"'  Iturbide  proposed  to 
attack  on  the  Ibllowing  day  or  dui'ing  the  night;  but 
wliile  reconnoitring  he  was  assailed  anrl  fell  back  on 
his  line  skirmishing.  Jjelieving  that  they  had  gained 
an  advantage,  the  insurgents  continued  the  ]>ursuit. 
Itiubide  perceived  his  advantage;  and  turned  upon 
thcin  with  his  whole  sti'euLifth,  throwinu'  tln'm  into 
disorder  and  pursuing  in  his  turn.  He  reached  th(3 
bridge  at  the  same  time  as  the  fun'itives,  and  was  thus 


''■'Tlic  decree  whicli  disposscsscfl  the  niembors  was  is'^ncd  only  iiftiM-  n 
strong'  li'ttcr  from  LiL'caL'a,  with  whom  Jli.mciii  Kayn  li;id  liucii  m-.'ot  iatiiii^. 
Jiiitri'i  J,'. 11/011,  (iliO.  Ill  Licenija,  Ailic.  ■  ■!iji<\,  211,  th<  re  is  iiiuivly  ;iii  uliu- 
^iull  to  the  cjuarrel. 

•''Zainacois  takes  pains  to  point  out  that  Alainaii  call^i  this  Apiil  Kith, 
wliLii  it  should  bo  the  ISth.   Hist.  MeJ.,  ix.  1J3. 


»ii 


11 

I' 

f  1 


510 


VIC::iLlJY  CALLKJA  AND  III  >  TLAXS. 


able  t<»  cross  it  witliout  foai-  from  tlirir  ai'ti]l<;i'v.  His 
success  [jroiuotcd  tliu  advance  of  a  (Ictachiniiit  hy  the 
fonl,  aii<l  llio  town  was  talccii  with  hardly  anotli'i' 
blow.'' 

Tlu' battle  Is  remarkable  less  for  the  forces  on^'a^vd 
and  tin;  direct  result  than  for  its  eifect  on  later  oji- 
eralions,  and  for  the  (h'cided  ste])  toward  n'reatncs-; 
wliich  1  tui'I>i<le  uained  thi-'i'ebv.  He  was  made  roloin  1 
of  the  CV'lava  re;>'imeiit,  his  later  main  reliance,  and  c,  - 


mandante  ji'enera 


1  of  ( 


J  liana 


juato  ] 


trovmce,  now  (a 


<eli 


back  b\-  the  viceroy  from  the  control  ofC'rii/-,  of  Xuc\.i, 


Cal 


icia. 


Another  I'eature  of  the  enu"ai''em('nt  wa 


iieulect  of  Jjiceau'a  to  relieve  liavoii,  thoiiu'li  it 


S    I  III' 

was  i;i 


lis  [)ower,  it  is  said,  to  have  done  so 


J  I 


e  IS  e\'en  sal 


io 


to  have  iv'joiced  over  the  mishaps  of  llayon,  wl 
taliated  by  |troclaiinin;^'  his  conduct.  Indeed,  LiceiiL;a 
was  unlbitunate  in  other  respects.  In  January  lie 
had  failed  in  an  assault  on  C'elaya,''and  after  aveii^in;^' 
himself  oil  the  surnnindin''"  settlements,  h 


le  loinei 


J 


l\' 


el- 


'In  hU  rcp.ift  of  t'lc  ntlimi,  sent  Apiil    17th  to  (Icncn'.l   Cr 


■wlioiu  <  luini.'ijiuiU) 


then   istotid,  Jtiirliiil 


o  assuuu'S 


tiuit  i; 


iz,   tir.iUr 

•1,000  l!lv!l, 


i'lii    ll  (j;iu;i(i;i,  iucUidiii;,'  uuai-ly  ;ill   flu;  fcuvcs  tVum 'I'lalpu  jaliiia,  and  <.Mti- 


iiiatcs  lo;i-:cly  tliat.soiiK;  .".lO  'iiii;  oral)li;  cxcuuiimniit'atci 


ik'.-jCL'iiik'ii  nil 


til 


.f.i 


10  1  ■roliiiiiia  iilivs!i,   and 


.)  Mere  I'ant 


tired  and  ;il;iit,  while  his  own  nicu  .-uf 


tere( 


I  a  U 


•  f  ene  killed  and  1  1  woinided.    (/ir:.  </r  Mi 


isi: 


;,  IV 


•rio-h 


.1/ 


L 


osqi'(  /I 


]'.\,  l2.").")-();  M<  iiilihil,  l(;.")-().    linstamanto,  whoattriltutis  Kan 


ou'n  dispcisition  fur  lighting  ti»  tiio  caliiniuy  of  Ins  rivals,  indicate:}  ineiTl\ 


lO  in  fa 


inlry,  moluding  Konie  cavalry  an 


1 :{  or  4 


]l 


o  was  assisleil 


hi:;  lirother  l'"i'anci.sco.     Ihiiiioii  collected  more  than  lUlO  men,  leaving  40  k 


l.'SO  captured  or  mi 


(  'IKI 


L  /li<'.,  ii 


rii-s. 


i: 


lyou  reiioi'ted  \\\v. 


total  liissos  at  merely  little  over  47.  Xiiirdo,  M( x.  Shjlo  XIX.,  v.  4SI. 


Itu 


ri)idc  natural 


laintaiiied   his  lioast  of  tlio  achievement  a.s  one 


his  greatest,  and  ol>tained  ailiiehl  witii  the  inseriptiijii  '\'eiici('i  en  el  iniente 
do  Salvatierra.'  lie  certainly  hehaved  lirillianlly,  Ijut  ho  also  stained  this 
victory  by  shooting  the  jnisoners.     Lieeaga  ;idds  the  .story  of  a  elergym 


in  ■ 


c\'ceution, 
•J4,")  (1 


itler 


I  convivial  auiiper  in 


Ituil 


jule  s  conip;iiiy 


A< 


U  I. 


"Se  maiituvo  e.speetadoi  .  .  .distanto  tres  legiias,' .^ays  liustanuuite,  Ct't'l. 


J/is/..  ii.  •J7"^,  adding  tiiat  iii:;  men  urgi'il  him  at  least  to  fall 


tir 


teeteii  siher  eonvov: 


it  he  iinstake.s,  the  ei 


had  not  vet  left  tiuani 


jiiatc 


Ti 


l<x. 


IIS  enmlue 
407. 


t  led  royalists  to  slate  that  he  had  assisted  them.  Cn 


A-sisted  liy  liuhi  and  others,  he  had  attacked  .Tanuai'v   10th,  and 


taineil  at   lit  it  an  adviintau'c  over  tlii 


irrison,  wliieli  was  e.\liau:;ted  l>v 


e^ij'.ediiion   of   the  [ireeei 


d 
111  400  linrses,  a-cord 


day;    luit  a  reenl'orceirieiit  of  '2'A)  ir.eu   iimhr 


( iiiinr/  I'eilra/a  eaiiie  ii) 

k 

iyiJ-4,  reiivuduced  in  Z i 


n"- 


iteil 

1'^    to  <  ll'U 


Peiia  ( 'iilorada 


1,  Willi  ;i  h>'.:- 


<t  W) 


c's  re):ort.   (,'i-..  dc  Mcx.,  181:1,  iv. 
ix.  77o-7,  and  others. 


DETKAT  AT  TlTa'AXDIKO. 


517 


(luscn,  ns  We  liavc  si'cn,  In  wliosc  (•oiiijuiiiy  In'  sustaiin'il 
;r.iMt!ici'  (Id'v'at  near  J^unutndii'o  on  A])iil  '_'4tli,  vit  tlic 
hands  of  .Vntoiu'lli.      Little;   iH.'sistanci'    was   ollrrcd. 


A'rrd 


usc'o  cscaiJin'*'  on  an  unsa(l( 


lied  1 


lorsc,  lca\  111''-  Ills 


iinirorni,  baton,  and  seals    of  llio   council.      The   I'oy- 
;!!i:4s  slaughtered  a  nuniher,  and  took  nearly  a  hun- 
d  |>risoners.      Contrary  to  precedent,  Antonelli  not 
1\-  set  llieni   fVee.  but  Li'iivc  each  a  peso  with  v>hich 


Cn 


oil 


(o   reach    his    home.      His    generosity    met   with    no 
at  gratitude;  for  on  linding  themselves  at  a   safe 


•■]•{ 


distance  on  u  hill,  they  sent  back  a  volley  of  annihilat- 
ing epithets.'^''     This  was  the  last  exploit  of  the  ven- 


ciable    cura  and   member    o 


I 


d) 


terinined  to  retire  for  a  tim 


.f  tl 

GO 


le    counci 


1.      lie    de- 


X  d 


ecree  o 


f  1 


iayon 


ii'inoving  him  as  well  as  ]jiceaga  from  the  council 
al'ierward  went  into  effect.  As  r(\gai'ds  tlie  latter, 
he  v,;)s arrested,  together  with  Delgado.  ]tavon  him- 
s'li'  made  the  first  advances  toward  reconciliation ;  and 
ugh  not  reinstated  in  any  comuiand,  J^iceaga  was 


no 


Uiwed  to  leave  for  his  hacienda  near  Leon, 


(U 


•'■'So  r>ust:miiintc  I'clatcs.  ('nail.  ///</.,  ii.  "2 fIi-4.  Antimclli'.s  rcpm't  with 
iuvcntiiiy  is  ^ivi'u  in  d'u:.  dc  M(.c.,  isll!,  iv.  ."ill-l."). 

'''l]:irly  ill  March,  (hiring  the  iiright  of  the  (inarrcl  witli  Kayon,  Im;  had 
jnvpari'il  lii:)  rt'.siijnatidii,  \v!'iL-h  was  pniliahly  now  allowiil  to  tako  i:iVoct. 
Xi'.'rc'.c,  Miy.  Sij/o  XIX.,  v.  -li.")-(i,  rcpi'oihices  tho  ilcictuncnt. 

'■' Tlii.s  was  prohably  <luc  to  Koinc  extent  t.)  Monlu.s'  I'eniiinstl'ancfS  in  111,-) 
favor.  Si'C  his  Utter  to  Rayon,  in  Ihrnaiiiliz  y  JJdViilu.':,  Cvl.  ])ti\,  v.  '17. 
J.:Lia%'a  issued  ii  defence  of  liis conduct,  given  in  Xnjnh',  JIi.c.  S'njJo  XIX.,  v. 
4oO-'JO. 


CIIArXER  XXI. 


I   I 


orEnATir)::s  against  rayox,  villa(;rax,  and  osokxo. 

1813. 

i^iEGK  ciF  Ckhuo  rii;i.  Gallo — Tick  Poisonkd  Wki.i.— Ivst-norNT  Foiicks  ami 
Till. Ill   Tactics — M()Vi;ments   in  (  !i  a.naji  ato— Sway   oi-   iiii;    Vii.i.v- 

flKANl'.S — 'J'lli:ni  Sl'liDKN    I'aLL — llrA.sTI.CA  CaMTAICN — OsoUNo   AM)  IIH 

Tr.iniiTdiiY— Ti;uuii.N()'s  Military  ruoMicNADi; — Osokno  1kki;pi:i;s>ii;i.i; 
— AiniiMsTiiATiuN  OF  Cki'z  in  Xi:\v  (Jalicia — FuiiNTii;u  OrKiiAiiuNs  - 
CiiATALA  Laki-;  and  ITS  Itovr.us — Division  ok  I'khvincias  Intkknas— 

LaUA's  JOXI'LUITS  IN  Ti:XA.S — A  i-LaULU  IN  TUIC  UiilKNT. 

The  viceroy  had  just  C()iii]»k'tc(l  lils  dispositions 
for  the  eaui[)ai;^'n  in  tho  central  provinces  wlion  news 
canio  of  the  several  disasters  to  the  arms  oFltayon"- 
colleagues,  wlio  Avere  likewise  torn  l>y  discord,  an;l 
ahnost  ruined  by  their  ini[)rudence  and  inediciency. 
The  ])ur|)oses  of  Calleja  were  thus  alread}'  hall"  accom- 
plished by  his  enemies,  and  lie  resolved  to  complete 
the  work  by  demolishing  their  centre  of  opt-ratioiis  at 
Tlal[)ujaliua  before  it  could  recover  iVom  the  recei:t 
blows,  directing  at  the  same  time  a  I'orce  against  thv' 
A'illagranes,  and  keeping  close   watch   on  Oscjr 


no,  I'l 


ore 


ler  t( 


j)revent  coo[)eration. 


Tile   movement  aLfaiiist   the   liavon   brother 


s    wa.- 


intrustetl  to  Castillo  y  ]]ustamaiite,  who  set  out  froi;i 
Toluca  toward  the  end  of  April  with  somewhat  over 
a  thousand  men,  leaving  Colonel  Angulo  y  (iuard,!- 
"  this  sectitJli.^    On  .May  od  he  cai!i[)>.'d 


miiKJ  in  cnai'u'e  ()i 


H 


'  Assistod  iiotalily  by  Captain  Co 


forincM- snl)ili'lci:iiilij  fur  .T,'i 


who,  aftor  sorviiii' 


T  Tnijiilo  at  Vallail.)liil,  (:(jiiliiR'( 


I   li 


]iaij,'iiiii,i,' ill  tlio  Toluci  \'ullcy,  gaining  the  niiiU  of  lifutciiant-gi'iiural.   Ala- 


llUt.  Mij.,  iii.  ■i'lo. 


1 513  J 


SIKliK  OF  CiniUO  DHL  (lALLO. 


-.19 


III 


<hiht  of  tliu  ramniis  Ccrro  drl  ( 


^allo,  a 


t    (lu-    flKlt    of 


w'lieli  lay  Tlalpiijaliua,  llu;  ci'iiti-c  ol"  a  iloiiiisliiii^'  sil- 


-miiiiii'if  district.-     TIkj  Iiill  ilscll'wa 


S     SUl'IOllIll 


I IV  a  I'aviue,  ai 


1(1  so  dilliculi  of  accos  a>  In  l)i'  n 


ai( 


■  iiiipi'c!j;'iial)l(\    T\\v  siuinnit  iircscntcd  a  h:\\\  <\|iaii<i 
f  aliout  2,000  lV'(.'t  1)V  GOO,  wliicli  coimnaiidcd  all  ad- 


in;iiin<j 


lu'inlit.' 


and   was  oiieloscd 


i>v 


a  sir. )ii'. 


\\a 


II 


iiii  seven  hastioiis  and  u  deep  moat. 
Xotwithstandinn"    tlic   advantages  ol"  tlic;  position, 


ia\"on 


tliouii'lit  it  best  to  remove  tt)  ;i  safer  distai 


li-O 


itli   funds,    archives,   jd'inting-press,  and    otlu'r  \al- 


ual)les,  Icavinu'  the;  defence  to  liis  Ijrotlier  llamon,  \v 


lO 


Ii.i  I  linrried  to  the  s|)oi  iVom  (iuaiiaiuatt 


He  lia  I 


liar.llj  gone  hall'  a  league,  however,  on    llie  nim-uii 


<  he  r)tli,  when  the  I'oyalists  olxeiA'ed  tin;  mo\-emenb 
and  set  out  in  pursuit,  liayon's  small  escort  was 
<|!iickly  tlispersed  and  most  of  his  hag'^age  captui'ed, 


own  narrow  escai)e  uein'''  One 


1' 


to  tl 


le  spec 


d   of 


hi.s 


Jinl'se, 


The   fortress  was   now   closidy  invested,  receixing 


.■h 


;n'p  bombardment,  especially  iVom  a  battery 


0:1 


lounnLi'  iiil 


Ol 


Los  liemedi 


<  I.S. 


A 


liands    had    bv   this    time    collected    in    th.'   n 


nuniiter  i> 


(■i''id)iir 


hill  id.  but.  their  intention  of  harassii 


lii  recHiorceme 


nts  r 


eceive( 


I  Ji  cli 


ec 


an( 
n  thee! 


I   ti 


ir.  IV 


rii 


at 


el   ill' 


ii!.:;in  body  under  (larcfa  and  Sanche/,.''     On   the  i'. 
living  day,'' a  detei-mincd  assault  was  made-  on  t! 
in  tln-ee  (hvisions,  partly  under  cover  of  the  I 


( . 


tl  ly.  Ijut  the  diiiicuUies  of  the  movement  jiroxed 
i\eii  greattn'  tlian  had  been  expected;  and  after  a 
IiiM''-  slruu-'-'lo  it  had  to  be  abandoned  with  ('onsider- 


■  li;ii'I;art  (le-crilics  it  at  Icivjtli  as  Iri  :-a\v  it  sonio  yvr.v-i  lalcr.  Ain'i  i:l]i"l>, 
i.  Ill  Co  KC(j.  The  town  ilstli  iiad,  at  tlio  cml  (.if  tlic  rovulutiiui,  4,i),i )  i:i- 
luiMlniits,  iiiul  the  (K'Vieiuleiit  villaites  tS.OwO  nioiv. 

^  The  j;i'ca test  loss  was  'la  pi'taca  del  (liiioro  (|uc  lleva'ia  ."1,000  pe^os  cii 
"I'l)  y  I'lata,  lus  hoIIoh  y  algiiuos  |ia;ieles.'    Di'ir't  i  J.''i'/ m,  (III  i. 

'  liiisiaiiiauto  ]ilaec3  tlio  liesiegiu^'  force  at  '_',i)..0,  wilIi  S  caiinou,  t!io 
iain]'i  miniljiTiiij;  4.  Citifl.  ///.>'.,  ii.  -7'J. 

■' Tiie  loyalist  report  places  it  at  400  or  oOO  cavalry,  wliicli  were  put  to 
R'vAi'c  widi 'little!  (fl'ort. 

''The  bill,  according  to  the  royalists. 


<'■  I 


I  !         ! 


v:<    m] 


1! 


520 


OrKRATIOX.S  Af;AIN>;T  ILVYOX  ANT)  VILL.\(,R.\N'. 


ulilc  loss/  amidst  the  1i'iiimi)liaiit  sliouts  of  Die  ln,'- 
siL';^x;(|.  "J'jiu  Ijodies  of  tlic  slain  wcit  Imrlt'd  with 
NUsi)ic'ioiis  zeal  into  a  (.•ruinljliii;^  niininy-  shaft,  liitlicito 
S(.'i'vin,Lf  as  an  occasional  Nvalci*  source.  Sli(»rtly  aftii- 
^\■a^d  Jlainon  ]»;iyon  was  pn/./lcd  l)y  tlic  niystcrimis 
v.ai'nin!4'  of  an  indl;ni,  "JJc^wai'c  ot  L;aclni|)in  Mood/' 
till'  ii)caninL(  of  wliicli  presently  a|i])t'ai'<'d.  Tlv..  r.  - 
])uls(:  had  so  (liscoiiraLj'i'd  Castillo  that  he  si-nt  to  ;i-I; 
i'or  )'eenfor<*enients.  tlust  tlicii  a  j»oint  was  (Hscia- 
ered  for  another  hattery,  whicli  not  oidy  pei'initt'd 
a  closer  aji[>roach  to  the  stroiiu'lndd,  hni  covered  (lie 
connnunication  hetweeii  it  and  the  i'i\er.  'idiis  niicx- 
pected  nuuKLUvre  reduced  the  gai'rison  for  its  v,;il(i' 
.suj)])])'  to  tlie  niininy,"  shaft  now  poisoned  w  ith  corj)ses.' 
The  wai'iiini^'  was  no  lon^'er  douhtful,  yet  the  water 
had  to  he  drank,  to  sf.nie  ('xteiit,  (jU(jncldnL»'  thii'st  n-, 
wt.'ll  as  hope.  So  far  tiie  i^arrison  had  felt  confi- 
dent, clu'cred  hy  theii'  successes,  and  sustaineil  hy 
ahundanct;  of  I'oodand  anununition;  hut  an  irresistihlt; 
I'oc  had  joined  against  the  ii.  Thii'st,  and  perluips 
jtrudence  hitherto  neglected,  prevailed  over  vainghii'v. 
Durinu'  the  ni'-'ht  ol'  Marcli  12th  li 


81 


lamon  llayou  .stole 
lently  from   the  j)lace,  untjhserved   hy  tlie  hesiegcis, 


whose 


attention   was    attracted    hv  a  seri 


es    ol 


)re- 


arrauLi'ed  e\])losions.''' 

The  I'ollow  ing  moiningthe  silent  walls  with  tweiitv- 


four  spiked  liuns  smiled  cahnly  on  the  eiH'a'>'ed  ( 
tillo,  who  sent  three  parties  in  j)ursuit  hy  dilierciil 
routes,  toward  Irind)o,  Iluichapan,  anil  Maravati'o, 
but  with  little  result.  On  their  i-eturn,  however,  lln; 
cavalry,  under  Aguirre,  came  uj)on  a  small  hand  Inl 
by  Colonel  A'alde.spino,  which  was  totally  destroyid, 


!    h 


Ml 


' '  Esta  accio!!  gcnonil  <jiio  (liir6  h;ista  la  oraeioii  do  l.i  iKiclic'  Cu^t'dliy 
Bn!<fnhi(iiili''<  H'ji'rl,  (.,'■::.  (/■•  J/cr.,  ISl."!,  iv.  ."iS2. 

"Tlu'C'u  Imiiilrccl,  acconliii,:^  U>  the  JH  irlo  ll^njitn,  O.'JS-O.  Ijuatuinai.itc, 
ChwI.  Hint.,  ii.  ~Ji,  givL's  the  Imliiui'.i  wariiiiii,'  an  'T;;  morinis,  sefui:',  ^ilu'ln'i 
el  s:iii'j;vo  <U.'l  cachopiii,'  anil  ;ul;l:i  tliat  tlie  s.ihliers,  ivjiieeil  to  the  tihat't  .''i.p- 
ply,  l.ist  eourat^e  in  uriiikiug  the  liloody  water. 

'•' '  \'olailo.su  pai'qiU'.  ileai'tilleria, 'says  the  I'oyalist  aceoaiit.  C:irIo:3  .M.  lias- 
taiiiaute  alliuhs  to  the  ujoIuI  artillery  iiiveiiiioiw  of  llaiiiDii  IJayoii,  wiii^ih 
greatly  asaisteii  the  defence. 


CArxuKi;  oi"  cKiino  rn'.L  callo. 


021 


and  Filisolii  raznl  tliu  rnrtilicnti'iiis  at.  ('cri'd  i]r  Xiidc'*, 
■\vitli  all  the;  stoi't ^houses  and  the  \aluaMe  t'actnrics  I'or 
anus."  'I'liis  Fili.snla  IIijuil's  iiromiiuuitlv  in  al'li'i'  whvh 
r.niicf  iturbide  and  Santa  Anna;  and  a  I'lllow-liiuti'ii- 
ant  in  this  (•ainpaij^'n,  ^Ii^u<  1  Jjai'ra^an,  was  the  i>\\ii 
v.lio  a  d(»/A'n  years  latm'  rt'ciivcd  the  sni'icndci'  d'  tho 
l,;st.  Spanish  stmnt^hold  on  the  North  American  cm- 
tln«nl,  and  who  soon  alter,  as  jn'esiileut  of  the  r(|iul-lie, 
raised  to  the  snpreme  rank  in  the  conntry  a  docend- 
ant  of  ^[ontezunia  1 1.,  in  t  he  person  of  his  w  ile.  Such 
were  the  men  now  foi'einost  in  seekini,''  to  extinguish 
the  dawning-  inde])endence. 

The  (\M)tiiroof  Ceri'odel  ( lallo  involved  the  destrne- 
tionof  the  hest  inaehinery  possessed  hy  the  rexnhi- 
tionists  for  the  manufacture  of  arms  and  amnnmitioii, 
and  its  i'all  spread  no  little  dismay.  Thv  n.'jjuted 
impre;.j;iial)le  ea[)ital  lost,  and  that  within  a  few  <lays, 
to  a  handful  of  men,  and  the  ])residenta  I'ugitive,  were 
disasters  more  discouraj^ing  than  almost  any  i)re\l;)us 
di'feat,  and   ])rt'ceded  the  advaiieinLj  royalists  like  an 


onnnous  l) 


liuht. 


II 


Castillo  now  marched  to  Zitacuaro,  which  llamoii 
Ivayon  had  (■ntered  in  company  with  his  hrot  her,  only 
to  ahandoii  it  on  tlu;  approach  of  the  royalists.  Jlo 
tliei'eui)on  took  ii[)  a  position  at  Maiav'at I'o,  thus 
assui'in!4'  conmuuiication  between  Valladolid  and  tho 
capital,''  leaving'  the  connnander  of  the  province;  to 
cMutimie   the    pursuit.      Xotwithstandinn'  his  Ibi'loiu 

ndition  as  fuLifitive,  President  llayon   movi'd   with 


CO 


ill  the  s[)lendor  ho  could   muster,  exacting  pompou.- 


Tliu  (• 


lay  not  far  from  T('iiiiis'';ilciiit,'o.     .Sou  Filisolu'.-i  report  in  (,' 


ill'  .!/','■.,  Isll'i,  iv.  .")SS,  with  iiiV'.'iitoi y  (if  nriiis. 

"ill  tiio  leiiiztliy  report  of  ('asLilio  C.iptain  (!:ir('f;i  lievilhi  is  praiscil 
for  lii.s  success  ill  liinliug  llic  point  lor  cutliiiL,'  olF  tin;  water  siipiily.  I'lioil 
Was  witliin  tho  fortress  in  large  (juiuitities.  OVn.  (I<:  .l/r.c,  iSKi,  iv.  ."i7!J- 
M.     llustiiinanto  liases  his  Jicc>uiit  on  a  special  iliary,  wiiieh  ileus  not  ap- 


jiear  Very  i 


eliahle,  however.     Th(>  royalists,  f.ir  instaiiee, 


iaiil  to  liavi 


'.ired  before  the  corn 


April  -JJtll.      'i'he   date- 


Di 


lie  n 


(U/dtl 


aiipear  water. 

'-  Marshal  Saucedo,  Inspector  Izau'uirre,  and  others  were  ovortakin  on  t! 
way  and  shot.     Castillo  reported  from  Maravalio  .Iiine  17th.   G'lz.  lU M' j 
041- 


IV 


isl.-i, 

del  liailo  from  a  distant  siiminit. 


Ignacio  llayou  had  observed  tiio  operations  against  Cerro 


JM.i^MI 


'; 


I 


I  ■  f 


III 


l 
i 

i 

J  i       ■ 

M  s 

' 

1 
«  1 

522         OrERATIONS  AGAINST  HAYO\  AND  VILLACMIAX. 

rcroptioiis  and  profouiul  li<)nin<j^(\  and  disJainiii^'  imt 
even  sncli  lilies  as  prince  and  liberatDr.  In  Aniuust 
he  I'eaclied  Pnruiintliro,  and  news  airivini^  ol'  his 
wife's  aocouelK'nient  at  Huetanu),  wliei'e  lier  ianiilv 
had  sou^^lit  rel'u^-e,  the  town  eelebi-ated  the  ineidmt 
1  ti'ulv  nival  sivk',  with  salvoes,  ilhiniinalions,  l»;dls, 


11 


13 


Til 


)t' 


le  era  t)i    repuuiicaii 


bli 


ec- 


and  oihci"  d('inonstratit)ns. 
sinipi.city  had  not  yet  arrived. 

Jvainoii  Ivayoii  had  meanwhile  taken  another  dir 
tion  ill  pursuanee  ol'  his  newly  received  di^'iiity  as  cn- 
nKiiuIaiili:  del  Norte,  with  special  control  ot'tlu!  soutli- 
orii  p.ait  of  (jiuaiiajuato,  Doctor  Cos  being  coiiliriiicd 
in  t\\v  ehar!.;'e  of  the  northern.  Abont  the  same  tiiin! 
(k'U'cia  (  'oiide,  the  royalist  commander  of  the  province, 
and  liiily  acquainted  witli  its  I'eatures  and  people,  w; 
replaci'd  by  Jhiu'adier  Sotari'iba,  a  man  to  whom  th 
iit'ld  v\as  comparativt'ly  unknown.  The  chan^'e  in 
self  caused  an  interruption  in  the  campain'ii,  which 
i^ave  i't's[)ite  to  the  iiisui'L;"eiits  and  permitted  them 
to  recuperate.     ]vamon  Itayon  now  i-etrieved  hi 


iS 


11- 


ms'. 


in  a  skirmish  at  ('hajiai'aco  near  Z; 
displayed  strategic  skill  of  no  mean  ordei' 


unoi-a,  wjierem  Jn 


M 


This  skill,  unfortunatelv,  M'as  seldom  brought  inti 


)r;u'(' 


ce 


w 


hen    most    needcMl;  that    is,    in   ni(»i'e    i 


111- 


pordiiit  entjfan'(Mnents.  Jn  such  cases  as  involve;  1  a 
csiaiI)inntion  of  i'orces,  tlie  rivalry  betwei.'U  the  dili'er- 
eiit  suboi'dinate  chiel's  and  their  assuni[)tIon  of  iii- 
dei)eii(k'nce  in  control  of  their  men,  interie'i'eil  wish 
the  i)laiis  and  orders  of  the   comn;ander-in-cliief,  m» 


that  their    iueU'ectiveness  must    not    be   loo    haslil; 
attributed    to  him.      Another  still  ureater  sou 


weaUness   was 


the   want  of  (lisci[)line.      Tlu^  I 


rce    " 
eadel': 


Tl: 


ifcis 


sRiioUon  () 


f  in  tlio  ])inr'ni,  (111,  as  ']:i  I" 


Siviniiui'^tri  D'  M 


riaua  Martiiu'Z,'  Uiu  lille  r<'tVn'ini,' toliayoir.siniiii.stcrial  ollii'c  iiinlrf  nidal:!). 
lie  iiiiiii'lf  is  called  Uio  jiriucc.  'i'lic  SLcrotny  is  lavi^li  villi  isucli  tti'iin. 
I'lvi  u  .\!aiii:.n  Miocrs  at  this  t;  'o  for  siiow  and  panido  iuiioiig  tlirsc  laily 
I'ovoluliiiiiists. 


II 


iliil-i 


■d  th 


irr'cscorc  iinrscs  and  soiiu 


U'lns,  find  tlaimcd  liu'  slan 


tcr  oi'  'iiui(;li  iiKJio'  than  a  i^coio  of  men,  to  w  hie  li  lio  addi'il  !)V  I'M'Cillin','  hix 


it(.f( 


jn  i;<('iu'rs.    'J'lu'  artillory  caiitain  Hildas  distimjni 


hod  I 


ictivits',  anil  llulu'Viriia  and  ('nlniul  J/iliato  for  laavory,  llic  latlur  luin^' 


liinscli  |.  r 


It'' 


vaidud  Willi  tliL-  lank  of  bliLrailiL'i'.   lluala 


•dc,  Ciiud.  Jli.-t.,  ii.  .".(i-'-l. 


INSUIKiENT  OFFICERS. 


523 


ladled  llic  power,  or  tlic  inclination — ])er!iaj)s  1)o(ii^ — 
to  cnrorfo  it  to  any  considi'iaMi'  cxtiiit.  \oi-  did 
t!h'V  llicniselvcs,  as  a  I'ulc,  possess  the  oxpiMiciicc  or 
aliilitv  toori/anizu  trooi)s.  'l\\v\  wore  little  better  than 
the  I'aw  iveruits  who  svelled  their  continually  hrokeii 
and  dispersed  ranks,  win  rein  the;  wide  t^ajjs  wei-e  (illed 
with  tlu!  iii'st  niatei'ial  that  eainc;  to  hand.  l''a;^('i'  \'ny 
nrilit:ary  rank,  nhieli  defended  largely  on  tlio  niindjer 
(if  men  enlist((l,  the  va'ue  of  the  force  was  of  Ic.-s  im- 
mediate consideration  w  ith  them;  and  so  the  insui'n't'ids 
I'emained  in  altoi;'ether  'ooL^'reat  ]M'oi)orlions  a  mere' 
ral  'lie,  who  did  I'urther  injuiy  to  their  cause  hy  reck- 
less (hsre;.;'ard  for  j'.roperty,  e\'en  where  retaliation  or 
other  outraL;'es  were  uncalled  for. 

l*amon  Ivayon's  trianiph  \\as  of  shoi't  duration,  for  a ti 
Zacapo  a  t  hii'd  of  his  .saiall  foi'ce  was  taken  with  ff\ci", 
and  while  thus  crip]>led,  a,  royalist  hody  under  Laiidil- 
/.in  i  cauK!  suddenly  upon  Inm  on  Septemhci'  i;>ih. 
lie  had  hardy  time  1o  j)ost  a  handful  of  nun  willi 
which  to  occupy  the  (.Micmy,  while  the  di'a'^oons  <'arrled 
the  sick  ht'yond  reach,  each  horseman  takiu'^an  iii\alid 
(ill  his  saddle.  \h'  thercupnn  hast<'ned  lophicelh(! 
skirmi-^hers  in  safety,  with  the  royalists  dose  du  their 
heels — so  dost',  indeed,  that  his  hrother,  (  he  president , 
wlih  whom  luM-ame  up,  liad  to  sa\(ddmself  hy  ^;hoot- 
ii,;4' at  the  pressinn' horsemen.  h'ortunafely  foi-  them 
tiny  reached  tlie  hrid'^'e  at  tne  liacieiida  Zpimi/'o 
sl:u,!iily  in  ad\ance  of  t  he  ]>tn'suers,  and  hy  dest  rdviii';' 
it  the  latter  Were  ch(M'kcd.''''  Th(  IJayons  now  ton'.; 
diilerent  dii'(.'ctions,  leiiacio  JH'chii;'  to  I'ruapan,  and 
llamoii  leading'  his  reunileil  foi-ce  toward  la!>e  (.'nit- 
;'-eo,  I  h(>nce  to  opel'at  e  ahm^'  the  coni'se  (if  t  he  i  ^ei'ina. 
Sotarriha  hein^' soon  after  called  away,  the  eneiL;'eli(; 

''!ii  l)'"iriit  (If  /':'!/ Ill  till' 111  iil;.;(' is  (Nillcil  li  AIIiitcm.  'I'lii'  pur  iicrs  an; 
lil:ii'i''liit,  l.dOaincn.  //'  run  mil  ■:  //  /hinilu.f,  ( 'nl.  J  Inc.,  v.  (U7;  Imt  LiihLi.  mi  ir- 
l"iris  iliMt  111'  led  :■{);)  cavMli'v  Jmil  "Jda  in  fan  try,  witli  foiii'iiiins,  IVmii  I  'ai/.;i:ii'i, 
ulicri'  Unlik'il.t  rcniaiiicil  in  i'liar;,'c  with  HiO  iiicii.  Tin;  iuMiir;;ciiLH  aiv  |i!ai^r:l 
at  SDaf.ii'  llui  main  limly,  wliilc  liuslaiiiantr  allnw.-i  ii  Ii's.m  imiiilu'i'  tur  tlio 
lntal.  'I'lirii' loss  is  ;,'ivi'ii  at  Hill  iluail  ami  wimiiik'il.  tlui  rnyalist-i  atkllowl- 
|'l4ill^'  only  a  lew  wxiiiii'lud.  (i\tz.  tie  J/i.c,  ISII!,  iv.  Ilii7-7il;  Jlcs.'tnit  iiilc, 
iunil.  //,s''.,  ii.  ;iGi. 


'Ill 


r)2i 


OPERATIONS  AGAINST  llAYON  AND  VILLAGRAX. 


Laiidaziu-i  iviiuiincd  in  ('oinniandof  ^.lichoaciui,  t;)  iho 
iiiaiiilcst  udvautagc  of  royalist  anus. 


Xoi'tli-eastwai 


il  in  (, 


uanajuato  the  insuri*'i'iii 


s  coii- 


linrd  tlKnusolvos  iiiidor  tin?  direction  of  Cos  uiori 
lined V  to  unerrilla  movonionts,  for  wliieli  the  i 


iioiin- 


tainous  eonntry  was  well  adapted.  The  most  succcs>i'i;l 
ol'  the  leaders  was  ]\Iatias  Ortiz,  know  n  from  his  phlr^-- 
matie  teni[)(n'ainent  as  the  I'achoii,  a  name  \\!ii(!i 
acijuired  an  enviable  n-cord  i'or  dni'i)in'.  .\.  iiolaMc 
aehievenient  was  the  defeat  inllicted  on  the  n«'\\!\' 
formed  royalist  re^'iinent  ^Moncada,  w  hidi  under  1  in- 
conmiand  of  A'ieente  Ihistamante  had  driv^'U  ( 'ms 
into  the  fastnesses  I'ound  Leon,  and  inflicted  no  liitl- 
damage  (>n  other  hands fri)m  its  sultsetjuent  ]iea(l(|U;ii- 


ters  at  Si 


m 


elipt 


P 


On  J 


une 


•iStl 


I,  whik!  ret  urn II r 


from  an  expedition  with  a  ca[)tured  iu-rd,  it  was  sur- 
]»ris('d  and  I'outed  with  <'onsiderahle  slau^'htc]'  hy 
Oi'tiz,  IJustamante  witli  six  othun'  oliicers  hein^'anioii.;' 
tli<!  slain.  TluL'  result  was  the  ahandomnent  ot'  San 
l'\dii)e,  followed  hy  that  of  si-veral  other  [)osts.'''' 
Francisco  luiyon  shared  in  these  triumphs  hy  a  dtn-idcd 
success  ni-ar  San  Juan  del  llio,  in  (^Mieretaro,  whcrciu 
]\v  ovorwhelmed  one  detaelnnent  at  (Jalindo,  and  n'- 
]>uls(.'d  ji  lar^'er  reenforci'inent;^'  and  his  hrothcr 
llafael  obtained  ;i  similar  advantan-e  near  Cela\-a.'''' 


Tl 


en'( 


lesc 
umsc 


movements,   howevci',   were   becomin'''   moic 


ribed  as  Iturbide,  the  n 


c\v  connnandc.'r  o 


t!i 


\\:\V 


]>ro\ince,  extended  his  enerijfetic  ()])erations.      A 
of  Kamou  llayon's  intention   to  seek  the  Cuit/co  y^ 
j^'ion,  he  had  in  Au'jfiist  called  on  Ordonez  of  ()ncri 


""'Ortiz  surprised  oiii-  at  S:iit  IJai't  ilo  in  July,  aii.l  in  Aiij,'iist  lu;  <U'fe.itL"l 


piifty 


.l.T  I. 


niicio  ■}a:iwy.,  iicur 


V;lk 


/ 


tii-',i:il'iiilc,  Cii'iil.   Ili.-il.,  ii.  'J  I' 


F 


San  .lu;in,  nt'  lO.I  ilr.i.';oi'ns.     I'Ik;  conianil  nit(^  atOalimlo  t'lMl  witli 


20  inun,  and  "iliO  animals  ami  tonio  nionoy  wtM'o  laptmvd.   Dhirin  ilc  Iviijd 


()4l>. 


At  the  ha'-'ii'nda  San  And  iiii),  wliicli  lu!  capturiMl  in  Oftohor  in 

■  U     ' 


tion  witli  tiio  Indian  chief  llilai'i')  luidii,nu'Z,  takiii.;  ."iDD  animals  and  aipiaii- 
tity  i)f  nnpplit'S.   hinnKilr  /'in/on,  v,  (U'J.      Ililaiio  is  .said  to  liavn  tintiiiid 


til. 


landante  Gallardo    lu'tuio    liclicadin''    him.      Jto  \\us   ovcrtakm    aii' 


killed  with  lour  adluMvniy  soon  after,  his  head  being  iinpaluil  as  a  warnin 
Gaz.  dc  Max.,  1SI3,  iv.  117S-'J,  ll'JO,  I  I'M. 


CASTILLO  AND  RAYOX. 


625 


(;ir<>  i';)!'  ('(»()|)('rati()ii,  jiiid  made  ;i  .s\vc;(,'[>  of  llic  Salva- 
lii'ira  district,  (■iiin|il('tiiin'  the  task  liy  I'aziiin'  the 
jid'tiJcatiiiiis  oil  tlie  laiiioiis  lake  ishiiid  of  Lieeai^a. 
i'di'ces  iVoiii  ^liclioacan  liad  iiiarclied  to  iiilercej)t  the 
iiirair^'eiit.saK)iiL;'  the  south  hue,  who,  however,  ohtaiiu'd 
liiiielv  iiil'oriiiaiioii.  ( )n-aiitia,  second  to  liuihidc, 
i\'u;ai  h  I  lor  a  time  in  char^'e  at  Salvatierra  to  m;iiii- 
t.i'ii  the  advantage,  and  managed  toca[)tufe  the  h'acK'i' 
IJiihi,  who  was  promptly  executed.  Wy  a  rurlhcr 
iii()\em''nt  in  the  direction  ol"  iVaijamo,  eaily  in  Octo- 
hcr,  the  j)ro[>osed  reunion  there  ol*  diilereiit  insuru'eiit 
InrcLs  was  frustraied,  and  c()nse([Uently  tlii'ii'  camiiai<j;'n 


ii.-iii. 


.Similar  prompt  nianteuvres  atom;'  tl 


le  ( 


ast,  sii 


IVmui  ( 'elava  northward,  tended  greatly  to  extend  the 

rnyali.--t    inlluence,  atlirnietl   as    it   was  by   increased 

a'-tixily  aiiioni;'  the  local  militia  i'oi"  the  protecliou  ot' 
their  respective  districts/" 


At  the  same  time  that   Castillo   marched  a'-'Jiinst 


'on  anotlier  expechtion  nio\ed  ai'ains 


^t  th 


idjoin- 
r  rejireseiited  hy  tin.'  ^'illa^•|■anes.  father  and 
soil,  wliose  forces  wi're  ever  threateniiiLi"  the  casli'rn 


jlay 

iii^' 


I  H  iVv  I 


lull' 


Wl 


th 


>Iili'  I'f  tlie  northern   hij^'hways,  and  extendiii; 
raivls    into    t!ie    lake    valley.      \>y    coviperatiii:. 
IJayon  and  other  leaders   they  miu'lit   have   rendered 
U'ood  ser\  ice  to  the  revohitionai'v  cause,  hut  tin'  latter 


■\t'd   them  mainU'  as  a  covi,r  for  tl 


own   aml)i- 


tliius  \  lews,  to   exercise    soNii'dL^n    sway  m    tlhir   di.>- 
tri.'t.   protected   1»\'  its   natural  streiii>'th  and   favori'd 


>\   the   divei'sioii   ef    i'o\alist  ai'iiis   elsewher 


T 


■IK 


of  IJayon   to  stir  their   patriotism   and    ivcall 


ihem  to  duty  had  proved  ineilectual,  as  we  ha 


\e  seen, 


^■'i.'rr..  l!,'^r,.r.,  lSi;i,  Iv.  OC.L'-n,  IKKIS,  oti\:.V,'ii<lilil',  R,.-<,hiiri>  111  /.,  Klt- 
(I,  \'i'l:isi'i),  l!aiiiii\'Z,  \'aru;is,  Mciidi/alial,  iiinl  utlu'i'.-i  rciiitiinn'(l  In  ira|i|i('ai' 
I'lUlnl  Vuri|-ii  or  <_'uit/.fi),  ami  so  iu  o!lnr  clircciiou-j,  with  xai'visi','  stu.ccs.s, 
lilt  tlu>  o[ii'nilioiis  wi'i'i!  L'oiii|iiiiativ(ly  iiisiu'iiilkaiil,  'I'Ik^  tn\\ii:-ii't'o|il"  cn- 
liiiiitcil  liL'iu'it'orlli  Jin  ati'i' caijunu.'sM  tliiiii  fvur  iu  aiilinu'  llit"  roya!i.~l  ti'oo|ps, 
iill'oiiig  at  ( V'layii,  lor  iiislaiico,  to  si  rvo  (in  volimti'iTs,  witlnmt  llio  pay  tliiiM 
tai'  uriiin'il  tlii'iii.  Itniliiilo  who  iiatl  siiirm'stcil  tlio  oiler  in  \ir\v  nt'  tlii-  lucil 
I'll' fiiiiils,  iii-isii  a  iii\  iTiluK'ss  on  aiding;  tin.' imoioi' iiuii  and  invalid.s.  Llin. 
lA  M<.c.,  \-T>\\\,  iv.    IJ:.")  0. 


il 


!' 


i       i: 


'i 

V  a||i 

11 

M 

i;» 

Kt^l 

l 

IH 

H^K 

l' 

I 
1 

1 

}  ■  '  • 


M 


i5-2G         OPERATIONS  AGAINST  RAYON  AND  VILLAOn.\N. 

and  the  iiiL'ssciiLfcr  of  the  president  liad  actually  hccii 
imprisoned,  the  apology  .sent  hy  theuisclves  h;iii.;'  u 
ineaniniiless  concession,  followed  bv  a,  smile  at  liayon's 
sevei-e  i'orniality  in  acceptiiiL;'  it,*' 

The  elder  ^'illai^Tau  held  out  at  Zhna[)an,  in  tho 
centre  of  a  rich  silver  region,  disposinLT  of  men  and 
pi'operty  very  much  as  he  ])lcased,  Ibundini^  cannon 
and  coininn'  money  wherewith  to  extend  and  al.ina 
Ins  power,  notably  to  llu.'  east,  whei"e  he  claimed  coii- 
Irol  under  the  [xmipous  title  of  Julian  I.,  emperor  of 
the  lluasteca,  before  alluded  (o — a  country  rejoiciiiL;' 
in  its  fastnesses  and  in  the  independent  spirit  of  its 
peojde.  lie  had  also  bent  his  eyes  U'lrthwarvl  to  the 
Jalpan  re^'ion,  tributary  t(j  the  Tamain  branch  of  JJio 
'J'ampico,  and  obtained  a  certain  foothold  by  t!ie  aid 
of  his  trusty  lieutenant  Casiniiro  (J.ime/,  an  Indian 
who  lin'ured  as  colonel  and  comandante  L^eiieral;^  l»ut 
Geni'ral  .Vrredondo,  stationctl  in  the  Valle  del  .Mai/, 
t(iok  ener«j-etic  measures,  and  in  Januarv  the  intru<ie;'s 
were  oldi^'ed  to  recross  the  dividin;^'  rani;'c.--  (rcni  d 
lleboUo  ()f  Queretanj  coc'iperated  in  the  adjoinni;^' 
districts,  from  Tollman  to  Jlichi'i,  d<  fearing  and  ca;i- 
turing  tlie  well  !;nown  insurgent  Ctjlon^l  l*eralla,  and 
driving  olf  the  band  of  ^'al^,'n/Alela."' 

^'illagran  might  have  succe'eded  better  with  thi-aid 
of  his  mountaineers,  butlbr  a  desj)otic  adndnistratiou 
which  by  no  means  tended  to  retain  their  adherence. 


'•'"On  Vi!la;:r.'inV;  future  conduct  Mould  dcjicnd  tlio  pnrdon,  was  tlio  luftv 
answer  of  tlic  toUcrin;,' iircsiiloiit.   Xcjn/'',  .!/•.'■.  .S'/;// <  A'/A'.,  v.  4J0. 

'-'  As  a  l)oy  lio  1:11(1  found  favoruitli  Marcos  ( lutii  trc,  a  S|iaui.ird  of  Mcx 

ico  who  traded  with  thin  rci,non,  and  wlio  cdacatcd  him  to  .some  extent  wliik 

serving  in  his  family.   Aldinni,  J/ix'.  J/-  /.,  iii.  'Hi."!. 

::-"i'i,;  . ,t;.,.,"  „■.,.,,,....(•.,.. .,,...1   1,,,  i'.,.,.i„:..    ri, ..,'...    „ ',^.  ....*-„..„  l    T„l„.,, 


DEFEXCR  OF  IIUICILVrAX. 


r)'_7 


At  Ziniiipaii  his  arbitrary  disposal  of  life  and  ]»i'ii|)- 
vviy  Wd^  prompted  yi'oatly  by  the  ]'()yali>.t  seiitiuitiit 
aiiioiii^  tlic  })e()pl(),  whii  liad  not  only  ibiiniit  stonily 
;i,L;"ainst  annexation  to  lii.s  teri'itory,  Ivnt  ])]otti.'d  in()ro 
llian  once  ibr  liberation.-'  liis  stren^'th  was  tliero- 
iiire  niLicli  less  imposing  than  it  appeared  on  the  yiir- 
i'ace. 

The  task  of  luunblinj^  him  was  intrusted  to  Colo- 
nel Cristobal  Ordohoz,  in  charn'o  of  tlu^  ti-oons  sta- 
tionc'd  at  Tula;  but  a  rich  convoy  irom  (^uanajuato 
to  ^Mexico  required  at  the  time  his  pei'sonal  attention. 
Tlie  escort  duty  was  not  without  ellect  on  t'le  pri- 
mary objeet,  however,  lor  insurgents  were  attr.ieted 
in  lai'go  ibi'ce  to  the  upper  line  of  his  march,  v,  ilh  an 
eye  to  botjt}',  only  to  be  eirectually  repulsed."^ 


?tIeanwhiIo  Ordonez'  second  iu  command,  ]^(vh'o 
?>ronsalve,  assisted  by  troops  i'rom  San  .luan  del  llio, 
i\n:i'iuilpau,  and  other  })arts,  [)resented  himstdf  be- 
fore Jiuic]ia))au  u\i  ]Mav  .'id.  The  whole  ])esieLiin'>' 
I'irce  not  having  3'et  arrived,  Cnito  A'idagran,  v.ho 
111  Id  eijutrol  at  this  place,  haughtily  I'ejected  the  j)ar- 
don  oh'ered,  couiide'ut  in  being  able  to  maintain  liimself 
till  reenforcements  should  arrive,  es})ecially  as  he  liad 
more  than  once  re})ulsed  ^lonsalve.  Strong  Ijarrirades 
had  been  thrown  U[)  at  the  mouth  of  eveiy  street,  tlie 
cliurch-towcrs  were  occu[)led  by  armed  men,  and  a 
few  hundred  feet  south-east  of  the  town  I'ose  a  well 
foiiiiied  bastion.      The  assaidt  was  made  l"iMm  several 

•'  In  .several  ilistriL'ts  flic  i'pli;.'i'iii.s  c-.wo  df  Uio  iii]ial)il;ints  was  w  liolly  ik".!- 
lec'tod.  l)oiaiiLi.'d  (Icfends  the  N'iilau'i'.nuM  ai  IkjIIi  just  aii'l  iialiidtk-,  aiiil 
•li.sputi")  the  charge  that  tlio  smi  •)n.iiS  ^hiiia  iulHca.'il  tin;  (la-u'i'i-Wiiiiinl 
vi  i.iili  liilK.l  Iiii  iiiUMnKd  faUKT-iii-hnv,  Cliivi'X  Nava.  in  TslO.  Jit'  diil  not 
iilitain  iho  ilaughti.T'.s  hand,  mill  inaiTi(.'il  instead  (Iiiadahipe  N('\c.  Sre  h.'t- 
ttr  ill  Xiijir/f',  Mix.  Si'/.  A/A'.,  vi.  17--0.  'I'luion  uiia:4  pla'/a^  tan  t'li- 
iiiKtas  i\  hi  naeiou  eonio  liw  luisnins  ('s|i;uicile.s,'  txehiinis  Ijiistaniante.    <'iiail. 

Ji'ti.,  ii.  ;>.■).■)-(». 

■'  At  ilaltienina,  ne.tr  Salamanca.  Tiny  vcre  s.aid  to  ininilicr  over  4,000, 
iitidci'the  Itayniis,  Salniei-on, 'J'oi'rcs,  Ilcrni'i  <<  ,i,  Scgiira,  liosalcs,  and  Xajar. 
luirhido  assi.sti'd  Ordonez,  who  r.  ached  (,!ncictavo  May 'Itli  <li:.  ilc  Mix., 
l>>ri,  i\.  47'--.'?,  4!K)  7.  Arechedcneta,  in  lii-j  .{/iinifi'i,  ndda  that  ihc  comoy 
reached  Mexico  on  May  loth,  with  l,7.")l  har.s  of  «ilvcr,  whereof  GUJ  for  royal 
account,  much  grain,  tallow,  and  other  ellecls. 


!  I 


1 


iU 


I;  >t 


i  ;!i 


11 


u 

■ 

ll 

1 

h 

1 

4 

fl  1    ■ 

'!  1 

i 

i 

iL 

\ 

A.. 

623         OPERATIONS  AGAINST  KAYON  AND  VILLAGIIAN. 

cliroctioiis,  liowovci',  [)aiily  hy  scaliuL:;,  partly  tliiou'jfli 
breaehos,  and  by  tlu;  dose  of  tlu'  day  I'oit  as  well 
as  town  liad  l)c(.;u  (•ai>turcd,  leaving;'  oidy  a  rt'iiiiiaiit 
of  tlio  iiisni'ijjc'nts  in  ])()sscssi(»n  oi"  the  churcli-toufrs 
till   tliu  lolloNvinii;-   uiorniiiLij.     Nearly  300    iiisui'jjfciits 


I'HJIWBVM     IliHJUHMj 


■'t'-y  'i, 


Camtakin  i\  Tin;  Kast. 

])eri:  lied,  and  400  were  taken  jjrisoners,  out  of  aUout 
L'.'UH),  the  besieginL!;  Ibree  reacliiiiu,'  nearly  tlie  sanu; 
total.'-''     A  larger  })ro[)()rtion  would  have  esea|)ed,  hut 

'^''' IVrn.-iiiilez  of 'I'lalnu'lilii.iii  (Miituii'il  llu'  Icistidii,  with  'u    prisoinTs;  17 
giuia  were  oljtuiiiud,     lu|)ortn  liy  siiburdiiiuto   leaders,  IJuiruilus,  Casasiila, 


EXECUTION  OF  VILLAOr.AX. 


5-2[) 


ivtrt'iit  to  llu'  liiU.s  liad  been  cut  olF,  Mild  tlu'  I'li^'itivos 
lad  in  take  a  iimrc;  i<\n\\  visad,  li'd  hy  A'illa^'niu. 
liiidiiiL"'  (Ikj  pursuers  ii'aiiiiiiL;',  the  latter  struclv  out 
I'lr  hiiiist'ir,  scattering'  n'old  piect's  to  detain  the  troop- 
(  rs.  I'he  (Jolchiau  ti'icic  availed  not,  howexc;',  lor 
l!i;'  liorse  of  the  C'hito  had  he^'U  drui^'i^'L'd,  and  he  was 
cauu'ht."^  This  success  {'(juld  he  re^'arded  only  as  a 
iii'.-t  stej)  ill  th(i  eain|iai;4-n,  lor  the  ])o\ver  of  the  \'illa- 
i^i'aiios  centred  in  duHan.  ^Vn  arduous  lii;ht  was  in 
J  ros|)ect,  and  rather  than  sacrilieu  blood  and  tini"  the 
loyalists  ]i'.d])osed  to  use  their  advantage  so  far  toward 
iie^'otiatioiis,  olleriiiL;'  par(K)n  and  ])rivileg'es  to  holli 
if  the  lather  would  suljinit.  ])Ut  A'ilhiLj'ran  tlie  elder 
was  too  ])roud  and  ambitious  to  bartt'r  his  position, 
(  \eii  for  the  life  of  a  son,  and  with  patriotic  dec'ania- 
tiiiu  h(!  declared  himself  prepared  to  sacriliee  also  his 
other  children  for  his  country,  even  to  tin."  unborn 
ones.'-"'  *'JJie  with  din'iiity,"  was  the  characteristic 
i.iosaijfe  to  the  son,  who  was  thereupon  shot  in  front 
ui'  liis  late  palace,  the  head  being  im|)aled  on  the 
v.alls.^' 

Ai'rer  due  preparation,  tin;  rcyallsts  parsed  on 
1  »\'.:ird  Ziniapan,  on  Ma}'  .'50th,  this  time  with  in- 
c.'i'ased  forces  under  Ordone;^  hiniseif  T!ie  sani;- day 
tiiey  reached  a  strongly  fortiiiod  heiglst  on  the  Kio 
('i'  los  Alji!)es,  which  formed  a  turn  at  its  loot  wltliin 
it  deep  ravine.  The  jilan  for  attack  was  iiia;!e  wiiji 
s'fMie  care,  for  the  [dace  could  not  l»erea:lily  assa.led; 

'I'oiifs  y  <l('l  (-aiiipo,  etc.,  !iro  iittinliud.  <!iiz.  dc  Mi  jc.,  lsi;{,  iv.  470  -,  t:i2-0. 
^i'.lls:dvc' ili'SL'rilji-'.s  iliii  liastion  wliifli  roso  nearly  ISl)  feet  in  liei;;lit.  Iliista- 
K.iniU'  elaiins  tiiat  the  ilefenue  was  stiniidly  iiiaiia;4eil,  for  'iiadie  ile  hiiena 
i;i/Mu'  Would  serve  under  smdi  a  leader.  Ciia-L  J/i.<l.,  ii.  'A'li  .").  lioeaneyra 
I't  T'lliniaii  cut  oil' retreat  to  the  hills. 

-' A  false  servant  had  lilted  the  ears  ef  Ins  steed  witli  qniek.silver,  « liiih 
eiiused  it  ti)  aet  ijueerly.   X<:/n>'',  M'.r.  H'lijln  XIX.,  vi.  7'.l-^l. 

■-■' lliistainante,  Cihid.  ///.<',,  ii.  ;{"i."i,  followed  liy  Alaiiiaii  and  others,  inti- 
I'lafes  that  mere  pai'don  waa  oll'ered,  the  son  beiiiL,'  indiieed  to  plead  with  tlu; 
tither  in  a  letter.  Xeyrete,  Mix.  Sii/fi)  A7A'.,  vi.  ]!)-'Ji),  following'  a  narrative 
friendly  to  the  Villai.'rane.s,  states  that  ii  lirotlier  Mas  sent  to  [leisiiiide  Julian, 
o;i'eriug  'todos  los  houoivs  (jne  teniaii  en  las  lihus  de  los  indrpendiiiites.' 

-"On  May  14tli,  Major  ('hnaiino  remained  in  eonnnand  at  iir,i''liapaii, 
V  !iich  failed  not  to  pay  the  eusloniaiy  trilmte  of  IjuiuL,'  saekc.-d.  Torrrnte, 
Ji!<t.  Ii'ii:,  i.  t;{(),  alludes  to  the  succejsivs  'uu  balsaino  eunsjiador,' reliectin;^ 
g'.-iy  on  (.'alleja. 

Hi.ir.  Mi:s.,  Vol.  IV.    'M 


330 


OrERATIONS  AOAIXST  RAYOX  AND  VILLAfiRAX. 


;i 


i  I'*- 


but  after  (liscliar<^iiiL(  a  few  shots  tlic  iii.snri^c.'iits  rolled 
the  guns  into  tlio  chasm  and  took  to  ihiiht,  amid  iIk; 
dutonation  oi'  tho  lirctl  ammunition.  ^lonsiil\-o  ])nr- 
suL'd  them,  and  entered  the  evaeuati'd  Zima[)aii  amid-t 
great  I'ejoieing,  for  the  inhabitants  here  liad  e\i  r 
.shown  decided  royahst  sym[)athies.  In  this  iiistancu 
they  greeted  the  comers  as  saviors,  declaring  lli.it 
A'illa;.',i'an  had  threatened  to  butcher  them  ail  ;iii  I 
biu'n  tlio  town.  There  was  evidence  enough  of  liis 
ill-will  in  tho  desolate  surroundings.^' 

()id  A'ill.'igran,  as  he  was  usually  known,  liad  occii- 
])ied  a  lieiglita  few  liours' march  beyond  the  touii,  ;uil 
fortilied  it  with  the  tliirtv'  pieces  of  artillery  thence 
withdrawn.  AVIien  ]\lonsalve  a[)peareil  in  sight  ou 
Juno  Lst  he  was  met  bv  a  series  of  heavy  volleys  and 
stono  shosvers;  yet  nothing'  daunted,  the  royali.--ts 
rushed  to  the  assauit,  insjiired  greatly  by  tlie  coa- 
dtict  of  Villagran's  men  so  far,  and  the  well  known  di- 
affection  among  them.  Indeed,  no  vig'orous  I'esi.stanc*; 
wasolfei'cd,  at  cl(jser  (|uarters,  and  on  ap])roac']iing  the 
summit  they  found  the  occu])ants  ah'eadv  iii  full  iliu'ht, 
abandoninii'  ijfuns,  bau-^'au'e,  and  prox-isions.''^ 

\'ilkigran  hastened  with  a  mere  handful  t. >  t'le 
hacienda  San  Juan  Amajaque,  only  to  find  further 
progress  barred  on  all  sides.  In  this  strait,  one  i.f 
his  colonels,  named  Maya,  resolved  to  save  himself  by 
I'acilitating  his  capture",  which  was  effected  June  l^ith. 
A  week  later  he  w;is  shot  at  ]Iiiicha[)an,  and  his 
head  impaled  close  to  that  of  his  son,  a  hand  bei.ig 
sent  to  Ixmi(piilpan  as  a  warning  to  his  sym[)athizers. '-^ 
Thus  perished  the  ambitious  sovereign  of  the  liua^- 

'"  'Rob.iilos  liiista  lo  snnio,  qiiomailas  sns  casns  y  iKicicndas,'  says  tliu  re- 
port, loaving  tho  iinjirL'SsiDH  that  all  wave  tho  eoutrc  of  the  town  liad  boui 
hunu'il.    (/'(■;.  de  JIcc,  Isj.'i,  iv.  577. 

3'  Monsalvu  ostiiiiatcl  thorn  at  .•■!,()00,  .Trninst  .^("10  royalists.    LL,  r><m-i. 


I  (loath  at  (iilitla 
lis 


■'- Alaiuaii,  follo\viii'4  I'.iistaiiiauto,  states  tiiat  ho  suli'on 
liacioiula,  //>■■</,  M'J.,  iii.  4()U;  Imt  ro|)orts  hy.  friomls  in  Nogi'oto  aro  iiioro  n 
liable.  'J'wouty-tuo  t'ol!(i\\ -r'a[itivos  toll  (in  tho  same  day,  .lime  "Jlst.  Hi; 
liody  wnsliuriod  without  hdiior;  liut  within  a  tow  days,  iVioiidsoaiuo  to  1  !iiioii:i- 
paii  and  oarriod  oil'  tho  heads  after  a.  skirmish,  oiitoiuhiiii;  tiioin  at  /it.iouaio 
with  ,L:reat  si>loiiinity.  .!/<.(,•.  Si'j/o  X tX..  \i.  17-'-l.  Thus  was  avou-nl  uu 
\'illagrau  tlio  bluod  uf  Sauehoz,  says  iluatuuiaule.   Ciiad,  lll^l.,  ii.  lijti. 


R'i;  I     I ; 


LOYALIST  SUCCKSSKS. 


C31 


trca,  less  tlu'dUull  tlic  ()li>-];H!;;llt  of  ;i  ffW  llUlldl'cil 
]■  lyalist.s  than  tliroii^li  liis  dwii  waywariliicss,  lack 
(.r  ,>kill  and  prudL-iict'  in  iuaiia'j;ii!:^'  the  dclciit'i-,  and 
u!ii.'natin,:jf  the  dovotion  of  his  lollowci's,  wlumi  In; 
c'iiiln)lli'd  urcatl}'  \>y  tear,  sustahu'd  hy  a  passion- 
ali'  tmipcranK'nt  and  ininiunsu  physical  si  rcn^'th. 
The  latter  h(j  was  ratlu'r  fond  of  display  in;;',  hnth 
I'l'Diii  vanit}'  and  ii  desire  to  impress  [jcophj,  and  on 
the  way  to  his  ]ilace  of  execution  he  astonishid  the 
c-coi't  l)V  l-^nouking  down  a  mule  which  had  ste[)[)ed  on 

his  foot>' 

I'l'W  rcijfretted  lii.s  loss.  Innnediately  after  tin.; 
(leaili  of  the  Chito  a  revulsion  of  feelin'"'  heeanie  man- 
il'-st  in  the  rapid  tlow  of  adherents  to  the  royali.^ts, 
(•\cn  hy  the  intimate  otlicers  of  the  A'illai.;ranes,  such 
as  (.'asimii'o  Gomez,  who  had  heen  jironiinent  ni  raid- 
ih:;'  expeditions  and  outrages  on  Spaniards.  lie 
prudently  negotiated  for  jiardon  at  the  lu'ad  of  nearly 
two  thousand  Intlians,  many  of  them  armed  with 
liaiid  gi'enades  for  want  of  muskets.  ( 'aptain  'i'rejo 
c.inie  in  earlier  witli  400  jiei'sons  and  "JZ.ooO  head  of 
s,  and   was  eouliiineil   in  his  posit  ion,  yet  suh- 


;ianiial 


1  , 


ji.'ct  to  Jose  ^Vndauro,  an  Indian  of  Zimapan,  n\Iio 
had  /(.'alously  suji[)orted  the  cura  Salga(h)  in  opj)o>- 
iag  the  I'evolution.''  In  less  devoted  districts  the 
r  'Valists  are  saitl  tt)  have  acted  with  u'reat  severitv  to 
secure  permanent  ,suI)mission.^'' 

The  advantage  gained  by  Ordonez  was  followt'd  up 
I'i'oni  the  coast  side  l)y  Ai'gi'u 'lies  and  ( Jonzalc/ de  la 
A  e;.;a,  successively  conunandants  at  Tux[)an,  who  in 


=  y\s  related  by  Doiaute^,  in  A' ;/n'c,  .Vrx.  S!,/!.,  XfX..  \  i.  'JO. 

•' itrtlufiez  praidos  these  men  liiglily  in  liis  ie])ort.  (/'<;.  </','  Mcc,  Isl.'i,  iv. 
014-! 7.  <-'a.sa.s()la  was  aliont  to  iiun'eli  against  liDiiiez,  known  as  ci>nianil:iiitii 
f.'Mui-ul  (jf  tlio  region  arminil  l\iiiii(niljian,  M'lien  tiie  forniei'  niarsliall  I  liis 
I'irees  to  expediti!  the  iiar.lnu.  Ainou;^' ilioio  executeil  was  Captain  ('ai-[iii, 
ii[i|)iiuteil  iu'inisidor  general  under  \'illagran. 

■''  In  lluieha[)an  pi'isoner.s  were  ileeiuia:,ed  and  the  [leople  cipprc-^  d  mure, 
t'i:ili  formerly.  '  L'n  nuevu  desputismo  tuuto  u  mas  t'ei'n/;  iple  i  I  de  l-is  N'i'da- 
;.'r;uies,'  deelares  the  l.iitter  Diistamante,  Ciiwl.  lli<t.,  ii.  .'!.'>.").  At  .lilotepeij 
<ner  SiK)  persons  were  iinui(ilate(l.  N'e-reto  also  ;4iv<'S  instanees  of  eiiielty, 
f'peei.diy  at  llni.diapan.  M(  x.  Shjl,,  XIX.,  vi.  -IIA.  In  the  Tolluwing  year 
iia  epideinie,  wiiieh  he  ealU  yellow  lever,  adiled  to  its  ulllieiion. 


OrEKATIOXS  AGAINST  KAVOX  AND  VILLAGRAX. 


'■1 


!     i 


coiiiicctii)ii  ^vit]l  Ciiiti;ui,  loii!-' .stiiiionc:.'!  in  Hunstura,"" 
siicc('(.'(Il'(I  ill  cstublisl/nii;'  coiniiuiirn'atioii  hotwccii  \]>l 


(•(I 


1st  iiiid  tlir  iiitfiior,  and  in  asscrfiii'''  llu)  sui)i 


I'dvalist  anus  iVoiii  'raiiiiiico  to  l[uaucluiian'. 


))rc!iiar\^ 


li 


lie    Cil 


1st  I'c'H'ioii.  IVoiii    ^Misantla   iioilliwai'd,  (ji.iicial 


'iiu'on  ii'>iirc<l 


IV 


le-ad 


iii!>'  insiu'L!Ciit,  assisted  l)V 


Fat! 


Cald 


eroll, 


iinidez, 


A 

doll 


n'<»\(), 


Lozano,  i\\v.   Jndiau  Olailc,  J 


111' 

rl'- 


irl's,  Who  col 


5,U00 

L!'l!!l- 


dd  toij'ethor  muster  ; 
lollowei's  or  more;  l)ut  witli  the  judieious  aid  of 
l)oats  and  minor  eral't  the  royahsls  obtained  se\i  lal 
advanta;^'es  hotli  l)y  sea  and  I'ivi'r.  Tlie  capture  dt 
Tecohitla  serwd  to  eut  oil:' sujiphes  for  the  c)|)j)oneiil.-;. 
l*a.pantla  I'ell  in  SeptemLer,  llinciju's  attempt  to  iv- 
eover  it  })ro\ed  a  t'aihire,  and  several  other  discu.ni- 
litures  tended  j^reatly  to  disorganize  insui'i^'i'iit  m 
ments  lor  a  time. ^'  In  tlie  -Jalpan  distri(,-ts  l>oeane; 
and  others  under  orders  from  Ari'edoiido  of  tlie  A' 


oVr- 


lliO 


(It, 


1  M 


u/,  sui'ceeded  iu  enforeiii'.;'  royalist  contnil  in  a 


mi)re  derided  manner,  assisted  hy  a  number  of  lately 
pardoned  insur^'ents,  \t'ho  maniiested  no  little  /.eal  in 
the  ])ursuit  of  their  late  comrades,  and  iu  hreakiuL;'  u[» 
tlieir  haunts  and  plans. ''^ 

XeNcrthele.-s,  the  Sierra  Coi'da  and  its  soutliei'ii 
extension  presented  too  many  natural  advantages 
for  guerrilla  warfare,  i'or  sudden  descents  on  roads, 
jtosts,  and  iiehls  of  supply,  with  ready  and  secure  ri  - 
treats,  to  allow  anything  like  complete  restoration  of 


I'ovalist    control.      J 


( )S0 


Ant 


OHIO 


\'ill; 


I' ''ran. 


1 


lauti 


i*olo,  Francisco  lla\'on,  Cauas,  Atilano,  Garcia, 


Epit; 


icio  Sanchez  were  amouLi:  the  leaders  wIk^  h 


'  ( li'iitiMn's  i'('])ort  iu  Odz.  (!<•  Mi.v.,  LSKi,  iv.  ,")r)7-l-l't-,  piissi 


n,  a:u!i 


(laiito  CM  u'l't'oilc  !:i  1  luii.stfca.     'J'l 


laliitaiitsof  Tamil 


lima 


IkuI 


airttra''u;-ii 


tlii.Musi'lvL's  for  their  oljsairitu  defence  a^'aiiist  iiisiP'u'ciits,  AVOineuaiK 


Ich 


assistiii'^  ill  tlio  treiiclius  ajul  briirj 
J<l.,  (;S1)-!I0. 


iu  tlic  leail  from  their  nets  for  liuili- 


?1M1. 


'Seei-epoi'tanf  Ar.,'ikllesauil  Vc:,'a  in  <,'riz.  il>-  Mi. v.,  1  SI ,'!, iv.  (JO;?-! _';).'!.  i' 
'J'iii'sc  successes  of  the  iv)ya!ists  frustrated  Rayon's  eilbrts  toeoanunnic 


v.ith  t'le  U.  S.  and  other  parts,  as  will  lie  seen.   JJii 


MniiUh;L  n, 


li}^f. 


"Mieniral  iteliollo  of  Queretaro  and  General  T( 
cooperated,  so  tliat  the  force  iu  this  direction  was  ei 
M 


iitc,  Caw  I.  JIlM.,  ii. 
if  San  Luis  l'o'.o4 


pi< 


dlv 


VaMi 


d  fvandavenli^  wei'u  among  captured  leaders.   Uu~,.  dc  Mix.,  lolI>,  iv 


)7-S,  I01!)-r)l,  eti 


OSORNO  AXI)  I'.rsTAMAXTK 


sr. 


-tain 


(I   11 


le   I'i'Volut  miiai'V   s 


ti-li 


|i',  caiT'.  111'. 


i] 


icir 


I) 


(ijicraticjiis  to  the  lake  >ln)rc  ot'  Mcxicn.      Aiia.^lasi 
JJiistainaiitc,  llif  riiturc  piL'sidciit,  liguixJ  in  tlic  ranks 


tlu-'ii 


r  pUrSLlLT; 


I 


Tlie  main  n'lianrc  of  llic  insui\nrnis  in  this  (|ii;irt('r 
was  now  Osorno,  the  last  (il'tlic  1hr<'e  central  leaders, 
a;..^aiiist  whom  Calleja  difeclod  hi>  openin-j  '••iin[iai_L;!i, 
iiiid  tlic  stroni^'est  ot'tlicm  all  he  [iroved  himseH'.  1  'e 
)ie(l   the  territory  Koiith  of  the  A'i!Ia''i'anes,  and 


()(•( 


"1 


vas 


rec'o'niized  as  chief  I)V  nearlvall  the  re\'.  »hil  ioiiarv 


hands  scattel'ed  iVom  the  slopes  nhox'c  l\i[);iiil!a  to  tl 
j'laiiis  of  Apam,  and  in  irivi^nlar  sections  fiMin   Jul 
Jluamantlii  northward.      L  nlike  the  ste 


iiW 


n  Julian, 


■  issesse 


(I  adniirahlc  traits  t< 


-ust; 


111! 


|i(>pularit_v 


11 /.e 


alK 


I 


Wl 


Mil 


toi.k 


l>ut  displayed  the  same  lack  of  skill  ;is  oi'i;iii 
oftactics  and  prudence  as  conimander-in-cliie 
Dustamaute,  the  fugitive  electoi'  from  Me 
up  liis  abode  with  him  in  t!ic  latter  part  o!"  l^|_\ 
lie  ol).served  the  neglect  to  utilize  the  impe.  tant  I'le- 
laents  at  hand,  and  was  pcrmitteil  to  inti'oduce  sonu; 
order  into  the  adniinisti'ation,  to  (.-ast  artillerv,  ereet 


a  mint,  and  to  discipline  1 


ii )ree  (>i 


ome  .VjO  ca\alrv 


a.'K 


1  inlantry  ke])t  within   call,  out  (A'  a   tutal 


o\  er 


,000  which  could  he  united  un<ler  Oimc/ii 


ii>s   haniii'i' 


Phis  interference  roused  no  little   jealousy,  especially 
the  part  of  A'icente  Jjeristain,  an  artillery  ollieer 


oa 


v.lio  wielded  a  u'reat   inline 


nee  o\'er   tlu 


leader 


d 


Avliell 


Bust; 


imante  I'aised   his   voi 


lee 


a'''am.-.t    tin.'   e\- 


dve  vandalism  so  alluiing  to  the  hai 


it 


ItecailK.i 


lasy  to  so  direct,  i'eeling  against  him  that  he  to^k  his 
de])artnre.*'^  AVith  him  vanished  also  the  liiu;eriirj" 
hepu  of  llayou  to  win  Osorno  to  his  side. 


at  ('nil 


S;iiichiVMur]ii'isi'(l  (,)ii;uilititln 


X> 


il  elicit  its  fniiiaii'hiiilc,  .Mcirciio, 


luai'.-iii. 


Orl 


iiiii'Z  tMiiie  (l"\\ii  111 


nl  rotali.itcil  by  cXL-i'iitiii;,' at  .iii'iti'pfo 
mill  IxtlaliUiica  .several  insnrji'jiit.s,  iiuluiliu^'  'IVoiloro  L'i|ic/,  and  a,  Imy  of 


t\»rl\u  yearn.   (.!a~.  dc  JA  , 


I8i:i,  iv.  ii;i(i,  i-_':i,s, 


ct  s(.'i|.     Oprrations  s(i  111  ai" 


llir  ca|)ital  receive  freiiuoiit  notice  in  tlie  journals,  altlioUL;li   iii-i..;iiilii  ant  in 
tlii'niselves. 


'ifr-,  Xiit.  L 


"".I- 


\'^  11.     Xicol.i.s  r.crazaluce  hail  a-istdl  in  t!io 


ixor'';uiizatiou.     Ho  estimates  that  Uboiuo   couM  at  tlii.i  time  rai.>c  4,000 


ill 


r 


i  i 


\i\ 


4 


624         OPERATIONS  ACAIX-T  llAVoN'  AXD  Vn.[.A<  illAX, 

Til  Jniiuiii'N'  |S|:l,  a  rovali^t  iiaiU'  nndrr  l{nl)iii  i 
( 'rli--  inoiinscd  to  siir[iri>t.  Zacntlaii.  u  liicli  was  u! 


':'[<]■ 


s-t'xid  ti»  Ik-  j)()()|'ly  pl'cpai'cd  I'ol'  dcrclicc ;  l»ut  iUi  ilitcr- 
(•r|i|(  d  (li'spatrli  i;'a\(;  wariiiiii^'  io  O^oi'iio  uid  lie  lia.>- 
ti.utd  lo  aiilicijiali'  llic  iiiovciiiciit  in  rcvci'scd  (:rd(  i'. 
Altli(mL;'li  astniilslu'd  tn  liiid  their  itx^  Itcfoi'c  llh  ;r 
(•ai!i|)  oiK'  iiioi'iiini^'  at  the  liarii nda  <>{'  ^Iiiiiialiua]ia'  i. 
Ilic  iMvali^ts  I)()ldlv  s.'dlicd  (o  tlic  aKack.     ( )s()rn()  liM 


liack 


as 


if  ill  l!i''lit;  l)ut  ii> 


III  as  lliu  cavalry  of  tli 


jdU'siicrs  liad  licrii  scjtaralcd   IVcm  tlio  main   Itody  !,'! 
tui'iicd  and    sucocodi'd    in    I'oiitiii'j:   it.      The   inraiitrv 


also  con 


Id  1 


ia\'o 


iccn  aiinilnlatcd  il 


()^ 


OI'llO 


liad 


ci 


ird  1 


must 


:\i; 


If.      As  it 
•lit 


\\a> 


li 


dl 


ll|o\V(.'«| 


it  t 


I)  escaiii' 


t(li>   coiiiKU'iit    liy  sncccss,   lie    now  ])r()[»osc(l    t 


ic;i- 


l'\' 


lalu'  tlu;  olll'iisivc  and  advanced  in  A[iril  a^-ainst  Z; 
])oa\tla  witli  a1»ont,  two  tlionsand  men,  cliieily  ca\'al 
"idle  iiaii\'es  of  this  jilace  liad  ronsed  ]iis  ire  hy  their 
lond  I'oyaiisi  deinoiistratioiis,  and  the  expedition  v,a-; 
}ii'oin|ited  I'allier  hy  ill  leelin^-  and  a  desire  I'or  sji'iil 
than  hy  im lives  cuniiected  with  the  canse.*'^  At  iir.-t 
an  advanta;.,^e  was  ohtained;  hut  the  death  of  a  I'avni'- 
it(.'  oilicer  created  confusion  anion^'  tlu^  i'oot-s(jldi(i'-, 
tin.'  most  eli'ective  nart  of  the  troops  lor  this  i 


mou!i- 


tain  region,  and  the  o[»|>ortunity  heing  sci;ied  by  tlio 
(•]>|K)nents,  under  direction  <»1'  A'alle,  the  v.'avei'in.;" 
cohunn  \vas  routed  with  loss  of  tlie  siege  artillcix. 
U,sorno  thereupon  retreated,  his  scattering  i'urce. 


at- 


horscmcn,  in  good  condition.  C'ikhJ.  Ui"!.^  ii.  2r)S-9.  His  ofTorts  wi  ro 
Li-dUglitto  tlio  iiotioe  of  VtiK'Lfas,  partly  tliroiigli  hid  appeal  fur  a  Maitan  in 
iiitfiiiational  ))riiK'ipli's,  iKit  to  till' kiiifL'.  An  iiniucsty  was  otlbivd  to  I'ii.i. 
finil  to  prouiolo  it.s  aoccptanco  lli^^  wife  was  to  Iju  ancstfil,  but  isliu  uljtaiin  'I 
Maiiiiiii;  and  joined  liini  at  /acati.'.i>. 

^' Jli.s  maxim  \»:\\v^  to  (ill'or  the  foe  "iri.  piicnto  lio  platn,' or  .silver  hi  idrc, 
says  liu.Ntamanie,  who  add.s  tliat  a  nuiia  (jljj>.\'t  M'as  to  eapture  himself.  ( )  'i- 
no  had  hy  this  time  over  ], 000  horsemen  rou;id  him,  M'honi  ho  dismissdl  in\ 
reaeliin:;'  Zaeatlan  .laiiuary  !)t!i.  It  had  at  lir.-i:  heen  proposed  to  send  J.ii  at- 
col  ( 'iindano  aicainst  Osorno,  in  the  helief  that  I'aycn  wasalso  to  ho  met  Ir M'. 
Cttud.  Jli.'tt.,  ii.  "JoO-dO.  'J'iie  royalists  j.'avo  no  report  of  tiie  eneounter,  :n 
may  ho  imagined.     ]>ustaniante  writes  (Jielis. 


■•-  JUistamanto  and  others  were  f<tronj;ly  o[)posed  to  it,  and  the  nioveilien 
had  at  tirst  lieen  direeted  early  in  .Mareii  against  T'.'.l.ineiugo.  AN'hen  half 
wa^-  the  expedition  turned  Laclc.    Id.,  'JUO.     Col.  Ijoeardo  instigated  the  pres 


eiit  altaek. 


rVl'.N'TS  IX  ITTIU.A. 


t  I'lptiii'i'  in  \;iiii  <i>  I't'tiillatt;  Inr  llu'ii'  lallnrc  on  ^<»iiu 


oi'  I  111'  iiiiiior  settlements. 


Till-;  reVel'Sf  <4'ilVe  Ml)  little  inij)ulse  to  tile  Ifejiara- 
liiiHs  oi'  ( 'oiKie  tk>  Castro  Tefi'i'i'io,  the  iii'W  coiMinaiuler 
i:i  I'uelila,  to  whom  had  heen  assit^ned,  amon-^;'  other 
1.i>ks,  the  snhjiin'atioii  el"  ( )sonio's  sti"oii;4iioMs.  The 
i!::|)ortaiiee  til"  the  im<lertakln;;'  was  measures  1  not  al me 
h\  the  o])|>osiii'_;'  forces,  hut  liy  their  daiii^eroiis  prox- 
imity to  the  N'era  C'l'uz  hi;.;hway;  and  laiiyjit  i>y  tiie 
I'lilure  ol'  ('elis,  the  ('on<K;  I'esoK-ed  to  lead  in  jtersuU 
tlie  earefiilly  tittt'd  out  exiiedilion.  (  )p  ]>i'i  -entin;^' 
hliiiM'ir  hetoi'e    Zacatlan/'  Mav    IDth,  he    lound    tl 


le 


|.laee  ahaiidoiieil  hy  ( )sorno,  who,  [)reJerrinL;- |ii' 
In  L'loi'v    had  huried  his  ai'iillei'x',  and  I'etiredto  a 


Udenee 


an' 


(11 

ol 


^lanee.      i'ursuit  .si'cnied  uscl 


ess,  an( 


1  alt 


er  seuilur. 


it  detachments  to  destroy  the  fortitications  and  fac- 
tories at  San  Mi'-'UcI,  Tenan'>'o,  lluaniantla,  an  I  other 


1' 


ace. 


'[\i'i'<'ho  rt'tui'ued  to  I'uehla  throe  days  lat 


vV 


takniL;'  away 


the  d 


is(;ovire(i  liims. 


T 


u)  onlv  I'esistance  nn 


•tdi 


tl 


urui'>'  tnis  muitai'V  i)ronie 


iiade  was  oli'ered  liv  .Vi'royo  at  1  luaniaiitla  and  liv  t 
••lUM  Orteu'Ji  ^[oi'o,  who   witli  Ln'eati'i'  ra>lines 


le 

lian 


dc 


U' 


tl 


sense   bore  down  iu>on  the  advaneuiL''  expedition  with 


h 


d' 


diti 


; 


'■'Siicli  iis  Tlatliiniiuitcpcc,  Toiicxtopee,  lluiitcpoc,  ami  < 'lii^rnnuta.  'J'lio 
iittacU  (in  Ziira]M):ixtl;i  iii"4iill  on  April  I'Ttli,  tlio  main  assault  ami  ictioat  <"  • 
(':iiriiii!  >"i  tl'i'  -■^tli.  IJoyalist  accinint.s  istiinati^  tiic  assailants  v.t  ."i,(i;)il,  and 
cLiini  tlio  capture  (if  fnuf  canuun  \s  itli  a  sacfifu-iMif  only  two  killi'il.  Tiu; 
oiiifui'  wlidbi!  (kiath  inllucnood  tiic  ik'fi'at  was  Lieut. -(jol  ]]pitaL'i()  (lairia. 
<i'ir.,  lie  ^fl.1:.,  ISl.'?,  iv.  oj'J-S.  ])iistainant(;  places  Osorm/.s  luiec  at  omt 
l.UUO  men,  four  cannon,  and  two  e(jni]ianies  (jf  infantry,  l)ut  this  may  not  in- 
(■lii  le  the  troops  ailded  on  the  way  under  Arro^yo,  ivsjiincjsa,  and  otlieis. 

"  He  proposed  to  he  guided  in  tin;  eanipai^'n  by  (.'ol  J.  de  i)io-;  Kamii'e;', 
lately  an  ollieer  of  Osorno,  who  liad  fouml  it  prudent  to  eseaiie  from  t!ii'  ill 
fcilinj,'  louseil  hy  his  excesses.  At  the  last  moment  came  letters  from  I  )sorno, 
enelo.sing  notes  hy  llamirezou  Terreuo's  projects,  and  chan.djiL,' the  latter  wiJi 
^ccret  adliesion  to  the  insnrj,'ent  cause.  The  cliarL;e,  wliether  triu)  or  not, 
c'luld  not  fail  to  incense  the  conde,  and  he  liad  the  douhle-faced  colonel  ar- 
raijued  Ijeforc  a  court-martial  and  executed,  to  stop  further  disclosiii'c.s,  ar- 
coidin.ij;  to  sonic.  Jhistamante  declares,  however,  that  the  only  L'rouiid  lor 
.suspicion  was  the  courteous  treatment  of  insuruents  hy  'J'errcno.  ('oric- 
s;iondcuco  on  the  suliject  is  given  in  Bustam.intc's  journ.-d  ('nri%  n  (h  I  ><iii\ 
.I'lily  1,  lsl:{.  'rerrcMo  had  additional  trtmlilo  with  the  ayuntamieut  i  of  I'u- 
elila,  which  neglected  to  jirouiptlj'  furnish  certain  beasts  for  transport.  T!iu 
alcalde,  .Mai'cpies  de  .Monserrat,  was  actu.ally  placed  nmlcf  arrest  tor  pi'otest- 
in,;  airaiust  a  curt  suinnious  to  appear  before  the  general.  UudumuHli',  Cawl. 
11  < 'I.,  ii.  '160,  'JST-y. 


OT'::i;ATir,xs  A(;aixst  kavox  and  vii.L.vc.i.w. 


•Ui 


]<ss  (liaii  ;t  sc'd'c  of  lollowt'Ts.  The  pMrl y  \v";is  cut  t-) 
picc'v's,  jiiid  till!  cui';t  loll  c'lptivt',  i"at;il!y  WdUiidnl.'' 

Xo  sooiur  was  Ziu-atlaii  [)vv.  irciii  royalists  tli.in 
Osonr)  ic.'t'ute'rcd  it,  and  liis  lollowc'i-s  rcsinin/d  tin  ii- 
usual  i\;ids  southward  and  iulo  the  valley  of  M>'xici). 
J)uriiiL;'  Olio  of  tli(;so  incursions,  ('olonrl  Moiita.io 
Avas  ovcrtaki'ii  and  ]<.ilk'd  near  (_'aliiu!al[)an  liy  Cap- 
tain ^ialci'da,  coinnuuidinL;'  soiac  San  Luis  J'otosi  dra- 
m'oons."''  Thr  colonel  was  not  only  ;i  po[)ular  leader, 
liiita  friend  ol' Osorno,  and  lie  resolved  to  aven;_;e  hiia, 
.V  considera!)K!  I'oi'ce  under  liiclan  went  in  (juest  ot 
8alced.a,  \y]\o  was  overtaken  on  (lie  plains  of  Apaia 
OP  .Vun'ust  7tli,  and  after  a  severe  cfjullict,  sku"_;-liter>d 
Avitli  nearlv  Ids  entire  coniininv.^' 

('allcja  in  his  turn  hunied  to  iX'taliato  for  lids  .uid 
other  iiilhetioiis,  and  sent  Lloroiite  in  the  midst  o',' 
sol 


tl 


itl 


le  I'aniv  season  witli  se\erai  nmuireci  im 


Ih 


•n,  t>>  1 


eeiie.'r 


Zacatlan.      '^i  his  was  eli'ccted  .Vii'.','Ust  '2'.U\,  with  litllo 
more  than  a  skirmish.,   and  the  fortiiicaiioiis  at  Sau 


:\[i 


ILlUel  were  once 


nior(>  destro\e(l,  the  head 


oeui''-  i'enio\({| 


ll'Oli 


its  ii 


iiia 


led 


itosiiion. 


Id 


-ialcc<!i 
ort'nto 


lhoreU[toii  i'ollowed  Osorno  and  attacked  on    the  i!'.uii 


liis  stroll" 


<>•     l)OS 


itioii  at    Ijas  Mesas,  hut   without  d 


I'Cl- 


sive  cflect:   lor  aller  :i  liLi'ht  of  seven  hours  he  retired 


tu\vai'<l  Tla 


SCO,  aiK 


1  th 


elice 


h 


\Cl\ 


leinained  master  of  the  situation. 


to  A[ 


)aui. 


CJsor; 


10 


'()i-,lr 


frill II  (' 


Tc'i'iviiD  K^vc!  liiiii  nuisoii,  savs 


to  sliMut  Ii 
l>il--t.iiiia!it. 


tl 


IPC,  ^^iu'^ollp(l^  Iho  ruiii]iassuiii:ito 


LI. 


'JVnvnK  rL'])ui'ts  t!i,: 


liiL"  ixpcilitioii  0)st.  iHit  a  (Irup  of  Iticml,  imt  tlie  lar^c  i'X|)('ii«i  .s  of  tlic  ])ri[i;i- 

latum   ilOtlaOH  lint  (l\\(;ll    ll|i:ill.        Tilt!  ( 

(lvj,-itriivi."il  Sail  -Mi.'iul.  aii'l  '  'dIdiiiI  .V. 


iilauajua 


tv)  liaitalimi  uuik'V  S  niiaiiir.'a 


(Ir  Ml 


lsi;t, 


Mlis  li 


iv.  571- 

I'ailcil  him 


M,r.  El  I 


ui!a  uiarciioil  agaiii.st  1   uaiuaiilia.    (i 
ii'< '/. 


critical  iinimi'Mt.     Salccila,  c'  liuiH  tliat  iii'  Nit 


t..  iVfM.  witli  less  ti 


ail  tl 


uvi'sciirc  iiK'ii 


the  fmccs  of  Mciiiti  iio  ami  Maui: 


111  <■ 


,/,/S 


rr    ,>i  1) 


luimlii  rii.!4  sdUU!  (iii;)  cavalry.     He  liail  iircviiiurily  rcmtcd      lo  lc-<ticr  << 
and  NiKit  Oi'ti'ua.   O'n:.  (/•■  Mt.r.,  IsKJ,  i 
rsllt,  a  tiiliuto  in  paiil  to  Mu 
instead  (if  tli(!  'Jl.st. 

"The  iii'lit  lic''aii  (111  ihc  (itli.  near  Mai  I'i 


t.   I. 


().     J  i  i  (IcaLli  is  placed  \M     iLjly  dii  JulyJ^id 


iiid  cudcil  at  the  li;'ii 
Jala,  whither  Salccda  retreated  with  Ii:)  lucii,  t  illnwed  l>y  aliout  N)t), 
iiig  III  tlie  (I'ir..  ilf  .l/(.i'.,  1S1;>,  iv.  .S.").')-(i.     lli:<  death  was  ilce|ily  rijiclied 


'»-  Vet  li 


IS  reporfc  .spea 


Ics  (if 


uuuu'j'cii 


ts  tl 


eeiii;,'  111  all  (lli'ci 


I'tioiis  Willi  iiii'.u- 


iiieralilo  woiuulcd,  while  liis  own  lo^s  is  reduced  tu  two  wiuiiided  <luiiii;'  I. 


last 


c'licdiiiiter.   (i'((~.  ( 

I  kill' 


/(•  .!/« 


IV, 


l).!'.l-IJ.  !)-27  :?o.     I 


)!isiaiiiaMlo  liicri.wscl 


i:iS 


ca.-iUilliL'S  t(.i  eleven  killed  and  many  w  minded.     At  Tlasco  '  cy.iuUn  i.i  liajt 


i 


lUHUIlJ" 


niAxc 


IX  Xl'MV.V  (A!  iriA. 


',37 


Tlio  order  oi"  ( 'allcj;!.'''' witlidrMW  iii;^'   iVoin   llu' <'()ii- 
I'.iil  of  Xuc\';i  (Jalicia  lioth  {aiaiiaiuato  and  ?dirlHia- 


^■l,'\  \va.- 


aj)[)arv'iill'    hasid  on  ( 'r 


1/  s  iiii'iac 


iiiiv'wliat 


pre  "udcd  olijt'ciivni.s  to  the  respMiisihility,  hut  rt'sti'd 
v  ally  on  tli(j  louL;,'-L;'r()\viiin'  hostility  Ix^tucon  tin-  two 
leaders,  and  tlu^  desire  of  the  new  \  ieei'oy  to  assume 


(lireet  control    wlierexer    jiossi:) 


1.'.      ( 


VU7.   lUiderstodi 


the  motive,  and  took  it  so  mueh  to  heart  as  tt>  tender 
his  resignation  of  the  Nueva.  (^alieia coi.  niand.'"  !hit 
the  friendship)  of  \'ene<^'as,  Ica'^'ued  against  (alleja, 
induced  the  L;o\-i'rnment  to  I'etain  a  man   of*  so  rec 


(,0'- 


l  an 

aie 


ility,  I'-^.rtly 


as  a  cliccK 


on  the 


)V   tin 


eonndenc»>    exi)l"esse(l 


a.'sumed  ;i  moF';  independent  attitude 


iceroy.  ' 
ill  h  i  I ! I . 
U 


e  ert. 


Crr 
eted 


inintat  ( luadalajaivi,  ohtaimnl  larLi'^r  conunercial  [)riv 
i!'"4es  for  San  l>las,  an<l  fosterec'  trade  with  ('hina,  tin 
\>'vst  huli 


es. 


nd  in  othd'  (hrections.  at  the  expense  of 


eaimleo 


leveloped  local  nianniactures. 


an: 


[ormei 
l)uhlie 


I 


l^r   hims(df  a   lon;(-endurin^'  monumoit  in  t. 
hulivlinij's  with  which  heend)ellished  the  caitital  of  ll 


l;iii'4Moin 

OMi'iliMLi' 


All    this,  however,  had  the  eileci    also  nf 
Lhe  eyes  of  tlu'  jieo[)le  to  their  resourci's  and 

that 


leial 


ei- 


stren';ili,  and  to  rouse   a   s[)irit  o|    [)i'(ivii 

fiih'd  not  {o  hear  fruit  in  (hie  time.      The   lati 

iiio-  received,  more-over,  direct  eneourae'ement  fi'om  the 

continued  hostility  htt'/'oen  C'l'uz  and  ("alleja.  •' 

Tin-  eneru'etie  measiu'es  of  {  Vuz  had  assisted  to  eon- 


li'iicl.ls  ,.f  .Irluilil 


(' 


'./.   Hi 


arly  liv  iiic;im.-i  cf  ;i  false  )iass\v(ir(l  ;i;iil  lirin;^'  iiikhi  it, 


II.   :.li(i. 


J/...-.  Sl.jh  X/X. 
DaU'ij  .\[iiil 


i[Ufilaili|i)   CUSl    Idclr 

(il ;  -l/i  Kili'ii/,  III  ■■iiiiit 

I. si;;. 


laii'Tti 

u  iri4.,  is; 


y   1.1 


.V. 


.f  tl 


.\.s  fii!iiMii(l;uitt'  ^'('iicriil,  n'DVci'iiiir,  nii'l  •/'■('■:  ji'.Mticn 


<il  liii^  iiuilU'iK.'i:; 


'i"l 


lati'il  M,iv  loth.   Si'c  //( 


ilijectii)ii-i  III  (, 'alleja  aril  clo.ii'ly  iiiiliiatr 


Was  111  Jilii'il  liy  iilioUuM-  h'ttrf  of  tl 
.■<:;iiRM  to  lio  tho  fcslunatiiiii 


il<-.  11  lh,rril,,.<,  C.J.    /i,„ 


11!    rjlli, 


Tliu  latter  liv  IrtU'f  <if  .liilvlitli  also  II 


ainl  (■\]MV.--.s(S  warm  rL';j 


A/.,  711, 


!s  |in"siclriit 

'I'll.;  letter 

"ill.     < 'alleja, 

w iiirli    l'iusta!iianle   \\  I'liiiuly  as- 

isti'ati  .s  aLjaiiist  the  resii,'ii,iti('!i 


■t.H  were  lir'.iij^lit  direet  liy  way  of  l';iiiaiiia,  fur  iii^Ui 
Anuameiit  imt  lieiim  well  iiiaiiiifiietur.  il  at  ( liiailalaj.'.'a,  ( 'luz  aski^l  \\ 


-ii[i[iiy  frdiii  Mixi 


This  Avas  refused  ami  a  strnie'  letter  ('■.llii\i-eil,  w  lii>'h 


1.  I  to  a  1 


e|iriiiiaii 


I  f 


roiii  '  allc 


■aie.!uiaai'io,'  vet  ailiriits  his  talent  am 


ja.      I'liist.uiiaiite  allilde.s  to  (' 


'tern/y 


dit.  r„ri./.  Ii;.i.,  ii.   KMt-1.     Al.i- 


lilill  |i.iiiits  to  his  wide  iiillaem 
tuias  at  will.    //,V.  J/v'.,  iii.   I 


11  tiio  Uiii''doiii,  where  he  could  direct  elcc- 


r.ns 


OI'i:r!AT:OX;-<  Af;.\TX^;T  RAVOX  AXD  VILLAOilAX.. 


':l 


ipl 


f\]('  tlic  I'fViiliitioii   ill   Xu('\a  (J;  ii>-i 
limits,  iiotwitli.staiKliiiu'   tliu   (.laii-'cri 


M 


a  t<»  \rvy  iKiri'd'.v 
IS   ]aMxiiiilty   >>[' 


iclioaean  ai 


ul   ^iuanaiuato.     Aloii^^  tlics*^  I'i'diu 


tlicrc  were  iiiovemeiits  of  some  imi)ortaiic(.',  m  tliu 
snutii  mainly  iiirIlt  the  ilircetion  of  \  ai'n'as,  mIio  li;^- 
nred  as  comandanto  general  of  the  ]a'o\ii!ce  for  iiayoii, 
liiit  tli(;  countcr-eampaiLi'ii  fell  rather  to  tin'  .-Iimii;  tA' 
IturhiiKiand  Linares  or  his  snecessor,  and  in  the  north 
a  corps  of  olvservation  served  to  restrict  the  incursions 
towai'd  the  llio  Grande  I'rom  the  fastnesses  of  Xayarit 
ami  Acaponeta.'"*  Encounters  were  I'reqiient  enough. 
and  for  the  greater  part  in  favor  of  the  royalists,  witJi 


th 


WW  sill  >erior  arms  ai 


id  di 


iscii)line,  aiu 


1  til 


leir  possession 


of  IK 'a  rly  all  tl  10  towns  well  fortified  and   provided: 
hut  tilt-  insuro'ents  aimed  Jiere  less  at  wiiiiiin'>-  l)attl( 


than  raidiii'j'  and  harassin'jf;  an 


operations   sei'ved 


d  if  1( 


ess  oloi'iOU:^ 


■;Uc!i 


at  least  to  keen  alivi'  the  si)ii'it  of 


resistance  ami  pi'ovide  means  lor  more  eilective  d 


emol 


strations  i 


Isewl 


lere. 


The  most  important  movement  wliich  oceujiied  tl 


10 


oi'oxinoe  1 


tself 


was  tn(!  sicLj'e  o 


f  ^[eseala  I'oi-k  in  Lahi 


('lianala,  situated  six  miles  from  the  northern  shore 
liousL'd  hy  ceitaiii  unjust  exactions  on  the  ])ai't  o 
Cru/C,''  a  numl)er  of  liulians  had  taken  refuu-e  tlieii 


under  a  revc 


to  devote  themselvi's  to  sweet  revenge 

lutioiiarv  1  tanner,  after  liavin!jf  secured  arms  from  sui- 


1' 


■;(M| 


cop.  voVS, 


and    intlicted   some   dan 


la' 


>n  tin 


royalist  parties  which    attempted   to   suppress    tl 


leir 


''*  TliO  )'oy;ili.st  coiiuiiiiiul  in  Xayarit  waslirlil  liy  rnlonol  M.  do  Ituilio  wli'i 
(lit.'(l  this  year  (if  aiioplexy.  To  tiio  castwanl  itiovod  such  li'aikr.s  as  ]lvv- 
iiio:^ill(>.  So:;iira,  Canaiixa.  Caboza  do  \'rt(.;a,  ami  Satiirnino,  witli  fi'oiii  '_*,(!  "• 
t'l  1,01)0  followciM,  and  at  times  in  ciiujunotinn  witli  'i"<)ir''S  and  (':iliall<  I'l  i  t 
(iuanajuato.     Sue  (.'xtnifts  from  (,'ni/'s  rcjiort  in  Jhi-<lniniiii/t ,  Ciiml.  Ill-it.,  ii. 

40-j  :i. 

•'■'And  luTi'in  tlin  inlialiitants  woro  kept  hnsy  to  supjiort  tlio  ;'-anii--ons,  as 
in^tani'i'il  by  tin-  onk'r  at  Autlan  oliliging  tlio  iico[ilo  to  build  raiiipai;s. 
y/i  nxiiidiz  1/  Dn ruins,   ('of,  J>nc.,  v.  47. 

''"Till-  (rii~.  di'  .lA'.c. ,  Oct.  "21  to '2,'),  ISl!^.  gives  a  report  of  operatiiuis  main!',' 
nlong  tlie  Hontlieni  boi'der,  from  I'Vli.  till  Au^'.  In  the  latter  month  Si'Vt'iiaii) 
was  taiien   witli   nearly  all  liis  ninnant  of  foUowi  rs  near   Teiielille.    /■/., 

isi;i.  iv.  HOC  7. 

'■'  liustamant''  is  donlitfu!  wliethei-  the  rer.st.'iMi'hinent  of  tlie  ludi.ui 
tribute  or  inttTlerenec  with  li^jhing  on  the  lake  elainis  proniiuiuee. 


nm 


TIIH  WAR  IN  -MICnOACAX. 


5:19 


fii'st  (lonioiistratioiis.'''  I"*i'()tcctL'(l  1)V  tlidi"  distanc;^ 
iVoiii  slmrc  and  l)_v  tlio  j)rcfij)itous  sidrs  oi'  tlic  r<>rk, 
tliiA'  I'l'It  secure  ill  tlicii-  I'rtrcai,  and  ci.uld.  devote 
llicir  \vlinl(>  attention  to  di'sccnts  upon  the  ininiical 
settlements  alon<4'  the  lake  shore,  choosing-  their  o\\  n 
i\]\\r  and  ])laeo  and  k(M'])inu;'  them  in  constant  alarm. 
These  well  planned  oj)erations  were  under  the  dii'ee- 
tion  of  the  jireshytcr  ]\lareos  ( 'astellanos,  assisted  hy 
Knearnaeion  Kosas  and  tjose  Santa  Ana.'*''' 


i 

1 

1 

""^'""T,,,,,, 

.1/ 

■'"■I 

:-<v,;. 

S.rcflir  Tur 

(>.'Whm 

S.Luis.      ^■-^^ 

TiiiiUUCCU  ^-- — ' 

I.Oii 

'"   Xuc'uiuati.iir;; 

iK'ua>o!, 

> 

,\i. 

uiltjuu 

/- 

•\, 

V'V"  '*,. 

--<^5^ 

■-  ■• 

■ '  .^~?~~^ 

/ 

5;^;' 

.     -■>■'''' 

■■■  fi 

'•''--^ 

-"/ 

^       ^\ 

i^^^r^' 

'■/' 

EXPLANATION 

i 

i ,/: 

/  / 

/ 

< 

f-r 

\ 

^ 

-t^t'  ,j 

.^,« 

'■>>' 

1.  Fnrt.                      1 
8.  01(1  ITi-sldio. 

1 

/ 

1 

^^^  -imj 

K.  (^hiipel.                  1 

-  ^/ 

^-■^'' 

4.  ]lo^i.ltul.              1 

5.  HMtt.iy. 

eiiAi'Ai.A  Laki;. 

Vvw7,  dircctc^l  a  considerahle  force  to  o-uard  tlie 
shoi'e,  under  Lieul enaiit-colouel  Liiiaros,  Avhile  suil- 
ahle  x'essels  could  he  luillt  at  San  l)!as  foi'  a  foi'mal 
assault.     13urinn'  a   reconnoitiiiiL;'  tour  in    I'\'hiuaiy, 

''''(''iiniandiuitc  Scrratd  in  X  iv.  VAl  uttackcil  P.osis  at  Sau  IVdrn  Ixicaii, 
near  Ocotlan,  Imt  ici'iiloixril  liy  Santa  Ana,  tlic  lattiT  ti"ilv  a  tilliu,'  luvcn-o 
(jii  his  assailant,  and  imrsiuid  tlio  advaiitagu  by  routing  Hcruandiz  at  I'liuci- 
(lan  and  thu  onrato  Alvaix'Z. 

•'■''I'lit.'  latt(;r  govrriior  of  tin'  adjoining'  sIkivc  vilh.Lri!  of  Mcscala.  'I'lic  ac- 
I'liint  is  fri>ni  the  i-cport  furnisliel  liy  (_'astL'] hunts  in  is'J4  in  ivs|Minsi'  tij  Ijii.s- 
taiiiantc's  a[ii)ral  to  the  uongrcs-i.  Castrllanos  had  Imrui'd  all  docmni  iits  lit 
thu  Una'  of  cai)itidatioii  to  [ncv  i.'nl  cxiiosiircs,  and  ttsliiitd  fiuni  niouiury. 
C'lUti/.  Ill-it.,  ill.  b>7  i-t  sci^.,  i\.  Jlj,  with  pluus. 


5    51 


F 


^i  r' 


:;  h 


i 


i  t 


!     M 


510 


ori:;;ATiox,s  A(;aixst  ravox  axd  vn.i,A(.;i;AX. 


ill  M'\rii  larii'o  cnuocs. 


undcrtalieu  by  Linares  liinisc 
he  cmhk;  ill  c'(nillict  with  llic  islanders,  and  succunilird 
with  SL'\'c'ial  ofKctTs  and  twciitv-thivc  men,  tliivu 
canoes  only  ivgainint^'  thu  shoiv.*^  Ivjiially  un--ui'- 
ccssl'ul  was  tlio  main  attack  in  Juno,  under  Cjloneral 
Xegrete  with  ahout  live  liundred  men.  For  tliis  tin; 
new  lai'g'o  boats  ironi  San  JJlas  were  l)rou_L;'ht  o'lt, 
some  laslied  tou'cther  to  sustain  eanuoii.  Pai'ahzi  .1 
liy  stone  slunvers  I'roui  tlie  rock,  the  haml)ering  stjUiid- 
I'on  became  an  easy  tarii'et  for  tlie  h'-'ht  active  canoes. 
A  laru'e    nundjer   of  the  assailants  were   killed,    two 

CD  ' 

boats  were  cajjtured  with  cannon  and  ammuiiiiion, 
and  Xegrete  had  a  narrow  esca})e,  v.  ith  se\'ere  wouihU.'" 
lv,()3"alist  operations  were  after  this  reduced  ti»  little 
more  than  a  defence  (»f  the  shore  lino  from  the  head- 
quarters at  'ilachichilco,  su[)[)lementetl  by  a  bb^ckaile 
lor  cutting  olf  su[>[)lies  which  was  maintained  by  a 
cruising  ilotilla.*'-  The  occujxints  of  the  rock  num- 
bered at  this  time  about  a  thousand,  including  ;JuO 
women  and  children."^ 


II  ill 

I'M 


m 


''"  Actoriliiii,'  to  Cruz'  report.  Castcllanos  asserts  that  'apcnas'  one  cauoo 
cscuveil  V,  ith  live  iiicu.  Suuta  Aiui,  who  couim;Miili_''l  ;it  thu  i-l.iud,  lo^t  tiu'i'O 
iiic:!.  Tiiis  ouciirred  on  I'VIi.  'JTth.  'i'hu  islaiidcr.s  an;  L'ivcii  7"  canoi  s  Ity  tho 
o;  iiQiioiits.  S(i(.iu  alter  a  (livi.-<iou  ajraiiist  San  IVdro.  uinh-r  Lifiit-cl.  .Alva- 
iczwad  routcMl  l)y  tho  valiant  Indians,  wiio  also  dcfoatL'd  another  at  \'iaia. 
Castcllanos'  report  is  full  ot'  similar  and  Lss  inipi.>rtant  sl;irnii.-li(  •^.  always 
favorable  to  tho  islundei's,  who  Icill  lar,L,'o  nuiahers  while  .sutlerin^'  little  tlu-ni- 
sehes.     luiyalists  of  course  report  their  own  vietorits. 

"-''I'lio  expedition  is  said  hy  inair-eut.s  to  luive  consisted  of  000  men  with 
1 1  L'lins.  //<  riiiiiiil'  ;  ij  J>i(V'(loi,  Vol.  Dor.,  v.  U41.  Castcllanos  claim-  that  tho 
greater  part  of  Xcgretc'.i  foive  was  lost,  with  one  j;un,  etc.,  tho  leadi  r  leaviu.,' 
the  tin.L'ei'H  of  one  hand  hchind.   CkwL  Jfisf.,  iii,  >)."). 

^-'I'lio  leading  vessel  thereof  was  successfully  assailed  and  captured  one 
niL'ht  liy  Santa  Ana,  who  distinguished  himself  ahout  the  same  time  l.y 
almost  aiini'nlating  the  I'orecM  of  Cuellar  and  \'alIauo,  tlio  former  imndiering 
'nearly'  oOl)  men. 

•■''iliis  from  tho  report  of  .1  captured  Indian,  who  is  latlicr  vague  in  his 
statement,  fov  ho  knows  tlio  leader  only  as  a  I'laneisean,  \\[t\\  one  .Moi  ill ) 
'ai'parently'  as  second.  ii(!  states  tluit  thuy  were  poorly  provide. 1  with 
armament  and  Kupplles.  l!o  enumerateil  10  eaimnn  iind  fully  10;t  eani;es. 
J/'  rufniilc  1/  J>t!rnlo^,  Cut.  Doc,  v.  'J01-{).  Fur  additional  details  on  move- 
ments in  .lalisco,  seo  (la-,  iln  Mr.r.,  Islit,  iv.  l."i--_'(i,  i',i;),  ,s:;:(-4l),  Kl^o,  1  lt)7, 
1J!U,  etc. ;  J/<  ii'hliil,  llifiniHii  lli^l.,  'Jl(i-I7.  At  this  peiinil  ligured  a  woman, 
I'anla  Atien/a  liy  name,  who  wai  reconnncnded  to  tho  eortes  l.y  the  nuiniii- 
pality  of  ( iaudalajara  for  her  devotion  to  the  sieU  and  \iounded  ou  liolhsiilen. 
Curfi:--,  JJiiirio,  XX.  >^'2-i.  'I'he  re[iiirts  from  this  city  at  the  opening  of  tho 
year  are  signed  by  J.  L.  J.  i'inilla,  as  intendente.  Id.,  xix,  [io'J. 


:\ 


Tiir;  Ti;ovixcrA.>  ixti-rxas. 


)U 


Til  tlic  ailjuiiiiii^'  ;inii(.'xe(l  proN'iiuH^    of   Z;icatocas, 


,>-[iirit.   iiiaiiituinii.  .i'    liiiusclt' 


eadiii'''  rcvoiiitiwiKU'v 


verv    v.- 1 


■11 


with    n'jailv 


\]nvv  liuiulred  uiru,  (l(.'s[)ite  the  close  watrh  krpt  hy 
.^.'xcral  caNaay  divisi'ins.  Assured  that  the  city  ut' 
Zacaleeas  was  ripe  lor  rev<'U,  lie  veiitui'cd  in  S(]»- 
t'iiiher  to  attack  it,  and  peiietratetl  to  the  \eiy  h.ii- 


]■a(•|^^ 

iiiaiK 


ea 


ler,  J 


j)tiir 


H< 


t\v 


O     (' 


aiiiioii ;  hut  the    rovalist 


eoin- 


>i-i''auier 


1 


ri;iarrr 


had 


received  warning'  lu 


lime  to  suiiuiiou  aid.      liosal 


es 


>ni:i 


11  i' 


ii'ce   was  soon 


(.l.il^'ei 
v,-as  in 


1  t( 


)  retreat,  and  on  ri'achin'i'  the  ojtei 


'Id  it 


O-'S 


tercepted  and  <lispei'sed  w  ilii  consid.'iahle  1 
the  I'cinnants  restrictini'' tiieinsches  heucuibrtii  to  \ 

CD 

nor  raiding'  ex[ied.itions. 


i',i 


ni- 


Xueva  Galicia  was  not-  tin;  onlv  coninnnd  th;d  sul- 


1'  red  disinteiiTat 


!on  v\'i 


th  (he  ele\'aliin  oft 


ioj;i. 


The 


p!'o\i!icias  luternas  were  di\ide; 
rias  L;enerales,  de  ( )ceid('iite  aiu 

1 


arLo  iwo  coniandan- 


l  de  Oriel 


iVe 


!ie  tor- 


an 


liicr  retaining'  the  oi'i^'inal  ])ro\'inees  save    lex 
Co.ihaila,  which  to^'ether  with  Xue\o  J  iCon  and  Xii- 
i\-o  Santander,  hitherto  uiuh.r  tin- \- 


I 


rvrovaitA' 


.  ti'iir 


the  I 

will 


rieiite  section. 


Tl 


li'  con 


iniiind  ol"  the  ( )ccilc 


n:i> 


1    nead(juai'teis 


at    C'hilnadiua,   i»assed   in 


the   vear   I'roin   .Salcedo   to   .Vleio   (jar^ 


( 


course 
bolide, 


hose  brother  Dieii'o   Ijeenme  intendcntc  successively 


i}'  Zacateca> 


ail' 


1   .1) 


nrair''o. 


That  (if  tile  ()rient( 


i: 


w 


hich   Moiiterev  hec.mie  th.e  seat,  was  hestowcd 


S 


on  rMiiion  cie 


II 


errei'a, 


lati 


'■o\'ernor  ot 


A  uevo 


1 


iCoi! 


nd  a  I'riend  oF  C  alleja. 


' ''I'hat  wiLliiii  tlie  citv  aiiiuuuti. 


')  (i<i(;atli<,  now  iiicri'iusoil  liv  17,  liciMoa 


IS 


prismiurs  taken  liy  ( 'ai)tMin 


r;isona,  whn  h 


till'  ici'iilDrconioiit. 


hui'.,'t'nt  party  is  [ilacol  at  "J.'iU,  n  sociiou  of  whii'li  was  cnniinauiliil  liy  Mai^'la- 


Ir 


ill),    (,'ir. 


de  Mr 


IMl,  V.  (Ji>4:  lsi;i.  iv.   los; 


Iklsta 


ill.'  n'!at(':s  tliat 


Ito.iak'.s'  son,  (.'U'vcii  m 


)f  aL'i'.  fi-M  Wiviinloil  into  tliu  1 


laiiils  < 


if  thi 


Vlctll 


V.llO 


lirst  laslicil  ami  tiu-u  ^llot  him,  to  \iliic'i  cm 


1  -l 


)  sacaron  vn  una  Camilla. 


Ciifid,   J/is/.,  ii.  4'.l."i.      Itosalcs'  iiaiiie  was  later  iiisi'riln'il  ii>  K'ttcrs  of  goM 


iuiion^'  the   Uitt4v>nul   hi'i-ots.     Matias   Ortiz,   Zamor.i,   K 


I 


V 


iOiH'z,  atii 


uiaili!  (vv-asional  oiitrios  on  the  soutli-east  imiiler.     An  ;itia -k  l>v  them 


f  u  Ojihlos,  a?  the  eli^sc  of  Aiiiru^t,  with  -llil)  men,  was  repiilseil  with  a  1o:-h  of 


CO. 


./.   ,t/, 


HI.H,  iv.  11 


.VS. 


''"' Xeiiiocio  SaKvili 
Via  IL'iiii'.s  in  < ''   '   '"/' 


MS. 


tl    to     Sp; 


a..;  conimaudii' 


time  later  lUriiarJo  15una- 
k 


542 


OPERATIONS  AGAINST  RAYON  AXl)  VILLAGRAN. 


!■!  11 : 


i      ! 


1^*        i!l 


Tl^.o  fhaiiij,'*^  orosG  Ics:^  from  tlu'  iiicrcaso  of  ]M)])ula- 
tioii  and  inatt.'riul  duvelojmiuat  lliau  iVoiii  a  military 


■taiidi 


)()iti 


t. 


m   view   () 


f  til 


lu    iicL'd    toi'  ciiorL;'('ti(;  su|) 


prcssion  of  Jio.^tilc  laovcmcnts.  Tlu.'  north-west 
lion  siiifored  I'atlicr  fi'oiu  tlic  usual  Indian  linstili- 
tii's,*'  but  eastward  tliu  revolutionary  spirit  had  a^'aiii 
sj>i'unn'  into  alarinini^^  proniinoncL!.  ^Vftor  the  sup[irc>- 
sion  of  th<j  insurrection  in  Xucvo  8;uitandcr,  Ijcrnai'd-) 


ijiU 


tiurrc'/  dc  .l.ara,  an  in]ial)itant  of  the  town  of  ] 


U'- 


villa,  and  attached  to  the  revolutionary  cause,  had 
■■iiaiL^'ht  an  asyhun  in  tlie  United  States,  tliero  to  seek 
aid  in  behalf  of  his  cause  and  to  await  development-. 


The  attention  accorded   liim  l»v  tlu 


overnment  at 


\\'ashin!4t  )n,  and  its  known  intentions  reL>'ardinL;'  tli 
Texan  i'ronti.'r,  createil  no  httle  alarm  in  New  Siiaiii, 


and 


tl 


10  insur!'( 


■nt> 


'lew  corresno 


Kungly  elated,  loudl , 
aUnoimcinu'  in  ]\[arch  that  a  laru'e  armv'  was  alr(  adv 


iiiarcliini 


to  tl 


leU' 


assis 


tar 


ce 


GJ 


Jjara   failed,  howe\'er,  to  elfect   nuvthin'jf  with   tl, 


'■oN'ernmenl 


and  the  jubilalion  ol' his  coni[)atriot 


s  w,i- 


founded  merely  on  the  march  of  some  ibur  himdrrd 
and  fifty  men,  partly  lilibusters  i'rom  the  Uiiit<'d 
Srates,  with  whom  he  had  in  the  latter  j)art  of  IS  I 'J 
iK'gun  o[)eration,'  ii|  Texas.  JLe  ti)ok  possession  suc- 
cessivel}'  of  Nai  oi^docjies,  Trinidad,  and  I']sp[rltu  Saii- 
t  I,  and  with  the  co6[)eration  of  the  Indians  drove 
l)ack  the  advancinii'  forces  of  Clovernor  ]\Ianuel  Sal- 
cede)  and  (Ailonel  llerrera,  tlu;  projiosed  commander 
tin)  proviiK-ias  internas  do  ( Jiieiite.      Tn  Aj'iil   I'nl- 


l 


)wmL; 


l)oth 


i  these  oilicers  were  cai»turi 


d  and 


(  xe/'l 


It.d 


ill  retaliation  for  their  share  in  the  arrest  of  Kidal  (o, 
A  re[)resentative  n'overiinieiit  was  established  at  iJi'j.n'. 


"■•^As  alliu'    I  to  in  A'. 


-/< 


•o.  iSdii.  >/  Si, I.,  oS,  ( tk.'. ,  and  as  fuKj'  relatcl 


J/}.<f.  Xorlk  .\t<  X.  St'i/tn,  ii.,  this  scries,  from  original  sjourccs, 

'^'Ouis,  till!  Sjianisli  miuistiT,  s^iit  accounts  in  1S|2  of  American  (It 

1  \' 


(.11  the  whfiL'  of  New  Spain,  or  at  best  tlio  nortiiei 


il  oi'ilers  for  tho  pr<jvineial 


rn  rirovince,' 


coimnanilei'S 


t.  I. 


an 


fliC 


til 


iiartl  iiL,ani,t 


ifentsfrom  the  States,   Letters  in  A/fi 


Hi<t.  J/r/.,  iii.  a[)p.  4")  'J.   See  als 


a   MnniliiKli'  frmi 


ihil-i,  Mciil.,  Mailiiil,  IS'iO,  I-iiO,  with  appciidi 

'■'('nnvo  if''  Sin;M:uTh   IS  Apiil  •--J,  |.M;j.      I.an 
MoiiiiM-ey,    1S'J7,  claims  to  have  iiidigiiaiitly  reje.  ted  every  desiiju  on  tl 
aaLioiuil  terriiury. 


V  1 1 ! 

'it,    i 

I'l   1 

v,a; 

1 

EASTKRX  l'i:OViN'CKS!. 


S43 


A'.liicli   ]i(];l  iiii(li.sj)utc(l   sv»;iy  (»\cr  ilic  jji'dviiic',  ninl 
|'iv|i;ii<;l  cNcii  to  cxIlmkI  it  sDUtliward. 

Warned  ol"  tlic  daii^'fr  Aii't'd(jndt),  .stationed  lately 
ill  llie  \  alley  del  ]\Iai/,  hastened  of  his  own  accord  to 
i.iunlei'act  it,  i;athjrinL;'  troops  and  nialerlal  on  his 
v,;iy  thi'on_<^li  Xue\o  .Santaiidei'.  liis  indejieiideiit 
iii'tioii  might  not  have  pk'ased  A'ene^as.  C'alleja, 
jiwwever,  not  only  a|)[)ro\ed  but  appointed  him  to 
t!ie  comandancia  n'enci-al  vacated  l)y  Jiei'i'era's  <leath, 
;ii;d  sent  the  iieuiv  arri\('(l  l^sti'emaduia  le^inient  to 
T.inipico  to  talce  the  place  ot'  tlie  dejiartcil  i'orces. 
( 'clonel  J'.lizondo  was  sent  in  adxance  to  ])i'epai'i.'  tho 
V,  tv,  hiit  allowed  himself  to  he  cnLja.'jjed  in  hattle  and 
I'lUted.  Two  months  later,  in  .Vu'j,ir-t,  Ari'edondo 
himself  approached  Injar  \\ith  ei'^'hteeii  hunilred  men, 
vli'i-eoi'  two  tliii'ds  Were  mounted,  and  retaliated  hy 
ii:liictin;4  a  crusliin!^  defeat  on  Ah'arez  de  Toledo,  a 
J-'jianish  naval  (sHicer  who  had  manaL;'ed  to  sup[ilant 
Jj.'iia.  Oi'  the  |)risoners  a  lar^e  numoer  were  exe^'uted, 
t -^oecially  j!eo])!e  fi'oUL  the  Ignited  States,  who  were 
(r,;lh-iwed  and  shot  W  heivver  eUcouulured,  l'  r  their  ^-;)- 
(■■died  ];erudy  ai;'ahist  a  conlidiuL*'  government.  The 
1,  tcr  dictator  Santa  Anna  won  hi.s  ('arliest  distinction 
i;;  this  liel.l,  where  a  score  of  years  later  Iiumiliatiou 
(  M';to(»k  him. 

The  I  rctvin.ce  was  (piiddy  cleared  ( T  insr.rgents, 
;ii'd  ;;i"ter  np[)ointing'  as  goV(.'i'nor  (Vistohal  J)iimin- 
yr,!/.,  .Arredondo  returned  to  ]\Ionter(.'y.  thei'e  to  es- 
t.ihlish  the  >eat  of  his  coman<lancia.'^'  And  so  \;in- 
i-lied  also  the  lio}>e  of  any  aid  from  the  I'nited 
^tate.>.  f.  i'  the  peojih-  there  made  no  moxciiiiiit  to 
interfere  in  lithalf  of  tlu^  persecuted  iid\int niers  iu 
l^'Nas.  Tlu;  agent  ;M-credited  hy  liayon  to  V\  a^liiug- 
lon  and  ■  tlier  j)laces  l<a'  intei'csting  I'oreig"  govern- 
ments in  tlwj;  cause  failed  to  (»btaiu  e\'en  means  I'or 
(!i  parture.'^ 

'"  VnU  jucduiit  <if  tI.i'!-o  niid  coiiiicrtcil  i'V(  Ills  wiH  lio  Lrivrii  in  ///'■-'.  Xori'i 
-I/'./',  .'•iti'i.,  ii.,  11iisMiii.s. 

'lln'  tij.Liit  Viis  (.Vli'iH  1  I'liPiii  i^co -AMdiiio  IVnii",  I  iii|i')\V(i(.(l  tu  u"  l'i- 
tiulL  trmtk.s,  oLlain  :uiiuini(.'nt,  ai.il  ucjiiur  W  ith  llic  papal  li.,gatu.     11,k  iiud 


n 


.1; 


^1 


I 


■^■) 


li 


i 


I 

4 


\m 


I 


5t 

Mi 


644 


OPKP.ATIOXS  AriATXST  EAYOX  AXD  VILLAriRAX. 


Tlir  prccautio]!  of  (.'allrja  in  NciHliiK^-  a  i-c^iniciit  Im 
n\-inijMc>»  jn'ovt.'d  most  oppoi'tniic,  inr  the  iiisui'j^i'iit 
Jlcrrcra  was  i-ousino-  flu;  liHruiiis  of  Xiu'N'o  Iji'ou  Itc- 
foix'  aVi'i'fdondo  luul  ci-osscd  into  l\xas;  and  assistt'd  Iv 
]\Iar('(liii()  (iarcui  and  otlioi-s,  with  liordcs  of  ]_J]>;inrs 
and  ( 'onianclK's,'Mu'  ox'ci'ian  tin;  wliolc  ]X".;'ion  iVuin 
San  (  Vii'los  noi'tliward.  ^MctntL'i'cv  was  ent(-;rfd,  and 
tliu  connnandanl  Sada  would  have  had  to  siuTondcr  thr 
last  intrcncluiRint  but  lor  th>i  approach  of  tlio  Span- 
ish I'c^inicnt  under  Arniiuan,  acting'  as  Li'overnor  d' 
Nucvo  Santandcr.  The  latter,  in  connoctif)n  wil'i 
Die/  dc  ] 'ustaniante,  Li'overnor  of  Nucvo  l.,con,  I'c- 
lipe  de  la,  Garza,  sent  l)y  ^Vrredondo,  l\'roa  and  ^Icl- 
o'arcs  iVoni  the  Oec-idcnto  provinces,  now  pursued  the 
insui'iivnts  h<<tlv.  Garcia  IV'll:  Herrera  anionLi-  others 
v.as  captui'id  an<l  shot;  and  the  rest  dispersed,  le;i\- 
iaL;'  the  revolution  wholly  suppressed  throughout  the 
Oriente.'- 


iv 


¥' 


also  to  (ipeii  coniiiniiiication  with  tlic  const  for  Iiis  own  (IcpMrtnrc  as  well  lis 
fc/T  liriiiui:).^'  in  j.i'ins:  lait  ]5i'ii\-()  failiii;^'  to  assist  liiui  in  tiio  northern  \\:v:\, 
(Vnz  (li.-iLricts,  he  tiinn'il  Ij.uIj.  JSustMniiintt'  li'anns  him  for  iiHliscrt'iini!, 
VihiM'fhy  tlir  royalists  were  |iiit  on  j^iianl  a^jaii  st  his  movoniciits,  ami  i'nr 
t^Iieiiilnig  tinio  to  colk'L't  vanilla  to  dclVay  tlio  cxpcnsfs  of  his  niis^im.  ('""/. 
JI't^K.  ii.  ;U7.  Aliiinan  thinUs  ho  should  have  talit-n  uoi'liinoal  and  souL'iit 
exit  from  Tahabco.  llu  roiiioduccs  his  coimni^siDn,  otc,  in  llisf.  M'J.,  i!i. 
jipp.  lO-ri:!,  and  so  dors  Xcgn^tc,  Mf.r.  lil'ili)  X IX.,  vi.  I'A-H,  vho  apjirovs 
thi' mission;  hut  tho  fnlli'sl  record  is  in  ll<rii(uitltzy  Ddralo>t,  (HI.  J)ih\,  v. 
lSotsci|.,  '.Ill;  vi.  lOliO  Ki;  i.  S7-~'i,  with  an  anonymous  doLUmcnt  ex|iii::^s- 
in.t;  foai's  of  fi irei;,'n  (k'sii,'ns.  Arraii;^oiz,  M('j. ,  1.  -18,  declaims  vaguely  agaiuit 
juivati-'ers  from  tlur  north. 

''  Tlie  latter  eomiiig  this  year  for  the  iirst  lime  south  of  Ivio  liravo.  J/(.'\, 

Jn/nnni'    Ci'lllU.  J'csqlli.:.,  187t,    I'Jl. 

'-"J'lu'se  stateiULUts  are  from  tlie  i-eports  of  Arredondo  and  his  aiiis,  in 
(,''iz.  (le  M,:,:,  ISKi,  iv.  !).">1  (>,  OTO- 1,  !»^(»,  <l!)--'-f,  U)Sl -•_',  ]•_'.'!), SO,  l:^l,".-i;; 
1S14,  V.  'J7  et  .se(|.;  to  whieli  ( ionxalcz  addj  details  from  the  opposite  side. 
t'uad.  X.  Li  OH,  •_'lS-oi!7,  passim. 


I^- 


CHAPTER  XXI T. 

CONGRESS  OF  CIIILPAN'CIXOO. 
1S13. 

MiiiM.i/is"  Maiuii  to  AcArrr.ni — lii;  ]]i;siE(;r.s  and  ('ArxruKs  It — Royamst 

1U;AL'T1(i\  —  I'lAXlLA — (ilKlIKILLAS  A  N  U  TIlKIil  J'dlNC-^       111:  AVllS  Ol'KIl  \- 

TioNs — IFis  ]ii;rri.sK  at  Ai.vauaixj— Sii.di-;  m-  Cci.s(  om  \ti;im;c  -Ouizaha 
SiiaM'.isKi)— Skcond  Royalist  Di.Ff, at  at  Sav  Accsiin  m;i,  I'ai.mai!  — 
Irs  CoNSKQricNcr.s — ^i)isroui»  ix   Tin;   Situkmv  .]i'ST\--CoM;Kr.s.s  oi.- 

ClIILl'A.NClNUO — IvAYON's  x\CTloN — ^MoUILo.S  Tlli:  ( I  KN  KKALISSIJIO  AM) 
Sll;l;VO    l)i:     LA    XAtlllN  —  DlCLAUATIO.V    of    XaIIuNAL    l.NliLrL.NULNCL  — 

CiiN.sTlTL'TlDN— Ji:.Si:iT,S, 

^.loKF.Los,  liavini^  decided  to  lay  siil;'!^  to  .\.(\npul('o, 
started  from  Oajaca  on  the  Dtli  of  Februai'v,  I'M-"!, 
wltli  3,000  men/  leavin;^-  there  a  forct;  of  1,000  imdcr 
('clone]  lioeha;  1,000  hax'iiiL;'  |)reviously  ])rv]i  de- 
siiatclied  a^'ainst  the  royalist  chiefs  ^[ontaho,  Sanchez, 
mill  others.  Marchinu;-  to  Yanlmitlan,  ]h)  stationcil 
(I'ere  ]\Iatamoros  >vith  I,a00  men  to  secui'e  possession 
i.f  that  country.  ]n  the  ]\[izteca  ro;td  lie  detached 
(laleana  in  aid  of  the  hrothers  Bravo,  wlio  liad  heen 
!tssi'>iied  the  diitv  of  ijfuardin'.'"  tlie  line  of  tlie  Meseala 
J liver  on  Chilapa  and  mi^'ht  need  assistance  in  their 
encounters  v/itli  JMris,  now  suhordinate  to  (he  I'oyalist. 
hri^'adier  Moreno  Daoiz.  (Jaleana  was  to  j'ejoln  tln' 
main  ju'iny  at  OnK^tepec,  of  ^\•hi(■h  place  A  ii-eiite 
( iuerrero  was  njade  comandanti^.  ( )n  t!ie  ild  of  March 
the  independents  t)pened  tlieii'  way  at  the  dacalones 
ilcl  ( 'am[)amento,  a  sti'ongly  fortilied  place  deleiided 
I IV  rovalists,  whom  thcv  routed.'-' 

'  Most  of  tlio  nc\v  troojis  oi-L''niii/''il  in  ();ijiic;i  lU'scrtcil  pomi  nftiT. 
-  J'ldriu  (If  la  L'.r/.iiUciuii.  (If  Mi,,ili,.<,  in  lliisidniiinlc,  Sii/'l.  lo  C'lro,  'J're.^ 
Siijlvs,  iv.  ."i7  7;>.     lUist:uii:into  claimcil  lo  have  in  his  ^Jo.saus^i(lll  liio  oiigiuul 
Hist.  Mex.,  Vol.  IV.    35  I  Jli  j 


l^i 


!     ^ 


I 


■"1 


.*.<«U4' 


T 

H 

i 
f 

!   ■ 

i 

1 1 

J 

!  ( 


n 


ir 


646 


co\(ii;i:ss  OF  riiiLPAxnxco. 


IMorclos  tld'U  proCLedi'd  to  (^uctzala  and  C'vwa 
rii'aiidc  on  tlio  coast,  sundiii^'  scouts  to  the  jiass  of  \,\ 
Sabana  and  101  Vcladcro,  when  the  eonnnanihmt  at 
the  lattei'  position,  iJri^adier  A\ila,  i-e|»oi'te(l  the  oj)- 
cratioiis  of  the  tl_viniL(  column  undi'i-  ('aptain  ^loii- 
tofo,  a  |iait  of  liis  eoinniand,  against  Acapuico,  causing' 
tlie  I'ovalists  iinicli  iniurv.^  Earlv  in  April  he  I'each.d 
the  \ieinity  of  Aca[)ulco,  eiicanipinn'  at  the  cerro  d.  I 


t'iadei'o,  and   sunnnon(.'( 


il   th 


aitnii'"  <!'overn(ii'.  ( 


ail- 


tain    l\'dro    Antonio    A'ele/,   to    surrender, 


Oi 


ii'hiv 


Velez  refu 


se(i 


l)U 


t  .M 


ol'elos  recel\'(_'d  two  contldciil 


notes  without  sinnatun*,  said  to  I)e  in  the  luuulwi'ilin.f 
of  tluj  t^o\'ern(ir,  indicatini;'  a  dis[)osition  to  conie  to 
terms  in  some  underhanded  way.  ][owever  this 
may  have  heeii,  or  whetlur  or  not  Velez  intt-nded  to 
tieceive  ^[ori'los,  the  latter  }»aid  no  attention  to  the 
coiiumuiications.* 

The  town  of  Acapulco  is  situated  at  the  nortli-west 
exti'emity  of  the  harbor  which,  extends  inland  noith- 


w 


ard  aniL  turniiiLT  westward,  terminates  in  a  i 


larrow 


creek.  ()[(posite  to  the  town  on  tlu'  east  side  stands 
the  castle.  Jjotli  town  and  castle  are  commanded  \>y 
the  hills  of  ].jas  I^'uanas  and  La  ]\lii'a.  ]]esidcs  tli- 
fiqiport  ol"  the  castle  the  town  is  defended  hy  advanced 
Ibi'tiiications,  and  the  forts  of  tlie  hospital  and  I'^l 
I'adrastro.  The  island  of  l^a  ]vo(|Ueta,  stretchin^;' 
east  and  west,  lies  at  the  mouth  of  the  harbor,  Ibr 


III- 


mu'  two  wide  and  couimodious  entrance 


diary  of  the  expedition  kcjit  liy  Jnaii  X.  I'osiiiii.s,  Moi-clos' secretary,  niniiini^ 


iVum  Feb.  Uth  to  .April  Istli,  it  Leiii''  unknow  n  wlic 


or  not.     Tiiu  c<)])y 


lit 


)  IS  an  aliridLTec 


I  and 


tlier  J 
J  ted 


!,oi-]aiu.s  eontiiiiie 


,1  It 


one. 


Olher 


ajjpear  in 
A/A'.,  V. 


I/r 


'il(%  1/   />iiraliis,  Col.  J>iii\,  V.  'JO-;il,  iind  Xi'ijritt\  Mix.  Sij. 


iS;>- lO.'i,  a[)p:ircntly  unabridLred,  and  so  full  of  orthograpliieal  errors 


that  it  is  doubtful  if  they  were  taken  ti'om  the  ori,L;iual. 


'.M;i 


!."),  KSl.'i,  Col.  l'onei;ino  .Sohir/ano  took  eoinniand  of  the  district  of 


'I'lalehapa  at  the  town  <jf  the  same  name.     He  soon  after  \i 


itcd  S 


unatepi 


and  'J'elohiap.'im;  at  the  latter  place  he  found  I.")  oliicers  and  71  rank  and  lilc, 
who  reeoLjiii/i'd  his  autiioritj'.    Ili  ninii'/cz  >/  J)(ir;ilo<,  ( 'ol.   Dor.,  v.  M-,  ;iS— n. 
^Th',!  |;.-ipc,'rs  \ver(!  snli.st'ipiently  used,  to;,'etiier  with  other  ehar,L,'C.s,  at  the 
trial  of  \'ele/.     'I'lie  (irst  note  said   tliat  liy  good  luar.aLjeuicnt  tlie  jreiieral 


niigiit  reach  Ins  oliji 


tlr 


d  stated  that  the  v; 


d  the  I 


ireccilni'' 


day  rcconnncnded  policy,  and  none  had  been  pui'sued;  that  he  alone  in  tlu. 


pri'sence  ot  so  many  cou 


Jh 


di.z  I)  Ddculo.'i,  Col.  Doc 


Id  not  act;  tlu-  nth 
111 


ere  iuceiioed,  and  he , 


mperii 


led. 


lij 


SIKCK  OK  ACWITI/O. 


547 


On  tliL'  (!tli  of  .\|)ril  the  nttack  was  mad",  (Jalcaiia 
tnkiiiij^  possession  of  (he  Iguanas  liills;  .liiliaii  A\ila, 
l.a   Miia    hill;  and    l'\'li])(!  (jloiizalcz,  in   coniiiiaiKl   of 


o\\  n. 


Mofi'los'  oscoit.  occupy  inn"  the  lirst  houses  of  the  t 
None  of  the  assailants  met  witli  any  opposition.      'I'ji 


w 


hole  foi'ce  (lid  not  I'xceed  1,.J00  men,  with  onlv  a 


lew 


jiieces  of  ai'tillery  of  small  calihi'e.  It  is  indeed  I'e- 
liiai'kahle  that  ^lofelos  undiTtook  to  eaptuie  v,il!i  >o 
small  an  army  a  town  and  foiti'ess  h;ivine- fni' their  tie- 
fence  ei'-'htv  piect's  o|"  artilli'i'v,  and   some  afnied  xcs- 


Sels,  hesides  a  fl 


(■e  Use  o 


f  th 


e  st'a. 


T\ 


11'  c 


itv  \V;is  t  liU 


siUTolUided  an<l  closelv  hosieu'ed  on  the  land  siile. 
'^riii'  following'  <lays  the  liriiiL;'  was  ki'pt  ni»aeain>t  the 

(|i  fences,  heill'J'    eiuTUfiiticallv    ansWel'cd    liV  the    easllo 

San  Die^'o,  the  adxaiieed  works,  and  the  fort-  al  the 
liospital  uai'fisonud  liv  lOO  miMi  with  I'oui-  ''inis  umler 
J'edro    liU\ido,   a   Spaniard.      On    the    iOth,  Moivl 


OS 


()C( 


unied  the  line  of  the  ci'eek  without  resislain 


an 


I 


oil  llu 


th 


l-Jth   a 


renefal  assault  was  nia( 


It 


lie.        A 


\- 1 1  a 


was 


iiously  wounded   at  the  lirst  shot,  and   was  ol)liL;'t;(l 
to  retreat  to  the  Veladero;  hut  at  niejitiall  the  explo- 
K  of  ammunition  in   the  hospital   iVi^'Iit- 


f-loll  o 


eiicd 


f  a  I 

its   defenders,   v.ho  tliereu)»on   lle( 


a\iii'''    tin 


wo 


tinded  and  side.      Tlu)  citv 


was  also  aoandoiii 


)V 


the  inhabitants,  and  the  cajitoi's  lost  no  time  in  plun- 
(K.'rinu'  it.  J)runkenness  and  disorder  followed:  and 
il'the  o-arrison  had  then  made  an  attack  it  could  !ia\e 
\\(>n  an  easy  victory.  ]\Iorelo.s  somewhat  later  cap- 
tured the  fort  named  ICl  ]?adrastro,  and  other  a(l\  anced 
works,  and  caused  all  tlie  houses  standing'  around  the 
castle  to  ho  hiirned,  notwithstanding;'  the  elfirls  nf 
the  '•'arrison  to  prevent  it.      Morelos  lodn'od   hl.s   men 


1*^ 

in  the  other  hotises,  and  occuiiied   <nie  ol    them 


iiim- 


•If     S 


oon   at 


ter  1 


le   niatu!  this   ari'an!''eme!it 


struck   and  killed   his  aid,   l'\Ti[)e  Jlernandc/C.  at 
side,  and  Mort'los  was  spattered   with  the  hloed. 
this  time  he  was  joined  hy  an  iiulian  woman  of 'f 


At 


I  SCO. 


■'The  j'ari'ison  on  llio  lilst  of  M.ircli  was  of  '.i'M  iiim,  iiK-liuliiig.'Ilmlilkry- 
iiitii,  tnjconliug  Lo  a  royalist  report. 


■I 

;  :i\ 


lit 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


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1^     " 

^  i:^   112  0 


1.8 


1.25      1.4 

14 

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► 

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V) 


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v^    .> 


^'   '^z 


y 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


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c\ 


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6^ 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER, NY    MSSO 

(716)  •72-4S03 


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& 


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r- 


648 


CONCRKS.S  OF  CIIILI'ANCIXOO. 


Maria  Mamicla  ^NToliua,  >vli()  l»avin<jf  raised  a  com- 
jiatiy  liad  Itccii  coniiiiissioiKMl  <a|»tain  \>y  tho  junta. 
►Slu;  had  journeyed  100  leaj^ues  to  join  him." 

Tliou^^li  nieasuics  were  adopted  to  press  the  sicjLrc'^ 
whieh  was  now  confined  to  thi;  castle,  only  slmv 
|U'ogi-ess  could  he  inadi',  i'or  the  want  of  heavy  aitil- 
lery.  Moreover,  the«lel'endersohtained  fire-wood  f'r<Mii 
]ja  ]l()(|Ueta  Lsland,  and  liad  the  CDunnunieation  hy 
8ea  open  to  them.  Thereupon  Moielos  constructed  a 
mine  from  the  J'adrastro,  and  carried  it  to  within  lOO 
varas  of  the  counterscarp  of  the  intcrvenini^  moat. 
]*r<tvisions  bein^'  scarce,  and  disease  liaviuj^  broken  out, 
in  liis  camp,  the  <;cneral  called  a  council  of  war,  at 
which,  hy  the  suij^gestion  of  J'edro  Irrigaray,  it  was 
resolved    to    occupy   La    liocjUcta,  which  lies    about 


MX  nuics  Ironi  shore,  and  was  ii('ien(lc( 


d. 


d  by 


one  com- 


pany, three  small  guns,  two  launches,  fourteen  canoe 


au( 


1    th 


le  armed  schooner  (tiitnlaluiK 


]{u 


VKlo,   Who 


had  proved  himself  so  inefHcient  at  tho  lios[>ital  fort, 
had  till!  command.     The  eiiteiprise  was  intrusted  to 


Colonel  (Jaleana,  a  nephew  of  the  marisca'  i  ^Foiites 
tie  Oca,  who  succeeded  in  crossing  over  iii,  iticed  lour 
tinies  from  ]  i  o'clock  in  the  night  of  Jime  t)th  with  a 
canoe,  conveving  ei'ddy  of  their  regiment  to  tho 
i lucdahipc.  'I'lu-y  tlu;n  attacked  the  royalists,  who 
made  Init  slight  resistance,  most  <»f  tluMu  being  taken 
prisoners,  the  rest  making  theii'  escape  in  the  canoes. 
I'ho  only  ('asualties  were  one  little  gii'l  from  tho  city 
accidentally  shot,  and  another  drowned.  'J'he  schooner 
ifiiKilaliijn'  attemjjted  to  sail  a\\;iy,  but  was  captured. 
The  loss  of  La  Jvo(|Ueta  would  have  lucn  a  {(.'rribk; 
lilow  to  the  gairison  of'  the  castK'  but  for  the  timely 
arrival  of  the  governuK'nt  brig  S<iii  Ciir/os,  \\hi<  li 
Vvitli  proper  ]>recautions  landid  her  cargo.  Colonel 
(Jaleana  attacked  her  with  two  canoes  in  the  night 
of  July  J)th,  but  was  repulsed,  and    she  returned  to 


►San  IJlas- 


About   the    middle  of  Au<rust  the  Lrar- 


"Slio  took  part  witli  lier  conii'iiriy  in  ncvon  iiclioiis.    Wmrio  J'xi>i<l.  .\/i 
Ion,  in  Hic/aiintiilr,  Siipl.  lo  Cmn,  '/V<  ■<  .S'/';/ (w,  iv.  T'*   I 


All 


till!  l;lUl■L;L■.^  biuiii;lit  luiwuiil  ll■'aill^l  Wk-/.  lit  las  trial  \vi  ro  tliat 


i^'3 


SIKGK  OF  ACArULCO. 


54'J 


lisDii  was  ii(»t  only  siiil'i-iiiiL,^  f<ii-  (lio  necessaries  of 
lile,  l)',it  sickness  liiid  ^j-reatlv  inereased.  There  weru 
ncit  lic'ultliy  men  enoiiuli  I'nr  the  routine  of  military 
(hity.  MitreloH  l>ecomin_L(  informed  ot'  it,  saw  at  oneo 
liow  easy  it  would  be  in  snch  u  state  ol'  things  to 
hiinjjf  niattei-s  to  a  <|niek  tei-mination  \>y  setting-  tire 
to  the  jilaei!,  IJut,  he  heth<»n;^ht  him  ot"  the  women 
and  children,  of  the  ai^ed  and  helpless,  that  were  in 
the  fortri'>s,  and  ho  determined  to  adopt  other  means, 
thoni>h  inv(»lvin^-some  risk  to  himself  and  Ljreater  jteiil 
fo»'  his  men.  J^et  such  instances  as  this  he  remarked. 
'I'hese  men  were  not  altoj^ether  merciless,  as  some  de- 
li^ht  to  jcpresent  them,  even  thon<^h   tiny  did  .some- 


times  kill    )U'is(H)ors    of  war. 


\V 


ere    not    prisoners 


killed  on   I'itlu'r  side  duriuijf    modei-n   wars  in  otlu-r 


countrie 


men    ^\hollv  innocen 


t    of  ai 


IV  ci'imi'    an< 


hardly  knowin^C  ^hy  they  were  shot;  killed  simply 
hv  way  of  reprisal  and  revt)n<''i;?  I  do  not  reniemher 
any  instance  wlu're  a  fortress  was  spared  out  of  con- 
>it|eration  I'or  the  non-comhatants  in  it,  either  in  the 
l.iti"  wars  of  lun-ope  or  in  any  otlur  late  wars." 

To  avoid  inllictini^  unnecessary  sut^erin^^  theri  fore, 
]\lorelos  <letei'mined  to  cut  (tlf  the  hesieLj;;ed  from  the 
sea;  and  durinij;  tlur  ni'^dit  of  the  17th,  <Jaleana  was 
<lireeted  to  surround  the  castle  under  iis  Ncry  |L,nms, 
Vvith  a  picked  hody  of  men,  on  the  ri^^ht  or  I  loriios 
>'u\v.  Colonel  (jionzaK'Z  was  orthred  to  do  the  saim.' 
on  the  left  .side  to  meet  (laleana.  'i'his  peiilous  un- 
dei-takiiiiif  was  successfully  accomj)lishe(l  in  spite  of 
the  active   iirinijj  of  the   enemy,  includinij   their  IVeo 

JOarly  in  tlu'  niornin>'',  lindinLf 


u>e  of  hand  Ln-i-nadt 


the   revolutionists    in    [)oss.session   of   the   moal,   and 


l"ith  1)0  nnil  Ills  officers  liml  oi'ii-^tantly  iioj^'lectcd  tlnir  diitii'H,  juid  liml  ln'cii 
iliLiiiLtt'd  in  trade  uiid  in  ullu  r  iPiii(tii'<'.sa)_'iiiiist  disci  pi  iiic  and  didir.  Iiiit  tlio 
vitnoss  (,'raino  testilifd  mi  tlio  Jttli  nt  I'lli.  I'd  I.  lli.it  tlir  diUini'  had  linn  ii 
iifiiiic  (int',  and  tlic  (.'anisnn  had  stdl'ircil  (.'natly;  iioiiy  jicisuns  had  died  of 
ili.tt'iisi';  there  was  towaid  the  last  ni)  lard,  oil,  .-alt,  niiat,  or  r!ii-\woil.  At! 
t'l,':,'  \\a:i  worth  0  jicsim.  The  L'lain  was  wonn-t'aten,  and  could  not  lie  cookeil 
for  want  of  fuel.    Ilirnniiilfz  ij  hurnluH,  (<d.  JJoi-.,  \i,  ll.')-.'),"!,  Ii)i)   I. 

"Sec   lliisliimiuiti ,   £/oijiu  Jlonlu-;  I'.t;  /(/.,    i'liutl.    Jii.-l.,   ii.    l'(JJ-Uj  Jil., 
Citiiqi.  t'allijii,  7S-0. 


I 


S>i  - 


coN(;iu:ss  OF  chilpancixoo. 


i-eady  t<>  scale  tlic  wjills,  Vrlr/,  saw  tliat  cvon  if  lio 
siK'cicdc'd  ill  i-('j)(Hiiiy;  the  jissaiilt  Mordos  \v<;ul,| 
Hiiitly  set  tire  to  tlu'  iniiic  as  soon  as  jiis  (»\vii  iiicii 
WrVr  nut,  of  tlu;  wav.  IiuIccmI,  liij  woikIcj'^mI  \vIi\  it 
luul  nut  Ihh'Ii  (Ioik;  iK'Torc.  In  this  stiait  he  asked 
f<»r  a  ]»iiili!y,  and  |)r<>|)(»s(-d  ti»  capitulate  if  the  Iioikus 
ol"  war  weie  granted.  Moiclus  acccsded,  Vouchsaiiii^ 
e\(M  iiKiie  liheral  tiTiiis;  and  <>ii  the  *JOth  the  inde- 
pendent staiiihird  <>1'  Mexii-o  waved   over  the   eastlc 


oi 


nan 


i)i 


••>()  ( 


le  A 


caliulco. 


Mori  Jos  tendered  \'ele/,,  who  was  a  natives  of  ( \>i-- 
dolia,  a  position  in  his  ar-niy,  which  heinu^  declined,  thi; 
I'ornu'r  told  him  that  his  tidelity  would  he  ill  re(|nitcd 
\>y  i\u'  Spanish   i;'ovt'niincnt;    this  was   indei'd   trui 


as  an  <ti'( 


ler  ] 


lad   heen  issued,  hi-lore  news  of  the  sur 


i-eiidei-  reached   Mexico,  appoiiitinL*'  the  naval  lieuteii- 


aiit  .)ac(»l)o  iMurphy  ti>  supersedt;  linn,  under  t.ie  [ire- 
text  oi'allowin]Lif  liim  nettled  i-est,and  instriictiiiLj  Velez 
to  |>i'oceed  to  San  Hlas  and  (jluadalajara.  X'olez  was 
8uhse(piently  tried,  at  his  own  re(jiiest,  I )y  court-martial, 
and  was  not  hoiiorahly  ac(|uitted  till  at'ter  his  death." 
We  have  seen  that  the  royalists  were  so  harassed 
that  they  were  iniahK.'  to  send  any  relief  to  Acapulco. 
'J  he  jiresent  was  in  fact  their  most  critical  j)eriod  .^^ince 
the  he'^inniiiij;  of  the  revolution.      Yet  this  success 


was 


"'I'lif  ii"*ult  cf  this  victory  \vii'<  tlu?  i-iiptiiro  of  407  niiiski'ts,  "id  sal  ires,  .".l 
inaolntis.  1  l.i  liiiLi.s,  ro  Imixcs  of  jmiwiIii-,  SO  iiicccs  of  aitilUiy  of  tlit'  c';.li- 
]ivcA  fioiii  I  ti» .')  i,  two  I'i-iiuli  iiiortuis,  •JO.OOO  LMiiiioii  Imils,  ll.i.;s,  |piiivisioiis, 
Hill  iliy  ,L''""1^>  l»-'si.lis  ill*  .ut  'JOO  pii.soiicrs.  Till!  tfiiiis  of  till'  wriiti'ii  oapit- 
iilatioii  \.i'i-i!  ill  ii,''it  iirtK  Ics,  tin;  liist  of  wliicli  callcil  for  tori,'i'tfiiIiii's-  aii'l 
for;^iv<'iiL's.s  of  tlic  [last,  forliiildiiii;  all  aiiusc^  or  insult.  The  piisonciH  wlio 
M-flv  oliiciTs  or  iialivis  of  Sjiniii  \\vn>  iillowcil  pasuiports  to  j^o  w  iii'm  lliry 
lilii'il,  Hot  wiliiiii  tlic  fiiciiiy'H  lines,  on  t.'iviiiL;  their  jiarolo  not  to  take  u|i 
nr.i  8  11'aiii  in  t!ie  royalist  service.  'I'lie  iiative-honi  were  inustered  into  Mo!'e- 
\^)^'  iir:;iy.  r.iss|)orl8  «eio  aecorcliiii,'ly  issued  to  Veh'/,  the  |jayiliaster,  hi-i 
vifc  iiM(l  ciiiMreii,  (he  chaplain,  "J  caiitains,  .">  sulialti'tns,  "J  meichaiits  and 
their  laiiii. ics,  Jind  about  0  <),  litis.  The  terms  were  made  pnljlic  liy  Morelos 
on  the  J  lili  of  Aii;.:ust.  'J  liey  «ero  lir.st  jiriiited  in  the  Cnrnn  Ann  ih  (tmuli  I 
iSnr,  \''\'.\  no.  .'to,  :;;{,■>;  A/dimni,  /Is/.  .!/»[/..  iii.  app.  i'i;>-.">;  lleriKiiidi:  i/  /)iini- 
lot.  CI.  Jjiir.,  V.  ll:'.-ll;  .\  (.//•( '.',  Mix.  S/ij/ti  .\JX.,  v.  :tS;{-.")0.'>.  See  al.so 
j;.  n.'i.s'  //(/.,  ill  llcnKiiidiZfl  />i(i'(iliin,  ('of.  JJnr.,  vi.  "JTO;  Tr/ci'  Jjn-l.  and 
Offin'il  {J<si„i/r/i,  ill  J, I..   IUil-l;i,  i:!0-.S,  Kil    S!l. 

'  '1  he  d.iy  foUowinj;  the  capitulation  tlii'  ollicers  of  liotli  parties  iliiiecl  to- 
gether, wh'  11  Monlos  fiave  t'lC  toast  '\'iva  llspaflal  lint  Ilspiifia  us  tt  sisttr, 
Hot  us  a  luK r  ovci  America.'    MiiahbU,  Ik.^unua  1114.,  173. 


V  ! , 


POLICY  OF  MORELOS. 


651 


lln^  oriiriii  of  misfortune  to  ^[(>rcli)s.  T'lc  tiim;  ho 
riii|)loyt;(l  ill  the  t'tiptiirt!  of  Acapiilco  -from  early  in 
l'\l)rujirv  to  the  oikI  of  Au<j:ust — :^avc  ('allria  tlio 
.•idvaiitau^o  of  sovL'ii  iiioiitlis,  the  hi-st  of  the  year,  for 
liis  own  operations,  onahling  him  to  carry  out  witliout 
opposition  all  his  plans — ^to  destroy  tlie  most  lireiKJed 
nvolutioiiary  chiefs  in  the  north,  and  then  turn  his 
uniti'd  streiiLfth  upon  those  in  the  south.  'I  lie  eaplure 
of  a  sinjj^K'  seaport  town  coukl  liardly  coiu|>eiis;iie  tor 
this.  The  best  course  ft)r  Morelos  to  have  pursued 
would  have  heen  to  concentrate  his  forces  in  ( )ajac;i, 
furtilyiii'L,^  the  passes  in  the  MiztiH'a  Mountains,  and 
ojH'ii  till'  ports  of  that  province  on  the  Paciiie  to  for- 
v\'^u  commerce;  then  to  send  a  division  from  ()ajaca 
to  take  possession  of  the  country  at  the  Ixfttom  of  the 
ilf,   paiticularly   Goatzacoalcos,  and    jnomote    trade 


itli    tiie    Unite<l    States   and   the   Ih'itish    coloi 


lies. 


which  would  have  assured  an  ahundance  of  siipijlit^s. 
Instead  of  this,  tlu;  immense  booty  caj)turc!(l  at  ( )ajaca 
v,;is  to  a  fj^roat  extent  scpiaiidered  by  incom[Mteiit  olli- 
cials,  and  conduced  little  to  the  improvement  of  the 
Jirmy.  The  fact  is,  Morelos  was  at  this  time  too  san- 
guine of  success,  expectinu^  to  be  able  soon  to  capture 
Mexico,  when  the  fall  of  V^era  Cruz  and  other  places 
would  fpiickly  follow.  Ilaviiii^  arraiiLjed  matters  at 
Aca[)ul(;o  he  de[)arted  for  Chilpancin^n). 

Shortly  after  ^lorelos  set  out  on  his  march  to 
A"a|)ulco,  an  exjtedition  of  about  700  men  under 
Lleiileniint-colonel  Damln'ini  invaded  Oajaca  from 
( iuatemala,  to  avt'iiL^'e  the  death  of  Sara\ia;  but  on 
tlie  IDth  of  A|»iil  it  was  attacked  by  Mataiiioros,  and 
(!i  iven  back  across  the  frontier  with  the  loss  of  the 
military  chest  and  armament." 

The  rovalist  party,  which  diirin<'  the  winter  of  I  H  I  2- 
1")  had  been  apparently  destroyed  in  the  Costa  Cliica, 

"  Ainon;^  tlic  effec.-ts  cnptufcd  wore  a  crucifix  anil  a  licaiitifiil  |iictiiic  of 
tlic  vir^'iii,  wiiich  Mittamoros  with  imiclisoluiiiiiity  y.ivo  to  tin' ilmu  lit  m  tlicic. 
'I  lie  ci'i,;lniit>i)n  was  called  'do  di^sagravios,'  iltmtainuute,  C'liuil.  Ui>t.,  ii, 
-tj'J-74j  Carriedo,  Ktlud,  Hist,,  ii.  2U. 


it) 

U  - 
11  i 


it! 


r^ 


•i       i; 


if 
ill 


I 


CONGIIKSS  OF  CIIILrAXCIN'GO. 


ro.se  anew  into  lilL!  <luriii_i(  tlu3  sioi^c  (if  Acapnlcit. 
Piiris  and  UL-giicra  liad  rc-tirod  to  that  ])()rt,  wIk  ic 
the  ioi'iiiur  (h(j<l  April  Ijth,  the  latter  eli'eetiiii;-  his 
esea|)e  IVoiii  the  hesiej^ed  castle  (»ii  the  (Jth  of  May. 
llaviii'^  collected  a  force  of  about  400  uu!i»,  heattackf  I 
A'icente  (Guerrero  on  the  l.st  of  July,  IMI;},  at  C'uau- 
topec,  but  beiuj^  repulsed  retired  to  Cruz  Grande.'^ 
!Maiuiel  Mier  y  Tei-au,  independent,  was  uiisuccess- 
I'ully  attacked  at  the  Trapiche  de  Santa  Ana  on  the 
IGth  of  Aui,aist,  and  on  the  2uth  of  September  he 
took  Tutute[)ec.  Jiut  on  the  oth  of  Xoveiuber  tin; 
largest  jdace  in  that  region,  Ouietepec,  hoistc'd  the 
royal  standard  and  received  llegueia  with  open  ai'ins 
oil  the  loth.  His  forces  now  amounted  to  I,l'()>) 
men,  and  he  believed  himself  able  even  to  a.s.>ail 
Oajaca. 

A  body  of  royalist  troops  under  Moreno  Daoiz  had 
its  liead(|Uarters  in  Te[)ecuacuilco,  and  from  it  parties 
were  sent  to  the  right  bank  of  the  Mi'scala,  whrre 
they  were  well  received,  the  iniiabltants  l)eing  tired  ot' 
the  war  and  desirous  of  protection.  That  force  was 
.strengthened  in  September  with  the  battalion  <>f 
Lovera  sent  by  the  viceroy  to  (^uernavaca.  In  Sip- 
tend)er  Teloluapam  wa.s  occupied  by  Captain  flannel 
(iomez  Peilraza,  who  was  in  later  years  a  famous  states- 
man of  ^[exico.  Lieutenant-colonel  Armijo  directed 
o[)ei'ation.s  from  Izucar;  and  jMatamoros,  having  on 
the  lOtli  of  August  issued  a  proclamation,'''  .stationed 
Idm.self  at  Tehuicingo  waiting  for  an  opportunity  to 
recover  Izucar.  Some  distance  south  of  this  ]»lace,  at 
Pia.Ktla,  on  the  liOtli  of  August  an  action  took  [)laci! 
between  a  portion  of  Armijo's  command  under  the 
captain  of  dragoons,  Juan  IJ.  Miota,  and  a  party  of 
Kamon  Sesma's  force,  coimnanded  by  Lieutenant- 
(.'oloiiel  Ojcda,  a  man  of  little  or  no  military  ex[)e- 

'-Seo  hia  ofTicial  report  of  Nov.  ;)0,  ISi:!,  in  <;n~..  ifr  JA'-'.,  1S14,  v.  .IS-f)!). 

'•*  Ho  liad  bceu  inoiiiotc'il  ill  July  U>  licut-gi'ii.  Il<  ntainh  :  ij  l>,irnln<,  Cut. 
Dor.,  v.  [io.  Bustimiuiito  (.'laiuK'il  to  li.ivo  diawii  up  tlio  in'ochiuiiitiuu.  it 
was  }iubliMl)ccl  iii  ilm  I) Uuio  ili.l  <S«/\  Aug.  IJ,  ISH,  uo.  --i.  Alaniuu,  Hid, 
JhJ.,  iii.  022. 


ATTACIv  OX  TLASCALA. 


COS 


rit'iioc.  Tlion^'li  Djcda  (k'cu])'k'(1  a  pretty  sfroiii^  j)osi- 
ti  "11,  he  was  (lisl()(lL;<'i|  in  about  an  hour,  losing-  luaiiy 
lilt  II  ami  a.  consideraliK;  (|uaiility  of  anus  and  aniniii- 
iiition,  alV-r  wliich  tlie  royalists  entered  and  sacked 
Acallan."  I'he  men  captured  and  the  war  material 
Were  lelt  in  Izucar,  where  no  littK;  sur[)rise  was  caused 
hy  the  L^ood  clothes  (»t'  the  prisonei's,  and  th<j  line 
(jualiiy  oi' the  arms  taken. 

The  iusui',L(cnts  had  used  ovcry  endeavor  to  possess 
tlu'insi'lves  of  the  citv  of  Tlascala,  as  Morelos  liad 
liceii  induced  to  bi'lievo  that  the  inhaljitants  were;  in 
faNor  of  ^Fexican  indejiendence;  hut  tliey  had  heeii 
iVustrateil  hy  the  vi-MlaiK.'e  of  the  royalist  'jai'rison,  and 
a('cordinL(  to  tho  connnandant  of  tin;  placi;  hy  the 
opposition  dis])layed  by  the  citizens'  heroic  loyalty  to 
the  crown.  On  tlio  4tli  of  December  a  force,  which 
tlie  comniandaiit,  Ajjfustin  (ronzalez  del  Campillo,  esti- 
mated at  more  than  1,000,  though  he  had  l)een  assured 
by  some  [)risoners  that  it  was  only  about  500  strong, 
iittaelced  the  town  after  a.  demand  for  its  siirrcndei-  had 
iteen  made.'  and  declined.  Tho  garrison,  if  we  must 
believe  the  commandant,  consist'.;d  of  only  75  men, 
who  were  aided  by  the  citizens,  many  of  whom  had 
never  seen  military  service.  The  assailants'  plan  was 
to  draw  attention  to  the  main  street,  where  the 
royalist  artillery  was  stationed,  while  they  attiMiipted 
on  the  left  by  ap[)i'(jiiching  along  a  narrow  street  to 
ca])ture  the  para[)et.  In  this  they  were  disapp(»inted, 
being  ro[)ulsed  with  several  killed,  among  them  a  ca|)- 
lain.  The  assault  having  thus  failed,  the  revolution- 
ists retired.^'' 

"  liiistainatito,  Ciind.  ffl'''.,  ii.  HIS,  acknowloil'Tps  that  the  loss  of  inon  on 
till' iiiil('|it'iiil('iit  niilo  was  licavy,  without  giviii:^  tiLniri's;  tvvi>  siiiall  j^iiinaiil 
1  l.'l  iiiu.ski^ts  full  into  tliu  I'luniy's  liamN.  Tho  royalist  ollhnal  ivpoit  s|n'aks 
of  .'UHJ  kiili'il,  anions  tlu'iii  Lieut-col.  Ojoila,  a  I'rain  isi'aii  friar  witli  tlu^  wiiiu! 
liiilitaty  laiik,  and  (.'apt.  Zavala,  ami  SO  pii.ioniTs.  The  rout  is  gi\ on  as  coin- 
r'Atc,  only  two  fiiars,  oiio  clurgyinan,  au<l  -*i  otiicra  t'scapiii'j^.  Tlic  I'oyali^t 
Iiw.s,  at'conling  to  Miota,  wa.s  ono  iiiulo  killed  and  (i  wounded,  ami  Ii  salire.s 
'I'otos  (h;  uiatar  iMiuluigo.s.'  Tho  wliulo  re]>oi't  seems  to  ho  much  exagirei'atud. 
(/((::.(/.■  a, I).,  ISI.-J,  iv.  !).S4-8;  TwrnilrJ^rnj/.  Ili^p.  ylm.,  i.  43!»;  Alaimii, 
JIUI.  Ml/.,  iii.  i'L'l-'J;  Ifci-iiawlrzi/  J)'trn/o.^,  (,'.)/.  Dor.,  v.  UK*. 

''(Jainpillo's  rupDit  to  Ortega,  eonuuanderof  tlio  south,  on  the  7th  of  Deo., 
a  long  grandiliMjUout  dooumuut,  assorts  that  tho  dofouucs  suUorcJ  no  injury 


084 


CONGRESS  OF  CHILPAXCIXCO. 


>, 


III  tlio  region  of  Piujbla  nncl  soutlioni  V«;ra  Cruz 
the  insurgent  guerrillas  i'ontinued  tlnir  <K'iirc<latii>iis, 
never  missing  an  opportunity  to  injure  the  ciH-iiiy. 
]3ailv  encounters  oeeurred  with  varied  sueeess  (»ii 
either  side,  though  the  trams,  which  were  constantly 
attacked,  generally  suceeetled  in  getting  through 
safely.'"  In  January  and  early  in  Fehruaiy  (ieneral 
Nicolas  Bravo  long  delayed  a  convoy  on  its  way  to 
Vera  Cruz  in  charge  of  Olazaha!,  who  was  attacked  hy 
the  revolutionists  in  the  rear,  and  I'orced  to  leave  the 
silver  for  a  time  at  Perote,  though  he  passed  througli 
to  Vera  Cruz  with  provisions  without  any  serious  loss." 

Having  returned  to  Perote  he  started  on  th<!  1st 
of  March  from  Jalapa  with  the  silvei-  and  4,000  mul(!S 
which  he  conveyed  safely  to  Vera  Cruz,  destroying 
on  his  way  the  enemy's  camj)  at  l*aso  ^[oral.  (  Mi 
the  14th  ho  arrived  again  at  Jalapa  with  a  large;  iv- 
turn  train  of  merchandise,  having  re(hiced  to  ashes 
another  camp  of  the  revolutionists  at  San  Hernardo, 
and  taken  the  fortified  town  of  Antigua  which  was 
also  burned.'"*  Bravo  now  proceeded  to  "J'lalixcoyan, 
and  thence  with  400  infantry  and  200  horsemen  to 
Alvarado,  then  governed  by  the  naval  lieutenant 
Gonzalo  Ulloa,  the  capture  of  which  he  attempted  on 
the  30th  of  April,  but  being  rej)ulsed  with  twenty- 
five  killed  and  many  woundtnl,  ho  retirisd  to  Cosco- 
matepcc.*'     A  httle  later  the  naval  lieutenant  Juan 

from  the  enemy's  l)ombanlinent,  and  tliat  no  ninn  of  tlif  {^arri(*on  was  fitlior 
killed,  wounded,  or  even  contnsetl.  Odz.dnMix.,  ISl;i,  iv.  ];{.')l-4. 

'"Tho  eouiinanding  olficers  of  royalist  piirtiea  invarialiiy  cluiiiieil  tin'  vic- 
tory in  all  such  encounters,  none  of  wliicli  attaineil  tlio  I'.iiik  of  a  Iwittle.  l/tiz. 

(If  Aff-j-.,  i8i;j,  iv.  81-:j,  «j;{-4,  i.vj-«i,  ■_»i)!)-ii,;i");{-.")7s,  passim,  yJ7-;<o,  swit  s, 

1208-70;  Alaiuan,  Hist.  Mvj.,  iii.  4-13-4;  Jhruaiidiz  y  JJdviUon,  Cul.  Doc, 
V.  l.->. 

'^  In  the  fight  the  famous  mulatto  captain  Znziinaj;.-  li>st  his  life.  01az:ihal 
reported  his  casualties  at  10  killed  and  .SOwoiimled  (>■(•..  '/<■  Mrx.,  |Si;{,  iv. 
'242-4.  Mendfbil,  Jl<;<iim.  IliM.,  174,  gives  the  altsi  r<l  xi-sion  that  Ola/aliai 
lost  500  men  out  of  the  1,500  with  whom  he  attu'.ked  Bravo,  who  had  [VM 
Indians  ami  200  horsemen. 

'"Olazilbal  thought  that  so  prejudicial  a  town  Fuould  not  exist.  Id.,  .'lOO-S, 
346-8;  Tone  lite.  Re  vol.  Ilkt.  Am.,  i.  4:t3. 

"IJravo's  report  in  Meiulihil,  Iksi'tin.  Illsf.  178.  UUoa's  report  in  da::. 
de  Mex.,  Ibl3,  iv.  048-50,  1272-5.  Torrcnto  ha4  it  that  the  garridun  was 
only  of  200  men,  and  the  ossailuuta  were  about  1,500.  Jlevol.  JJiat.  Am.,  i. 
435. 


BRAVO  AT  COSCOMATKI'KC. 


856 


Topoto  op(>ne(l  tljo  ooinininiicatioiis  l)v  land  from  Alva- 
lado  to  Vera  ( 'ruz,  and  lonncHl  a  roifulution  for  tlio 
Mil't'  passai^e  of  trains. 

'IMiis  rovalist  progress  j^javo  rise  to  cliarufcs  again.-t 
liravo  instii^atod  hy  Kincon,  and  stjnt  from  Oajaca  to 
]\Ioic'los  l)y  Matainoros  and  tliu  inspot'tor  of  cavalry, 
Carlos  M.  iJustaniante,  dat«'d  .Juno  12th.  Tlicy  de- 
manded that  Dravo  should  !)e  leinoved  and  linieon 
;,|)pointed  his  suecossor.  The  had  condition  of  a  Hairs 
ill  the  province  was  attrihuted  to  liravo's  had  luck; 
ti»  the  liatred  the  coast  population  boiv  iiini  for  certain 
executions  claimed  to  hav<;  heeii  unjust;  and  to  tho 
opinion  they  entertained  that  ho  was  a  traitor,  who 
l"oi-  venal  causes  allowed  the  convoys  to  pass  safely  on 
tin;  Veia  Cruz  road.^'  This  representation,  thoU!L,di 
n  »(  acte(|  upon  at  first,  led  no  douht  later  to  IJravo's 
reini>val  IVoni  ci>mmand  in  tho  jtrovince  of  Vera  Cruz. 
On  the  <»tlier  hand,  tho  rovalists  did  not  like  to  soo 
Jhavo  holdinuf  Coscomatep«'c.  l^ut  ho  was  thou 
youn;4",  full  of  lifo  and  (Mithusiasm,  and  dotermined 
to  hold  it  at  all  hazards.  As  it  was  not  fortified  ho 
ei( cted  defences.  Tho  town  extt;nds  from  oast  to 
west  on  till!  section  of  a  hill  wiiich  is  shaped  almost 
like  a  truncated  cone,  surrounded  on  tho  east,  north, 
iiiid  south  l>y  I'avinos,"'  tho  extent  to  ho  defended  l)o- 
\\\\X  thirefore  limited.  Against  this  stron^jhold  tho 
li 'Utenant-colonol  Conti  was  sent  from  ()iizal)a  toward 
the  end  of  July  with  400  infantry  and  eiijfhty  horse- 
men. J]ravo  had  4a0  men,  mostly  royalist  deserters, 
of  whom  ahout  100  were  Spanish  soldiers.  Tho 
attack  was  a  severe  one,  and  even  hayonets  woro 
Used;  hut  after  losin<]f  many  men,  Conti  had  to  <;ivo 
it  uj),  and  retired  to  Orizaha.-^^  Castro  Terrono  then 
oio;anizod  a  force  under  Juan  Candano,  which,  accord- 


-'"Tlic  original  ilocument  is  annexed  to  the  proceedings  ai,'ain9t  Ruyon. 
Alumaii,  Hist.  Mr/.,  Hi.  ^'27 -H;  J/tnifuidcz  y  Ihivnlon,  <'ol.  Jkx-.,  vi.  "J-IS. 

'•"  Aguila  g:ivo  this  description,  which  Aluniun  copies,  niuiiiiig  a  correction 
ill  regard  to  tiic  noil.  Jllxt.  A/(j.,  i.  S'Jl). 

'^- Ijiistaniaiite.  Ciiculro  ll'ixt.,  ii.  S.'IO,  gives  the  particulura  as  obtaiited 
from  Bruvo  liiniself.  Mvndibil,  livmm.  JJiM.,  179-80. 


f..-.fl 


CONCRKS.S  OF  CIIILl'AXCIXGO. 


iii!^  ((>  tills  oflict'i-'s  diary,  consisted  of  a  little  oxcp 
1,000  iiu'ii,  includiii;;  I  JO  di'aLjooiis  and  nineteen  iii- 
tilleiynien,  with  rour  iield-j)ieees.  Candano  was  Im- 
I'ore  Cosconiatopuc  tlio  .'jtli  of  Si!|)tcn»l»er;  his  ehii  I' 
attack  was,  ol"  coiii-se,  on  the  west.  After  iiuk  li 
IJehtinL,''  and  loss  of  lifo  on  hoth  sides,  iiothin;^  had 
lu'cn  gained  l»y  the  assailants,  when  Aijiiila  aiiived 
with  a  stron;^  leiiid'oi'ceinent,"'*  and  continued  the  o|i- 
iratioiis,  though  he  well  knew  and  reported  to  the 
viceroy  that  they  W(!i-e  costinuj  more  than  the  placM- 
was  worth  strateijieally,  and  that  the  hesiei^ed  couM 
^v.i  away  whenever  they  jileased.  Jn  fact,  on  the  4th 
of  Octobijr  ]3ravo,  setnnL?  tlu;  new  commander's  meas- 
ures foi'  an  irresistible  attack,  and  Ix^ini^  himself  hut 
scantily  supi)lied  with  j>rovisions  and  ammunition, 
after  huryin;^  his  artillery,  abandoned  the  |)laee  at 
1  I  o'clock  that  night  with  his  troojts  and  the  inhalii- 
tants,  dir(.'ctinL(  his  course  to  San  IVdro  Jxhuatlaii. 
Au^uila,  who  di<l  not  discover  for  some  tinu;  the  Hii^dit 
of  his  foe,  entered  Coscomatepec  and  burned  it.'*  It 
was  said  that  his  soldiers  shot  at  the  inwiu'es  of  the 
vir^'in  of  (jiuadalupe,  as  the  [)atroness  of  the  revolu- 
tionists, and  committeil  other  irreligious  acts.  The 
roy  ilists  lost  at  this  siege  time,  men,  an<l  credit,  foi- 
the  [)ossession  of  a  hill  aii'ording  no  real  advantages.-'' 
]>ravo  won  much  reputation  foi*  having  thus  diverted 
to  that  point  the  royalist  forces  of  the  south  which 
Calleja  had  intended  for  the  occupation  of  Tehuacan, 
thus  disconcertinix  the  viceroy's  plans,  and  brin<»'iiiLr 
on  still  more  disastrous  consequences,  as  will  be  seen. 
Aguila  went  back  with  his  troops  to  Orizaba,  a  j)arty 
of  insurgents  having  on  the  5th  of  October  attacke;! 
the  detachment  at  Angostura,  of  which  only  a  com- 
missioned oflicer  and  a  sergeant  esca[)ed.     The  victors 

"'Ho  arrived  on  tlic  2nth  of  September.   Mcmlifiil,  liimin.  I/inf.,  ISO. 

'^*  It  is  said  that  lie  sliot  a  dying  man  wlio  had  been  inadvertently  left 
beliinil.  /'/.,  ISI;  liwtamaute,  i'luul.  J/ist.,  n.  'Mo.  Alanian  iielieves  tiiu 
btory  needs  eonfirmatiun.  JliKt.  Mi'j.,  iii.  r>.'Mi. 

'■'■'A  full  account  of  this  niege,  enibraeing  IJravo'a  report,  and  Candano's 
diary,  found  among  the  archives  of  the  viccroyalty,  is  given  in  liuxtiimniile, 
Vuud.  i7(«^,ii.  32S-47;  Iltrnanik:.y  Ddvalo-^,  Col.  Doc,  v.  160-1,  'JOl-4. 


BATTLK  AT  SAX  AOUSTIN  DEL  PALMAR. 


557 


drove  off  witli  tliom  1,800  inulcs  that  liad  boon  ob- 
t.iiiM'd  t'oi"  traiisjxn-tiiiL!:  tobacco. 

WliLii  Moiclos  liranl  of  Uiavo  iK'inuf  helia^iicnMl 
at  Coscoinatcpcc,  lie  onlcrotl  all  available  lorc»!s  to 
Ills  relief,  Matamoi-os  was  ono  of  those  who  startiMl 
•  HI  that  (luty.  On  his  way  ho  was  informed  on  tli(^ 
l.ltli  of  October  that  a  larL((^  train  of  tobacco  bad  left 
( )rizaba  in  clitirijfe  oi'  J  jieuti'iiant-colonel  .lose  ^l.  Mar- 
tinez, escorted    by   the    Asturias  battalion  under  its 

inniander.  Candano,  and  sonic  cavalry  nnder   Mo- 


(•(» 


ivin,'-"  and  that  it  would  jiass  the  niy^ht  in  San  AiL^usf  in 
<lt;l  I'ahnar.  ATatanioros  accordingly  made  bis  dispo- 
sitions to  attack  it,  and  on  (lie  morninLT  <»f  the  Ittb, 
the  convoy  was  assailed  alon<^  its  whole  extent.  A 
severe  enu'a.i^cnient  ensued  in  which  the  royalists  sus- 
tained a  serious  defeat,  losinjr  '21')  killed,  3(38  prison- 

)risoners   were 


■rs,  and   fi'il   muskets.     Ainon<_r 


the  ] 


Candano,  two  cajitains,  and  thirteen  subalterns.  Tlu) 
ti'ain  esca[)ed,  however,  with  the  loss  of  only  seventy- 
live  loads.  ]Matanioros  took  his  prisoners  to  San 
Andres  Chalchicoinula,  where  after  the  vietorv  had 
been  duly  celebrated  with  salutes  and  a  hiijfh  mass, 
Candano  and  another  ollicer,  a  ^Mexican,  were  shot. 
nia  was  also  condemned  to  dcatli,  but 


Cant 


I  nam  JjoiiL^-i 

at  the  intercession  of  the  priest  and  citizens  his  life 
was  spared.  The  reinainini^  |)risonors  were  taken  to 
Zacatula;  on  the  road  the  other  captain  was  also  sliot 
I'or  attemptiiiLj  to  escape  after  he  had  joined  the 
independent  service.^'  Matamoros  made  no  attempt 
a';ainst  Puebla  or  even  Izucar,  thou'^h  both  j)laces 
wci-e  weakly  garrisoned  at  the  time,  but  returned  to 
his  headquarters  at  Tehuicingo.     His  victory  highly 


'' Miitamoros  says  that  the  escorting  force  execcdcil  1,000  iiifii.  IJiista- 
Vhnifc,  ('unit.  Hist.,  ii.  ;{fi7. 

-'•  MtiNtiiiorox'  J)n-l.,  ill  Oiiz.  (Jc  Mrx.,  ISM,  v.  17-.  Biistamatitc  furnishes 
tlif  rr|H)rts  of  hutli  Matamoros  and  Martini'/,  cm  tliift  int'iiior.ilili;  iictlMii,  ilr- 
I'lariiii,' false  tlio  stati'iiii'iit  of  tlio  latter  that  his  iiicii  had  Irth  shmt  uf  ani- 
iiuiiiili(jii.  Caljfja's  despatch  to  the  supreme  goveriinieiit  coiilirnis  Mata- 
niorus.'  Cita'l.  Hid.,  ii.  'M''i~~');  }fciidibd,  Jicstimcn  Jiixt.,  I!K)-I;  Ihriianthz  >/ 
Ih'uHilox,  Col.  Doc,  V.  "JOS  10;  Aluman,  Hid.  MtJ.,  iii.  537-40;  Wanl'-t  M<  x.^ 
i.  1204-0. 


cox(jrii:ss  of  ciiiLPAXcix.iO. 


h 


cliitt'd  tl>o  in(U'|)Cii(K'iits,  and  corrospoiuliiiirJv  (li'j»ros.s((l 
the  loyalists.  Tin-  \  iccnty  was<rivatly  tlis|»l(!asL'(l,  and 
ordered  inveHtij^atiuns  rc'.sultin<.(  in  trials  ofsevi-ral  olii- 
rcrs  Ity  court-martial.  Tlie  condo  do  Castro  TcrreiHi, 
inoiu'ovcr,  was  superscdi-d  in  his  coinniand  at  Piuhli 
l)y  UriLjadior  ]iani(»n  Diaz  do  Ortega,'"*  uud  reluimd 
to  Spain  much  eha^rined. 

Callcja,  tt;arinn'  that  Matanioros  nii^dit  nialce  an  at- 
t(  iii|»t  aLCainst  I'uehhi  or  the  neighborinij  vilhis,  ordcn  d 
( )rl(<>a  to  <>uard  ai-ainst  it  with  a  eoniiietent  I'orct . 

O  O  O  & 

^lalanioros  went  south,  and  Ortega  took  up  a  position 
at  Cueinavaca  witli  a  I'oree  of  5,000  or  (»,000  mm, 
whicli  was  soon  after  c^issolved,  the  troops  returnin;^' 
to  I'uehla  and  ^fexico,  in  view  of  tlie  i'aet  that  Mon- 
los  showed  no  attempt  of  crossing  the  Mescala,  this 
liver  being  tlie  houn(Uirv  between  the  two  parties, 
^loielos  was  occupied  at  Chilpancingo  in  augmenting 
liis  troops,  wliilst  the  viceroy  reiinforced  the  (hvisioii 


Rationed    in    T(»luca.       ^lore 


no 


I). 


loiz   aiK 


I   A 


rnnji 


watched  tlie  !Mescala,  and  an  expedition  was  bi-ini 
organized  for  tlu;  invasion  (d'  Oajaca,  whose  inhal)i- 
tants,  it  was  claimed,  desired  the  restoration  of  tiie 
royal  authority  over  tln^m,  being  tired  (.  the  abuse 
they  wer»;  subjected  to  by  the  insurgents. "  Some  of 
the  iidiabitants  were  indeed  in  communication  with 
the  viceioy,  and  the  inlluence  of  their  former  bishop, 
]>ergosa,  was  great.  It  was  to  couiiteract  this  inliu- 
iiice,  as  well  as  that  of  the  friars  and  canons  who 
uere  working  Ibr  a  counter-revolution,  that  Morelos 
v/as  urLjentlv  advised  by  Ciirlos  13ustamante  and 
Itocha,  comandante  at  Oajaca,^'  to  stop  all  trade  be- 


'"  Ortega  was  sent  apparently  as  the  couilc'a  second  in  comnmnil,  l)itt 
rcjilly  ti)  remove  liini,  \\  liitli  was  proveil  liy  the  vieemy's  aeceiitance  of  ,ui 
iilKgcil  previous  resignation,  a  men;  jiretext.  for  it  was  known  that  the  (^oihIl! 
was  getting  reaily  to  niareh  into  Oajaea.  Jliisfninaiife,  CiikI.  Il'nt.,  ii.  ,S77. 
Castro  'IVrrefio,  it  seems,  preferi'ed  to  wage  war  in  a  eivilized  manner,  as  lie 
proved  in  Zaeathin,  where  he  injured  no  one  and  kept  his  ti>)ops  undi  r 
slric  t  disiiidine.     lie  was  rather  friendly  to  the  ereoles.  Id.,  ii.  "JS."). 

'-'"Sosiiys  Alannni,  Ili^t.  ihj.,  iii.  Mi. 

""llotha'a  letter  of  July  10,  lsl;(,  to  Iiustam.inte,  and  tlio  latter  officer'd 
of  July  27th,  iii  Jlernandez  y  JMivatos,  ( W.  JJoc,  v.  83,  9G-7. 


MORKLOS  AND  RAYOX. 


en 


tuccii   l*U('M;i  and  tliu   ]Miztcca,  which  was  aeconl- 
iiii^ly  ilotTL't-'tl. 

Th<'  (hscord  in  tht;  suprt'iiui  j'?»ii,tJ  that  had  so 
iiiatfiially  assisted  Calleja  in  his  })i..'io  was  (»t'  somo 
s(r\ic«'  also  to  Mcux'los,  who,  tliishod  with  niilitarv 
.siiccissos,  l)(i;'an  to  cDturtain  a  very  natural  dL'sin-  fo?' 
]i(»litifal  supremacy,  as  at  the  time  sucli  a  chief  wua 
i-reatly  neisded,  and  no  one  at  hand  tit  to  iill  such  a 
jtosition.'"  DuriiiLj  theihsaj^reement,  when  one  mem- 
itci-  soULjlit  to  (hs(|uahry  th>'  other,  each  appealeil  lor 
suppoi't  to  the  only  neutral  one  of  the  four,  Morelos, 
who  had  hitlieit()  heeii  practically  i<^'nored.^^  Tiieir 
iiiilitary  reverses  assist  ■!  to  reduce  them  ahnost  to 
supplicants.  Morelos  saw  his  opportutnts ,  and  ro- 
sohcd  to  dire^  the  current  of  atlairs  into  hi  ;  own 
hands.  1\)  this  end  he  proi)osed  that  th<3  council 
i^Iiould  meet  within  the  t(?rritory  controlled  hy  him, 
whei'e  it  nML^ht  uinnoleste<l  and  conveniently  for  all 
discuss  and  settle  every  (piestion.  llayon  very  natu- 
rally ohjected  to  a  concession  that  pi'actically  trans- 
fei'ied  the  controllinj^  influence  to  another,  whereu|»on 
]\Iorelos  took  a  far  more  decisive  ste[).  Assured  of 
C(){)pcration  from  the  weaker  and  less  and)itious  asso- 
ciates, he  procciided  to  convoke  the  loiiir-niooted  con- 


^•' 


'ess 


whii-h  should  reconstruct  the  whole  urovei'iimeiit. 


The  election  of  deputies  could  he  rei^^ularly  pei'formed 
throUL>'1iout  nearly  all  the  southern  region,  which  was 
devoted  to  him.  For  most  other  parts  of  the  coun- 
try suhstitutes  had  to  bo  appointed,  of  course  mainly 
hy  ^^orl•los,  so  that  tlu?  assemhiy  would  he  conti'olled 
])y  him.'''      He  moreover  a[)[»ointed  as  meetiuL;;  place, 

^'  Proniptt'il  1>y  Jealousy  as  wi'U  as  a  ilcsiro  to  l>o  kept  iiifuniK  il  of  allairs 
ill  tlio  sout!ieru  districts,  IJiiyon  hud  in  the  aiituiim  of  ISPJ  sent  Z.iiiiliraiio, 
Hi'LTtlarv  "f  the  C'liiiiiLil,  t  i  tlic  siln  of  tiic   L'liu'ial   \\  itii  the  cDiii.nis.si^.ii  to 


anair;<!  for  plaii.s  of  opuiatioii.     'I'liu  coiiiluct  of  tlio  agent  |>rovokc;l  I 


.,|y 


ilisiuissal,  ami    tomUil  only  to  iiiiliitU'i'  iclalioiis  li.'tweiii  tins  two  k':Mlir.s. 
JliJiclos'  li'tteis  of  '-;iiiiii)laiiit  may  be  coiijulti.'il  in  A' ;/;•</.',  Mix.  S'ljlo  XIX., 

V.  |{7S  I't  SCiJ. 

^-  liayon,  like  tlio  others,  sent  hia  secretary,  Oyarzabal,  to  court  liiui. 
^■'  I'iio  (.oiivocation  for  rlcetin,'  dcpiitioi  \v:n issued  at  Ai  apuli-  >  June  •JS'Ji, 
countcrai^'ued  by  Rusuins  aa  accrutary  to  -Morelo3.     Tc.\l,  in  JJeruundi:.  y  Ddcu- 


800 


CONGRESS  OF  CIIILPANCINOO. 


for  Si'ptenilii'r,  t]\o  small  town  of  Ciii][):ui('in'.^o,  wliich 
M'as  now  rni-^ed  to  tli»3  rank  of  city,  under  the  naiu.; 
of  Xucsti'a  Scnor.'i  <l(!  la  Asuncion."* 

A  main  o1)jo('t  of  the  conu^ross  was  to  liaini'  tin' 
lonu^-nioott'd  constitution;  and  to  this  Mot-cIos  also 
gave  a  certain  direction  l»y  drawinuf  up  rules  I'or  tlu' 
procc<'diii<jfs  nt'  the  asseniMy,  and  determininn"  a  iiu:;i- 
lier  of  vital  <ju»'sti(»ns,  one  conlerriii',^  on  ai'uiy  olHcc  is 
the  jMiucr  to  nominate  from  anionn"  the  i'our  eaptaiii- 
gonerals  a  t^'eneralissimo,  in  whom  was  to  bo  vested 
the  executive  authoi'ity,  with  full  powers.  Under 
the  cii'cunistances,  this  was  (Hjuivalent  to  ap[)ointin:4 
liiniself. 

In  these  steins  he  had  been  ufuidi'd  n^reatlv  1)V  th(! 
draft  for  a  c<»nstitution  ]tre[>nrt>d  l»y  Kavon  early  in 
181l!,  and  which  aimed  above  all  to  pei'[)etuate  tlie 
actual  council.  Accordinuf  to  llayon's  jilan  sov- 
ereignty, emanatin;^  from  the  people,  stood  vested 
in  i'Vrnando  VII.,  but  was  to  be  exei'cised  by  a 
national  .Vmeiican  council  of  live  members,  elected 
by  the  provinces  and  i]^ratlually  renewed  by  the  clian ;:" 
of  one  nn'mber  yearly.  For  the  pi'esent,  vacancies 
were  to  be  idled  b}-  elections  made  by  tin?  existin-^* 
member^.""  .V  con<>Tess  chosen  every  thret;  years 
by  the  municipalities  should  exercise  legislative  ])ower, 
though  sid»ject  to  the  decision  of  the  council,  which 

lo',  C-'l.  D'-i'.,  V.  l:!.'i-4.  Oti  fdlhiwiiii,'  jvi'^os  are  the  atliniiativo  replies  fr"iii 
tliiloiTnt  t  >«■;!■».  The  ei>n\()riitii)ii  was  hiscilou  liirnial  rcpi(>-(>iitations  fiiua 
Oajaca,  lieu'lel  l>y  lliistaiiiaiite,  .showing  tlie  need  fursueliaii  a>iseiiil)lv'.  Text 
of  (1  jciiiiKiit  aii>l  Vitis  iipDiiifciii  Id.,  vi.  4li7-7t.  In  leply  ti  llaynu'.s  reuiini- 
stranees  M^irel'is  ]i  liiiteil  out  that  a  coii'^'icss  coiiM  nn  liiujcr  \\'  defeireil,  t\\\\ 
that  no  other  s^-otini  of  the  rimntry  olleivd  .a  seeiiro  meeting,'  phiee.  'Seiia, 
Ho  iiiiipn  (pie  ;.'raiidc  absurJo  ayuardaf  otro  ano.  ein;i(h)  y:i  no  tenLTaiiKH  i;u 
jnielili)  lilnv  lie!  eneinigo,  en  ([iio  eeh'lu'arla. '  lie;  hail  no  p 'I'sunal  aiiihitieii, 
such  a-s  the  pre-iiKiiey,  and  wouhl  ali-laiii  fniia  further  a^:t.^  as  sdonaHth- 
e  luneil  was  e.stal)!ished.  See  also  letter  ie;;i'oilucc'(l  in  Xninfc,  Mix.  Sl;if'> 
A'/.V. ,  V.  312-14,  and  daccd  Aiii,'.  .")th.  Ifi  riiduUz  y  l>uralo>!,  Col.  Jhic,  \. 
'J  I  J.  !•!»,  etc. 

"' Alterwanl  called  do  I03  tlravos  from  lu'ing  the  liirtlqilaee  fif  these  in- 
8urt;cnt  hemes,  hut  the  original  native  nani(^  reasseiteil  itselt'.  It  was  a  ipiiet 
n;,'rieilltiiral  town,  cnihraeiiig  S.OOl)  inhabitants  witliin  tlie  distendc  d  niiini.i- 
jxility,  \\  hicli  f^tretehed  along  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Mad  re  coast 
rang!.'  and  eovereil  also  some  mining  ground. 

^■'  111  aoeordauje  with  the  agreement  maile  Atv,'.  'Jl,  1S|  1,  wherehy  the  re- 
novutiua  by  clcciiaa  should  begin  only  after  tho  fall  of  ^lexico. 


i;  1  \'AL  CONSTITUTIONS. 


.'CI 


;i  ;';!ill  1i;i(l  to  Itc  L;'ui'I«'(l  ill  ilH  iuijtoi'tailt  -Acts  of  I'tiX'- 
1  riminit  l»_v  a  council  tit'  slate  coiiijx'scd  of  hrii^'adicis 
,11(1  liiL;licr  ollicci's.'"'  Caste  distinct  idiis,  slavt'i'V,  and 
tiirtui'c  must  lie  almli^lied,  and  tlu'  lialieas  c()r|ius  ^;ys- 
1i  111  intrnduced.  J'\»ur  niilitaiT  oi'ders  sliouM  lie 
cicated,  aj>])lical)]e  also  to  civilians.  Ottlie  lour  caji- 
1ain-<4"enerals,  enibracinn"  the  three  who  were  nienilieis 
mI'  the  council,  ope  shoidd  in  time  ol'  wai'  he  c!io>en 
Iciiiporai'V  generalissimo,  e(iui\alent  to  dictator."' 

This  di-aft  had  heeii  submitted  to  Morelos,-'^  who, 
\.]i.ile  I'ccognizinL;'  therein  the  ideas  of  1  lidali;(),  oh- 
j.'cted  to  several  |»oints.  b'l'niaiido  should  no  |oii;,;'ei' 
he  held  u|»  as  a  masi;  lor  in(le[)endence.  ^Idie  council 
of  state  should  he  reihlci'd  toatixed  numh'ei' oi' miH'i- 
;i!s,  and  a  L;'eMel'alissiin<i  elected  Ibr  life.  The  sjihtv  ot' 
Nli'^'ion  demanded  that  IbreiLinevs  he  admitti'il  at.  the 
i'lU'tlu'st  only  to  a  lew  jiorts.-'''  This  smacked  strongly 
el'ihe  cura.  Sonii'  of  his  ohji'ctions  ac(|uired  wei'^ht, 
f'l- shortly  after  appeared  the  Sp.mish  liberal  coiisti- 
tntion.  which  ed'ectuidly  eclipsed  the  other  document 
i:i  the  eyes  of  its  vei'v  ])rojectoi',  and  caused  him  to 
withhold  it.*'  .\s  ^^orelos  l'e\-ealed  his  own  desi-iis," 
leiVon  became  aiixiitus  to  secure  himself;  and  to  this 
eiid  he  hastened  to  frame  another  constitution,  whicli 
v.as  submitted  to  the  niiadahipes  at.  ^lexico  and  otli- 
cis,  and  intended  for  jiuhlicatlou  before  the  congress 
should    meet,''"     Xi>thin'''  came  of  this;    |bi-  Moiclos 

'"'' A  ']in)tc(.tiir' ;iii[u)iiili'il  liy  tin.' (lr|intics  slicul'l  sulmiiL  liills  to  ii  tuMii 
l:i\\s,  etc.  Till'  il()j;;inii.s  ut'  llic  I  Ni.'lii.-.iv<'  Citlmli;'  i'elii,'iiiii  \\i]\\  l.i  lie  :;"'.i;ir.lL'  I 
1  >■  .1  trilaiiKil  do  la  iv,  nut  exactly  iiii  iii(|uiaitiiiii,  ;n  iKiliinil  liy  Aivclu'iUr- 
n  t:i  iiiid  tliti  aiiiliciicia.  l'"ot('i;.;in  rs  Mere  tn  liv  [pi-oU'ctnl,  liiit  iiul  ailiiiitti.l 
X'l  cillii'i',  iiiir  lavoicMl  ti)  the  incjinlicju  of  n'lii,'i(iii.  Lilirrty  of  jji'csa  to  |irova;l 
ill  sricnrc'  i'.iiil  |i()litii's. 

■  Aiumi'.;  iiati'iial  lioliilay.-t  were  to  de  ScptciiiliiT  Hitli,  tlx'  .'-aiiits'  days  of 
I  lid,;!;,'o  iiiid  Allriidc,  and  I  liTiinlicr  I  Jtli,  111''  ( liiadalu|iL'  day. 

"'  Alilioiiyli  1k^  IkkI  not  yot  licci)  apipoiiiti'd  iiiciidu'r  of  tlic  (.'oiiuiil. 

•''' I'ldtcctois  sliould  lio  aiiiioiiiU'<l  t  ir  latli  liisliopi  ic.  Tin?  ;,'riii.'i-ali  ■■iiiio 
'-'I  ImI  I  olHio  till  iiicaiiacily,  sidinc'ss,  oi-  tlio  agi'  of  (iJ  ]<.uu]c  it  uiili^iiruhli'. 

'"  Not  li'aviiif;  it  to  tlio  o[ilion  of  the  otliers.  'Sc  ritii  ilc  iio.sotro-<.'  in;  .'-ay.-i, 
;i.s  ii;i'i(!  iiutoinaton><.  lliistaniaiitu  Miit  in  a  |irojt'rt  to  MoitIos  aftiTt  lii-i,  li.it 
it  iiriivi'd  iKj  attention.    I'tiinl.  l/l.<f.,  ii.  ;U!I. 

"'I'Ik;  convocation  of  a  roii;^ri'SM  liy  liini  w.-is  .staiiipi'd  as  l.iikiu.;  'aiiio- 
iid:id,  inndi'ncia,  y  k';.'alid!id.'  Jlinrioi/c  Itmiini,  (ill. 

'•Thi !  v.ai  I'alii  rati'd  '  v  1'.  Santa  Maria,  wlr  i  afti-'rwurd  joincil  M'H'clo-, 
niid  (..\iii:,r  I  l,i:n  df  ii  i  Ii.ivi.il;  intrely  followed  llayoa's  order.-).   /■/.,  til-*. 
11I.11-,  Mi.i.,  Vol.  IV.    Mti 


iMIIII 


502 


cox(;R!;ss  of  rniLrwxt  k.co. 


Ill 


i» 


assumed  a  fii'in  Jittitudi-,  clmi'u'L'd  tin-  ]»!-('sidunt  v.i!'! 
<)1)stiii;il(ly  scukiii"'  to  iiijuit'  tlic  caiisi!  I>y  creatiii'^ 
(lissciisi:!!,  ;iiid  pciTiiijitniily  (•(unniaiidcd   liiiii  to  y,\i[ 


tl 


!('  iiu'i'liii'''  a 


t  Chill 


»aiiciii'>'i»  and  assis 


t  1 


•cana,  I  li'ii 


iiudci-  ii'straiiit,  to  do  likewise.  With  the  iiieiiihrr 
ai^ainsl  him,  witli  his  prestige  shattered,  and  haid!;. 
an    escoi't   to   sustain    him,    llayon   had   to   vii'ld,  ;;1 


tl 


lounh  not  witliout  <|uil>l)lini 


yi 


eanuiiilr 


M 


ol'flos 


had  I 


)een  aetivelv  eairvinL-- oi;t 


his   j)lan,   which    i'e(|uii'ed,   I'oi'eniost,  that    he   sliou!  1 
strenn'then  his  position  l)V  completin-jf  the  eouneil  wil'i 
a  lil'lh   mcmlter*'  elected   hy  the   friendly   citi/ens  of 
Oajaca,  as  a    compliment   to  them  and   the  ]ii'o\iuc<\ 
The  elioicc  tMl   on  the  ahh.;  and  patriotic  inteiidciit.  . 
Jose  Maii'a  Mur_L,niia,''' esteemed  no  less  hy  the  royal- 
ists, and  liLiuriiiL;- prominently  throun'hout  this  perio-!. 
On  Seitlemher  |;!th    took  jilace  the  election  ol"  a  <l 
uty   i'or  Tecpaii,  the  new   i)ro\ince  cori-espondinw-  \, 
the  [)resi'nt  (jiueri'cro,  and  the  same  day  a  rt!j)ri'scnt;< 
tive  m<!etinu;  of  electors  and  oHicers  was  opened  het'or^ 
wh<ini  Morelos  read  liisvii 


co- 


t'ws  on  t  he  ]>roj)os(,'<l  conufivss 
and  its  lahors,  and  stated  that  it  should  he  <'omi)osc,l 
in  the  first  place  of  the  council  memhers,  llayoii,  Vvr- 
duseo,  J^icea;^a,and  Mui'i^uia.  representing- respccti\fly 
Xueva  (Jalicia,  Michoacan,  (iuanajuato,  and  Oajaca: 

"  lie  miiitU'cl  for  iiistuu'c  t"  si^'ii   tlio  assent  sent  in.  so  as  to  defer  llie 
opening  ■''  tli*^' '''^■■''''"''l.V.      Mnrtlos  wrote  aiintlier  .scveio  liateli  of  leiter-! 


1,. 
•n  i.-.e 
an 


Oet.  '2'>lU,  insistiii''  on  liis  eotUoniiaiiee,  aii'l  Uireateniii',',  tliou/h  otli. 


polite 


'li.  t 


;o  i-;sne  ilii'ict  rji-ilersto  siilioi(liii;ite  lea  lersiii  Mieiioac: 


I  elriow  iiero.     'I'hu  eonesponileneo  may  lie  eonsiilled  in  I h riKi.nh-  1/  /hir 
/ox,  (  of.  J).'-.,  V.  !l'.l,  1(11. et  siMj.;  \r;ir,tr.  Mr.r.  S'ljlo  A7.V..  v.  ."idT.ete.;  .1' 


imn). 


1 1  hi.  .1/./..  i 


Ml.      Kavoii  si't  out  from  'i'aneitaio  on 


Oetol 


)e 


1>>I.'!,  ui  ri\  inn  at  < 'iiill'anein;no  on  Noveniliei 


ceoinuaiiieil  l>v  his  fanii  \ 


Itainon  ain 


M; 


ria,  a-i  diserilieil  m  Ins 


hi 


(US-!». 


'O.I  tliis  point  iiis  views  lijid  eliari_;ed 


<leialilv.      At  one  t 


nne  hi 


1: 


}k'.v\\  \vi!lin'4  t,)  let  Jlayou  anil  liis  then  fiiendlv  eolleaL'ues  elect  liiatinein 


ilio  sliould  l)e  iiitiustei'  willi  ailm 


tl 


le  olliei'.s  fiio  for  eaiii|)aigns. 


1/iti 


inistfaiivo  ami  judieia 


ill  fimetions.  jeavi 


el-  lie  tlioULrllt  it  \\t 


11  t( 


•oui-t  Oajaea  l.v 


lettiu;,'  tlie  nienilieis  select  a  eoUei^ne  fioui  there.     Kayon  nattn'ally  nhj'cic  I 
ti>  a  Moielos  man.  and  to  L;ain  time  siiuite.stcd  VillauiTiuia,  liie  li'-  cal  elecU.'l 


at  M 


exico  nil. lei 


the  constitution  of  I.SI2. 


Oil  An:.  t'Hli.  ( 'lespii  an  1  liUstamante  reeeiving  seeoiid  anil  third  jilace. 
Jlnufdiiiiuifr,  Ciiiiil.  llisl.,  ii.  ;U7.  Tiio  order  for  the  elei'tioii  is  dated  as  early 
as  Ainil  llilth.  In  a  |)revioiis  letter  Morelos  reconniieiided  that  later  cull- 
uucM'ed  piovilices  should  he  aecorded  (i  siiiiihir  ie|)rcseiitatiun  iu  the  cuuucil. 


I 


J<  nuiiiil'Z  1/  l>nr(ihi-',  <\if.  Dor.,  v.  ."),   I'J;  vi.  477-JSl. 


INSTALLATION, 


503 


(ij'.)msl'  ^[i^lnu•l  lli'iTcra.  vicario  l;-!M!ci';!1  <i|' the  ai'iiiy, 
v.lio  lia.l  just  Item  cliostii  lor 'IV'cpaii ;  and  of  tlii'fo 
>iil»stitiircs.  s.'l('cti'(l  liy  M(trcl<'s  ti»  ri'[ii'cs(iit  Mexico, 
Piirlila,  aiitl  \'cra  (  Vii/.,  naiiifly,  CMrlns  }»[a!i'.i  Dii.-t.i- 
iM.iiile.  Aiidivs  (^uiutaiia  Ivoo,  and  I  )()(.•! or  ( 'os.  Mur- 
L;i;ia  prndciitly  I'diri'd  almost  at  tlio  opcuiiit;',  loa\iiiLf 
his  |ila<'c  t  )  Maiiucl  Sal)iiio  C'rfs])o,  the  sccoikI  clioici; 
fir  ( )a  juca/*^  The  i('t(.iit  ion  of  the  coiiiicihiicii  in  the 
ns>(  Mil  Illy  Ljave  o'ood  reason  lor  coiisidcriii;^-  it  a  nicrc  cx- 
1  elision  of  the  lornici'  bodv,  and  as  su(-!i  it  was  at'ter- 
ward  dosieiuitcd  \>y  Jiayoii  and  others  lor  motives  of 
tlioir  own.'' 

The  eonn'ross  was  installeil  witli  the  meiiilieis  tlien 
present,  on  Se[»teml)er  I4lh, under  the  presitleiiey  <  f 
?dure;iia,'''  Morelos  deliveriiiL;'  tlie  o[>eniiiL;"  s[»eeeh."' 
it  was  aeeorded  the  title  of  majesty  or  hi^diiies-, 
airl  the  deputies  that  of  I'Xeelleney,  su;»i>orted  I  )y  a 
s.;lary  of  six  thousand  pesos  annually  for  tlieli'  tei';:i 
of  loui'  years.""     A  majority  of  \otes  with  a.  (juoi'iiii 

'"List  ill  /./.,  V.  I.'iil.  N'lir.itiui  ;iii>l  tlio  iiciitluru  jir  iviiicc  .s  ruccivcil  ii.) 
(lifi'i.'t  Viii.c.  l''.)r  liic!;  uf  (inciiiiiiiiis  nn  duuliv  Al.-iiii.Mi  (Aim  ■;>.cs  liim -«■':('  lo  'i 
v;i;,nitly  ami  iM-niiioimsly  nii  mhiic  )i^>iiils,  vliih;  t;ilviii,i(  J)iistaiii:inti.'  In  laslv  1  >l' 
(It'iVcts  wliiili  l)rl(.|i_j  t.i  tlio  l.il'i"  r's  liaia.'rapli  lnjailiu,'^.  NcLTivti;  onvt  id  lii..i- 
slf  liy  ii  di-jniut!' I  iiitr'Mtnctiiiii  cf  ilniiiiii.nt  a  ii  it  alwavsi  t  >  t'c' (Miiiit,  jiu  I 
Z.iiuai'.iis  i'\  ailed  the  ililiiciilty  ad  il.--ual  liy  cjuo'Jii^  tlie  wiu'iic  ailii.^iniis  ol  :i 
liiL'vi.iii.s  writer. 

''  r.iislaliiailte  (|uililil('il  till  the  eml  cif  Oi't.  for  a  lai'LTe  esi'iirt  eiiiT''SiioiiiIiii'^ 
ti)  liis  iii'eteioi;>ii!i  lirl'.u'i!  In,'  WiUiM  .jiill.  llaVDli  delayeil,  and  ('os  stayed 
auay.     See  letters  ii»  I hriniinhz  i/  h'ii-'ilo-^,  ('ni.  /><.,■.,  v.  !I7.  lo;!-."),  i:;_'. 

""it  had  l)ei'ii  lixeil  t'urtli  •Sih.  iiii.^taniaiite  iatiiiiates  the  i.'illi,  and  Mcite- 
lus"  letter  to  Itayiii,  /■/.,  10!  '_',  sIidwh  lliut  the  general  lueetiiiL;  sat  i>ii  lie 
l.'iili,  Mill,  and  l"ith;  in  the  i<aine  ciUeetion,  p.  iH."!,  the  i)|)eiiiii;,' speeeli  ii 
dated  the  IStii.  Sv>  iiiuiiy  errius  a;>iK'ar  in  the  net,  liinvevei-,  a.i  to  seiiuusly 
i  iijiair  its  aiitlioiity  on  niiirate  jioinls.  The  \  cry  speieli  iielii  ;tti'<  tliat  t  .  ! 
I  Itli  slidiiUl  be  regarded  a-i  tlie  m)eiiin:,'  dav,  iiiid  >.i  it  i-i  eunliniied  iii  /'/..  '.  i. 

'.MS. 

'•'  Xot  the  cxalteil  deelainatiun  le^aiiist  tyiaiil-;.  with  inveeati'in  •>]  almii  i- 
IK.I  lieroed,  us  preiiared  by  llu.uainaiite,  I'n'iil.  Ili-I.,  ii.  ,'>'i7  ^'1.  aiid  |.';  i- 
liilied  ill  Iff-ni'tinliz  1/  J>'irftln.i,  Vil.  Dor.,  v.  l(i,'!-(!,  fnmi  the  enjiy  icineli  d 
ly  Morelfps;  ji  I'liyalist  ilistiiitiiiii  i<  L'iVvii  in  //.,  \  i.  ■JIJ-I">. 

'"'Sesi-i.iiid  were  to  tie  ilaily  and  p  ililie.  th''  Mnniunn:<  lieiie;  eliiiued  liy  tlio 
liaiishtiel'j  f.irS  a.  M.  dm  in^'.-iiniiner  and  '.>.\.  M.  ilniin;;  winter.  Any  eiii/.-  a 
e  mill  present  written  suur_''''ii"'i<  ''"'  t'  .nsiderati'iii.  .\turdi1ri1s-i114  .a  i|ncs- 
tiiMl,  a  111  1  j.irity  nf  liallnt  vntes  deeided  it,  the  dei'iee  heiii;;  Hint  i.i  lo  <  !ie  i  \- 
ee  itive,  ;.i..'iied  by  tlie  iiresideiit  and  two  .-ieeretaries,  wh'i.  i>y^i-\  her  with  a  \  i  u- 
l'ie>ideiit,  .itteiided  to  liiiiii.'<terial  ali'aiis.  The  exeeiitive  emild  f-iiliinit  whaL- 
e.er  iinijeetd  fur  laws  ho  deemed  well.  (  haru'is  ii-aiiist  deimties  w  eio  ti 
tie  derided  t)y  a  e'lnilllissinli  nf  live  |iersiins  eleeled  IniMl  tlie  li\-e  |inivin'i:i 
udj' lining  theijeutof  thucnligres.s.     Tliey  cuuhl  nut  leave  their  seat  tor  military 


rf:' 


6G4 


co\(;ni:ss  or  ciiiLrAXCixco. 


(if'fivo  .suflicod  to  p;iss  laws.  Tli<;  first  act  was  io  nl\,. 
s.mcti<m  to  tlic'  tuiiiultiious  acclaiiiatiou  liy  tli«j  an,,\- 
oHiccT's  in  I'avor  o("  ^r<»i'(.los  as  ooneralissimo,  a  po-l- 
tioii  cicatcd  hy  liiiiist.'ll' with  lull  kiiowlcdu^i;  tliat  t!i 
iioniiiiatioii,  almost  wholly  IVoin  aiuoiii;*  his  own  uk!,. 
Hiust  I'ill  u]>oii  hinisclt",  and  that  the  dcjiiitics  tlicM 
present  would  conlinn  it.°'  The  ojljce  enibraeed  Ih'' 
executive;  power,  and  was  to  he  h(>ld  so  Ioul^  as  ih  ■ 
occupant  showetl  fitness  for  it,  with  ]»ei'lV'ct  freedoiu 
to)'  ^-rantiiiL!,'  honors  and  pi'ouiotion,  and  with  the  till 
of  liiL^hni'ss,  nlthoiij^'h  Moivlos  ])referred  to  call  him- 
self the  si'rvant  of  the  nation.'-  Th(.'  judicial  poui  t 
I'cniaiued  fV)r  the  pri'sent  Nested  iu  existing  tril»un;;!  . 
heiuied  hy  the  conu'ri'ss  itself,  hut  a  nieetinur  of  adxn- 
catcs  and  learned  men  was  to  he  called  at  an  early 
opportunity  to  elect  ,ju(!;j;vs  for  a  supreme  court  i:i 
the  same  nund)er  as  the  de'[>uties,  and  with  the  sani-' 
teru)  and  pay.°'' 

Tin."  i-ules   issued   hv  ^[orelos  for  the  <>ui(lan<.'c  el 

IV  dlla'i'  oiitsidu  dutii-s,  ami  in  aci'inilaiuc  Mitli  tlii.f  iiilutln'  Laptaiu-gtiR'r.il -. 
(  \c'C]it  Mdivlns,  were  ix'tircil,  althou'.'li  rctaiiiin,,' tl'^'ir  title.  'J'lu;  scriviai'i  - 
(iF  tlio  liudy  ii'i'civeil  llio  tith;  of  Hcaoiia,  willi  \\  liicli  lotircil  <lt]iutir.s  Im  I 
;:!■>(>  Ik  ))OC'oliU'lili.il.  Si'i;  ail.litioiial  arUcKvsiii  tin,'  ic^'ulalioii  issiiiil  hy  .Miii\' 
I  i-<.  Ill  riiaidhz  y  Dni-'ilns,  Cut.  Jhii\,  vi.  'JUT -II.  Tlio  si'eirtarii.'s  of  tli  ■ 
liuily  vcio  (,'.  /ai'atuuml  »'.  J-].  lU'l  (.'astillo.  To  its  tilli'  ot'  Siipri'iiio  Ciui 
gvc'so  Nacioiial  Anicrii-ano  was  at  tiiius  aiMril  (Iiiln'iiiali\  o.  <!ir..  il^  M<,-.. 
JM"),  vi.  IK).").  Coat;  of  a  nil;*  used  I  ly  i-oiiii'css  ^'i  veil  ill  >'."'.  J/' .i'. . '-M  I'l).  i  ; 
4!);  cniilo  (Icscrip.  in  Zuiiiniiii--,  Jin^l.  M<J.,  i.\.  "J'Xi, 

■'  Net  lu' pli  U'riilud  to  refuse.  l'"or  Ii.-.t  of  voters,  .see  //i  riiilin/i  z  1/  /)driil'i^. 
Cfi'.  J>iir.,  V.  177-!^.  (Uowiii!,'  eiicolriium  o!i  Morelos  in  I'm-'hiinuiit'',  El'nj' ' 
J/.i.i-(  /us,  L'l),  tto.  This  took  jilaee  on  Septeiiil^er  I'ltii,  Veidusco  luvsidiiiL;  \> 
iii-;uiollio  result.  r>u>tuiiiaiite,  ('n'ulro,  ii.  .'{S.i -(i,  .'{!tl  ."»,  deploies  t'.ie  uiilitars 
iMtiniid.itioii  of  t!u'  congress,  and  points  to  the  now  eiondini;  star  of  tiie  leader. 
'flesilo  este  iiistanto  i<i!  lij.i  la  ('poea  de  las  desLrraeia.s  y  desaeiii'tos  cUl  >-i 
Mmeios.'  \'ic:iiio-i_'eiieral  X'elaseo,  wiio  staited  tin;  imniination,  was  luao^ 
liiariseal  de  e;UMpo,  alt]ioiiL,di  I'Xpeetiu.;  a  de[mty.--liip,  and  sent  to  ( (aj.aea,  as  a 
lidil.aiiee.  'I'lienee  l;o  drove  into  exile  tuo  eauon>,  «  lio  tlieii'Upon  eariied  d. 
iLstiourt  n.'vol.itions  to  the  royalist.s. 

■'-'I'lii!  iiiilitaiy  had  lo  eleet  Ids  siieeessoi-,  the  eonmiand  devolving,'  mean- 
while  upon  the  next  in  raid;.  'I'lie  eon;r.'<  ss  should  a--sist,  u  ith  arm  ■>  and  nione\ . 
W  anied  )i('rhaps  hy  the"  'J'exaJi  oeemreneis,  lie  insisteil  that  no  foreiLin  tlimj.* 
bIkuiM  approarli  till!  iseat  of  the  eontrress.  'I'lie  exouulioil  issued  the  decin  i 
of  the  i'on;.'ress,  assisted  hy  two  NeiTetaiies.  who  in  this  ease  were  Kosaiin 
and  .1.  S.  Castaneda.  {''iirtlu'i'  details  in  the  reyiilatiom  alu'udy  eited,  aii-. 
14,  •_':..  4o,  etc. 

•'•' Tlio  judieiaiy  list  inelndes  Morelos"  seeretaries,  Jli  runmli  ~.  y  Diiril"-, 
Col.  J>if\,  V.  lo!t.  An  eeclisiastii,'  tiihunal  woiiM  deelde  in  eloii^'al  ali'a.i  -, 
nt  present,  pevtaininy  to  tlio  jurisdiction  of  hislii'iis,  and  also  proniotc  the  uel 
fare  of  the  cliiircli. 


suri!K>rArv  or  mouklo^. 


3G5 


til"  cniin'ross  wi'iv  jii'acti<"illy  a  fi'iistitnti(»n/'' wlirrrin 
li<'  l.'ud  iVamed  cveiytliiii^'  accitrdiii^-  to  liisowii  fancy, 
iiiakiiiL,^  liiuisi'll'  actual  I'lilor  wIktcvci"  his  arms  iiii;;Iit 
nbtain  sway,  and  siistuininn'  that  c'oiitn»l  hy  aj»]»()uit- 
iiiciits  at  will.  Tilt'  coiin'ivss,  (.'sscntially  his  own 
ri'i'alui'c,  and  easy  to  so  maintain  wlu-n  kept  undoi' 
his  fVi's,  Avas  designated  rathe)'  as  an  adjunct  to  him- 
."ir,  and  its  |)()wer  <'ould  in  any  case  he  readily  cur- 
1,ill('d.''  Although  crude  and  inconi[»lcte,  the  consti- 
tution sulHeed  to  achieve  the  aim  of  its  projoi'toi', 
wiiich  al'ter  all  was  not  out  of  keeping  with  a  |)er- 
-niiagi;  of  this  jx'i'iod  who  so  conijiletely  <ivershad- 
nwrA  all  the  other  leaders  of  the  party  in  military 
Miccessand  power.  1  le  canmtt  he  said  to  hav' abused 
llie  trusts  he  outlined,  anil  he  sustained  an  assemldy 
which  might  have  Ix.'en  dissolxed  on  tin;  plausihh,; 
L;t'ound  that  advancement  of  tlh'  cause  reipiired  coii- 
ci'Mtiation  of  authority  into  one  hand.'' 

The  men,  howevi'r,  wlut  had  hitherto  figured  as 
captain-generals  with  so  little  credit  were  retired,  oii 
the  plea  that  their  new  sphere  as  deputies  reipiired 
undivided  attention.  '^I'li'"  two  [>ro\inces  of  .Michoa- 
c,in  and  (Juanaiuato  latelv  <'ontrollcd  hv  tliem,  to- 
gethcr  with  ( luadalajara,  Zacatecas,  and  San  Luis 
I'otosi,  were  placed  under  the  command  of  ^[anuel 
^ruhiz,  as  lieutenant-giMK.'ral.  Tin;  only  other  ollicer 
!  f  this  I'ank  was  MatauioiM^,  wiio  r(H'eiv(Ml  chai'ge  of 
ilie  more  important  regitm  of  '  )ajaca,  Vei'a  Cruz, 
I'lii'hla,    Tiasc  ^Fexicd,  and   Trepan.      Addition.il 

control  was  exercised  through  the  judges  a[)[)oiiited 
in  ditferc'ut  provinces.  ' 


''  All  oiitliiii'  for  Uio  rciil  oDiistitntinii  lie  prt'sontcil  on  St'pt.  14tli  to  the 
i-"iiL:ri'.~s.  uiider  the  title  ol  S'  nH-nirn'o-i  ilr  1 1  Xifimi,  in  •_';{  urtich's.  S.'i; 
Ji'f I'lKiinli'z  1/  ni'n'nlmi,  I'ol,  l)n<\^  vi.  'Jl.")-|(i. 

•" 'i"hu  power  to  iippoiiit  (Icputics  was  va^'ili'lv  inliiiitfcil  .'is  i>rlon:,'iii:;  t) 
-Morchis.     Ai-tof  (Kt.  Sth. 

•'"  A<i  hi!  iiiuisclf  lU'rl.ii'iil  ill  an  earliiT  k'ttor  to  JIayon. 

■'■  Whi'ifof  ji  list  of  IT)  in  lli  rii'iii'lc:  //  Durdln.i.  ( \il.  I)n<\,  v 
Hn  own  a|p|iiiiMtni(iit  as  Lrfncralissiino  .Mmclos  lenilcre  I  to  Uavoi 
^|i.iiiisli  form  of  nicfc  idiirtiMJU.)  phr.isc.      His  lirochtT  i',anii)n  was 
il.iiiti'  j;i  iifval  iji  the  'I'lalpnjahua  H'_'ion. 


1.-)!).  i 
n.  i:i  ti 
I  uiailc 


77.  lU'.t. 
II'  usual 

cDiium- 


||y^^^_^ 


:■ 


606 


COXCRESS  OF  CIIILrANriNCO. 


As  .1 


I'srl'l 


IrmI 


lis   hi 


()1!>.      MolfliLS   kept  ;i\v;i  V  till  tlli'  llinirnvi  . 


'Anil   iiKiko   treaties  witli   finei^'ii  jmwers.      All  \*lii)  u|ij)r)<,.  tiiis  ai  t 


refuse  aiil  towanl  tlie  war  nf  iinleiiemleiieo 


lU)   ilei'larei 


1  l^'uilty    of    lli;;ll  tl'i 


III  III  riHiiiiliz  11  Jhirit/iii,  i.  iS77.  aiiinii^' utlicrs,  is  given  the  text  of  tliii 
lirief  (Icieiiiiieiit,  signed  liy  Viee])resi(lelit  (jiiiintana,  Jtayon,  Jlerreia,  I'lUsta- 


liiaiite 


J. 


;a,   and   seeretary   /aiate.     Si-c  alsn  Jhrir/ri  /n'l  n 


it  iii.  4(i!l;  Mrx.  I;,  nil.  Ar/.  ,1.   F.,,,!-, 


S;   /', 


r 


i:'i.  'J,  p<.  ■_'- 1:  Z'ini/ii,  I't  r.  Mi.r.,  (11,  .'ii).'!   12:  Loidiju,  Adic.  y  lluclif. 
Mnii/i'ii/,  y.'-x.,  lS4-(!:   iVard'.s  J/,.c.,  i.  -JO-J-;!. 


XXXVI.  |)t  (is. 


.'KJ 


As  iiLstiineecl  in  the  re[)reseiitaU()ii  of  ISIJ  from 'I'laseala.     Itayoii's  jiajn 


lirijues    the   ))oiiit  wi 


th  ihtail.     .^eo  ti'xt  in   A'( 


\'i  riliitli  I'll  ()i 


I'ji  II,    11').   II. 


us  vet. 


|irep.ireil  alter  tin;  tilli,  hut  tiie  iiKlepeiideneo  aet  liud  not  lieen  jiuhliahe  1 


'■'Dated  Get.    1st.    lli'i-imiiilr-  y  J>iiriili)-;  CuK   !h, 


V.   1^1  -a.  extraet  i. 


(''ii'id.  His/.,  ii.  ;t7S--S2.     ^'et   r>ustaiiianle  fiaiiieil    tiie  act  <jf  iiideiii 


lattle 
Sjiaiii; 


111  aceoii 


I  with  this  is  the  dcelaMiation  of  .Mniclos 


\. 


|ie!|i|enee. 
Ill  aiaiiist 


ih  t\ 


ly  aiel   forei'.'n  iiiteifereii.'e,  as  lepiiidiiied  \\\  (K'/illii  X<i/i 


::t  liu.    (  :ui 


d.i  iii>laiiees   that  a   Mexie.iii  i 


di'liiltv  at  til 


is  time 


dtl 


jes-^loii  ot  ludej^ienueiije  as  nievi 


itai.le 


.!/. 


1J(J. 


r)i:cRr:i:s  of  ixim:i'i:xi);:\c: 


(■;inir(l  tli<'  point,  as   iiidi'rd   ho  did  all,  Iiy  oiitliiiiiiLj 
till-  work  and  attitude  of  tlio  assciiiliiy."" 

Ill   coiisoiiaiico  willi   tlio  act  of  iiulo])ciidoii('o  were 


COllil 


niii'd    tlio    vlot'ix'cs    already    issuuil    l»v    Moroh 


i:ii'rL,Miii4"  all  I'aco  and  caste  distiiutioiis  under  the  one 
1  <|Ualiziii;j^    tei'iu   of   Anxricaiis,   i-cniovinL,'    the   i^iK)- 


iiiious  tiiljute  tax,  aliiruiin<''  the  liheratiou  • 


>rsl; 


l\('S, 


a!i( 


1  o])eiiiiii4'  oliices  in  chui'ch  and   state  to  all  da- 


i 'a>t  indeijtednes.s  to  iMiropeans  was  cancelled,  in  vir- 
tue of"  the  authoiity  ot"  the  nation  to  conliseate  tlu' 
|iro|>erty  of  its  ojtj)onents."*  Taxes  were  reduced  prac- 
l.eally  to  excise,  includinn"  tol>acco,  and  to  tithes  and 
parochial  lees,  to  all  ol'  whicli  Indians  were  .suhjected 
1:1  coiimion  with  (jtliers,  to  their  no  small  j»rejudice  if 


th 


We  consKiei"  tUe  i)revious  ourdens. 


1 


Bust; 


unaiite  take 


■redit  foi'  a  decree  to  restore  the  Jesuits,  with  a  \  i 


<'W 


\t  e( 


lucate  the  youth  and  sju-ead  the  laivh.''"'      l''or  th 


liiamtenance  or  tlie  i-e\dhitionary  cause,  it  was  jiro- 
pii>ed  to  enlist  hall' the  ser\  ici'alile  population  in  ciieh 
oiwn  and  provide  tlu-ni  with  the  West  arms  [)ossible, 
diawiii''-  IVoin  this  source  I'.ii-  the  armv."'' 


L' ;ii't  \v;is  .sii])j)k'iii"iitiMl  liv  ;i  ])riirl.iiii:itinii  til  tin'  jn'opli,'   in  support 


it.    //. 


'/'■;   //    J}ii 


''n 


iMV  ilist  rule.   <!((-..  Mi 
'''.\  fiicsiiiiilo  iif  tliii  (1 


t  iiiinl  ill  Sij 


M 


I  SI.-),  vi.  I1(i:M4. 

L'crt'c  .['.^'uiu^L  .'•l.-ivcry, 


17.      C'liMpHCc  Cus    miiuiloat  iigalii.^l 


il.itccl  ( l.tolicr  ."illi,  ni;iv  1 


V  lir 


'  .*  .    iiliy 


W' 


7.,   A'-A 


i>i,i,  I'll. 


■J,  iii.   l;»,  witli  <l:il 


iiirato  niliruMS 


1. 


iiliis   iiiiil   lil.-t  si'c  Tutarv. 


Tlic  la^li  luiil  Ih(.'M  alMili.-liiil  liy  dicivi!  uf  Sc 


toiiil 


r.stli.  Mix.  Cnl.  I), 


It.. 


<'/•/.,  li).-|.      Ail  tla.-scs,  li-'iii  lalmicrs  til  ciur 'V 


anil  wiiiiH'ii,  wcro  ( iijoiut'il  to  wuiU 
lliiwiu,'  troiii  iilU'iii'^s. 


partly 


,•  us  a  iinuiis  to  L'uuntt  rait  tliu  vices 


"  .\  iliiellllieiit  til  lllis  iH'i'ct,  (if  extreniclv"  eiillllilUliistic  tellileiicieti,  isi'iveli 


III iiifiii(h  ':  11  J)iiritlii^,  Cut.  I>iii\,  i,  .sT'.rsi'; 


■Citiiil.  Hist.,  ii.  4:17 


li:iiii'ili  r  !l 


Mr 


raliiiil'^  .Shu 
ll 


ulit 


lo^'niii  un  >uiiil,Mys  ;iiiil  le; 


:i 


St   ll 


I  vs. 


Fur  111 


ifiith 


wiapiiiis,  I'aeli  man  >;,im 


.1   Im 


i\i.lel  Willi   hliii/s  anil  fmir  iju'rii  ;irrii\. 


•  i.iiiiliiiii'.^  \\as  ]iiiiiiiiiiteil,   iiirluiliii;,'  t!ie  iiiaiiiil.ietiire  uf  cards,  as  caiU'^e  f.ir 


iiiiarre 


1,  ami 


eiiiiseiiiuu'. 


// 


lii'iiiUiih  .  II  Itiii'iHoK,  V. 


.'07 


ler  to  increase    the  iiieaus    fur  campai.'ii.s,  a  ndrn'tiuii  was  prujee 


i> 
teil    ll 


'i-aiiis  in  tiie  iiiimln 
.1- 


ler  aiiil  iiav  n 


M 


In 


if   t  .cisiirv  eMipliiNi'S.  t"   tiiree  I'llii'I'x.    elexi'ii 
itii  ii  pay  of  .s|,s,Hi)  mslcnl  of  .■^J.i.lMi:!  (laiii   ii.lori'  .liiiy    l''l.i.    / /.. 


riie  f. 
.l/i(/. 


will','  iuitlior.s  have  lieeii  siuilieil  for  prepariiu'  t!ie  furi' .oinu'  '  li'i| 


.)/' 


.'((() 


/./. 


11 


iii.vd,  i;i."i.  :>iu  ."] 


,.i.  |>a.-siiii,  a|.p 


■)j  ;!. 


.)•'   ii;i  .1,  .1 


N  (17;    III.,   iv.   7l.'l;    /'/.,    A/iinili-  /.'n.'/.,    II    I-;    liiiifnininiii-, 


I  iillljulililt  I 

IJs  ;i-'  isii, 


ll'  Cnl'ija.  7S-!I.  174.  l7ii-7;  /-/..  <irhl.  Ili^i. 


;ii  '.IS,  ;!oi 


!l.'.-4()7;  A/.,  iii.  s  !i.  II, 


i.  ;>;!.')-.Vi:  /(/.,  ii.  4!>. 
!t7. '-'lo   (■"',  -Ml   :!ii:t; 


//. 


-I4;t,  ;;it);/./.,  v.  4J-;i;  A/.,  /;/o;/;o  .i/-.,- a..'.  -.)  it,  17  -':>:  l^l. 


loj.,  10;  tuih-^ 


Alt.  VnL,  Ibi;!,  i.  G*   b'J,  -J.i.',  ;{>l;  Id.,  Vol.  /A  '.,  iii.  I.SU- 


"CS 


cox<;rj:ss  of  fiTiiJWNrixco. 


:\s\  nil;  /-!'..  \.\.  fij  J,  •_'."; 


-••JS:  1,1. 


!:i!i  M.  -JIT  s    ,'{l7-ls, 


:-'.»,  .-{I-'MI,  ;il<t--.'(i;  /'/.,  xxi.  I.VJ.  KiS;  /./.,  x^ 


.'(17,  ;;!»;»;   Cun-lt'lo,  Kstml.  Hist. 


iTi-'t;  <'iiif;l((i/u,  '/;/.  M, 


.'(ill- SI,  ;<: 


t)l,  ■»•.'(>;  r'.nv),  Ti-LS  Si;/.,  iv.  .10    lO.'i,  III;  C<  ilii/iirio,   MS.,  iv.  tol.  ■_';{.S;   /^/\ 


rz/.c.  //;>/.  ^^<«/.,  viii.  ."i7i-'>,  •)»■')  s,  700  •_•,  7i:{;  A/.,  ix.  :w(!.  741 


/./. 


.•!ll-ll'.  :)7'«,  ai>ii.  i.  .V),  KK;;  f/./:.  it,    M,.,-.,   ISl'J,   iii.  4!tl-l,  .S!l,S-!>0».   |()7(i; 
/'/.,  lsi:{.   iv.  passiin;  //.,   IM."),  vi.  II(W-14;  Hmrrn,  /,'<r.   A'.  /;>//.,  i.  -JTs, 


•JSi)-.|; 
]i  issiia 


dii/i 
11, 


r:,  A. 


.'/' 


'/«'  /.''/".,  :{.'{,  44!t-:i);;  (l,,i,z,il,z,  Cil.  X.  I., 


•J4,V.:!-l;i. 


/./. 


,hz  II  J),ir„/'>s,  i.  s7-_'-:{,  S7.'>-7,  .S7!»-,S0,  ,S'.»!Ml-_»(i;  /,!..  iv.  7(i(l: 


liissini:   ; 


7. 


S,  4(1  •'    101   4.  1(17   IS,  li'C) 


i:{o-:{.  It: 


.s;{,  I!).")  •ji)2,  _'i)ii-i(i 


4,  -Jls,  :),-,(i-s,  4ti7  ;>,  47--'-si,  lo.-is-j;!;  /, 


A,li,\  ,/  /,',,■/..  •2i:\  ..();  /.iili„r/,<,  x.  W-l;  MnuhliiK  A'' 


i(;i 


//i.s/..-;:\  s,  \> 


!»;,   •_'l(i   17,  -S."(  L»t,  !ili|i.  vi.   ;!.S(i  ill;  .l/(.,-.    <',,!.   I),,-.   1/  o,;/..  tH>-~-2,  Ml-Kii; 


III    l.i;  .)/.; 


.l/< 


UliJ;  M,i 


/;< 


M, 


iv.  4  Ml -•_'(»,  44;!-4;  .1/. 


(/ 


■(.;/. 


I',„l. 


iii.  4!l,  .")(i;  .lA./\   l!,fi,l.   Art.  t\,iiil„,  '.'S-;;-.';  JA.--.    A^ 


J/*;;.,   1S4',».  :i41   (IS;  Miii/ir.   M,x.  Azl,<\  i.  '_'SS-<I|;  Or'r.iini,  Ociin:,  1.V4I 


/• 


Jj! 


(limi..  i.  IOl';  a/.,  iv.  I'lM-S;  /t'lri'i-it,  His/.  Jiiliipii,  i.  4().'{,  4(i!», 
J/<.'-.  AV'-.,  i.  :{'.l,  4S.  ;;•_'()  I;  ti,„:  M,x.  (lioij.,  vii.  41.-)-Jl, 


4-_".i-;t:i;  Hi.hi 

4-.'4;    y./.,   lM  op.   ii.    «.U;   7". 


7/.,  y.'i 


Hi 


</inh 


A, 


i.  4_'.")-(),  4-.'!»- 1:; 


Vimjini  L'liir.,  xxvi.    ;{:;i.M;  HV(/v/'.<   M(.'\,  i.  •_MJ-7,  •211-11.  ii|i|i.   4s!»-."i()'.) 


Yoini.i,  //Isl.  JAr.,  !»!»,  I()l-S:^.( 


//isi.  Mij. ,  vii.  4.S'J,  41)4,  7S.".;  AA ,  vi 


.■)(iJ  s, 


i7'.'  SO,  ."iS.")  (i.  (i(i7,  ( 
^1;  Ztinilii.  J.'irn/.  M, 


>,■>,  iilM" 


I'l' 


7IHI:  AA 


IX.  i):i.ssiiii; 


A/.,  X.   ll>S  !», 


,  (i4.  .•{(KM-J:  Ai-:-./,,,  ill,, I  ( 


'V 


/iiiiifis  /Hint.  Hist.,  1-4;  Arrmii/iii:,  M'j.,  i.  l'.'S-i;;{7;  A'juizn,  Iiistr 


1-4,  l»l    ;)i(: 
,  MS., 


i»_'-.X;  .  1 /./«)/•.-<  JA' 


'/  U.  .s'.,  .")4-():  Ailn/iil,  diiisa  Fann.  <\,iiir,i,  .MS.,  i.  I 


i:!0  :t:  A/iini/i-i  ///-'.,  in  /V/».  /!ol.  oji,-.,  A\\w  \1,  llSdS,  I'iiKirt  Cnl.:  Jl 


■IS  jl  K. 


iriiiini.  iiiii-isiin;  Jl<  rriii/i  r 


Colf'iii   Viiij.,  vi.  4(»-!t;  Cilli,  M, 


.lA 
l)ii 
Me 


Slit.,  CtO;  I  litiiiiiii  r.  Villi.,  i.  214-7;  /V  /'";/',  'J'l'un  l,i.  I(il-t">;  l)i  rnhi)  Inli 


.t  iii.  4(;;i;  />;■ 


I'r/c,  ii.  f(.i.  -J.S;  r/ 


.:,  Di 


44J,  n7;  AW</.-, 


'.(•I;  Ksiiuli  n,,  Smi.  i/Sin..  Ti'l-dO;  /l 


■-■'•.'/, 


.lA 


;ni  i:f;  c 


42;  .,7. 


lift.  Ciilh.  Chiiixh,  ii.  104;  .!/;<;•,  Mmiifi 


,  ri  i/iii' 


III.,  iii.  S;  J/ /(//,/•,  A'. 


JA 


0-S;   / 


Ml 


11 


>sil. 


Liii. 


-II;  111.,  Ilir.il.,  l:{-14;  .1/,- 


iniliisiriiiii, 


I 


4,  (i,  !t,  /'iiinr!   Col.;    .]/. 


Jill 


ill'illl'    <  iililis 


/', 


in  ij 


hil'm-i 
X.  K 


"I- 


ls7t,  I'Jl;  .V. 


■Il's  His'. 

ill  .1//^ 

]iiissiir; 
n).,  !-•_', 
■Ill,  .M.-iv 


I-',   ISS:{;   yHi-^-  /,'i;ilsl,r,  iv.  ;{'.».'.   lOS;  /./.,  V.  ;{.•{;!;   OiliHiil'i*  Ann  I-..  -JliO;   O/,;- 


ruiTiii  II  /'  /vv// 


m,  r 


ill 


(J  III- 1 
Ml. I 


(■ill.  K 


us,  III.)  .liil  lillt,-i>,  XIII.  liiis.si 

i(i:)-70;  cniiiiii.  r; 


!ir,  /'/.,  /v!  (' 

I'l    I'lS    llllhil. 


.■.lUii 


''ion,  pas-^iMi: 


11.   SU]I.   l)t\Vll, 


!»•_'  :(;  111. 


V 


iiu;   /' 


,/,, 


111.  |i<l.ssiiii; 


ii.  i..  Ill  IS.  10  1111(1   I.')    /'Iiiiirf 


('■'!.;  J'd/i.   I'lir.,  xxxvi.  (iS,  iio.   ii.    1-4;  K'niiiidiiiuj.   I!i  isilirsik.,  xiii.  47I'-Sl; 


MiijHil.  .^Ii  i\,  lsi(!,  i.  17;  ,'^jiiiii.  Eiiii>.  in  .1/ 


117-lS;  J. 


flimli'n,  I'l'tii'lsiiiii, 


I  4>,   in    I  //■'.'/  '/•'   .!/<.'■.,   /iis/nii'i-.,   .Sis,,   -Jd  si'i'.   no.   'J;   .\li\c.,  Vmitisl"  d   Ins 


Obs 


n- 


.Y.  .1/ 


xxxi.  liii-IU:   Toniit,  Fi 


Mil. 


,   pp.  VI.   //. 


CIIAPTEU  XXIII. 


mi 


FALL  OK  MOllKLOS. 
1813-1S14. 

MortKi.os    >L\iuni;s    a(;ai>.st    A'.\i.i,.M"M.ri>  —  Cam.k.iaV.    CorxTER-MovE- 

MKNT  — UkI'I  LSi;     AT    TIIK    «1aTI;     oI      ZaI'iiTI.    -  I>KI  I.LI  ANT    (^lIAitCK     IIV 
iTrUlUDK-  -DkTKAT  AM>  ])i;ATn  ok  ^fATA-MOUns— 'rilKCd.SdUlcs.s  AssKIiTS 

Itsklf— AiiMi.io    ()vi;i:iir-Ns    Tkccan    I'ltDViNi  e    -<Ju.i;anv     I'ai.i.s   - 
Malkahmimstkatidn  in Oa.iaca— Ai.vauk/.'s  TiaiMpiiANr  Knti:v     'I'hk 

KnC'IIANTKU    MillNTAIN— Sl'lX'fl.ATKtNS   WITH   ( 'on  V.  i  V- — (,>l  A  Kill  I.    ANll 
MisCONDCcr   UK   JiAVON    AND   KoSAINS — Kxi'KDlTloN    A(;\1N>1    /aiaII.AN' 

AND  Fi,u;iiT  UK  Uavon— Max-iu:.nting  in  tiik  Ckntkai,  I'kovincks. 

Valladolid,  Hk'  capital  of  ^NLiohoaeaii,  had  cxcr 
proved  ail  atti'activo  spot  to  the  iiisur^ctits,  by  I'l'a- 
st>n  of  its  wealtli,  its  central  p(.)sitioii,  niid  tlic  rcvnlu- 
tioiiarv  spirit  ol' the  surrouudiu^-  pojailatioii.  Similai- 
iiiotives  sliinulated  the  royalists  to  strive  I'oi'  its  pos- 
session, when  eveiy  other  point  in  the  proN'inee  was 
lost,  and  after  deleatiii^'  the  llayons,  they  made  the 
city  a;Li'ain  their  headijUtirtei's  lor  enei;L;'ctic  opera- 
tions a^f'ainst  the  I'cniJiiniiin'  leaders,  wrestin^•  from 
I  hem  nearly  all  the  northei-n  (hstricts,  as  i'ar  as  Zit:i- 
ruai'o.'  Soutlnvard,  ho\\e\'er,  the  ranyt's  oU'ered  a 
eomparativelv  saie  retreat  lor  the  insnruents,  who 
could  thence  make  their  raids  into  the  rich  lowlands, 
and  in  case  of  ni'ed  iaH  hack  into  tlie  Zacatnla  reL,ion, 
lieyond  whicli  ]\Iore!os  Iield  ahsolute  sway,  as  lauhs- 
puted  successor  of  1  lidaln'o. 

So  he  undoubtedly  regarded  himself.     Flushed  with 

'  It  was  rcoovcroil  ia  Soiit.  ISKi,  from  llainos  ami  otlii.T  leadi'i's,  wlio  liiul 
t!ici('  fi'rstalilislicil  [Hiwdir  tactoiius.  Uiiz.  J/f.<-..  ISl:>,  iv.  I(IM'-1.  See  for 
I'.iHi-  niiuor  o|n_Talioii.s,  /'/.,  tjiij-liioO,  jjasaiiu;  Uifiiainl'-Z  ij  I'Ur.iiun,  Col. 
Jju:.,  \ .  lUT  ct  st'4. 

(50) 


>70 


TALL  Oi'  MOUI'LOS. 


Ills  .successes  ill  field  Jiiid  coiiiicil-liall,  In-  |ir()[)()sc;l  t.. 
lenic'dv  the  inistakcs  and  awiii-c  the  huiuilialioii  of  lii  > 
]iredecess()rsand  colleajj^iies.  JJclivciaiicc  was  to  coin.' 
iVoiii  the  south.  A  lirst  and  neci'ssarv  stej)  was  tn 
rui-ovei'  the  uiucli  disputed  VaHadolid,  thei'e  to  install 
the  iiew-l)oni  coiiLfress,  and  tlius  aliii'in  its  diLjnity,  ainl 
I'urthei*  to  nialve  this  eitv  the  stai'tini,'-  i»oint  lor  futur*; 
o]»eiations,  wliieh  liencel'ortli  nuist  l)e  (hiveted  int  > 
tlie  central  [)rovinces.  While  the  jtlace  at  this  time 
Avas  not  stron_Ldy  fortified,  aid  cor!;l  easily  reach  it; 
and  iio  proposed  to  insure  Ids  pi'oject  hy  niusterin^' 
all   the   forces  possihh.'.      To   this   end   he  sunnnoned 


Nicol; 


IS  jjiMVo  iin<l 


:\Iat; 


unoros  Ironi  \  era 


C 


ru:-; 


la- 


l\iel)]a,  couiitin!^   u[Mjn   their  well  trained   troops  a-; 
the  nucleus  lor  his  army,  to  which  v.ere  to  he  adiKd 
liu;  nueri'illas  of  Michoacan,  includin,''  those  of  1 
nion  liayon. 

^[orclos  kept  his  ohject  secret  from  all  except  a 
few  intimate  friends,  and  sought  to  deludt;  the  royal- 
ists hy  a  movement  which  ohliged  Daoiz  to  fall  had; 
on  Cuernavaca.  ]Ie  thereupon  set  out  iVoni  C'hilpan- 
cinL;-o  Xovemher  7,  1813,"  incorj)Oi'atinn'  the  foici's  of 
I\Iatamoros  and  UraNo  at  Cutxamala,  and  fui'ther  on 
those  of  ^[uniz,  Oi'tiz,  Arias,  and  Xavari'ete,  so  that 
lu;  was  ahle  to  present  himself  hefoie  A  alladolid 


1 


on 


the  L'lld  of  -December  with  an  army  variously  esti- 
mated at  from  (1,000  to  1^0,000  nuin,  with  thirty  cannon 
and  large  su])plies.^  The  city  was  in  despair,  for  the 
garrison  under  Jjandazuri,''  numi)ercd  only  some  800 


"  LeaviiiL'  I\li;.'Ucl  iiml  Victoi-  15 


c  )iiL'r('.s.-i,  onu  ri 


ii;.'  1! 


to  T 


itli  over  1,0U;)  men  to  protect  tlit 


elitiacMii,  iiiiil  111 


A  pruclamatiou  ua.s  is>iicil  nu'iiaciii, 


tnistiii'.c  Afapulc'i)  ti>  li 


ii'U'arav. 


niyalist  sy]ni)atlii/;L'i'a  among  A"Rii- 
JliLsUiiiiaute's  outline  of  the  uiai'eli,   Cuud.    JJinl.,  ii.  4'J'J  et  sctj.,  i^ 
coutiadiitoiy. 

^  Aucnrdiiig  to  the  statement  of  lather  Solana  the  total  was  in,0."i!>,  of 
vlioni  (Jiilcana  eoiniiiaiKleil  1, ■_';);>,  Susiiia  1,100,  JJravo  l,;>;!0,  and  iMuni/  1,S;);), 
vliile  .M.itaiuoros  ln'oii-lit  over  7.0;li).  Ih  nutiKlc:  ji  Jlui-alon,  Cal.  J>or.,  \. 
LVi!);  vi.  "Jal  .?.  tint  lii.4  fjuurees  for  the  Ktatemeiit  need  explanation.  JUista- 
niaiite  gives  to  Matainoros  only  'J.OOO,  ami  1o  Kravo  SdO.  Morelo.s  admits 
fl.TCH)   men  just  l)eloio  naeliiiig   NailndDlid.    /</.,  vi.   ;!0.     I.andaznri  elaini.s 


that  the  force  after  this 


■it  have  douhled.   (,'az.  di-  .V-x..  IM  1,  v.  7!)-M. 


'A  native  of  ]jinia,  not  from  Spain  iis  supposed.  The  iidialiit;  nfs  jiro- 
fcssed  great  loyalty,  to  jud::e  hy  their  document  in  JiiniUi.di.z  y  JJitmlois, 
Co!.  Jhir.,  V.  WJ-'.ll,  signed  iiy  tiie  chapter. 


Di:ri:AT  at  vallai-olio. 


571 


111  n  ;  and  Mort-los  stt-nily  ])rfs('iit«'(l  the  drt'ad  idtcr- 
I  at  ivc  ol' siiiTt'iulur  within  iUvcv  hours  or  Moody  in- 
llirtion.= 

But  Callcja  had  not  hcon  ilcccivud  l>y  the  niovc- 
i;;('iits  oi'  the  iiisui'^^ciits,  and  his  jtlaiis  liad  Ikhmi  so 
I, lid  as  t<»  |)i'rniit  i-cady  fountfr-iuovcniciit.-i  in  any  di- 
icctioii.  lie  ordcivd  the  concentration  at  Ac;iniI)ai'o 
ol"  more  than  l*,000  men  iVoin  Tula,  Mi-sico,  and 
(iuanajuato,  who,  under  ihc  (h^sii^nation  of  the  army 
cf  the  north,  wcj-c  placcid  un<U'r  coinniand  of  Idaiio, 
liie  succcssoi-  of  Castillo  at  Tohica,  ituihidc  joinini^*' 
i\A  second."  lianion  Ivayon  soULjht  to  inij>ede  their 
jidvanee,  hut  was  dei\'ated;'  and  after  a  forced  march, 
I'le  i-oyahsts  came  u|»  (tii  the  'J;>d,  <^uided  l>v  the  can- 
i.oiiade  which  hud  already  bei^un.  The  tii^htinL;'  was 
directed  mainly  against  the  Xapote  <^ati',  as  most 
threatened  l>y  the  ex[R'cted  reeiiiorceinents  I'rom  Mex- 
]>-i).  It  had  been  taken  l>y  the  select  forces  uiuh-r 
(  Jaleana  and  Bravo,  retaken  oy  Jjand:izuri,  and  aL,'aiii 
( aptured  hy  the  I'ormer.  \t  tliis  moment  Llano  and 
Itui'bide  apjK'ared  from  diit'erent  directions,  and  fe-ar- 
\\\y;  to  be  cut  off,  the  insui'ij^ents  i'ell  back  towai'd  their 
•  aiuj),  only  to  be  driven  into  disorder  and  routed  with 
;.>,reat  lo.-.s.'^  The  royal  troops  thei'eu[)on  entered  the 
eity,  amidst  loiul  diinonstration  from  the  inhabitants. 

it  was  a  severe  Idow  to  ]\lorelos,  this  check  to  his 
cherished  plans,  and  the  whole  of  the  following  fore- 

■''][c  also  aiMrcssod  a  thvoatoniii'X  lottrr  to  Bislioj)  Aliail,  witli  r(.':,'ai'il  to 
l.i-  stldlii,'  uplicililill;;!!!  till'  Idyalist  lailsc.    '/'C.  ilr  .l/i ./'. ,  ISj  I,  v.  N  t-S.  ]i»l-t. 

''  rii>'  t')rcr.sai'i>  iiiiiiatcly  I'limncratoil  in  tin;  Dinrio  ilc  Ixlliihiiiini.  Onlofiu;: 
\'..is  nidcl'ril  Ijaik  to  .li!i)ti'jiro.    Mi.r.    \'iri;/,  ~~S. 

'Niaf  I'carco  I'y  A'inini',  I>oc.  r.Uh.  llclia.l  t!u'ii  iicaily  1 .00;)  uicii,  ami 
ini'rlit  liavt!  rcnck'iTd  iiotter  ^crviL-u  if  Miiri'lo.s  iunl  iicniiiuid  liini  to  occupy 
l;:i'  ]iass  of  Mi-'iliiia,  as  iio  iiroposcd,  ratiici'  tliaii  ti)  follow  a  ]iai-a!!(d  I'oiite 
\.  it!i  J.laiio  for  the  .salin  of  ioiiiiuu'  tin-  jicinTalissiiuo.  A','uirio  claiui-J  to  have 
l.illc'd  'JOi).  (,Vn.  ,/i'  :.r.c.,  IM.'!,  i\.  1:!.'>I.  Jtaiiioii  had  icioivcil  at  Chiljiaii- 
liiitri)  till.'  !ip|>oiiitiin'nt  of  llla^i:^c:d  di;  caiiipo,  with  tho  coiiiiiiaiid  of  'I'lalpnja- 
ii:;a  distiici,  Nov.  Sth.  and  luftat  oncf  to  raisi.  troops.  Uhdin  ilc  ll'ii/oii,  (140- 
.'il.  His  l)i-otlier  lliifacl  was  dctualod  l>y  Iturhido  about  tin:  sanii;  tiniu  ut 
I'^aiitiaL.'iiito. 

"■.Moiclos  inakiiig  no  niovcnicnt  to  aid  tlieni,  says  .\laniaii;  hut  royali;td 
i'tati'  that  lie  sent  1.000  horse.  Torrnitc,  !!■  r.,  i.  I  l('i.  Most  of  the  )>ris(jntr3 
1.  \.'  taken,  over  'JtlO,  were  j)ronipUy  shot  as  deserters  from  royalist  armies, 
:i    Llano  admits  in  his  report. 


iHiliiii 


073 


FALL  OK  M:)IM;L0S. 


!>■  ' 


iMoii  WMs  Spent,  ill  (Ictciininiiii^  what  next  slioiiM  In; 
«lt)iu'.  Jl(!  tlu'ii  jtlact'd  till-  iictivr  niaiiaiL^cmciit  ol'  his 
loiccs  ill  Iht!  hands  ot'  Mataiiioios,  \vh<»  thc'i't'U|Miii  ex- 
tended tht-  inlantrv  in  a  loiii;'  liiu'  hel'ore  thi'  eitv.and 
the  cavalry  aloiiM-  the  hill  of  Santa  Man'a,  which  held 
the  encani|tnient.  Not  knowiiij^  what  tho  display  was 
i!iti'inle(l  lor,  Llano  sent  out  Itnrhide  with  ;{(!()  horse- 


men   to   reconnoitre 


'Phis  ollieei"  had   not  tailed  ti 


ohserve  the  del'ectivo  ])osition  of  the  insnrufeiits,  and 
could  not  resist  tluj  toniptation '  to  avail  hiinsi-lf  ut' 
it,  and  display  het'ore  his  old   home  the   prowess  for 


vhich    he'   was    hecomiiijf   fain 


ou^i. 


Witl 


I  a  rousiii<. 


cheer  he  led  his  little  hand  to  the  attack,  hrok.' 
throu;:^h  the  line,  thi'i'W  into  disorder  a  cavalry  reiiii- 
forcement,  and  warmed  witii  success,  charufed  up  the 
hill  to  the  camp  of  ^lorelos  in  the  very  face  <»f  its 
lorinidahli!  hatteiy.  It  was  already  dusk.  The  Lfatli- 
eriny'  n'loom  seemed  to  ]iav(!  entangled  the  skill  ami 
courage  of  the  revolutionists.  They  wen;  hewildered 
1)V  the  unexpected  char'je,  and  their  hrokeii  columns 
scattered  and  spread  panic  on  all  sides.  The  alarm 
was  j^ivon  throui^diout  the  army,  creatinjj^  the  im- 
])ressit)n  that  the  enemy  had  fallen  also  on  their  (lank 
and  rear.  Shotan<l  shouts  hcij^an  to  resound  in  e\-eiy 
(hrection.  Soon  it  hecanio  dillicult  to  «listintxuish 
friend  from  foe,  and  a  tii'lit  sj)ranL>'  U[)  among  the  in- 
surgents themselves,  lasting  far  into  the  nigho,  with 
deiilorahle  eifeet.^" 

Meanwhile,  Ituibide  had  availed  himsi'lf  of  tho 
confusion  to  penetrate  int<t  he  camp,  regardless  of 
the   murderous   volleys  from    Sattery   and    lile.      His 


(,'t  )L!'- 


luen  came  upon  Morelos  him     If,  but  did   not  rt 

•This  was  greatly  due  t')  tlie  rivalry  r  ised  not  alone  l)y  tlic  near  pres- 
ence of  Llano,  liiit  liy  the  eompanionship  of  Aguirre,  a  Navarrean  from  Cii- 
toree,  who  command-  il  liie  Kic^les  de  IVttosi,  famed  for  their  bravery. 

'"  lliiHtaniante  uttriluiten  tlie  eonfiisiou  greatly  to  tho  ti'iek  of  the  roy- 
alists in  lilaekeiiing  tlieir  faees,  in  imitation  of  tho  insurgents,  whom  Monlos 
had  ordered  :.o  to  do,  as  a  means  to  distinguish  tiieiu  from  opponents;  l)Ut  it 
is  believed   the  order  was  not  carried  out,  for  no  iiuthoritj' alludes  to  what 

lid  have  l)een  a  very  sti'iking  feature.     Lieeaga,  Attic,  y  /'<<tit'.,  '_'4S,  has 


(lie 


gO' 


id 


!Ug 


I'estion  for  the  e; 


It  h; 


rele's  reeuforeeiiient.s  were  taken  for  foes  and 


Uso  heen 
attacked 


supposed  that  Nav; 
liy  Morelos'  luen. 


FLICIIT  OF  TIIK  INSL'.IOrXT.S. 


r.T.i 


i.!/f  liiiM  at  tlu'  iiKHiiciit.      As  it    was.  Iiis  fate  !ni^lit 
have  Ittcii  si'uli'd  if  Kosaiiis  and  others  had  ii<»t  couw. 


t'l   thu   rescue 


This  led  t<t  a  lallv  uhieh  served  ti 


hreak   the  chari^e;    the   advaiitan*-  was  not  \ 


(»l|i>\Ve( 


up,  and  Itiirhide  retired  in  ottod  oi-der  with  two  han- 
ii»is  and  I'oiir  cannon,  cnterin;^  the  city  amid  tumul- 
tuous ovation 


I'j 


The  acliievi'ment  nuLjlit  liave  l>een  [Hit  down  (»idy 
as  a  disiilav  ot"  hravei'v  hut  loi"  its  eil'v.  t.  .Vdded  to 
the  havoc  sufleriMl  by  th<'  select  jorci's  ot'(ialeana 
and  Hravo,  this  churn"  ■  '"'<!  i^'"*  attendant  panic  so  de- 
niorali/ed   the   iiisurj^cnts  that  they  lli'd  in  all  direc- 


tloU!- 


The  otlicers  did  their  utmost   to  i-i-assure  th 


is 


men;  hut  lindin;^  this  impossihle,  they  spiked  the  inui 
and  i'oilowed,  seeking;"  to  collect  the  straL,',i^lers.  A 
liw  still  remained  on  the  ill-omened  hills  of  Santa 
.Man'a  at  dayhreak,  leadini;'  the  I'oyalists  to  suppose 
that  their  task  was  yet  l)etore  them.  They  accord- 
inLjlv  niustei-ed   in   full   stj'ennlh   for  tho  assault,  hut 


S(  M  ) 


11  divided  into  pursuing"  colunms. 
Jjear!iin<4'  that  the  main  hody  of  the  revolutionists 
had  gathered  at  I?uruaran,  formiiiLj  with  the  remnant 
of  Jiamoii  Kayon's  loice  a  hody  of  about  3,000  men, 
with  twenty-three  cannon,  JJano  mai'ched  a^^ainst 
tlieiii,  to  cull  the  linal   launls  hv  a  victory  ovi'r  dis- 


spiri 


ted  t 


rooiis. 


Tilt!   latter  awaited   the  assault,  on 


the  ath  of  January,  ISI4,  hehind  parapets  of   loosi 


<tone 


In  th 


lese,  breaches  were  matlo  bv  a  Jew  wiv 


directed  shots,  and  within  half  an  liour  the  assailed 
\vere  in  full  tlight,  this  time  intei'cepted  hy  a  detach- 
ment under  Iturhide.      The  slaui-hter  was  \erv  ureat. 


Tlif'ic  is  iiUR'li  contniiliL'tiiiii  <m  tliis  ]iiiiiit.     ]'(is;iiiis  cLiims  in  his  Hi/. 
,  ',>-i,  to  liavi-  killcil  two  ■■is^i-.tants.      J'lic  lialt'-iliuiikcn  troops  t"M;k  Mo- 

lic  liiiil  a  (lifss  lilcc  Ills,  and   iiappi'iicil   inost 


iiin.i  at  liist  for  Llano,  l> 


Vin;i.>ua 


■US. 


Hy  to  Jji 


itctl  ^ 


oil  a  lior.su  witli  Si)anisli   tiappin 


4s.   Cuad.  Hi"'.,  ii 


A  rei-nforccmcnt  sent  by  Ll.'ino  came  only  to  support  the  rotnat.  Ala- 
man  thinks  that  \'allailoliiI  sliouKl  liavi- roccivcil  the  iiaini' of  Itnrliide,  not 
that  of  Morc'los,  who  had  no  claim  to  such  honor.  Illft.  M'j.,  iv.  7-'^.  Mo- 
iclos'  birtliplaco  was  ii  rancho  near  Apat/ini,'an,  nr)t  tliis  city,  as  some  l)e- 
lic\o,  though  he  passed  some  of  his  juuiiger  days  iicrc.  Sec  lliixttiinaiiti', 
(I'udro,  ii.  407— S.     Xcgretc  upholds  Morelos.  Jhx.  Si'jlo  XIX.,  vi.  Ibl. 


Hi 


IIM 


374 


F ALT.  OF  M0RI:L0S. 


^Moiin'  u  line  of  two  leagues  lay  stretched  G(^0  »K>:i'l, 
and  700  wei'c  e:i]>tured,  iiicliidinn'  a  score  of"  supciinr 
oflicers,'-' anionL;;  tluin  .Alatauioros,  wjio  was  direct iiii;- 
llie  lli.^lit.  while  ^[orelos  was  striving  to  sa\e  iVoni 
disasti-r  what  he  conld.'^ 

Two  hundred  j)risoners  wove  offered  in  exclian-re 
for  him,  hut  tliis  and  other  etloi-ts  in  his  l)ehah' i»i-o\c  I 
useless.  ]le  was  sliot  Fehi'uai'V  Dd  at  A'allndoh  I, 
dying  with  the  Hrnuiess  to  he  ex])ecte(l  of  so  valiant 
and  hrilliant  a  leader.^'  UniinjK)sing  in  a|>|)(  aranrc, 
hnt  of"  strong  character  and  niaguetisni,  he  had  ex- 
erted a  marked  inlluence  on  the  canii»aigns  of  .Morc- 

Llano  ill  liis  iv]iipi-t  jilaccs  tlio  killed  at  over  (iOO,  with  tli"  capture  of   I  S 


lii'.'Ii  otiiiiTs,  ailiDitliiig  tor  liiinsilf  mily  a  loss  of 


T: 


le  capture  iiielin 


Kil  "J.'?  uiiiis,  Im!)  loads  of  aiiiiiiiitiiti 


illod  and  ;ili  \vi 
d    1,1^00 


O'liZ.  >lf  Mu'..  1SI4,  V.  74  Sa.      JI(>  gives  llii^  llrst  lor-s  of  the  ill.iiir;^  ntx  'nii 


\'allad";id  at  I.IKKI.  iiiehidiiig'JlT  prisoners,  and  ; 


rs  that  the  tcjlal  h»s  ;:C 


thi.i  plaei-  ainoiinte.l  to  l.odO  men,  '1~,  or  oil  guns,  and  large  sn[iplies.     l.ani 


zuri,  w!io  f^liinated  the  li 


fori'e  at  over   11,(100.  jilaees  tlnir  lirst  loss 


at  ti.')i)  killed  and  'J;!:!  eaptureii.     The  royalists  lost  "J."!  killed  and  'u  woumK. 


l.L.  '.Ill,  7'.•-^4.  isl    S:   II,' 


ili\>l  I) 


l/n 


)/.  Do 


rt)  si;  vi.  :io-l, 


2r.(>-t)0.     IJiistaniante  allows  for  the  lirst  encounter  nndei'  (ialeana  I.S(H)  men 
with  a  loss  of  TOO.     'i'lu-  value  of  the  aliandoned  artillery  material  he  places 


S^SllO.tKW.      lie  goes  into  paroxysms 


th 


oners,  man 


V  of  them  h.-ilf  dead  with  wi 


eil  I'xetution  of  ]iri-- 


lis.    CunilnK  ii.  Hil--2S;  C 


.S'( //.!-■.  iv.  \0o   11.     'J'lie  losses  at  the  tir.-,t  hattlu  are  attiiliute  I  )iartlyto(i 


ina'.-5  lieirleet  from  piipie  at  the  ]iromotioii  of  Mat; 


Xegretu  douiitsany  -;neli  fr 


feeide 


..imaeois  as,- 


it  his 
.■{.out  nieu  on  this 


dat 


)s.   M,;i'/i'ii/,  l!c..  \'.)-2  r, 

s  and  elleet^  ai'i 


ions  on  eaust 


ision  to  the  revolutionis 


Jlin/.  M'j.,  i.\.  ;i.'<:let  seij.     lojyalist  accounts  lik'Torrente's  Iter. 
•1  }.">  <),   ii.    .yi-'.HI,  naturally  gloat  ovir  the  \  ietory.    L''"''(l(rii  ji 


II, 

LI -I 


/'• 


.0 


y/;./.,  10- 1: 


.Mon 


Ihrl,, 


■J'.l-lil,  isliiief  and  nnsatisfactoi'v. 


.1/. 

i; 


.sains.  /,'.'.  II'.-''.,  ;{  et  seip.  adds  Mune  interesting  iletails,  most  of  tlieui  u-v  I 
liV  I'list.imante.  Alaniau,  and  others. 

"  Ma  ta  mollis  was  captuicd  in  si 'eking  to  cross  the  river  on  a  ]ioor  iiorr  \\\'   1 
horse.      .\  drau'oon  named  .1.  F.  Uodri_;ue/.  overtook  and  surrendered   him  ',  > 


ii  comrade  «itliout  st'ippiiiv'  for  the  usual  iilunder. 
i'^.Hl,  and  rccoinineiided  for  deeoration.    (!'iz.  iff  Mi 


He  was  rewai'ilc  I  w  uh 
,,  ISII,  V.  707-S.. 
'Vet  the  rov.dists  pnhlished  ;i  reputed  confession  and  proelainatioii  hy 

nd  lU'Ljes  his  conipat- 
iiie  le.it 


liim,  w  lieiviii  lie  denounces  the  insurrection  as  wroiij. 

riots  to  .suhinit  witli  Idni  to  the  king.     Full  text  in  A/..  Ili'l-SO.     .\i 


royalists   have  received   theui  as    I'ei 


aniai.    lielieves,    iievertluli 


that  he  si_'iied  the  ]iroclaination  a.s  well.  Ilisf.  Mij.,  iv.  l.">.  Ilis  handk  i 
chief  Iiutliid  in  lilood  was  pieserved  as  a  relic,  and  masses  wire  secritl 
oU'ered  in  V.alladolid  for  his 'cposc  as  he  died.  He  was  ;i  small,  thin  ma: 
with  jvick-iiiarked  fate  inclined  to  the  left,  and  modest  Mne  eyes,  luit  wi. 


a  stentorian  v. 
victories  fir  \ 


that  had  assisted  not  a  liltlr  to  cheer  his  soldiers  on  to 


ihiili  he  stood   fii 


d.     He  w,is  a  liorii  soldier,  writes  llns.a- 


inan 


to,  and   displayed    lioth  strategy  and   |) 


'omhined   with 


iio^'rapliy 


'  Fne  el   lirazo  iziplierdo  de   .Moi'elos. '  ('miilf 


>n-i 


4J:{.     Fordetaiicd 


il'l'hi,     lliiiiiln 


Ihlsit 


'l-r,Vi);  An 


•2-Hi-;i\;  Hio:  i' 


art.  '.Matanioros,'  etc. 


IJW'J. 


JI. 


B 


DEATH  OF  MATAMOIIO^. 


Ins,  ;(l;]i(>u;j,li  Icaviiii;"  a  r-jcdi'd  Inr  l»i'Iiliaiit  frats  i-atlur 
t!iaii  L;r('at  acliicvrnu'iitis.  The  w  idt'-sju-ojul  j^-rief  lor 
liis  loss  was  iiianitrslcd  l»y  ('(»iiira(!('s  in  a  tcrrihlc  I'r- 
jivisal  nil  royalist  prisonci's,  of  wlioni  oxi'i'  "JOO  wc.-c 
(■\i'('Utc(l,  and  liy  an  adinii'inn'  |)ost(.'ri(\'  in  honors  (o 
Iiis  name,  which  is  ])r(scr\od  notalily  in  thai  of  t'li! 
'_uir  port."'  Mortdos  ivtii\;(l  to  tlic  lastiirsscs  in  'W  <-- 
]ian  with  tlio  lenniant  of  his  once  ini[)osinL;'  army, 
then'  to  consi(h'r  Ins  criishin''  niisl'ortnncs.'' 

Calli'ja's  plans  l,ad  hccii  succcM'din^-.  and  tliisla-t 
sfroki'  j)i'actically  o|tcnc(|  to  him  the  L^'ates  to  tlu; 
hitherto  imjteni'Irahle  south.  It  merited  his  suhstan- 
ti;d  ai)j)ro\;d/'  and  he  hastened  to  take  advantai^'e  of 
it  liv  oi'dei'ini^'  a  I'eleiitiess    pm'suit    of   the  dispersed 


l);m(l 


aiK 


1   th 


hootin'''   of  all    who    had    heretof 


ore 


failed  to  suhmit.'''  lleenforci'inents  were  summoned 
to  ^lexico  from  the  comparatively  (piiet  Puehla.  I'eady 
lor  any  movement,  and  Jjii'Utenant-ivslonel  Armijo 
re|)laeed  J)aoiz  in  the  connnand  of  the  ( *uei'na\ae:i 
troops,  with  insti'uctions  to  march  on  Chilpaneinu'o. 
This   ener^'etic   otlicer  crossed  the   Mescala  January 

1  and 


Ke( 


'J  1st,  despiti'  the  oj)position  of  ( Juerrero,  out  I  Ian 
'feated    N'ictor    Jiravo,'-"   and    tluTeupon    proceeded 


unhindered  toward  the  sent  of  the  conur 


assr 


4ed 


hot    a   little  hy  the  consternation  created  hy  his  sud- 
di'U   advance. 


ti 


'  l/.iii"ir,  not  far  from  his  tn'l 


w  I'dll'Tcss  lll^s^•l•l 


1.0.1  I 


y  pn 


;tiiT;il  tieM.  ulso  aili'i>tcil  the  i 


IIIIIU',   Illlll 


lii  11:11110  iiiimii''  iialioii.il  licroi's.     .Mdiilns,  I  >i  rl.iriv 


\ii.   .'iv*,  01,  adiiiits  or<k'riii'.'  the   shootiiii;  of  'HY.\  jirisoiicrs  in  ii|iiisal.   Sii- 
:.ls.)  /'ii.'ia,  ill   /'(//),    \'(ir.,  xlii.  ])t  viii.  .'U  ;   I)i  ir'm  ilr  It'ifiaii.  Ii."l. 

'■  l>ustaiiiaiit(.'  ilct'iart's  tliat  lie  waimil  liiiii  aiiaiiist  goiiii;  fnrtlKT  for  con- 
oui'sts,  iustiMil  of  a-siiriii''   his  soiit''iTii  .•inim-itioiis.   I'linilrn.  ii.   Kill,  117, 


■li''l  I:  /./.,  /;A»//o, 


JO  1. 


M'l'  also 


A'.,//-'/.,  .1/....  s;.,i:,  x/X. 


.»  rl  st't 


l4i'i,L;aili('i'  Llano's  sorvie'cs  wcic  iproclaiiiKMl,  ami  his  Hohliors  ainl  tlio  I'ar- 


fi-^oii  at   N'allailoiiil  received  a  hadiro  for  tl 


■\'alnr   V   fululiclad,'  l'U\   ti 


<lr  M. 


isl  t. 


■It  aim.  w  ith  Iho  i!isiTi|ition 
.   iss.      Uiirlililo  haxiii-;  jii- 1 


liroiiiott.'d   cciiilil   not   csiici't  furthrr  ii'w.-ml  at  the  tiiiio,  hut  his  fame 
r>isho[)  Ahad   failed  not.  howcvi  r.  in  |ir;ii-inif  him,  to 


icail  lai-  and  widt 


hint  with  ])r(i|)lii'tio  siiirit  that  -.^o  ainliilio-;  ;a  ju  rson  ini^lit  licioiuf  dan;;i'io.is 


to  Uic  rovalisis  I 

''■"'rho'nuTu  fai't  of  lli< 
.'oiidi'Min  thcin.   /r/.,  I  I'J. 


iig  fnriiii'<l  part  of   Morclos'  army  Hulliccd  to 


■"  Who  lost  !».">  ini-oiit'i's  out  ■.''  a  force  of  .'lOD.    /</.,  l4S-,")0. 


I 


f: 


''1 

*■  'in  '  i 


570 


TALL  ()!•   MOIIKLOS. 


I'lio  absence  of  ^lorelos  liad  .served  to  revive  tlh' 
contentious  spirit  ot'tliu  incniheis,  iuid  wlu-n  the  news 
came  ol'  his  (hsaster,  deh'i-entiid  praise  of  thj  general- 
issimo chauL-etl  to  condcnuialion  of  the  cura,  initiati:  I 
by  the  hiteij  liumhled  llayon.  Tlicy  assumed  of  their 
<)\vn  accord  tlie  executive  [)(>\ver  and  took  steps  \\>y 
directinn'  alfaii's.  Licea^a  was  sent  to  assuix;  tlie  occu- 
pation of  Aca})uh'o,  and  Jtayon,  whoso  ambition  they 
I'eare'd,  was  consigned  to  a  safer  distance,  with  the 
eonnnission  to  suj)ei'intend  the  defence  of  the  ()ajac;i 
pi'ovince.-'  In  the  midst  of  tlieir  (hs[)ositions  came 
the  news  of  Armijo's  apj)roach,  and  now  was  resume. I 
the  alternate  wandering  and  ilight  that  characti-rizi-d 
the  former  body.  Under  the  jirotection  of  (Guerrero's 
fore*;  of  4U0  men,  they  hastened  to  Tlacote[)ec,  wliei'e 
they  re(^pened  their-  sessions  on  January  2i)th,  with 
oidv  ii\  e  members,"  and  with  Jiardlv  any  means.'-'* 

Here  .^[orelos  arrived  not  long  after  with  over  a. 
thousand  men,  whei'eof  J^iceiitiate  llosains  had  been 
given  the  second  command,  with  the  title  of  lieuteii- 
ant-gen('ral,  aniidst  the  undisguised  and  not  unjusi 
mui'mur  of  a  host  of  older  and  well  de.sc.-rving  oiHcei's 
of  military  training.  Somewhat  humbled  bv  I'exerses, 
lie  readily  surrendered  the  executive  power,  now 
vested  in  five  members,  whose  i>laces  were  filled  by 
new  appointees,  the  total  number  of  de[)uties  bein^' 
iixed  at  sixteen,-*  including  Tvlorelos.      "^riie  latter  wa- 

-'  Rcgai'di'il  as  nil  extonsioii  of  tlir  juntn  ilu  Zit:'K'Uii.'<>,  tlio  coiilti'ss  hail  a 
riglit  to  iiN.-iiiMiu  t'u:  executive;  iiowcr  wliiili  it  was  sajipos  mI  ti>  luau"  ccnit'ciTi'il 
on  Mort'lus.  TliiTu  arc  always cliargcs  ciidiiljIi  wliieli  can  liu  l)LiiiiL;iit  agaiii.-t 
11  fallen  ruler  as  a  reason  for  still  fmiiier  limnili.itiiiL:'  liiiii.  'I'lie  ijuoruiu  nil' 
was  rediKi  il  to  less  than  live  iiKiuliers.     Aet  i'"e!>.  1  Itll. 

-'- N'oniuseo,  Cos,  ileiTera,  t^Kiiiitaiia,  ami  Liee.iija,  the  liist  three  jiriosts. 
During  the  (light  Crespo  left  iov  his  home  at  Oajaea,  while  liiistamaiile  fol- 
low eil  J!a\  on.  Orders  were  issuetl  for  their  return,  'i'l.i'y  Jileaded  that  the' 
I'ongrtss  was  ex)ieeted  to  move  to  Oajaea.  Crfid.  l/isf,,  iii,  0,  N'erduseo  als  > 
longed  for  a  (]uiet  retri'at  in  his  iiroviiiee,  where  he  promised  to  n.se  his  inilu 
I'lieo  for  the  eanse,  and  (Jos  w  ished  to  go  and  reform  the  misrule  of  Salnierou 
in  (lur.najiiato;  hut  iiioru  meuiliers  eould  not  he  spared  from  the  sessions. 
Acts  of  Jan.  ;iOth  and  I'Vh.  1  ttli. 

'•■'■' 'I'lie  10, 000  ami  more  pesos  in  copper  iield  hy  the  treasurer,  IJeiazaluec, 
had  to  ho  aliaiidoiud  on  the  road  for  laeU  of  mules. 

'-''  I'resident  I.ieeag;i,  Vice-president  Ihistamiinle,  Hayoii,  Verduseo,  More- 
los.  Cos,  Ciispo,  lien  era,  (,>uiiitaiia,  Aldrrete  y  .Soria,  Ortiz  de  Z;irate,  Sote:o 
de  Castafieda,  .lose  Police,  Jose   Argandara,  Antonio  de  Sesnia,  and  .lose  .Sail 


OFFICIAL  1)IS.SI::XSI0XS. 


i)<< 


pMnfirnK^d  in  liis  titli;  of  ^'ciicralissimo,  hut  ho  alhtwud 
llic  ('(Hii^nvss  to  (hstrihuto  all  his  I'orccs,  save  a  iikto 
liaiidl'ul,  aiiioii;^'  men  ot"  their  <>\vn  t-hoict;;  and  Ihmicc- 
i':H'{h  a  coldn 'ss  sprang  u[)  he'twcen  thcia.  'J'hreo 
coniaudantos  ^•('ncralcs,  Uayon,  Cos,  and  Ilosains, 
wt'ic;  assi'>nod  resixjctivelv  to  '^ri'('i)an  and  C)aia('a, 
^lichoacan  and  (-liuinajuato,  and  i'uehja  and  \ ww 
('iuz,-'to  assist  in  I't'diu-inL;'  IIkj  importance  o!"  their 
Lite  ehief,  hut  also  in  weakcnin''*  the  cause  hv  a  di\  I- 
iiion  of  power  and  harmony. 

'i'ho  most  tU'L^'ent  measure  now  demanded   was  to 
c]i"clv  the  advance  of  Arriiij«t,  who  had  ah-eady  ])a.;se  I 


NiJ         I    /■!   ■  V:i.  •N'»-"ri'tJirn  -  .X  \         ^--^NN    J    /-^       '      ■'1 


TlHcJi;ij.a  r 


^ 


/f.jZncalii  .V      \  ^^i.'l...        a'Vi.i     S;„L.-^        /    - 


r 

./'try'-  j\a>^v^-->  '  .XjixTLAr  '>,.>; 


l'uii\  iNii:  Ml 


I.I    I'  \N. 


throur^'h  Tixtla.  To  this  end  Galoana,  Guerrei-o,  and 
the  Bravos  took  up  a  position  at  (Jhicliihualeo,  oa  the 
I'Jth  of  Fehruary,  coiitrary  to  the'  views  ol"  .Itos.iins, 


I 


HI 


M.U'tiii.  ()i-(i/ iiml  Gistill')  were  H'jiM'ot'ii'ii::^.  Ai't  nf  .M:in'h  \^t.  'I'lu.;  iiliiivj 
I  i  ilr[)titi('.<  luprcscntoil  llio  I'.iilowiif,'  pi\)viiice.s,  in  t'lc  urilor  icinieil:  (iiiuiia- 
i  alM,  .Mi'.sico,  ( liiaitilaj.-u'a,  Mi  jli.i.iL'au,  Xiu'vo  Lukii,  Z  ii'ali.'i.'a.i,  Oij.nM, 
T'l'jinii,  ViiL'at::ii,  (jaoii'iai'.),  Tla.sca'.a,  1)  !rani,'o,  Sjaora,  ISall  laii:J  l'iiwi)-;i, 
Taolila.  Sun  Martiii  liail  ovidciiLly  ii.)  i)i'()vii>.'oas^i;.^ii<jil.  Ili  rnami  -.  y  J),'ri- 
lo-;('ot.JJo':,\.-2M-~. 

'■'J'lii)  list  of  iiitoiidcutc.s  rcad.j  now:  for  (Jajaci,  Miif'ai'a;  'rccp'M,  I,'. 
Avala;  .Mt'xii'o,  JuSl'  M:ina  ]l:iyoii,  Ant.  I'cn;/.;  Vera  ( '.'U/,  •hf  I'Ioum; 
\'.iila(l(jli(l,  I'alilo  l)('li;ailo;  <  Juana  juato,  .Toko  I'njola.  S  ui  M;).  ciii  ln-caiii  i 
\  ioaiio  t^fnoial.  Tiio  pru-idcncy  ami  vioeprojidcucy  chaiiTcil  liy  1  )t,  (.very 
luiv' months,  l^o.-^aini  iiicLoiul.s  nufc  to  liavc  a.-:piro,l  to  oJn'r  tiiau  iliplo- 
laauc  pij.sitioiH.  AV,  ///.s/..  'J,  7,  cto. 
llisr.  M.S..,  V.-L.  IV.    ,r( 


)7S 


FALL  OF  MORELOS. 


* 
J  i 


t 


th 


ic  troicral  ill  coinniaiu 


1.     A  I 


I'W   Si 


lots  from  tlio  rov- 


alists  sniHc'cd  to  si-attcr  the  1,500  iusurufcMit  recruits.-'' 
Aruiijo  lollowcil  iiy  lorecd  inarches  to  Tlacotcpcc  in 
the  ]io[)e  of  surprisiiio-  the  con^'ixss;  and  indeed,  so 
narrow  was  the  c;seaj>e  of  tliis  body  that  the  archi\'es, 
al,  and  haLTi^'an'e  wert;  captured;  and   M(»rt'los  liini- 


■If  would  liave  heeii  taken  hut  for  tlie  heroic  seh'-sai 


1    ! 


riliee  of  ('olomd  .1  la  mi  re/, -^  who  made  a  stai>;l  til 
t  safely  away.      Tin;  de})Uties  j)a.ssed  onward  ii 


(I'o 


lie 
ilo 


"\Iichoacan,  and  ^lorelos  wilh  a  small  esecjrt  took  refu-. 


in 


so 


.\ca|>ulco. 

Ar.nijo,  now  promoted  to  the  rank  of  cohtnel,  I'e- 
Ived  to  com])lete  his  task  hy  sweeping'  the  whol' 
j)r(Aince.  He  set  out  iVom  C"hilpauciii^-o  in  the  hv 
•.(iniiiuL;'  of  April,  with  o\er  a  th(»usand  men,  and  ap- 
jx'an'd  hef(jre  Acapulco  on  the  I2th,  only  to  lind  it  i:i 


(1. 


inie: 
1  Ml  ant 


ense 


nd  ahandoiied,  with  inim 
as  well  the  merchants  in 


loss  to  the  in- 


yi 


exico. 


^r 


lU- 


wa- 


-urri". 


idered   wilhout    a  hlow,  and  to  sm 


Oivl' 


tl 


le 


riche.4    port  on   the  iiortnern 


i 


11 


le   ca 


pti 


which  liad  shortly  hefore  re([uired  a  costly  campai^a 
of  se\en  months.      Vv'iihout  loss  of  time,  Armijo  ha.>- 


tene 


Ul' 


lie  coa; 


;t  in  oursuit  of  Morel 


OS,  Wlio 


trac!v  of  hloody  retaliation,  nt)tahly  at  Tecpaii  and 


/a[\C 


atula,  on  his  way  to  the  fastn 


esse: 


o 


f  Michoa 


can. 


.But  if  the  pursuit  proved  vain,  royalist  control   wa; 

'^^  ( l.ilcaiui's  olpsitinacy,  caiisdl  liy  jcalDUsy  of  Un-^aiii-!,  M'as  t\u;  main  rrason 
for  iiialviii;^  till!  oLaiiil.  A'(»«(/'/,.v,  J,'i/,  ///.-.'.,  tl.  l!ii>itai:iaiiti',  ou  tlie  cijiitia: y, 
allows  (laloaiiati)  lilanii-  tli'j  ntln'i'.  Aniiijo  cstiiiiatoi  Uio  iiisiu'guMt.s  at  I. "/I ) 
ur'J,(liK».  d'l-:  (!'■  Mi.c,  isll,  v.  •J.'IT,  ."ii!)-.')!!.  Aiidtlur  atcomi't  i;i  Aliiiiiii, 
//(>■/.  .'/'./.,  iv.  app.  ;{,  allows  Uosaiu  to  liooutuittoil  Ky  llaiik  iuo\  oiui'iiis  w  lii.'li 
cMUsiil  liiiii  to  (liviilo  his  fovres. 

'^' 'I'iii.s  ou'ciinvil  .Ian.  L'ltli,  at  tlic  vant'lio  d'las  .\iiimas,  mar  Tlacijtcp'c 
'I'lic  l)i)oty  inuliidi'il  .Mori'l.>s'  portrait  in  oil,  lli^^  iiiiit'oiiiis,  ami  homi;  triiiliiv-'. 
Out  of  tlio  f.d'co  of  Ull  .solilicr.i  ami  .'iOil  nnarnicil  men,  ;!S  witc;  raptiiri'il  anl 
shot,  imlmlin;^  Scci'otary  (Jastillo.  Annijo  hail  follo\vc(l  with  ,'{l)l)  infantiy 
ami  l."ii»  (lia-oons.  0<r..  ifc  M<:e.,  1S|  I,  v.  •Jliil.  ;{■>()  (iO;  Moi-'/n.-i,  /)irlfir(ir/.i,'i, 
vi.  .'tl.  Armijo  is  supposi'il  to  ha\e  si'ciiruil  a  largo  pi'i/o  for  liinisilf,  this 
fiiamlation  t-ir  his  lati'r  wialtii.  Jin-itdmuiili ,  CitU(li'",m.  lo  10;  Iti  riniinl'  .  ij 
J)dfi/<i.i,  C'll.  j>oc.,  \  i.  J'rJ  c't  .si'ij. 

'^•^  Who  lost  ospocially  "n  tin;  cacao  tliiM'o  stored.  Sec  report  i;i  d'"-..  if'' 
JA'.r.,  j.sjl,  V.  .".:).")  il;  .l/(.i;.  ]'iri;,:  <):  Tonriilr,  /,'</•.,  ii.  !l(i-S.  Jtipurta  re- 
proilucud  in  Xajn  ic,  Mcc.  Sijlo  A /A'.,  vii.  'JSLi-3J.3. 


«;,.!.  ; 


1  KAT1[  (»F  f.ALKAXA. 


679 


roostnl)lis]i('(l  in  a  j_^i'('nt  in(\'isur('  lliroiioliout   tliis  i-o- 
^ioii,  sustaiiK'd  l)y  the  local  L;'uai'(ls  now  lonncd.-' 
The  i:roit  nchicNcnicnt  (hirin'''  this  march   was  Iho 


cahturc  of  ]']1  A'(  ladci 


o,  a  s( 


ries  oi'  forts  on  tlic  monn- 


t.iin 


nnii: 


its  close  to  A 


cai»nlco.  a 


nd  (iccunird  hv  ( 


lea 


iia  with   several   hnndred   ni 


en. 


Th 


>tr(.'n' 


n    oi 


the  [)osition  demanded  a  fortni^lit  oj"  extensive  prepa- 
rations, with  close-  investnient.attei- v.hich.on  the  niorn- 
ini^'ol' ]\Iav  Cilh,  the  main  I'ort  wascaplnred  l>\"  a  darin^,^ 
assanlt,  wherenpon  the   rexohitionists  took  advanta'40 


th. 


^tiU 


prevanniL;'    dai'kness    to   escapi' 


IH'V 


lUiited  in  ( 'acahuatepec  to  the  nuniher  of  neai'ly  'J;)(\ 
and  in  conihination  with  (uiei'rt'ro,  ( laleana  he^an  to 
anew     the    u])[>cr    country,    known    as    ('tista 


r^iuse 
(  JraiKie 


lai'',  he  was   deleate 


n   t 


■th 


!nne 


11  ai 


n  attack  upon  A\iles,  the  ro\'alist  connnandei'  of 


tiiis  rc-L;'ioii,  stationed  at  Covuca.      Inseekini;'  ti 


(Jal 


eana  was  thrown  stunn 


et 


I'oni  ins  saddle  iiv 


11. 


I  ae  hrancli  oi  a 


l.lo\-(. 


tree  an 
inent  suhsid.'d.'^' 


d  was  then  sliot.      'Idle  wl 


io;o 


th 


lu.tn'''  th<-'  St 


•U'V  cause,  the 


•rios  of  disasters  invohiii'''  tlie  revolu- 


>r  (hd 


L'ana  crea 


te<l   1 


ess 


attcn- 


tii 


ai  than  that  ol'  Matanioros,  whose  I'all  was  si'.nia 


l.d 


a  cruslniiL!"  delea 


t.     X 


.Aerillt 


th 


th. 


ath 


l;i  e 


lit  a  leader  added  (lecidt;dlv  to  t 


le  d 


-ion 


an: 


••■'Morol.jsliiKllift.Tii 


Alv 


lator  tiiiiL's  the 


it.d  1. 


I'liiviiU'c,  to  iiiaku  a  staml  at  tliu  pass  of  I'ii'-  iK'  la  (.'ucsia,  witli  "-'Kl*  i 


.fthi- 
ii'.'ii  a:r 


a  Ii-'W  runs;  lai 


t  lil< 


10  aiijiro;!!.' 


li  of  A 


riiiiju  (lisju'isuil  tiK.'iii. 


Mi(.t 


.1    Ciillllllilri 


irt,  and  ri.'ac] 
;  t.)  I'ttiitlaii, 


till'  imrsiiit  iif  Morolii.s,  wlio  was  attc'inK'il  only  liy  a 

'iVcpan  in  time  to  jiroscnt  lurtlur  ivlaliatiou.     A'lv; 

i;:rliiivil  tlu'  intuiiilriite  Avail  w  itli  a  considi  raliK'  liooty,  ac|>iiiV(l   1p\   pccii- 

l.ilinn  and  roliliery,  for  whioii  Morclos  liail  suspiii'l'il  liini.     llclails  of  aliovc 


HI  '.' 


,!,■  Ml 


ISI4,  V.  ;>;ks  iioo,  (; 


M,  etc 


'San  Ci'lsti'ilial,  the  key  to  the  position,  was  earrieil  )iy  Captain  Or 


l.ste  jia  snlo  el  no  pensiolo  \  luinea   e-iperado  Ini 
It.    hi..  (J(i:!.  (iJI    0.      Ill 


inipi 

iKl  ilrcantado   X'daiiei' 

as.~isteil  to  intiniiilai 


Uiites  Arnitjo  in  his  repo 

t!ie  lic'siei^cil.    liiisldiivmli'    ('mi,!.    Il'isf.,  iii,  7''!-7.      Also  reports  in  Xi'inh- 

M,         ■   -     -  -.---- 


S'xjio  XIX.,  vi.  LVS.S  ct  sei|.;    I.n;,„i,i,  Aill-.  ,,  I!,,!}/.,  -.'.VJ   ;i. 
\viia  surjiriseil  I'ctatlan,  ami  (l,ile:ina  the  town  of  A^ay 


Tl 


le  attack  was 


hoi 


illy  made 


trihutcil  hy  Morelos,   and  commanded   hy   A 


M  ilii  .")(I0  not  Well  armed  men 


Vila, 


.M,' 


pai'tt\- 


and    Monti 


ick  hy  tlio  hraneli,  (ialeana  fell  almost  senseless,  and  was  sho 


)t  and 


Hated   hv  a  soldier   nami'd  .1 


oa(|um  (le   1,1'on 


Tl 


I'laeiil  on    the  chure! 


terred  within  the  edilic 


1  <lour  at  (.'oviica 


l.v  tl 


le  admiiiiiL 


,1   w: 

Avik 


ip- 


leferi'iitiully 
uul  then  ill- 


.-^o 


FALL  OF  MOIIELOS. 


Si 


!M()ivI()H  on  ivccivin^'  tlu;  news  cxcljiiined  in  a  tDiic  cf 
(le.sj)aii',  "]]<»tli  my  anus  are  ,u'<»iie;  I  am  now  not!i- 
iii'*"!"  Galeana  was  a  warrior  liv  instinct,  witli  a  va^^t 
fund  of  resources,  aUliongli  illiterate,  and  withal  ol- 
t^'reater  yeiilleiiess  than  the  other  connnanders,  a  trait 
that  conuuended  him  also  to  the  r<»yalists.''^ 

Another  ])romiiieut  leader  had  been  taken  shortly 
li^lore,  in  the-  person  of  ^liguel  Bra\'o,  mariscal  de 
eam[io,'''  sui'jirised  at  Chila  by  J^a  ^latlrid.  This  otli- 
cer,  eonnnandin^-  at  Izuear,  and  A^illasana  in  charge  of 
the  !Mescala  district,  assisted  greatly  to  suppress  revo- 
lutionary operations,"'^  so  that  with  the  fall  of  Galeana 
the  province  of  Tecpan,  the  cradle  of  re\'olutionary 
movements  since  the  time  of  Hidalu'o,  miii-ht  be  re- 
garded  as  }n'actically  sul)jugate<l,  an  achi(.'\ement  on 
which  An  djo  failetl  not  to  pride  himseU?*^ 

Equally  groat  had  been  the  royalist  success  in  the 
adjoining  ])rovinee  of  C)a jaca.  ]\[orelos  had  imt  luHy 
a])preciated  the  value  of  this  acquisition,  with  its  large 
v\ calth  and  natural  strength,  and  had  allowed  unlit  ad- 
ministrators to  misdirect  or  neglect  its  I'esourc-es,  Jiere- 
b\'  Ibsterinu'  a  reaction  aLfainst  the  cause  amoni;'  au 


li  --A 


^'IIc  was  rcpcatcilly  npproachod  with  oflcrs  of  p;u-<lon,  but  runiaiiicd  true 
to  t!i<:  cause.  IJu  was  liuni  at  Ti^cjiau  almut  17'i-,  auil  ))a'-!.so(l  nin>t  of  liis 
tiiuo  uu  the  haciiuiila  of  liid  cousin  till  callcil  to  li;_'lit  for  lii.-j  Ijclovcd  .Morclos. 
If  the  latter  slighted  hini  of  late,  it  was  perl.iaiis  mainly  due  to  hi.i  iliiteracy. 
Lustanianto  calU  Idui  tlio  v\\s,\\t  arm  of  .Morelos,  Matauioro.-3  being  the  lelt. 
Caud.  Jlisl.,  ii.  -iS.',;  iii.  80-."i;  McniUhU,  L'^ .■iiiutni,  214. 

^'IIo  wa;i  tne  second  of  his  family  to  ho  executed  for  the  cause.  lie  was 
shot  on  A[.nl  l.")i:h,  at  I'uelda,  v.licrc  a  nujuunicnt  now  rccoi'ils  his  si  rvic  s. 
(.'ol  Itobled  elaiui.s  that  Dravo  surrendered  only  on  condition  of  bein;,'  ja'antc'd 
his  bfe,  but  Orteixa  ignored  the  ])roniise.  Jinxliinanlc,  Cinulro,  iii.  !)7-'l.  iS'it 
this  Alaman  douhts.  Xo  allusion  is  made  in  G'dz.  itc  Mi.r.,  bsl 4,  v.  .'>1.')  II, 
t.i  any  condition,  yet  tlie  fact  that  Ihvivo  was  remitted  to  I'nehla  leads  col  r 
to  ILoMes'  versi<jn. 

^'Thc  former  destroyi'd  the  fortiJications  atSan  Jnandel  Ilio,  organizi  I 
defence  mo\  ements  in  the  villages,  and  exreuted  a  niunl)cr  of  jietty  leaders. 
Villisaua  took  Zima tepee,  and  oceuiiied  a  strong  central  ])osition  at  Teloloapan. 
] '('tails  in  Giiz.  (/•■  JZ-r.,  1SII-,  v.  '-'JT-S,  ISO-'  el  se(|.,  ai-t-S. 

'•^■''In  his  report  of  ^lay  'J.'ith,  already  he  wrote:  '  Va  esta  cumjilida  eutera- 
iiienio  la  compiista  del  sra',' and  this  in  'i2  <lays,  with  l,U(iJmen.  /■''.,(JilL 
.Arniijo  now  estal)lislu'd  Ids  liead([uartci's  in  the  more  tenipeiate  reu'ioa  <'f 
Ti.\ila,  leaving  suliieient  forces  at  Acapulco  and  other  points,  and  keeping 
t'j^icn  comnumicatiou  with  Mexico, 


nncoxQUEST  of  oa.iaca. 


5S1 


oilici'wi.-ic  tractalilo  iicojdi'.'''  TFis  own  act  in  tnldiit^ 
away  nearly  all  the  iuuIl'S  and  horses  rc(|uiiv(l  lor 
a',ni('ultui'c',  the  inti'iTU[)ti()n  of  connnunications,  tho 
circnlatioii  of  (•o]i])i'r  money  which  had  hccn  iiiti'o- 
diicc'd,  and  tlu' cilbcts  of  the  chaIl^•e  (-)n  his  occiiiiatiou 


t! 


le   cai) 


ital,  had   all  assisted  toward  rnin.'**     'V 


a[>itoi;itincnt  of  Kayon  to  the  connnand  had  in-cn  niado 
jiartly  in  view  to  remedy  llie  evil;  but  he  was  uid<nown 


th 


trovince 


lid   without  iiilluenci!  or  interest. 


,4) 


\[c  did  not  advance  farther  than  Huajuapan,  seiid- 
iii"-  thence  San  ^Martin  aiid  other  aifeiits  to  orLfani.'^o 
I'orces,  collect  means  at  Oajaea,  and  correct  abus( 
measures  which  were  nullilied  partly  hy  partisans  of 
^Forelos,  hostile  to  liayoii,  hut  mainly  by  the  sudden 
advance  of  the  royalists. 

The  conquest  of  Oajaea,  as  a  complement  of  Arini- 
Jo's  operations,  was  intrustc'd  to  Colonel  Melchor  Al- 
\arez,''Mvho  set  out  I'rom  Tepeaca  aftei-  the  lOtli  of 
March,  with  o\"er  l,0()'Hiien.  Colonel  1  Icvia  accom- 
jianied  him  as  far  as  Jluajua])an,  tln-re  to  remain   in 

ce  collected 
t(;(l 


I  ii  )se 


rvation,  and  to  i)ursue  the  feeble  ibi 


pursue 
l>v  llavon  and  llocha.     Al 


varez  marched  unmoles 


to    Oajaea,    which   o[)enud    its   gates    with    ovations 

"'The  cniioiis  'M'orpiio  niid  Bnzo  h.-iviiiix  slinwii  strniif^  rnynlist  ]irorliviti'.';5, 
.Murclo.s  SLMii;  W'lasco  to  cxilo  llicni.  Tlioy  wi-iit  to  (;uli:,'luc'ii  Uiu  \  icfroy  cm 
the  true  coiiilitioii  of  ullair.s.  V'ehisco  roiuaiiicil  with  IIjc  ^lai'ise.'il  Aiiaya,  ti) 
ii''ato  (lisorilt'f  liy  their  shaiiU'lo;:s  au'l  ji'Miiiicuis  eDinIuet.  15i'iLrailiei'  M'.iiite- 
Ziiiiia,  left  ill  chari,'(!  hy  C'ouiiuaiiilei'  itucha,  showed  himself  ;i(hs-ii)at('cl  gaiu- 
h'.ei-.  JSustaiiiaiitu  hail  vainly  ui'geil  the  congress  to  make  ().  jaea  its  ntnt 
ami  capital,  as  more  socure,  open  to  fofoiL,'n  intcreouise.  ete.  /Iirii'iin/rz  ;/ 
Jhirtdo.i,  Col.  Doc,  V.  50.  111!  even  procceiU'd  to  it  in  January,  thiidiing  that 
the  dc)nitic.s  would  follow.  JV'oif.  Ilo'j.,  10-111. 

^■■^.Nlurj,nii';i  in  ffaniin;^  this  feporl,  sent  in  liy  Alvnre;':  in  .\piii  I'-^l  I,  ail- 
niit.s  that  the  insurgents  had  not  otherwise  heen  exacting  Willi  h  \  i.s  and 
eciitrihiuions.   Cur.,  dc  MiX.,  1S14,  v.  .Vi.j-GO;  liiiiitninniiti',  C'lrn/.  Ili^t.,  i.i. 

■'■'.Moiudos  disliked  tlie  a|)pointnient,  and  llosains  ])ro.'laiined  against  it  ia 
\\\i  ■fii.<ia  Uipiilaa.  i>ci}  iilio  JJiurio  ill'  l{n!/oii,(i'A);  'J'ir:ii,  .Umiij'.,  ~k  Roeha 
ri'eognized  llayoii. 

'"Velaseo  was  arrested  after  si)n\e  tnuiMe,  Imt  e^-eap(^d  to  join  the  I'oyalist.s 
aiifl  ptdilish  a  raliid  denuni'ialion  of  his  late  eonn-ad'S.  Text  in  'iVr..  '/<'  .'/•,/•., 
I  si  I,  V,  47--l».  X'ieario-goneral  San  Martin  was  sr'ist  to  rejiresent  him,  and 
i'l'.an  to  organize  Irooiis.  Sec  the  dill'ereiit  instnie  ions  in  hnir'io  di:  JUiyoil, 
li.d-:i;  nwd  l/rrwiiidf~.  i/  Jhiriiln.",  Col.  J>0:,  v.  'JiCI-IJ  H. 

"  Sub  irdinale  to  l)ri,'adier  Kiaz  de  Ortega  of  I'ueblu.  See  proclamatioa  iii 
Or.,  de  J/tA'.,  Iv'il  1,  V.  •JSU-'JO,  408. 


I 


.'S"2  FALL  OF  .M(J1;KL0S. 

^fai'c-li    20tli.'''"     .Kssiiiniii^-    tlic    |L;()\('rnine!it    of   lli 
jti'oviiice,  lie   Ix'gHii   at  oiicc   a  srrics  of  rclorius,  li 


riMiisialliu^"  loniRT  olhcials  and  a])j)oiii(iiin-  new  m- 
ciiinhfiils,  witlidrawiuL;'  the  coiJiJcr  coiiiaLJ^c,  iiitrodiu-- 
iii;i'    the    coiistitutioii     of    Isl'j,    rcstoiiiiu"    aheiiated 


estates,  and  coiTect iliu"  other  alMlse 


Tl 


le  l'('Vo 


Im 


i-ts   Were,  oil    the   otlieT  hand,  sharply  pursuec 


les  ;ill(l  oilier  111 


th 


li 

tei'  and  lliosv  wild 


liliet 


ions  well'  iniliosei 


I  on   llio  el 


1(  i!l- 


i;iii- 


Inul 


I'oiintelianeed 


tl 


ii'ir  \)\\ 


T\ 


le   \  learios 


<.( 


iierales  and   aixents   8aii   .Mai'iin   and 


A'elaseo  stooped  low  foi'  [lardoii,  only  to  return  to  1h 


re\o]iitionists   at    the    lirst  opjxn'tunit} 


.  i:; 


Vi 


\are: 


eiforts  were  iiewrtheless  too  spasmodic  and  cii'i'uni- 
seriljed  to  ]iroduce  any  decided  improvement,  lli' 
v.a.^  vain  and  ])onipous,  and  allowed  pei'sonal  inteiv.sts 
to  outwei^'h  his  duty  and  the  jiuhlic  ^.'ood. 

'i'lie  subjugation  of  the  ivinainin^'  [lart  of  the  jivev- 
ince  did  not  occupy  niiicli  time.  l']neoui"a,n'e*l  hy 
the  extensive  withdrawal  of  troops  l)y  Morelos  fertile 
oampai^•n  in  Michoacan,  roy.dists  from  Vera  Cruz  had 
already  in  Deeemher  occu[)ied  the  eastern  line,  and 
jieiietiated  as  far  as  Villa  Alta:"  whiles  l)aml>ri!ii 
a\enned  himself  for  the  defeat  inllicted  hy  ]\[at.imoro.s 
l»y  a  fresh  invasion  from  (Juateinala  into  Tehuante- 
pec,  and  hy  pri)mpting  llci^uera  to  frc.sli  activity  o:\ 


■!  I  ^": 


^-'Vct  the  coldiicl  liiiltdl  lic'fcire  it;  to  issiio  a  p)injioiis  and  tlircatciiin:-,' 
l>roflaiiiati()H.  'i'lu,'  last  rrvolutiipiiary  ailhtTciits  liail  (U'jiartcil  t.iiDrll}'  ln'- 
I'mv,  attfiulod  liy  insults  fVoiii  tlio  ])(»[)nlac(',  who  now  tiirUL'(l  ti^  raise  arclirs 
i(ir  Alvarc'/.  Cdrrin/o,  J.'.-ttiiil.  0«/.,  ii.  •_'!);   T<>rr<)iU\  I'n:,u.  (I.l-G. 

'■'  i'.otli  \\v\\\  at'torward  cauulit  and  trioil.  Ili  riiinvl'-:  ii  l>i'trtiht.t,  <\il.  I)i,r., 
vi.  111:!,  ."lU!  Hi).  WlascD  sii'.;;.dit  to  nuiit  lli !  iiardoii  liy  liittcr  dc;niini.'ia!.iiu 
(jf  tlio  causo.  lU'.stamaute  writes  tliat  .Mur,i;nia  'waa  coii!!rnu.'d  as  inti  nduiitc 
Liy  Alvarez,  Imt  had  soon  to  loavo  lor  ^Lidiid  to  secli  absolution,  t'luiil..  iii. 
.'!7  'S.  (.'arricdo  .states  that  ho  was  at  once  reninv.d  and  sent  to  Mexico, 
Eitii'L  Oi'J.,  ii.  '2!).  whieli  is  more  likely.  I'fi/>.  Far.,  elxxi.  jit  xviii.  .111. 
Iiusain.s  assailed  Kayi'ii  in  his  Jux'a  Ii'tjiiil-u  for  so  reu'lily  losing  the  i  ie!i 
pi'ovinee  intrusted  to  him,  ami  liayon  eanie  forth  to  cxpliin  that  Morelos' 
iilherents  had  prevented  the  execution  of  hisonUrs,  and  withhold  arms  ;in  1 
money,  and  hail  furthermore  created  a  reaction  against  the  re\'olutioiiarv 
cause  liy  their  outrages.  Jt  Avas  moreover  too  late  to  save  the  province  whi:i 
he  took  tlictask.    FioLli  documents  are  given  in  A'.  ro//(c/o//,  Vcnl.  Ori'joi,  p.  ii. 

^'  P>y  oi'dor  of  To]icti',  stationed  at  Tlacotaljian.  Tuxtejiec  wns  captured 
vith  a  loss  of  over  >S0  insurL^ents.  'J"hc  entry  into  A'illa  Alta  was  a  mere 
laid,    lie  Liorts  in  (.'«-.  dc  J/i.,..  1SI4,  v.  'JTT-Sl,  41.J-19. 


IX  i'n:;;L.\  a:>i;  vi:ra  curz. 


till'  ;i;!j. lining'  ( 'ost.i  ('lii<-;),  v.Ik'I'c  lie  occMiiiid   .l;ii;iil- 


t.'jU'C 


r 


mil: 


aiitl    <!tli('r 


hl.icrs. 


lie 


^iMii  alciiic  rcniiiiiK'd  tiur  t»  tln'  iv\-(> 


llll 


\i  i,;tcc;i 
mists,  w  ho 


roiiii'.l  succor  in  its  \;il!(  ys  aiid  slicltiT  in  its  laliyiintli 
oi'  fastiicsscs.  A<4'aiiist  I  liciii  .Vlvai'c/ now  cxt'iti'd  hini- 
s(  li".  I  lis  lieutenant,  (/hi'so,  penetrate*!  to  'I'lajiaco 
toward  the  end  of  Api'il,  and  deleated  the  le.ider  l!ei'- 
rera :  hut  I'ecid'orced  hy  Sesma,  the  latter  ^-atln'red  his 
men  a^aiu  on  an  adjnininu'  liiU.and  inflicted, mainly  with 
the  aid  of  stones  and  howlders,  so  severe  u  check  upon 
the  royalists  that  the  s[)ot  hecarae  celehi'ated  as  the 
( 'erro  I^ncantado."''  Kaujei-  to  aven^'e  the  disastei-,  Al- 
\are;:  mai'ched  nj^ainst  them  in  ])erson  with  a  lar'^e 
i 


oi  ee, and  laid  sic'^e  (o  Silacayoapan  at  the  close  ol'duly ; 
hut  wascdlectually  re|)ulsed,  iiotahly  thi'ou^h  a  hrilliant 
charL;-e  hy  Teran/'  wheivupon  ho  retired  to  Teposco- 
liila,  to  remain  in  oiiservation  and  j^uai'd  the  route  lor 
convovs  Irom  ^[exi 


CO. 


o\v 


'I'lie  cenire  of  I'evolutionai'v  operations  had  n 
shifted  to  J*ue!)la  and  A^'ra  ( 'ruz,  attracted  partly  l>.v 
the  resources  of  thi.'  tierras  t-'mpiai.!.i  and  eaiiente, 
and  tlie  I'ich  [»rizes  held  out  hy  tin;  trallic  h.-tween  th>' 
i^ulf  ])ort  and  the  c;ipital,  and  ])artly  hy  th"  sti'atcL'I^' 
j)ositionsoiiert;d  hy  the  east  rau'^e  of  IJie  Sierra  Madre, 
whicli  str(.'tclies  alonn"  the  hor>ler  hetween  the  two 
jir.ivinces  and  sends  its  l)i'an''hes  into  the  centra!   ])!a- 


'< 'aiTi('ili)  iissuiiK's  tlitit  l!e'_'ni-i';i  IkhI  .">;)()  lacii  lufoi-i. 


llu; 


(iccli]i:itii)U  lit 


Amtisgos.  E-tliul.  O'J.,  ii.  .'Si).  j).iml)iiiii's  t'ciivo  iiK-link'd  Ivii)  (; 
;;nn.'.?.  lUistiUnaiitu  ilwolls  on  liis  cniolty  siiiiii'^'iii;,'  fi'oni  a  rcvciigct'ul  .-i|iirit. 
ili.i  iiL'u'rot'S  wiTc  taken  liy  Alvaivz  for  a  ;j;naril.  I'ikvI.  Iliil.,  iii.  ;iS-It. 
llfu'iiarii  lii,'tircs  as  cuninianilor  nf  t!ie  lifth  clivision  of  soutli  coast  militia, 


isU'd  ))y  ('a|it:!iii  A 


rr.izoM  a 


i: 


nti'il  hill.     This  action  tojk 


ml  Cnra  Jfi  rrcr.i  of  .la!niUi]ii 


iailaiits  of  IK  diail  ainl  o\ci'  'I'X) 


jilaco   April  J'.H 


1,  \\uii   a 


lo-.s  to  th 


di'il.      iJM.staniant!-."  stalca  tliat  Scsina 


■  "unc  up  t' 


il  till'  Americans.   Cuiiil..  \n.  •I'^l  [).     Jtovalist  accoimt-i 


only  to  the  jtrcvii 


lis    victol'N  .  a 


nun,  ot  \vhoni  tui'V  IciIIim 


'.i  ami 


t  ( 'flTO  del  Coyote  close  to'l'lajir 


caiitu)-' 


d  i:i.   (,■ 


ih'  .)/' 


IaI  I, 


allu.le 
•1-  ,"i(),) 
:.;!S-!». 


Canicdo,  K.-ihiil.  OiiJ.,  ii.  .')l)-l.  rednces  Ik 


■a"s  force  to  llll). 


W 


eaptnied   part  ot   his  tirtillcrv. 


y;//N/, 


Aftei' the  fiLrlit  at  Ceiro  Mncantai 


iimniiti\   ('mil 
1  h 


/.,   iii.   -N!l-'il 


o,  Sesnia,  Mho  had  hccn  appoint<i 


d  l.v  Ko- 


;aiiis,   arrested    llcrrera,  who  claimed   aiilhoritv  iim 


der  ]; 


:i\  iJli. 


i'eian  now 


e.'ime  iii)  and   reeoi:ci 


ltd  and  joined  the 


m. 


.1/ 


II  r  II  1 1  mil 


Miiii'i:.  s-i).     Jli 


m.'iile  a  colonel  for  his  ^cllievenlellt.     Alvarez  ubandoiicd  the  siejie  August 


l'J;li.  X 


;;'•' 


M, 


Siijlo  XIX.,  vi.  4;jo- 


c ; 


i 

i  I) 

if 


:M 


fi8<l 


FALL  (.)F  M()ni:L(^,S. 


tenu.  Tlic  udvaiita^'c's  of  tlii'  iVLficii  li.id  l)('('ii  di'inon- 
8trtit(.'(l  l)y11iu  i'ailiuv  t(»  ove'iroiiu'  ().s(>ni().  His  prcs- 
oiicc  suUiccd  to  rciuKr  the  liiniiwav  to  Wrii  ( 'niz 
insccuri;  iiud  to  neccssitatu  stioiio-  c;scoil:s  I'oi-  Hk;  rai'u 
foiivnys,  causing  an  iinuionsc  incivasu  in  the  |iiici,s  (.1' 


mere 


'hand 


IHl 


•IS 


Tile  train  leaviiii^  ]\rr\i(.'o  in  Jaiuiary  1814  consisti'd 
(»r  fi^'hty-scvcn  coarlics,  with  jiasscnijcors,  and  7,0tJ() 
pac.'k-niuh's,  cai'iyin;j;'  live  millions  in  pivcious  niulals, 
LesidcH  other  otl'ccts.  .Vniong  thosi'  departing  were  the 
oidores  Ijodega  and  \  ilhiurrutia,  Saleedo,  later  (-onian- 
dante  general  of  the  jn'ovincias  internas,  and  -overal 
distingnished  persons  susjteeted  of  revolutionary  ten- 
dencies, such  as  l)(jctor  Alcala  an<l  promotor  Corta- 
zai-.*'  Later  in  the  year  went  Conde  dc  Castro  Terreho 
and  Olazabal,  hoth  with  lessened  glory.  The  convoy 
was  harassed,  especially  after  leaving  Puebla,  and  at 
San  Juan  where  a  vahiahle  part  of  it  was  cut  olt". " 
The  transit  ot-cupied  more  than  a  month,  and  the  re- 
turn cargo  did  not  reach  ]\Iexico  till  the  middle  of 
A])ril,  o\\  ing  to  stoj)pages  at  tlillerent  ]X)ints. 

The  delays  and  excessive  charges  were  due  less  to 
danger  I'roni  attac-lc  tlian  to  the  re[)rehensil)le  greed 
of  ofiicials,  from  the  lowest  uj)ward,  who  aside  I'rom 


tl 
I 


le  money 


to  be 


e   i-auied  m   tlic  esco 


th 


)rt 
■handi 


service,  made 


irge  sums  hy  s[)cculatmg  m  merchandise  or  acce[)t- 
ing  Ijribes  antl  partnerships  from  traders  interested  in 
certain  i>;oods  and  districts,  and  so  retarding  or  advanc- 
ing  convoys  at  thoii-  will,  imder  plausible  pretences. 
Itiu'bide  was  known  to  have  enirau'ed  in  such  transac- 
tions  with  the  silver  consignments  i'rom  (Juanajuato, 

^^ Coaches  were  taxed  $000  o;irli,  and  other  things  in  proportion. 

^^  Ijoth  sent  liy  force  ;is(k|)iUies  for  (.Suanujnato.  Alimjun,  who  joined  tho 
party,  add.s  many  details.  V/i'-/.  J/<:/.,  iv.  lili-'.K  Fin(hng  the  road  towaid 
I'nelila  luiniolested,  several  went  on  in  advance  of  the  slow  eonvoy,  only  tj  he 
cut  down  hy  lurking,'  bands. 

""^lartinez  eli'eeted  the  eapture.  Oidor  Bodeu'a  alone  lost  1,000  ouiues  in 
gold,  and  the  jewels  of  his  wile,  worth  .s40,00(),  w  hieli  fell  into  the  hands  of 
Intendente  Aynilar.  For  details,  sec  I' i in-' i,  JJi^t.  J,il..  i.  47--l>;  Ucfuuinhz 
y  Diindox,  Col.  Doc,  v.  '1\)?.  ite.;  (trizumi,  (hiinriicids,  4:2-'^,  So-ti.  Also 
liosains'  aeeount  in  /'cvol.  i'lril.  Ofijuii,  03-4;  ilrruinjoiz,  2<lij.,  i.  'J40-1, 
•201;  (.V(.:.  ik  Mtx.,  1S14,  v.  ;!Gl-3. 


m 

m 


15 AVON  AND  liOSAIXS. 


685 


;ui(l  till'  r('t;;ni  cai'^'Mcs  of  (|uic'lv.sil\(r  and  otlicf  cll't'cts; 
and  ('allcja,  who  hore  no  spotless  iTputiiLion.  was 
widi'lv  a<-cnsi'd  ol'  having'  la\<»i'ed  convoys  from  Tani- 
piro  to  Iho  exclusion  of  Vera  Cruz  trains/^ 

Tlic  most  <!aiiL;'cr()Us  part  of  tlie  route  lay  in  Xi'Vii 
( 'ill/-,  which  Ihirly  swanncMl  with  lusty  hands,  livino; 
paiily  hy  dii'cct  i)Iunder,  partly  hy  the  t>\einption  tax. 
ohlaiiietl  from  traders,  and  unwillinL(  to  i-ecoj^'iiize  any 
siipci'ior  authority  under  which  their  profits  nii^'ht 
hav<'  to  he  shared  or  restricted.  After  the  de]);irturo 
ui'  Xicohls  llravo  to  join  ^lorelos,  their  indepeiideiu-o 
(  I'  sj)iilt  ripened  into  actual  discord,  and  theie  was 
]\rvi{  lor  a  _L>'iiidin_:^  s|)irit  to  uphold  tho  totterinj^  cause. 
J)uriny;  the  flight  of  the  congress  to  ]\lichoacan,  Ko- 
sains  ingratiated  himself  so  far  with  tlu;  menihcr-s  as 
to  he  confirmed  as  comandante  general  of  l*uehla, 
\'era  Cruz,  and  northern  ^Texieo;"'  hut  on  re.iching 
his  new  field  he  found  that  Ilayon  had  already  claimed 
iIk'  command,  on  the  strength  of  his  sui)ei'ior  rank  as 
ca[)t;!iii-geiieral  and  minister  of  Hidalgo,  and  of  the 
a[>j)eal  to  him  of  several  chiefs  who  oI)j(,'cted  to  llo- 
sains,  notahly  Perez,  inttindentu  of  Puehla.^' 

Ihiyon  Would  listen  to  no  proposals  from  Kosains, 
who  thereu[»on  resolved  to  try  his  inihieiice  in  the 
adjoining  ])rovinee  of  Vera  Cruz,  wdiere  .Ioa(piiii 
Aguilar,  th(3  congi'cssional  intendentc,  disj)ut('d  for 
control  with  Kincon,  the  comjindante  general  left  in 
3.[oi-elos'  name/'*  llincon  had  been  humhled  in  a  severt; 
encounter  witli  the  royalists  under  Alvarez,"'   while 

^'  Arocli('(lenct;i  yivcs  soido  interesting  revelations  to  tliis  ellict  in  lii.-i 
A/ii(iit<^  J/i.</.     Also  //crii'riiticz  II  J>('tvalox,  Col.  /)'f'\,  v.  oJ.'),  ;!:!.')-  H,  T^il,  etc. 

°'-  JSustaiiumto  adds  Oajaca,  but  Uosains  iloes  not  claim  it  in  his  Jii</a  1!'  ■ 
IHii.oi,  (;:i-4. 

■^  Sei!  liayou's  reply  to  Rosains  in  Hero!.  VrrilinL  Oriiji'ii,  {')'>-i'i.  Alaniau 
asaunie.-i  tliat  he  had  also  obtained,  a  coninii^sion  liiuilar  to  tliat  of  Jlosains. 
To  hind  Perez,  llayon  made  liini  also  brigadier  a:i<l  eoniandaiite  of  I'uebla. 
J>i(irhi  f'fii/oii,  Uri4. 

•■' Amiilar  was  a  late  tobacco  official,  wiio  had  promised  to  capture  Vera 
Cruz,  and  bring  to  the  treasury  half  a  niillion  within  six  months.  Ko.^ains 
sought  to  cut  the  diliiculty  l)y  apiiointing  a  now  comandante  in  Culonel  Al- 
dana,  a  ]iroti''ge  of  Ilayon,  l)ut  Aldana  ignored  him. 

"  The  eonijueror  of  Oajaca,  Jan.  "JOlh,  at  .lamapa.  As  a  result,  his  forti- 
fications and  factories  at  lluatusco  were  dcstr(jy.  il.  Gn-..  ilcMi  r.,  1S14,  V. 
lol,  lUT-S.     Uustaniante   claims   that   Alvarez  was   disligured   and   nearly 


CSO 


FALF-  OF  MOItr.LOS. 


I  n 


I 


A'^uilar  ]i;ul  l)ccii  rather  siu'r-css In  1  in  associatliui  \\It!i 
!Maitiii('Z,  n'riKjrally  known  hy  liis  l»a|itisnial  naiiics  of 
i]()S('  Antonio,  now  the  most  lanious  anmn^'  tlic  sc\'- 
(-•ral  Icadc'is  "  and  occupyini;'  the  road  Ix'twcon  dalapa 
and  Vera  (Vu/,.  Tlu'  latter  Iiad  not  only  gained  tlie 
advantajL^e  omi-  two  Spanish  i'\|uMhtions,'^'  hut  h,id 
amassed  a  lar'^'i;  treasure  hy  means  of  his  lortunale 
laids,  as,  lor  e\am|»h',  on  tlie  l'\l)i'uai'y  convoy  iVoiu 
Me\ieo.  'i'hese  funds  enaiijiil  him  to  eonnnand  nioie 
men  than  other  ehieis,  and  exert  L;'i'eat  inllu<'n(  r. 
Sueli  a  persona^i!  had  to  he  <'oui'te(L  llosains  hei^an 
l)y  jd'oposinn'  to  ai-ran^e  the  diMieulty  hetween  A^tiilai" 
and  111  neon,  oil'erini^  tlie  latter  the  e(Mnmand  of  noHh- 
ein  X'ei'a  CVu/,  and  the  other  the  chstriets  to  t hi; south. 
This  appeared  satisl'actory,  hut  just  as  tlie  outloo!; 
became  promisin'^>'  a  cloud  rose  to  ohscure  it. 

When  the  suhju;jfation  of  Oajaca  was  undertalaii 
][e\ia  had  ht^'cn  insti'ueted  to  ]tursue  liayon.  'I'he 
latter  I'hided  him  tor  a  time,  and  I'eaehed  Teotitlau 
with  a  xaluahle  store  of  cochineal  and  other  ellects; 
but  lle\ia  came  a_!j;\'iin  upon  his  trades,  defeated  h:.-; 
lieutenants  lloca  and  Anaya  with  considerable  lo-i 
in  men  and  supplii.'s,  and  comp(,'lK'd  IJayon  to  take 
i-efu<.>;e  in  the  Orizaba  re'.iion  with  a  bare  renmant,  in- 
ckuliiit^'  i)e]tuty  IJustamante,  the  brothers  Teran,  and 
Crospo.  J  levia  also  established  here  his  headijuarters 
as  comnuuuK'r  of  the  second  di\'isi<)n  of  tlie  southern 
army,  routed  liosains  at  Jliiatusco,  a;.d  inthcted  .so 
sevei-e  a  blow  on  ]tayon  at  Omcalca  on  May  lath 
that  he  sought  refu;^"e  with  (3;on'o  at  Zacatlan.''* 
These  successes  did   not,  however,  avail  a'j^ainst  the 

killcMl  iuuiirc'vicni.s  uncountur  witli  Cal>:iiil:i,  tho  liL'Utunant(jf  Arroyo,  ('itwlri', 
iii.  •_'-'. 

'"Lately  cniploycil  on  tlic  hacienil.a  of  a  liiscayan  trador  iiaiiu'il  Aiiilla.'a, 
who  litailuil  tlic  liljoral  jjarty  at  \^^^\\  Cruz. 

-"^Ouo  of  .'iiiO  null  ill  l)i;c.  IHI;},  r.iuler  Ulloa,  sent  in  liin  pursuit,  aiil 
anotliiT  of  nearly  WM  men  under  Major  Fajanlo,  Gitz.  dc  Mix.,  is  14,  v. 
•2;L>-(i,  -'ST  !•. 

^'^  IJetaiis  ill  Oriyiva,  Onirrrtiria^,  ."i.'?-71,  41,  etc.  P>nstauiaiito,  wlio  fol- 
lowed llayoii,  gives  iii.'iny  interesting  jioints,  I'nal.  Ilixl.,  iii.  !.'>-!),  as  ihn-i 
Jlier  y  Terau  in  his  Maiiih.it.,  0,  etc.  llevia's  reports  appear  in  (litz.  ilr 
M(x.,  1814,  V.  470,  o4{),  .">.).'!-."),  cte.  The  Teran  hrotliers  now  eiosseil  to  the 
iiioi'o  promising  Mizleca  region,  to  which  liosaius  also  sent  Sesaia. 


TIIK  CRRHO  COLOUADO. 


nsT 


iiiiiiicroiis  l);iii(ls   iiiNcstiii;^    llu'   IiiL;liUiiy-i   iiiainlv  l'»r 
|ilim(Ki',    lor  llicy   |iruilt'iitly  yiildt'd    Iti'l'iirc    rci;ul;ir 


lorcu: 


ti>  I'l'Mitpcai"  at  a  salri'  distaiu' 


.Malt 


lUf/    ( 


lid 


imt  exactly  l)e'Ini|M-  to  this  cautiiKis  class,  l>ut  t!i<'  lati; 
icN'crscs  a  licet  I'd  him  less  than  Ivo^aiiis,  and  he  did  not 
c.irc  to  suhniit  to  this  inti'udci'.  Kosains  cut  the  n lat- 
ter short    hy  cnli.^tinL,^    the  sel'\  i'-es  of  jealous   icadel's, 

with  whose  aid  he  took  l»y  surprise  and  killed  the  I'c- 


(loUhtai)le  chli 


•r.-^'    A 


cnition  \\i 


ih  th 


nava  w 


le   i)osilion   <» 


as  rt'warded  for  1 


lis    <•(  )(  )|  )- 


f  th 


le    IVlK'lllolls 


A-'uil, 


ir 


lid  (jluadalu[)u  Victoria,  now  lisiiiLj  into  |ironiinence 


as  a  CO 


lonel, 


l'ecei\'ed    the    second    I'auk 


Alt: 


loUU'll 


sevi.Tal  le'ader.s  had  heeii  awed  into  suhmission,  others 
still  held  out  lor  independ.'.'Mt  raids  on  the  liii^liway; 
and  seein^'  little  prospect  of  restcjrin;^  harmony,  ll-o- 
snins    resolved   a^ain   to   try   his   fortuno  in    I'uehla, 


•h 


1 


wlierc  itavons  miluence 


had 


e-reatlv  dei 


■lined, 


CO 


While  J'aisinc;'  troops  near  San  Andres,  and  await- 
iue'  there  a  proposal  Irom  Tlayon,  he  was  surprised  by 
the  watchful  Jlevia,  on  duly  lid,  and  narrowly  es- 
ca])ed  with  a  hart;  renmant  to  Tehuacan."'  (.'lose  to 
this  town  rose  a  liill  known  as  Cerro  Colorado,  acci'.s- 


sii)li;  on 


b^y 


one  narrow  ai)i)roaeli,  and  used  m  ai)o- 


ri'-inal  tiinos  as  a  I'ortres,- 


'I'i 


J  lere  Kosains  intivnched 


himself,  and  bid  defiance  to  the  [)ursuino'  Jlevia,  who 
was  not  prej)ared  f(jr  a  ])rolon;^ed  sieuj'o.  llisllii^ht, 
hovv'e\'(!r,  revived  the  spirit  n['  the  startled  llayou 
iaction,  and  the  captain-general,  as  well  as  his   inti-il- 


deiite  Perez,  oanie  fortli  wiih   (.•ircul. 


irs  a' 'an is 


t  1 


nm. 


■'''"Ascsiu.'ido,' is  Toriiu'a  view,  ^fuiii/cnt.,  fi.  Kosains  I)c.L'an  1)y  a  raid  on 
Martinez'  tit.'a.siii'c  oai-lic.  ]Io  then  souylit  to  intiniiilai.c  liini  during,'  an  iut(!r- 
vicw,  attacUin;^'  liini  at'torward  witli  lliiicon  in  ambush.  Tluis  iuul'Ii  In;  c  >»- 
Il'ssl'.s  in  his  JuL  I  list.,  7,  otc. 

•■^Uc  proposed  an  exuin[ition  tax  to  tho  traders  at  Vera  Criiz,  which  (ht'y 
gladly  acuepU'd,  notw  iMistaudin;,'  the  iujunctionHof  the  anthoritics;  Imtothcr 
kaders  insisting  also  in  levying;  tiihutu  <ir:  tlio  convoys,  tlii;  plan  l.iilcd.  'J'ho 
flloi't  to  ront  the  latter  icsultcd  in  a  repulse  for  the  Spaniards.  O't..  </(■  M( x., 
1S14,  V.  !)7S-80. 

''' The  royalists  took  alK  it  100  ;nnskets  and  40  piisonora.  Alt!innL,'li  tlio 
latter  had  just  hoen  cnrt)lleil  l)y  force,  and  were  kii)t  under  lock,  llevia  had 
thcni  all  shot.  Jhixiunvnilr-,  (Jtmd.  JliM.,  iii.  uo-t;  Uaz.  de  J/ex'.,  1814,  v. 
733;  Oriznra  Ociirrriic>a:<,  81-2. 

"■bee  Jli:r  ij  Ttra.i,  Si<jiuida  Jfani/.,  SG,  ete. 


5SS 


FALL  OF  -MORELOS. 


V 


to  Viiiidi  ]io  replied  with  similar  dcnuiiciations."^ 
Such  scandal  could  not  pass  unnoticed  by  the  con- 
gress, and  liri^adier  Arroyavc  was  sent  to  tak(;  coiu- 
rii;ind  ol'  the  disputed  territory,  while  two  deputies 
sh< 'Uld  investiLCate  and  an'ani>'c  the  difHcultv.  Xeillu  r 
party  chose  to  obey  a  distant  and  [)owerles8  assembly, 
and  Rosains  went  so  far  as  to  shoot  the  troublosonuj 
Arroyavc  on  finding  that  he  sided  with  his  opponent.''' 
To  such  a  state  had  fallen  the  sacred  cause  of  inde- 
pendence, unfolded  by  Hidalgo  and  exalted  by  the 
victories  of  ^Morelos.  Two  ef  the  leaders  array td 
one  against  the  other,  the  other  two  wandering  or 
ignored,  and  the  [ictty  chiefs  intent  mainly  on  plun- 
der, reatly  to  draw'  their  sw(jrd  equally  on  foe  and 
comrade;  campaigns  reduced  to  mere  raids  and  ]iur- 
sults,  with  victory  steeped  in  bloody  executions,  often 
of  guiltless  participants.'"' 

^Vliile  the  congress  vainly  endeavored  to  settle  the 
dlflercnces  between  the  two  claimants  in  Puebla,  the 
rovalists  Ijrouu'ht  more  radical  means  to  bear.  Osor- 
no  havinc"  become  more  ilarinLC  in  his  raids  and  attacks, 
e\en  threatening  Tulancingo,*^^  another  ex[)edition  ap- 
peared necessary,  to  intimidate  him  at  least,  for  he 
ovnei'allv  nianaufed  to  avoid  danixerous  encounters.  ^V 
main  object  was  to  nip  in  the  bud  the  projects  which 
l\ayon  was  sup[)osed  to  be  iraming  at  Zacatlan.  The^e 
were  overestimated,  however,  for    die  resources  were 


*■' Pifith  siilcs  rcproiluced  I)y  Mnrtificna  in  Vcrduil.  Ori'jcn,  no.  ii.  TrJ,  ct 
SCI].  Kiis.Tiiis  also  quarrelled  with  Arrojo  and  sent  a  furee  against  him,  w  iiicli 
was  <lc!eated. 

''' I'ai-tly  <'n  the  assumption  that  ho  was  a  Spaniard,  which  was  wroui,'. 
A',i"ilii  MijC.,  pt  ;>!.">.  Jjustanianto,  Xof.  Lio;/..  llJ,  as  a  friend  of  Arroyavc, 
had  in  lice.  Tlio  proceedings  against  Arioyavc  are  given  in  llcruuiiilc:  'i 
JJiiV''lo-;  ('ill.  l>(ii\,  V.  T">7-70. 

•»•  It  i^  interi sting  to  read  the  introductory  declamation  of  Rosains  in  his 
Uil.  Ilt<>.,  [irotesting  against  such  iniipiity !  See  IJustaniante,  t'uad.  JJh/.,  iii. 
IS,  "lid  pas.-ini,  iuid  the  more  honora'ilo  'i'cran,  Mutiijlsf.^  7  et  scf|.;  al.<o  the 
documents  in  lf< nirtiiili :  ?/  Ddmlos,  Vol.  Dor.,  v.  .'ilS-1!),  5SS-94,  (i7i-."';  /'"/(. 
!'«/•..  x.wvi.,  pt  Ixviii.  (!'J-(i,  etc.,  and  oll:^crv,ltion^i  in  T^^ririi/c,  11  r.,  ii.  (II I- 1. 

'^"Oii  I  ell.  •Jl'iili,  with  2,500  men,  of  which  only  .KX)  W(>ro  soldiers,  'i'iiu 
connn.ind.iut.  Col  I'iedras,  repulsed  him  with  a  lois  of  'JO.  His  licut.  had 
raaiily  attacked  Uoonio  on  the  '2olU  and  luat  41.  (.Vr;.  d'l  J/ta;.,  lyli,  v.  lGI-7. 


;'  *i  I ! 


TAKING  OF  ZACATLAX. 


CSO 


(liniinisliing  with  which  lie  hoped  to  utUizc  his  present 
ii)ivc  of  four  luuidred  men,  and  Osorno  \vas  hy  no 
means  disposed  to  exert  himself  in  thu  interest  ol'an- 
(illier.'''  Indeed,  tlie  latter  seems  to  liave  piir[)osfly 
JcL'pt  Rayon  in  the  dark  concernin![j^  the  royalist  prcp- 
aiations,  under  the  direction  of  Colcjucl  A^iiila. 

This  officer  succeeded  in  presentinuf  himself  wholly 
r.nawarcs  before  Zacatlan  on  September  iath,  with  a, 
I'^irco  far  outnundjeriny  the  o'arrison.  He  intended  to 
Mir[)rise  the  ])lace  by  night,  but  the  roads  delayed  the 
march,  and  at  the  last  moment  the  heavy  mist  broke 
and  I'evealed  the  danger  in  time  to  sound  tlie  alarm 
i'or  dei'ence.  The  ilrst  assault  carried  everything  be- 
lore  it,  however,  and  cn-er  200  insurgents  sucfumbcd, 
leaving  a  largo  quantity  of  newly  manufactured  war 
material  to  the  victors.  l)ej)uty  Crespo  was  caught 
and  shot,''*'  and  Ivayon  had  a  narrow  esca{)e  iVom  tlio 
same  late,  but  succeeded  after  great  hai';!s!iij»  in 
icacliing  his  brother  Ramon  in  ]\richoacan.  Nothing 
loath  at  being  rid  of  his  unwelcome  guest,  Osorno  took 
jios^ession  of  Zacatlan  after  the  ro^'alist  departure,  and 
jesumed  his  operations  with  such  success  tliat  Ihiga- 
(lier  Jalon,  successor  of  Ag'uila  in  the  command  of 
Apam  region,  had  to  be  lejilaced  by  the  more  ener- 
i'e:ic  ^laior  Rarradas."^^  The  conuuand  ol'  tlie  armv 
of  the  south,  with  heachpiarters  at  I'ueljla,  ])assed 
iibout  the  same  time  to  ih'igad:er  Duo'iz,  Ortega  re- 
turning to  Spain. 

'•'  All  agent  sit  PiiOMia  hail  iiubczzl'il  Ihc  ^inall  s^ock  of  coeliiniiil  left  liim, 
(iiiil  lii  i  efibrta  to  crcati;  Hyiii)):itliy  in  Oajac.M  had  failed. 

"' T(j;4cthcr  with  .ji)  (jtluT.i;  Colonel  IVroiio,  the  envoy  to  tlio  U.  S.,  IkkI 
a  iia'.Tou'  escape.  Twelve  gnus  and  ililO  niiih:keta  v.'cro  tukeu.  .Vhhiai.  Ii 
I 'aiiiiiM;j;  over '20i)  <lead  foes,  A;,'uila  ailiiiit.^i  only  one  fallen  roy^ilist.  '/'C.  '/'■ 
J!ij:,  1814,  V.  10S'.)-;)().  ]5arftaniaiito  e.seaped  wit'i  hid  v.'ife.  J[.;  j^ives 
A,"uila  1,201)  men.  The  later  president  Anaotariio  I5u.it. .uianlc  distiii.:,'nisheil 
l.iia.  ■•If  in  leadini'i  '''etaelinieiil  to  the  asi.-iault.  L'liail.  Hist.,  iii.  oS-ti;).  l.'respo 
\'.  ai  oll'ei'ed  pai  ■>.,  n  the  condition  of  tiiniini,'  a;,'ainst  the  insiir.-ent.^,  hut 
irfiised.  lie  had  iieen  eoUego  [.Tofessor,  and  lat.r  jiari.sh  priest  of  itivili'indo, 
Oajnca.  Carricilo,  L'.t/nd.  Oaj.,  ii.  1 !.")-)(). 

"*  Who  di.stiu;4uishcd  himself  in  iN^ovendier  hy  a  valiant  defence  of  Apain. 
.lalon  eai'.ie  to  hia  reliefand  routt  .1  tin;  in-iin-Lri'iit'*,  Uillini;  amoi.,,:,  otJH .  i  l<ri,u'- 
a  licr  llaniircz,  counnantlrr  of  lliiamauLla  disti'iet.  (laz.  de  .'li.c,  Isjl,  v. 
I -'11  -1.  ilalon  va»  removed  in  .March  Itslj,  with  a  narrow  eacape  from  hciny 
suhjeeled  to  court-martial. 


S  il 


:i  \- 


590 


FALL  OF  MORELOS. 


The  troiil'lo  oxpcnciiced  hy  Rayoii  and  Rosaiiis  in 


outaiimii^  I'ccognition  as  coiiiandaiitcs  Lj-encralos  was 
also  ciicoiintored  l)y  Doctor  Cos  in  ^Miclioacan  and 
(iJnanainato,  idtlion<jfli  in  loss  dc'Tce.  ^[nniz,  who 
liad  lately  held  the  coinniand  ovi^r  all  this  roi^iou 
nndor  ^Morclos,  objected  to  any  interlerence  in  th(3 
loniicr  })rovince,  and  refused  obedience,  as  did  also 
several  minor  leaders.  INlost  of  them  acted  inde'cd 
;is  thev  i)leased,  whik;  accordiiH'"  a  certain  defei'encj 
to  the  wanderiiiL!;'  coni^nvss  which  had  sou^'ht  refii^'o 
non-j;  them,  and  to  ]\[orel(»s,  who  had  )-etired  with 


ai 


a  cho;-en  hundred  to  the  isolated  hill  of  Atijo,  there 
to  manufacture  war  material  anil  gather  adherent.- 
tiU  oo])oi'tunity  should   offer  f.)r  retrieviiii>-  himself'' 


] 


lamon 


vayon   was   sunilai' 


'}■ 


y 


occupied    ni 


th 


10     1U)S1- 


1 


tion,  of  equal  stren;4"th,   known   as    ^[onnt  Co[ioi 
afti'i'  Iiaviu''"  made  a  brilliant  and  advanta'jfeou 


() 


71 


s  sweel) 


into    (}ueretaro   and   iKn-thern  ^Mexico,   which  added 


both  to  his  fame  and  i 


esource 


A 


numijcr  or  lesser 


fk 


lliof: 


d   now  joined 


^tandard,  such    as   Beiiediclo 


]jo!)ez  of  Zitacuaro,  lN)lo,  (anas,   Sanchez,  and    i" 


11- 


H'li 


:>,  who  had  been  closely  pursued  by  the  detach- 
ments sent  out  b}'  Llano  under  Ai^'uirre  and  the 
cruel  Andradc.'^ 

li  urbide  coiiporated  on  his  sid<\  and  sui'prised  later 
in  the  yi-ar  the  town  of  J*uru;iiidiro,  killing'  forty-ti\-i.! 
of  tlie  ji^arrison,  includinu;'  the  dashiii'^'  commander, 
^lariscal   Villalon'>'iii.''     So  zealously  did  he  emulov 


ii' 


70 


tiilil  (if  iinciriit  sulitcrr 


,lii)  il 


iicuncd  Ins  uui'iM',  .s;ai'\  lu''  thuiii  mi  Maiit  ration.-;. 


Stories  , 

CDUfilU'il  illd;- 

ri'iiii'  ti'stiiuony  in  J/iCr/ov,  Ih  rlaruiiun. 

Ik'ariiiL;  tlic  Mdilitional  naiiu"  of  Sim  IV'i 


mean  iiassa'.rcs  in 


llie  hill,  v.licrc  li 


-M 


h< 


tlu'  ilav  lu'  liP'.'.-in  t') 


fiirtil'y  it.     I' 
civcrii  iH'iii' 


ti)  tliis  lie  lia'l  iioi'ii  maniit'.ictnrin'.r  anii.-t  in  a  ln'iiutinil 


/it; 


icuaro,  wiK'iico 


w.ist  iinvci 


11   fiii'lli  liv   LIiiiid'.s  liuutni.'iat 


A'^'iiirro  in  .Maivli.     Jtciinrt  in  <!!(-..  ilc  Mi  r.,  l.sll, 


!I--Jl».  :{7S  Si 


Mi 


1111/ 


had  ]ir<'viiins!y  taken  iiway  i 
"   Assisted  hy  Sancl 


mist  (if  his  iiicii. 


Atil 


iiio,  he  took  veii'^eanee  at  th(>  haeieiii! 


li  I'lfianea  for  tlu^  death  of  a  friend,  mnl  then  serprised   lliiehiietoea,  att* 
hnin;  Online;^  til  .lilotepee.    llii^l<t,ii'nih\  Ciinil.  ///<'.,  iii.   III!   17. 

'■' Xotalily  niidi'f  Colonel  Andivule,  who  swept  the  wholu  iiorth''i'i\  seetioii 
;d  ni:iiia,'eil  t.>  end  ( lu!  eareer  of  Arias  at  I'liL/euaro  July  Stii,   Uii".  i/c  M'.c, 


ISl  I.  V.  l!S,-)-S.  7'.>7-S();\  IMi;!,  et  se 


F: 


d  for  the  dariii''  reM'iiu  of  1 


idcnnied  wife  at  A'alladoiid  in  Mc 


isil.     J'he  surprise  was  cU'ectcd  oa  the  moruiny  of  Nov.  2d  i)y  L'aslaaoii,  tlio 


-I  ;i( 

il. 


A  MEirCILESS  ROYALIS^T. 


rm 


71 


Oriaiitiii  juxl  other  lloutciiaiits  within  liis  own  jH'oviiico 
(.)'  (  ainiiajuato  and  on  iho  adjoinini;'  liordcis  in  tlio 
jiiu'siiit  ol'  rc'vohitionisth*,  that  he  claims  to  liave  dc- 
f-patclicd  within  less  than  two  months  ncai-ly  'JOO  nirn, 
iiichidinL,''  nineteen  ehiel's,  anion_L^  them  the  hriL^'adiei" 
jivcsbyter  Saenz  and  one  of  the  eelehrated  l*ar;io- 
iics."''  Tlie  effect  was  nndouhtedly  to  rond(,'r  the 
liiiihways  nioi'o  secure  and  to  restore  (•oniiiai'ativ(j 
jicace  in  the  long-desohited  settlements.  Totliiscon- 
tiiliuted  ni'eatlv  the  aetiw  (.Mirohnent  of  local  u'uai'ds 
ill  lh<.;  diii'ei'ent  towns  and  villa^'es  which  c<io|ifrated 
■;;!  Ill  j^Tsuit  of  siicli  leaders  as  Torres,  llafael  Jlayon, 
;ii;<",  'i  >  .  .ir,  ^\■ho  still  hovered  in  ilw.  mountains  oi* 
Clu  .i;..Juat«),  and  two  scions  of  Villag'ian,  wlio  llitted 
a-  avengers  in  the  Tulii  region.'"  J>ut  this  was  no 
linger  a  campaign.  Jtwas  a  hunting-down  of  hu- 
i;ian  heirigs,  as  blood-hounds  hunt  wild  beasts;  an<i  it 
i<  to  l)c  noticed  that  the  I'oremost  hunter  and  ])ei'se- 
eutor  was  the  i)ersonai:"e  who  linallv  u'ave  the  det-isive 
b'o\v  i'or  inde|iendenci',  and  rose  to  the  sunnnit  of 
]'i\\er  iii  libei'ated  An.i'riac.  His  able  though  luerci- 
1  •  s  jierfor'nance  as  a  royalist,  howevir,  ser\evl  rath'r 
1  1  excite  admiration  than  hatred  among  many  of  hi-i 
ej'j)onerls;  and  it  is  a  tribute  to  tli(,'ir  gailaiitry  as 
Well  a'^  faii'Me>N  ti  note  that  tlie  gi'eatest  outcry 
against  Iturijid-'  ;^t  lliis  time  was  raised  by  liis  exe- 
(  itioii  of  ;,  \-om;  :i  who  lent  her  beauty  to  sustain  tlie 
cause  of  iii,le[)i    ideiice."' 


iii.'-iir;('nt:<  bciiiL;  less  M:ilc!iful,  (iw  iiiL,'  to  tlic;  iVstivilii's  of  tlie  jifciciliii;,' 
t.j.ld;  ;;uitnH  (lay.     /(/.,    Mill    S. 

'••  And  this  witli  ;i  llls^^  (jf  diilv  tln'cu  of  his  own  iiii'ii.  He  iiiciitioii-i  tho 
t>:c('utii)ii  of  (':i|it;iiii  Oiiuhis,  Jloih'i^'iU'/,,  iviiiiiu.'Uiik'i'  of  (_'iTni  (loido,  ( 'oh)- 
III  I  riii'j:i,  i'nmiii;uiii;iiil  of  till'  CuraihTo.  'i'iu'Ve  is  ii  Imastftil  toiii' thron;  limit 
tlu'M'  iTports  of  Itiirliidc   v.hi-ii   siicakiii,:,'  of  tlir   IjUlclifiics.    (l>r..  ilr.\/,.r., 

r->i."..  \  j.  ;i7— ti). 

'''DrthiiiL'/' cainpaiu;"!!  liric  is  iT|iortiil  in  /'/.,  Is!  I,  v.  (i"i;)  1,  <'tc.;  lUt-^ln- 
Lin.iii.  (',111,1.  .//«/.,  lii.  l!Mi--Ji)l, 

''  llor  iiiiii.f  was  Miiiiii  'l"oiiias;i,  Kstcvi'/,  'i'iiiiii.-.i.inada  jimim  M'llucii'  I'l 
tli'jcu'  Iti,;'.  ,k'V  lV|iolt  ill  y(/.,  lost.  y,V'^\vtv,  .U,.,\  Si,//,,  .\/X..\\.l.>r,  (1, 
luiil  l,ii;t'ai,M,  .'"       V  /'iilij'.,  '2')-l-'},  join  in  (.•oiKUinniiii,'  the  net.     Sec  al-o  al- 

lll.siolis  toiTUi  !'  •  111  //'  ,ii(iii(li~  1/  J)tii;i'ii.i,  (  '<■/,  l)'i,\,  V.  .'I'JS.  ft  rui|.,  'l^'l,  (If. 
ll  has  lircuolistrM'd  t  hat  Itayoii  and  otlRi' Icaihrs  had  fici|U(.'iitly  to  talic  n'vuiu 
lui'MMiros  iigainst  niiiiriiici|ilc'cl  uhicf.s  who  injured  the  (jau;!.'  liy  their  outrages 
and  ali'unled  ruyalisls  just  motives  for  seveiity. 


1 


■i  1 


;  I:      .J 


CHAPTER   XXIV. 

constj    •  ttoxal  changes. 

'    '4. 

CiiANt;iU)  AsiM'cT  (IF  nil.  Hkvoi  irioN — Dr.PKKssioN  os  liorit  Sinis  — Pi;(i- 
I'osiii)  iCr.sTiiKTioN  di"  1 'assi'out.s  AND  J'lxi'iiin'  in' Till; AS(  ui: — ('ai>ksij;' 
Tin;  Kxuurs  OF  Tin;  Si'amaiU)S — Fuk^ii  'J'axks — lliisTniiATioN  of  Fi:i 

NAMIO    \[L — C'ONSTITI  TIOS    OF    1  SI '2  IS  A  N  N  fM,i;i)  AN  |(  AlTi  H'i:A(  Y   II; 

K-TAiii.isiii;i)— FKHi.iNt;  IN   Xi;\v  Si'AiN — lNsi-i:(ii;N  r  CnN^TiTrriiiN  — Its 

riloVlSlUNS  ANIt  AnALVISIS — J  loW  1t  WAS  lii:(:KI Vi;i)--]Cl,i;(,' I  ION  of  Offi 

CKUs  rNUKii  XHi;  Xi;\v  L'oNsrrifTioN— LniiAOA  riii;sii)KNi— Commkm 
OKAI-1VI-;  ?iIi;l>al — Consiitution  Oiujfkkd  1;i;aij  i:v  tiu;  Cikas— i;t;i.A 
aiuNs  Willi  Tin;  United  Statfs. 

TiiK  re'Vtdutioii  ]i;ul  l)_v  lliis  tiino  assumed  nn  aspect 
\viclely  diitei'L'iit  Troin  its  coiKlitioii  when  ('alK'ja  tiiok 
c()iiiiiiaii(l.  Jiis  ])Ians  lia<l  heeii  net  diily  wi'll  laid,  l>ut 
ill  tile  main  well  carried  out.  Ivayoii.  was  huniMcd; 
tin;  X'illagraiies  were  no  more;  and  tlie  [lowei-  of 
^ItDelos  had  faded  to  a  Hitting"  shadow.  Jtieh  (.)ajaea 
ami  I'oelv-bound  'j'eepau  were  at  his  i'ct't;  the  north 
enjoyed  re[)ose,  and  in  the  central  provinc(.'s  little 
more  a])})eared  to  he  2'(M|uired  than  a  watch  on  tin; 
isolated  hands  in  their  mountain  retreats.^  rUuch 
moi'o  remained  to  he  ilon(},  however.  "]  he  power  ot 
th(,'  insurj^'ents  as  a  whole  was  broken,  but  small  bodies 
liovered  abt)ut  in  nearly  undiminished  number,  inde- 
pendent in  action  and  casting  oli*  more  and  more  tlie 

'  ( 'allcja  ilocs  not  fail  to  extol  hiiusolf  in  a  I'cviow  of  nfTiiira  issueil  on  June 
2'2il,  w  liorcia  ho  natiii'iilly  (■\a;.'yoratf's  tho  rcsulta  ncliicvcd.  l)i.-ielo.siii.;  a.-i  i: 
(looH  also  the  jilaiH  Idllowc'il,  it  li;iM  liocii  wiili'ly  quoLcd.  The  tuxt  may  l>o 
foiisultud  in  J/rriKiiiili  •:  1/  Ddnilos,  Ci,f.  JJor.,  v.  .").')-t~(iJ;  liii-^fumdiit'', 
C<tiii/iiti'in<!  di'  (^dlijii,  aniK  F-LS;  ll'urd'n  Jlcjc,,  i.  ai>u.  oOJ-2o.  Scu  also  Jii.c, 
Virci/,  -2-11,  18. 

(592) 


■i  'I 


I^' 

ExnDU ;  OF  .-awxiAnDs. 


riD.T 


■wliolosoino  restraint  wliidi  ]iay<iii  and  otTicrs  liad 
I'lrinui'ly  iiii])(>sc(l.  They  wwv  IxcoiuiiiL;'  raiders  latlni- 
than  revolutionists,  inttMit  niaiidy  on  ]iarassin<jf  tlio 
royalists,  l)ut  inllictiiiL,^  at  the  same  time  ^^-reiit  injury 
(11  tlie  country  at  lurge,  by  cii'cuinscrihinu;-  a^'riculturo, 
mining,  manufactures,  and  trade,  as  well  as  hy  oMig- 
iiig  the  govei'nment  to  increase  rather  than  diminish 
its  costly  ojieratif)ns  for  guarding  the  exposed  districts 
and  inn'suiii''' and  hesie^'inij'  the  raiders.  Calleja,  in 
f  ict,  a[)})ealed  in  August  1814,  to  Spain,  for  I'ceii- 
i'orcenients  of  8,000  men.  Mid  obtained  a  jtoriion  of 
the  i'orce."  Under  the  new  c  Midition  of  a'li'airs  dis- 
union seemed  indeed  lavorable  to  tlu;  cause.  'Iho 
I  xplanation  of  this  anomaly  lay  partly  in  the  greater 
]'recauti(>ns  taken  by  the  leaders  to  keep  the  way 
open  for  retreat,  and  to  maintain  a  larger  num-Kr  of 
strongholds  for  refuge. 

Xo  Wonder  then  that  a  general  IV'eling  of  uneasi- 
ness continued,  notwithstanding  the  exultant  demon- 
stration of  .successes  by  Calleja.  This  h'eliiig  was 
strikiu'dv  manifested  in  the  increaslii'''  exoijus  of 
Spaniards,  which  assuuied  sucli  magnitude  t'lat  it 
A\;is  pi'{)[K)sed  to  limit  the  issue  of  jiassports,  and  de- 
ci.led  U)  restrict  the  exj)ort  of  treasure.''  ( )ne  i^auso 
must  be  sought  in  the  de[)ressi()n  left  on  all  industries 
by  the  long  struggle  to  which  were  added  the  contin- 
ual le\i(\s  by  insurLjcnts,  especially  on  farms,  and  the 
reckless  im[)ositioii  of  loans  and  taxes  by  Calleja, 
\v!io  cared  above  adl  for  the  success  of  his  campaign. 
In  the  latter  part  of  the  yar  wdien  everybody  ex- 
jiected  a  p.artial  release  from  burvleiis,  ho  added  six 
]ier  cent  to  the  excise  duty,  and  a  sj)ecial  board  was 
created  to  a[)[)ly  a  large  direct  contribution  on   prop- 


-Aslatc  as  Dec.  181."),  CiiUoja  was  complaining  of  his  inability  to  check 
tln'su  hands.     Sec  the  tr;ui?;lateii  despatch  in  l!<  ml.  Spdn.  Aiiirr.,  ',)?>[-{). 

^'J'hc  ci  nvoy  from  Mexico  of  Oct.  .'!lst  took  ahout  lour  milliona  in  prccioiia 
liii'tid  and  (iO  e(jaclies  with  pMHsenirers.  The  ti'iliiilai'y  train  from  ( ;u:;iKijaato 
h.-,il  lii'ouL;!it  •2,'.',m  barii  of  silver" and  ,'^0,0a()  animals.  Almwin,  J/i.t.  MJ., 
iv.  'JlS-'J-'.  Over  seven  millions  in  mrmey  would  tliua  lia\'i;  hecn  sent  out 
ot  the  country  at  the  time  had  Calleja  iicrmittcd  it  to  follow  the  large  depart- 
lue  of  passen^er:^  and  treasure  ellcctcd  liy  the  previous  opiiortunity. 
lllST.  .M..X.,  Vol.  IV.    3d 


594 


COX.  .TiTUTIOXAL  CUAXCnS. 


erty  mii'1  on  incoincs  I'xcoedin^-  three  ]iuii;]i'(h1  ]ie.so,s 
a  year.''  Tliis  measure  liad  smou  to  be  abandoned 
lioue'vei',  but  the  levy  oF  ten  per  eent  on  urban  prop- 
erty, estabhshed  for  one  year,  was  contuuied,  with 
apjdication  to  convents  and  conuiiunities,  save  chari- 
table institutions,  and  the  reluctant  merchants  had  to 
res]»ond  v/itli  more  than  lialt'  the  sum  of  a  fresh  hall- 
million  loan.  In  the  followini,^  year  a  compulsory 
lottery  was  introduced  to  extoi't  amiually  a  million 
and  a  half  from  the  people  at  lar«^'e.  Furtlun-,  a  new 
copi)er  coinage  was  issued  to  replace  the  immense 
variety  of  copi)er  tokens,  circulated  from  almost  every 
largo  store  under  tlie  name  of  tlacos  and  jhIdjics/'  and 
to  remedy  the  growing  scarcity  of  small  silver  money, 
such  as  half  and  quarter  reals.  At  first  the  coin  fell 
into  discredit  through  the  objections  raised  by  mer- 
chants, but  the  issue  being  restricted  to  prudent 
limits  and  its  proportion  in  payments  being  regulated 
a  decided  benefit  was  experienced.'' 

Another  cause  for  the  exodus  of  Spaniards  was  the 

*TIii3lia<l  been  proposed  in  ISIH  and  aliamlnncd;  nevertheless  a  lioard 
■was  created  soon  after  to  apply  it,  only  to  aliandon  tlie  project  for  tlu;  ^ix 
per  ecut  cxeiso.  C'allejii  applied  it  liowever,  In' tlecree  of  Oetolier  I4(li,  on 
t!ie  l)irlhday  of  the  kinj,'!  under  tlic  name  of  '  suhvencinn  general  do  Lrnerra.' 
The  lioard  consisted  of  tlirec  members,  one  a  ehurehman,  mIUi  snl)-boards 
composed  of  citizens,  before  ■\vIiom  statement.-^  of  jn'operty  and  income  were 
presented.  The  deduction  had  to  begin  Jan.  1,  1S|,"),  also  on  ollieial  salaries. 
l)eerce  with  rules  in  Jlcniaiiilcz  y  JJdvulof,  Co/.  Doc,  v.  (]!)7-7()l. 

"'i"hc  former  being  tlic  term  for  an  eiglith  of  a  real,  the  otiier,  nieaniie^' 
piles,  being  evidently  an  ironic  expression.  I'^ach  store  had  its  own  stain,), 
Vi  liicli  v,as  also  placed  on  ])ieces  of  wood  and  soap. 

"Ollieial  salaries  after  Sept.  were  paid  one  third  in  tiiis  coin,  by  decree  nf 
Ang.  L'.'id.  Anotlicr  of  \)cc.  20th  introduced  the  impi'oveil  rules.  Sec  Clir:. 
(/(•  J/c.i;.,18l4,  V.  1394-8;  llcniamlcz  >i  J)aml„s,C(jl.  I>o,:,\\.  lOtS-O;  y^/ifWo 
Dc'jafcx,  cong.  10,  ii.  ali)  '.\.  Tlic  insurgents  at  first  availed  themselves 
of  this  by  lilliug  Oajaea  and  other  districts  \\itii  copper  coin,  but  soon  tlic 
circulation  was  strictly  fcn'biddon.  For  further  observations  on  the  con- 
dition and  the  measures,  see  Corlc.-:,  JJiiirlo,  i.  pt  xii.  lO.'i,  etc.;  J/trii(tii'/'-.  i/ 
J)(ir(i/ofi,  Col.  /he,  V.  7-'l-,  744-7,  etc.;  the  representation  of  .\liad  y(Juei]i'i, 
L.-jbrmr,  and  of  IJodeg.a,  A'./^r^'-.'.,  1-1-J:  Cotic--<,  A't.  Ord.,  bS14,  ii.  'iciO.  '1  he 
n-ban  tax  was  at  iirst  e(pially  diviited  Ijctwecn  tenant  and  owner,  later  the 
owner  had  to  pay  8  per  cent.  Tlio  prosper.ius  and  peaceful  northei'n  ])r(jv- 
inees  now  can)e  more  prominently  forward  with  voluntary  eontriljutions, 
such  as  liorses.  In.stanees  in  (In-,  dv  .l^-.r. ,  1814,  v.  4l>-4,  .Si).')  et  se(i.,  KKiO. 
The  lottery  scheme  aimounee<l  in  Id.,  181."),  Decemher  numbers,  cmbiaeed  two 
drawings  anmially.  one  for  Mexico,  the  otiier  for  the  jirovinces  which  took 
two  thirds  of  the  tickets.  A  whole  ticket  cost  ^M\i.  Half  of  tiic  million 
and  a  half  was  returned  in  priiica. 


AITAir.S  IX  fTAIX. 


693 


iijiprovcd  ('oiiditioii  ofafiaii's  in  the  peninsula,  marked 
\ty  the  retui'ii  of  Fernando  All.,  under  whom  jirom- 
ised  to  blossom  anew  the  prosperity  .so  ho[)erully  eon- 
iiccted  with  a  brilliant  court.  The  victory  of  Vilo- 
ria  in  June  1813  signalized  the  end  of  French  sway 
in  Spain,  and  in  the  I'oUowing  September  the  new  reg- 
ular cortes  ele;'ted  under  the  constitution  of  1812  met 
luitrauunelled  by  Ibrei'jn  intimidation.'  l>ut  its  reiju 
was  not  to  last.  Under  the  pressure  of  accunuilating 
reverses  Xapoleon  sought  in  Fernando  VIE.  a  njean:-} 
Ibr  relief,  and  readily  prevailed  u[)on  the  imprisoned 
kiuijr  to  siLjn  a  treaty  which  restored  him  to  the  throno 
on  condition  that  the  ]"]nglish  should  leave  Spain. ^ 
Once  beyond  the  French  i'rontier,  which  he  crossed 
?.Iarch  2-d,  the  unreliable  monarch  cast  to  the  wind 
his  promises,  made  for  that  matter  without  consent 
from  the  ])opular  re[)resentatives  and  against  his  own 
firmer  declaration. 

]>y  this  time  the  servile  party,  or  absolutisrs,  had 
accpiired  sullicient  strength  to  ado[)t  a  decided  atti- 
tude against  the  constitution ;  and  joined  l)y  interested 
nobles  and  ecclesiastics  three  score  deputies  petitioned 
the  king  to  set  aside  the  cortes,  and  summon  another 
on  the  plan  i)rescribed  In'  the  ancient  monarchical  I'cgu- 
lations."     Nothing  could  please  Fernando  better;  and 

"The  cxtraonliutiry  sessions  of  the  preceding  body  clised  on  the  1  Itli  r.f 
Sept.,  Uio  speech  on  t!io  occasion  behi;,' ilclivered  hy  (iordiKi,  president  iuhI 
doputy  from  Zajateeus.  Text  in  Oar.,  dc  J/<.r. ,  1S14,  v.  L'u.j-IJ.  Tlio  yellow 
fever  app^'aiiiii,' at  Cadiz,  the  recent  hastened  on  the  following;  day  t )  Santa 
Maria.  This  step  caused  the  corto.s  to  1)C  sinnnioned  anew  to  determine  llio 
residence  for  the  government  and  the  meeting  place  for  the  new  as.;(  nildy. 
I'ever  ravages  hastened  the  end  of  the  session  l)eforcthe  question  was sel  tied. 
A  number  of  the  cxtraordiiiaiy  deputies  serve  1  as  suplences  in  tlie  nev,-  )j:>dy 
till  those  cleeted  in  America  Klioiiid  arrive.  The  formal  opening  tonic  place 
O'.'t.  1st,  at  (Tuliz,  ijiit  the  fear  of  fever  assisted  tliose  wholi)n;;eil  for  tile  cap- 
ital, niid  on  .Ian.  l."i,  ISl 4,  thi;  se«sioiis  were  resinned  at  M..iliid. 

"Til"  l''i'cncii  leaving  simallaneously.  An  annual  allowance  of  a  millioa 
nud  a  lialf  was  assigned  to  l'eniancl.)"s  parents.  The  regency  p'liuted  out  that 
hi:;  iiwn  act  of  Jan.  IS!  1  declarcil  null  any  eomenlion  si;;iieil  i)y  him  as  cap- 
tive, and  tlio  ci'irtes  issued  a  ratlicr  iuimiliating  order  deliiiiu;;  t!ii;  route  ami 
manner  of  entry  so  as  to  oblige  liim  to  taUe  tlie  oath  to  the  constitution  lie- 
f  ire  assuming  s  )Vereign  power.  Text  of  treaty  in  //<  runmli :  y  J)druii<,  Col. 
J>or.,  V.  oD.'i-tKH. 

"This  representation,  known  as  the  Persian  from  tlie  oponiiig  iihraso,  was 
dated  April  I'itii  and  lieadcd  liy  i'lernardo  Mozo  U'isalcs,  s.iiiic  of  the  f(jllow- 
iiig  01)  signatures  being  added  later  with  a  view  to  court  favor.     Text  with 


5:^G 


COXSTITUTIDXAL  CHAXGKS. 


riicou raided  l)y  the  r(.>installjiti()ii  of  llio  Boiirlxtu 
tlyuasiy  in  Franco,  and  tlio  \Aai  in  n-ccption  accjordcd 
li'nn  tliron^'liont  liis  jonrncv  IVom  tliu  northern  hordi.r 
to  Valencia,  lie  marched  boldly  to  the  capital,  dis- 
fsolved  the  c(3rtes,  arrested  the  regents,  hostile  (le[)U- 
ties,  and  other  dangerous  persons,^"  and  issued  a  decree 
dated  ^lay  4th"  I'cstoring  afl'airs  to  the  footing  held 
in  j\larch  1808,  and  declaring  all  intermediate  acts 
annulled.  On  the  Kith  he  made  his  formal  entry  into 
Madrid,  there  to  ailirm  his  ]>ositiou  by  a  .s\vee])ing 
.series  of  reforms  and  appointments,  with  a  distrilni- 
tion  of  oliices  and  honors  to  his  sup[>ortcrs,  among 
uhom  Americans  were  prominently  I'emembered,  and 
even  courted.-*-  '^J'he  country  submitted  to  the  new 
order,  yet  not  without  deep  indignation  in  certain 
quarters,  from  which  developed  a  number  of  j)lots  that 
served  oidy  to  l)ring  f\)rtli  severe  measures,  involving 
u  number  of  prominent  and  [)atriotic  men. 

Fernando's  liberation  and  entry  intt)  Spain  were 
welcomed  in  Miwico  on  June  lOth  and  followin'j-  davs 
with  solenm  and  im[)os'ng  celebrations,  especially  at 
the  feast-loving  ca})ital,'^  liut  even  there  the  news  itself 


mi 


siu'iici's  anil  rcfutition  in  /fi  riiaiKh  z  ;/  Diimlox,  CoJ.  Dor.,  v.  ?ri~-Ti?,'2.  Record 
t)i  jirocL'cdiiiij.s  in  tho  ci'ntijs  arc  given  in  ('urlf;*.  Ait.  (Iril.,  1814,  i.-ii. 

''TIiu  curies  hail  in  Oct.  ISK!  rccunstrncteit  t!ic  regency,  no  that  it  now 
oonsisteil  of  Canliiial  I^uin  do  ]jorl)on,  I'edro  A;,ar,  an  American,  and  (ia- 
l)riel  Ciscar,  holh  of  tho  navy.  Tiic  cardinal  waa  .sent  away,  but  his  eol- 
le;iL;ues  fared  worse.  Among  iin]irisoneil  .Mexican  drpntie.i  were  Arizpe, 
Manian,  ljarraz:ilial,  Teran,  and  Felin.  Tliesc  proceedings  took  jilacn  on  .May 
lOtli  and  1 1  til,  with  no  little  commotion.  Ari/.pu'd  wail  is  uttered  in  his  /A  ft 
GcH.  aribre  Comliic/'i,  4-10. 

"  Issncd  on  tlie  1 1th. 

'- rerc/,  deputy  for  ruehla,  .ind  last  president  of  the  cortcs,  received  tho 
mitre  of  that  S'!e.  ( Jordoa  and  llainirez  wt-re  apjiointcd  canons  of  (Inadala- 
jara,  and  IJiis  and  ]Mcndiola,  oidores  of  tlie  .same  place,  llosales  was  made  a 
count,  Lardiz:ilial,  minister  of  tlio  Indies,  and  so  fortli,  one  lowly  jierson,  v.lin 
had  merely  liroiight  a  pen  for  drafting  tlic  decree  of  May  4t]i,  being  raised  to 
councillor. 

'^  Orders  for  celebration  in  Ilcmmidtzji  Dii rnlox,  C'ltl.  Doc,  v.  .>H-"2.  Cos' 
counter  proclamation  in  JiL,  vi.  '2'27-S,  desi','nating  the  return  as  a  Freneii 
inti'igue  and  disastrous.  See  also  Pap.  ]'(ir.,  clviii.  pts  Iv.  lix.  Arcch?- 
derreta,  in  Ids  l)hirio  gives  details  of  this  minor  celeljration.  Ladies  dressed 
in  wliite  and  escorted  carried  round  the  portreit  of  the  king,  and  Indians  had 
their  seini-grolesnue  processions.  Zamacois,  llUt.  M(j.,  ix.  4'JD,  attributes 
yreuler  catluusiasm  tlian  really  appeared. 


ROYALIST  DISCOXTEXT. 


897 


nuisod  far  loss  entliusiasm  tliiin  it  would  liavo  done 
liall'a  dozen  years  hd'ore.  IJovaltv  had  lost  iirestiLro 
under  the  assiduous  inroads  of  re[)ul)liean  ideas,  and 
the  eharacter  and  mishaps  of  the  king  had  not  })i'e- 
seiited  themselves  in  alight  to  call  for  gi'eat  sympathy 
and  admiiation.  Suceeechnij;  news  did  lujt  tend  to 
improve  the  feeling. 

The  tone  in  the  despatches  from  Spain,  whidi 
remained  siispieiously  silent  with  regard  to  e(')rtes  or 
constitution,  totally  esea[)ed  the  otherwise  ohservant 
Calh'ja.  In  a  manifesto  of  June  he  held  out  the  pros- 
l)eet  of  fully  establishing  the  constitution,  and  hastened 
to  sunnnon  the  provincial  de[)utation  which  Mas 
installed  July  l^th,  with  a  very  inconi])lete  re[)rescn- 
tation,'*  owing  to  interrupted  elections  and  oiiu'r 
ohstacles.  Early  in  the  i'ollowing  month  ari'ived  tin) 
lamed  decree  of  ^[ay  4th.  The  oflicials  and  coi'poi-a- 
tions  wore  summoned  to  apraiso  sei'vice  at  the  cathe- 
dral August  10th,  and  there  Dean  IJeri'  *^ain  an- 
iiDunced  I'rom  the  pulpit  the  change  to  he  intr(xluced, 
now  attacking  sev('i-ely  ihe  same  constitution  wliidi 
he  hatl  more  than  once  im[tressively  upheld. ^'^  The 
usual  demonstrations  were  oi'dered  to  I'ollow,  hut  this 
time  the  peo[)le  lu.'kl  aloof,  sullen  and  ominously 
silent. 

A  largo  number  of  Europeans  observed  the  sam(3 
attitude,  esj)ecially  the  mereliants,  and  above  all  those 
of  Vera  Cruz;  so  nuich  so  that  the  viceroy  and  com- 
mandants took  precautions  against  a  possible  out- 
break.     Then,  in  order  to  distract  attention,  prejiara- 

"  l'".ml)fai'in^  the  vicfT'^iy  us  gcfo  poli'tiuo,  Iiiteiick'iito  (iuticrrcz  del  .Mazo 
(if  Mi'xioo;  Uio  canon  An'jil  (iazauo  ami  J.  ]5.  Lolio,  trader  of  Vcia  L'niz, 
il 'putifs  iur  Moxici);  (Jarcia  Ilhu'i-a,  .suplonto  for  Mexico;  Cul  Acclnvio  fur 
(.•loi'rtaro;  Licciitiato  Daza,  for  'I'lascala.  Rrpoit  witli  reasons  i;i  (.''':.  </'' 
.'/...'.,  1814,  V.  7!).'!-l.  Canou  \'azi|Ufz  joined  a  fortaiu'lit  later,  for  I'urlila. 
i;ales,  etc.,  ill  IlLniundfj,  y  JjucuIok,  L'ul.  Due,  v.  .")7o->';  J/i.'.,  V'd.  I'n.i) 
(->ri/.,  11(!. 

' '  liii.stanianto  attacks  the  dean  as  'el  I'lr'jrano  de  la  in.w  \  il  adnlaeion,'  and 
ri'produeea  one  of  the  pasipun;ides  a;.;ainst  him.  ('na/.  //'■■'.,  iii.  l;il  .').  'I'lio 
d  eieo  id  i:i\cn  in  Jlmi  iiit/i-:  1/  D.iriln",  t'ol.  hur.,  v.  (iO.'J;  UwhmU'x  S/mu. 
M'.r.  Lnir,  ',\:)S;  aiiil  ,-ni  aecount  of  tiie  euleljratiijn  on  .Vu^'iist  lUlli  in  (/:(.,  de 
J/cx.,  1814,  V.  Uo'JAiO. 


r   > 


'    i'- 


5P8 


COXSTITUTIOXAL  CIIAXOES. 


tii'iis  wrYo  iiiadt^  to  foi'iimlly  e(.'lel)ratc  tlio  arrcssion  nf 
till'  kiii,!j;',  as  soon  as  tlio  rainy  seasnn  Iwul  passed,  witli 
a  j>rol(jn;^'e(l  series  of  solemn  processions  and  masses 
l)y  different  pii1)li(3  bodies,  followed  l)y  bull  1i;j,'bts, 
l<an<piuts,  iireworks,  illuniinations,  balls,  and  oilur 
jicri'ormanoes,  und  this  in  every  town  and  setllenuiit 
tiiroUL;liorit  the  country,  in  ;i  manner  that  diel  much 
to  cast  a  wil  o\-er  the  less  acce]){able  featui'es  of  tlie 
oeea'-ion/'^  The  army  was  ilattcred  by  Callcja  in  a 
^;j>e(•ial  appeal,  and  reininded  tliat  the  constitution, 
wliicli  ln'  now  termed  illusive,  would  have  de[)rivi'd 
it  (pf  clu-rished  ])i'iviIeL;'es.  J']lforts  were  l)esides  nuule 
to  keep  the  .soldiers  in  good  humor  by  the  enfoi'ce- 
i:ient  of  diOu'rent  measures  for  their  cond'ort  an«l 
v.eal.^'  Xor  was  Calleja  himself  ovcrl<x)hed.  J  le 
recei\'(.'d  tlie  .ipproval  of  the  king,  with  ])romotion  to 
tlie  I'ank  of  lieutenant-ixoneral. 

jn  ordii'  to  soften  the  blow  the  king  had  issued  a 
dierce  of  May  124th,  manifesting  his  interest  in  the  jieo- 
p!(',  promising  to  I'emedy  grievances,  and  holding  out 
tliu  j)ros|»ect  of  convoking  new  curtes  wherein  Amer- 
ii'a  should  receive  due  representation.-^'*  Althougli  this 
remained  a  dead  letter,  the  Creoles  were  somewhat 
consoled  to  lind  fi\e  among  them  given  ])laces  in  the 
]'estorcd  council  of  the  Intlies,^'  and  Indians   received 

"'  A  progrnnimo  of  icloljrations  .it  Mexico,  rxtomling  from  Dec.  8th  till 
Jnn.  Ttli,  iigivruiii  /(/.,  KUt,  ;niil  floscriptioiij  of  special  ceromouics  [ijipcar 
i:i  following  iiuiiibeis.  Mttlalii  v.crc  slrueh  to  coinincinorato  t!io  iuciileiit. 
Iturliiilc  gave  at  Irapuato  a  sluun  haitli  to  represent  Caileja'd  vie'.ory  at 
Cakkron.  Id.,  ISl.j,  vi.  102-(),  .'iSS-'JD,  ccc;  ynjiT'o,  Mtx.  Srj'o  XIX.,  vi. 
471-8;  <  'urtC'^,  Ai'!a  itnl.,  ISl  t,  ii.  Is7.  TJiirin  ,'  the  festivities  a  rare  plienoiu- 
onou  took  place  ii  a  fall  of  mww  on  Dee.  'JGili,  four  ineliea  iu  t!!iel;nc.>.s.  I'lio 
piiiclon  cek.'liratioii  of  the  conrpicst  '.ras  i'env.'\veil,  and  Carlos  IV.  and  lii-J 
reviled  consort  icccived  again,  honor.^  on  tlie'r  .saints'  ikiys. 

''  Proclamation  in  Gu'.  <h'  Mf.r.,  1SII-,  v  10. ),)-!!.  Uecrecs  for  ari;'V  in 
Fi  rimiiilo  VII.,  Derrilo',  4-.5,  0-'J2,  G,'>-7,  and  liov,-  ap^)lied.  l'u,i.  V-ir., 
clviii.  ptxxxiii.  !)!)i-8;  Uii-cro,  M/'.c,  UU'i,  l."d. 

^'Guz.  dc  Mc.i:,  1814,  v.  10J')-7.  Tlie  ons.itution  of  ISIJ  and  the  o'lrte^ 
arc  here  termed  illegal  and  uuautliorizod,  and  aiming  t)  iinderinine  mon- 
archy, religion,  and  welfare.  'Do  la  pro'dnia  con\fK;aeion  de  las  (.'(J;tcs.  .  .-o 
OLiipa  una  coniisinn.'  Five  da.ys  later  appeared  a  decree  eoimtcrmanding  the 
departure  of  any  depntics. 

''■•  Including  Oidor  ,Mor<picra  y  Figueron.  late  regent  of  Xcw  Spain,  Oidor 
Dodcga  of  ^lexico,  a  Peruvian  l>y  Iiirth,  and  the  ( iuatiMnalim  Alcini;aa.  'I'lie 
]\le\ican  L;irdi:'„d)al  y  UriUe,  brot'icr  of  t!ie  niialster,  was  replaced  iu  i  lio 
restored  council  of  Castile.  /(/.,  li2l7--0,  etc. 


KADICAL  MKA.^UIIKS. 


600 


o\<Mnj-)tI<>i)  fi'om  till'  liuiiiili;ilini4"  tribute.  TIio  people 
v.rrr  turtlier  liilk'd  for  a  nioinciit  by  ;i decree  to  rfiiew 
nmnicipal  authorities  iu  lai'gcr  towns  as  iiiilieat('(l  l)y 
t!ie  lato  eoiistitution;  !)ut  just  as  olectious  bo^'an, 
V.  itli  the  usual  ovei'uhL'liuiuL;'  defeat  of  Sjiauiards,  a 
iK'W  deeree  ordered  the  in.stahiient  of  the  old  perpet- 
ual avuutauiieutos.^' 


Tlieu  came  a  lari^rer  dose  of  I'adical  measures,  o 


u- 


(•  'Ura'^'iMl    I»y   the   ealuier   beat    of   the    ])ublie   pulse 
The  audieneias  of  ]\[exieo  and   Guadalajara  ^vere  re- 


liistated    in   a 


11  th 


leu'  lornier  iirivile'jfes,  au( 


1 


d 


lIR'it 


(Ml 


I'V  loii'>'  abstinence  i'roni  tlu'ir  fat  eonunissions  the 
(iidores  did  not  wait  for  formal  orders  to  i)ounce  upon 
Ihi!  spoils.-^  So  also  with  the  lou'^-deposed  special 
liibuuals,   correu'idores,   and    sub-deleu'ates,    toL''ether 


v>  Hn 


th 


dl 


le  trauows  an 


d  wh 


ui)])uiLr- 


'Pl 


pos 


t.^'     Further,  tin 


dread  imjuisition  was  restored,  and  the  inhabitants 
fMion  obtained  a  reminder  thereof  in  a  circular  coni- 
mandiu'^  them  under  [)enalty  to  appear  and  denounce 
llicnsclves  and  others  for  utterances  a-jainst  rel 


i''iun 


aiK 


the  1 


lolv  O 


ffict 


2J 


The  elfect  of  Fernando's  I'cforms  was  evidentlv  to 
i;icreaso    the    strength   and    bitterness   of   the   }>arty 
hich  had  so  far  been  a])i)eased  with  tlic  ])ros[)ect  of 


a  lii)eral  constitution,  conferriuLT  local  sell 


'•ovcrn 


ment 


and  a  voice  in  national  aifairs.  The  taste  of  theso 
pi'ivilegcs  had  whetted  the  appetite,  and  tli(.'  only 
means  for  satisfying*-  it  were  now  held  I'orth  by  tho  iu- 
sui'L>'ents.    The  latter  naturallv  felt  iubilant  at  the  tone 

-"Decrees  witli  re;,ailiitii)n-t  in  G'lr..  dc  JIc.c,  ISlt,  v.  11  H-  I,  I.'JS;).  ct';. 
AivcIicik'iTi'tii  spoalis  ill  his  JJl  irlo  of  tlio  uaual  clcftiua  tuiiuills.  /'(iji.  I'ar., 
c!\iii.  pt  Ivi.  4-8. 


()  ]ir(jiniiu;nt  luoinli'i 


a 


1'  ^.tlV!3  O 


0X10:1,  !ll.( 


f  M 

followeil  them. 


I  AiuUtoi-  1' 
In 


Ji 


ilifd,  the  TC'i'iit,  Doctor  ("'aMo 
il.i;  the  rich  uiul  gi'ucioiio  (.'mu 


.So  cmpjiia  111  (lo^vail.'ir  y  cnvileci 


faiuanto  l>iLtorly.   din 


y 


Tl 


ilicial 
il. 


systoin  was  um 


I.  //; 

iuhI 


I X] 


IT  a  1: 


I  cspcc'iL-  luiniaim,'  luvci^'hs  ]!;i 
"  "i.iliin  '  the  o 


M 


I.  xico  on 


o  (lecifo  I'l.'i' 
Dee.  LVih.   Ga. 


l.l 


'Ivliet  of   ItiMuisitdr  Fhrns  dated  .Tan.  '21,   ISi; 


1 


I. 'I  1,   V. 


vi.  s:i-(i, 


is  (itiieial  wasi  the  onlv  oiu;  ulio 


had 


remained  ia 


,M> 


'J  !io  elleets  of 


t!i  •  triliunal  Jiad  liy  tins  time  liecii  nearly  all  sold,     t'niifcssijrs  \w\a  jier- 
initiedto  alisolve  li,:,'lit  olTeiiee-s.     Even  the  \.\i>\\a  IJustaniaute   \enUircd  to 


lim  aLTaiust  tlii.j  restoiatiou 


dla  I 


aij  fin'orcj.'  Cuuil.  lI'tM.,  i;i.  lU'J, 


!'  > 


■■! 


tl 


ini 


coo 


CONSTITUTIONAL  CHANG  ES. 


thus  imparted  to  their  totterint;  cause,  and  liastencd 
ti»  su|)|i()rt  it  hy  a  series  of  ajipeals  to  l']uro[)eaii  set- 
tlers, |)ul)li(;  hodies,  aiiil  tlie  people  at  lai'^'e,  whereia 
they  contrasted  the  renewal  of  colonial  di>sj)(»tlsni 
with  the  benefits  to  bo  enjoyed  under  independent 
rcpuhlican  rule."* 

J  Jut  what  availed  the  arjjfunienis  of*  a  partv  broken 
in  ])(t\ver  and  ]»restiL,''e,  existin;^  ou\y  in  scattered 
j^'Ueirllla  bands  and  hunted  fuijjitives,  and  this  ai^'ainst 
an  able  and  dfterniined  man  like  Callcja,  with  de- 
voted and  victorious  armies  at  his  dis[)osal;  lie  was, 
besides,  pushiiiL,^  the  advantage  alreatly  gained  by  in- 
timidatin<j^  the  waverini,^  with  decree's  to  .shoot  all  who 
appeared  in  arms,  anil  to  confiscate  ])roperty,  eviMi  of 
those  who  merely  passed  into  districts  occupied  by 
insuru^cnts.-''  On  tlie  other  hand  he  kept  open  the 
liberal  oiler  of  pard<jn,  issued  in  counnemoration  of 
the  kini4''s  return,  to  all  who  tendered  submission. 
Kvvn  ]Morc-los  and  other  leadei's  were  included,  on 
condition  however  of  their  leavini^  the  country.-" 
This  combined  .strictness  and  hniiencv  had  ureat 
etl'ect,  and  the  insurL^(.'iits  saw  with  apprehension  one 
_L;'roup  of  adherents  after  another  dro[)pii!<^'  oil',  with  a 
corres[»ondinL>'  decline  in  their  resources.'-' 

-'Olio  by  ]l:iyon,  dniftod  liy  llio  fli^Iity  Bustamaiitc,  was  sont  to  tlic  cii- 
sulailo  uf  Mexico,  wliii'h  iiatuially  t'caivil  to  roueive  it.  Scut  to  the  viconiy, 
ho  caiisod  it  to  bo  publicly  bunud.  Cos,  Torres,  ami  others  also  ti^uicl 
with  tho  pen;  the  Imincr  poiuUni;  out  tiiat  the  iiisurgciitH  must  under  t!io 
now  a.'j[icct  bo  rcgardetl  atj  loss  rebellious  than  their  oiiimnonts,  ulio  h:id 
.supported  illegal  Ciirtes  against  the  king.  Dustaniante  addressed  two  pri- 
vate letters  to  the  viceroy,  advising  him  to  enter  into  iit%'otiatiou3  w'lAi 
Itayou  anil  save  his  person,  for  tho  Lr.ited  .States  were  about  to  join  and  give 
victory  to  the  insurgents.  'J'lieso  dillerent  documents  may  bo  consulted  i;i 
//rriifuiil'Z!/  J>'U-alo.'<,  Col.  Doc,  v.  GlO-i:!,  70i-'.  vi.  'J15-l(i,' 'J;i,".-7,  etc.;  /;■>•- 
tamuiilc,  CiKuL  Jlist.,  iii.  G2  et  scq.;  MendLh'd,  licmiiieii  Jli-it.,  ot)7— lUl; 
.^c/tY(/«,  Hcv.  Mcx.,  ."il'J-lT. 

■■^■•(.'az.  dii  M,x.,  1814,  v.  l.'?4,j-8,  GSl-4,  737-9. 

'^"Texc  in  /./.,  (iSl-4.  It  was  at  first  limited  to  .30  d.ays.  All  intcreonrso 
with  rebels  was  strictly  prohibited.  J)i.'ijio.<.  \'(iri'f,-<,  [i.  \'J.  See  also /'< /v/f'//- 
(/()  I'll.,  JJi'rri/ny,  S-S,  ].-)-l(i.  Appeals  were  also  made  direct  to  insuru'ents, 
llcrniiHdiZ  y  Ddrtdo'i,  Col.  Dor.,  v.  .-jIS-,");),  niili-l),  and  rejected  by  Kayim, 
etc.  Id.,  (i74;  Najrele,  Mtx.,  Si'/lo  X/X.,  vi.  olO,  47S,  ot  seep;  Coric,  Ac/. 
Ord.,  1SI4,  ii.  do. 

''Among  the  pardoned  were  Doctor  ^laldonado,  who  in  lliilalgo's  time 
jiublished  at  Oundalajara  the  /)( sjicr'wf o);  nnd  now  issued  tho  '!'■  !■  <ir(i/"  6 
HenMiiurio  Patridtico.     Commeuts  on  the  growing  coiiciliatiuu  in  I'lzanv,  lie- 


A  \i:\V  COXSTITUTIOX. 


COl 


Their  iiio.-^t  iiiij)rf->i\(>  clloi't    to  stein  llie  (ide  wns 

tlie   issue  e['  ;i  I'eplllilienil  eell^t  it  utiell,   wliirli    ("illie  ilS 

ii  wt'i'e  to  I'eplaco  till'  one  Jiisl,  witlidrauii  l>y  tlu;  my- 
;ili>ls.  J(,  was  tli(3  iiTeat  work  lor  which  the  couhtoss 
had  heeii  fonued  hy  ^[orelos,  wi'ollL>-ht  amidst  |)eTS(,'CU- 
tioii  and  svaiideriiiu'.  Sinci;  its  tliiiiit  into  Miclioaeaii 
the  asseinhly  had  llitted  IVoiii  one  place  to  another,-'* 
attended  hy  a  I'aif^'cd  and  nhnost  iu:arim'<l  escoi't  of 
lour  sc(jre  men,  and  suilerinn'  pi'ivatioiisijf  cveiy  kind, 
of  which  hiui'-cr  was  not  the  least.-''  Yd  mislortuiio 
taught  no  lesson  of  humility  uiiil  prudence.  The  bent 
lor  poiii[)  was  not  restraineil,  nor  the  clashing  of  jeal- 
ousy and  ()l.)stinacy  which  threatened  what  little  in- 
Ihieiice  still  remained  to  the  bodv.'"^ 

Apatzingan,  a  small  town  in  the  western  pai't  of 
]\Iiehoacan,  was  selected  on  account  of  its  seclusion 
I'or  the  important  task  of  issuing  the  constitution,  and 
ere  it  was  signed  (.)ctoher  22d  by  eleven  c»f  the  de[)- 
uties,  and  proclaimed  with  all  the  demonstraticjn  that 
could  be  evoked  from  a  small  po[)ulation,  fringed  by 
the  ragged  army  of  five  hundred  men  brought  in  by 
]\ror(!los  and  Cos.  The  document  o[)ens  characteristi- 
cally with  the  declaration  that  the  Itonian  catholic 
shall  be  the  sole  religion.  Sovereignty  is  vested  in  a 
cuiigi'ess  elected  by  the  peo[)le  by  indirect  ballot,  and 
consisting  of  one  dejiuty  from  each  of  seventeen  [)rov- 
iiices  now  formed.  This  Ijod}'  elects  the  nunubers  of 
the  other  two  [»owers,  the  supreme  government  and 
supreme  court  of  justice,  together  with  a  residencia 
1iil.)imal  ibr  trviiig  charges  against  all  the  sui)renie 
otlicials.  The  executive  shall  consist  of  three  mem- 
bers, equal  in  authority,  alternating  in  the  presidency 


^w.,  1-11;  Pap.   I'fr.,  ccxv.  pt  vi.,  ami   Torraifr,  I?ri\,n.   100-10.     Yet  a 

luinilifr  of  persons  ■\vcro  left  to  Iiiii"ui.-li  ia  prison.  lu.staiiL'o  J^orcnzo 'Lw'^a- 
Mila,  later  luitlior  of  l\ci>'urioii('!<  iti'.  JI'  .c!  o. 

-^  From  Uniapaii  to  the  liacicmlas  Santa  I'^ligonia,  I'lUuro,  anil  Tiricitio, 
mill  fuially  to  Apatr.in;_':ui. 

■^'J  here  was  rarely  any  money  in  the  treasury.  Tlic  ilcpntic  s  had  to  share 
the  rations  of  the  soldiers. 

"' -V  manifesto  was  issued  at 'I'iripiiio  on  .Tunc  l.-t!i  to  refute  t!ie  charge 
of  discord.    Ucrnaiakzy  Uuvuius,  Col.  JJuc,  v.  r)4;)-4. 


C02 


C0XSTITU7'I0X AL  CIIAXG ES. 


cvorv  fiiur  inontlis,  and  lioldinix  office  (or  tlireo  vcaiv. 
Tlioy  arc  to  be  assisted  by  throe  secretaries,  lor  war, 
iinaiico,  and  goveriuneiit,  and  in  the  }»rovinces  ]>y  iii- 
Icndentes,  appointed  for  tliree  years,  and  presiding' 
over  the  iinaneial  l)oard,s  whicli  form  l)ranches  of" an  in- 
tendeneia  general  at  the  capitab  A(hninistration  of 
justice  is  to  centre  in  a  supreme  court  of  iive  judge-;, 
chosen  Hke  the  executive,  and  retiring  gradually  within 


liv 


e  yeai's. 


So  L 


)ng  as  any  jjrovnice  is  occupu 


dl 


)V 


tlio  enemy,  existing  deputies  sehjcta  suplcnte  to  re[)i'e- 

established,  a  h)rnially  elected 


sent  it. 
coiiixress  s 


eace  onco 
assu 


hall 


e 


tlie  sovereignty  and  adept  tl 


IW: 


])rcsent  or  a  new  constitution,  nnd  cstablisli  tlie  I; 
local  governments,  and  other  features  so  I'ar  left  un- 
changed. The  ])resent  imperfect  document  was 
intended  tlierefore  only  as  |)ro\  isional.  Following  tlie 
Fren<-h  ideas  enunciated  in  the  opening,  we  iiiid  the 
regulations  proper  to  be  chielly  modilications  of  the 
S[)anisli  constitution,  with  a  s[)rinkling  of  features 
from  colonial  laws.^^ 


i. 


^' As  inti:iiato(l  in  a  mnnifist  of  the  t'0!i;.;ross  to  tlio  Tirition,  of  Oot.  SIlil. 
Jl  rnauih-.  ij  J Jarukis,  Vol  J>0'.,  v.  7-0-.S.  For  yrciiter  s.'itistV.ctiou  I  aiM  a 
more  colli; '"to  .^lynopoin  of  the  (locuiiRuit.  lb  cmisists  of  two  jiarts:  priini- 
j'los  ami  f Tin  of  g  jvurumtMit.  coinpruhiL;  (J  and  '11  fhaptcM's  iv3|i(>i!tivoly,  t'lo 
M'liolc  iliviilcil  into  '1\1  artick's.  I'ho  lir.-it  article  (U'clart's  tlio  llonuin  I'atiio- 
lic  tlio  t^olc  ivliyioa.  Tlio  f^iUowi'il  cli.-iptiM-H  of  the  Wv^t  p!Mt,  dwell  on  suver- 
eigiitj'  and  Cn'.'.ality.  .Mcxii.m  Anieiica  is  divided  into  17  insi'paralile 
proviueos:  Mexico,  i'lulila,  Tlascala,  Vera.  Cruz,  Yucatan,  Oajaca,  Tccp^oi, 
Michoacan,  Qiieretaro,  (  uadala  jara,  (Iiianajiiato,  Poto.^i,  Zacatecas,  Duraii;;  i, 
Sonoia,  Coaliiiila,  and  XiU'vo  lleyno  do  J^t'on,  Tlio  Koverei.unty  of  the  puoplj 
ii  vested  ill  the  representative  supremo  ^lexiean  eoii;,'ivss,  besiilea  wliieli  n;e 
created  two  liodie^,  the  r;:ipreiiic  goveniuient  aii;l  the  snprein'j  tiiijanai  :  f 
justice,  all  to  reside  in  one  place,  but  in  seiviratc  pidaces  and  with  ispeci.d 
guard  >!. 

Thi'  congress  shall  e, insist  of  oiio  -.lepnty  from  each  pr>)vinec,  elccled  f^r 
two  yer.rs.  Deputies  must  Ivj  ;};)  %ear3  of  a'.;e;  no  two  clos(3  relatives  can  sit 
at  the  same  time.  Their  election  is  indirect.  lOvery  persnii  above  tlio  ;iL.'e 
of  is  bora  in  the  country,  aiul  natural i;'.e(l  foreigners,  vote  for  ek'ctois,  one 
for  eacli  pari  dl.  These  unite  to  choose  partido  electors,  who  again  meet  to 
'  '  'ct  iiie  ileputy,  eaeli  \oter  in  botii  eases  d  positing  a  ticket  witli  three  iioiii- 
i!iees,  tile  majority  of  vot'-s  deciding.  AVhilo  thi-  provinceaarc  occupied  by  the 
enemy,  existing  dejiuties  choose  sujilenti's  for  them.  The  congress  is  to  have 
a  jire-iilent  aiivl  vice-presiilent,  selected  every  three  iinuiths  by  lot.  'J'he 
b  idy  is  entitle  1  majesty,  an<l  each  deputy  ('xcellency.  Tlio  congress  elects 
the  members  of  tliesupvemo  govermnent,  sii|)r.  .uo  court  of  jusiice,  resid(>n  ia 
fribu'i:"!.  etc.,  apiioints  envoys,  chooses  generals  of  division  from  a  trio  nouii- 
uaiid  iiy  llic  governnient,  decrees  laws,  suliject  to  eriticisms  from  government 
and  su|.remo  court,  fixes  taxation,  etc. 


rROVISIOX;>  OF  XriE  DOCUMENT. 


COS 


The  consiitutii'ii  wns  ;it  oiico  L;'iv(ii  cOVvt  l>y  tlio 
clfctidn  of  tii<^  I'XrcutixT  in  lii;'  |tcrs'iiis  of  J^iccn^";!, 
^Jorclos,  aiul  (  \)s,  the  lirst-naiiu'd   NvinniiiL;'  the  pre.->i- 


'l"lu'  sdpreiiic  ,[,'(ivrnitinMit  sli;ill  consist  of  three  persons,  ef|iial  in  .'inllidiity, 
and  aUcriiatin;^  e'Very  lour  niontii.iin  the  ]iro.-iileneY  as  deeiiUil  hy  lot  on  liist 
assuniiUL,' cliici,'.  'J'hu  coiigiv-s  ('k'ct:^  in  s.crct  session  nine  noniini;es,  froin 
;v!ioiii  tlic  de])uti('-i  clioosc  tiy  l)al!ot  the  three  nilers.  (Jno  of  tlieni  retiies 
e\  cry  year,  by  lot  drawn  in  coni^'icss.  'J'hcre  shall  he  threo  Kccrctai'ics  of  war, 
ticasiiry,  and  ,i,'i)vernnient,  lioldmu'  ollici:  f!>r  four  years.  Jtcelection  eaniiot 
t^:Uc  place  liofoie  the  lapse  of  an  interniediato  term.  The  snprcnie  govern- 
liCiit  id  entille<l  higljness,  the  ruler  excclleney,  and  the  sccivt.'iry  seiiona. 
'J  !ie  jrovei'nnieiit  has  the  power  to  or;.'ani<!0  and  move  arndes  and  appoint  to  ;i 
iiiimlicrof  military  and  civil  olliccs,  etc.  National  funds  to  ho  administered 
\';  an  iuicudcncia  j,'eneral,  eonsistin,!;  of  an  iiitcndento  j.;eueral,  a  tiscal,  an 
!i-es(ii',  two  miiiistros,  iind  a  secretary.  Similar  hoards  are  to  he  foi'med  in 
e:ich  piovince,  headed  hy  the  intcndeute  of  the  province,  who  hohls  oliice  for 
turci  years,  liUi;  ti'"  inli  ndcnie  general. 

Tlie  iCiprcmo  ti'iimnal  of  justice  shall  consist  for  the  ]iresent  of  live  judi,'es 
elected  lilco  the,  executive,  who  alleiuate  i:i  the  pi'csidcncy  c\iiy  llirio 
inoutlis,  ;;nd  retire  hy  lot,  two  with  tiie  lii'st.  year,  two  \\ii!i  llic  second,  and 
the  tilth  with  t!ie  third  year.  Tliere  shall  he  ;i  tiscal  for  civil  and  erinunal 
cases  respectively,  with  the  title  of  seuoria,  the  judi^'es  heini,'  called  excel- 
lencies and  the  court  highness.  The  government  shall  a]>point  judges  for 
jiartido!  for  tlu'cc;  years,  till  popular  electiona  can  ho  held.  These  jml^es 
wield  the  same  judicial  power  as  tlio  t'oi-nier  suljdelerales.  In  towns  and 
viilig'cs  existing  governments  shall  remain  till  tiie  eongres.s  lind>  (ipportunity 
to  change  the  .system.  The  government  has  to  r.ppoint  ecclesi:i.stic  judges  to 
try  ecclesiastics  in  the  first  instance.  .\  residciicia  trihniial  of  sjcven  judges 
fihall  ho  chosen  hy  lot,  hy  the  congress,  from  the  candid. ifes  selccged  liy 
provincial  electors,  one  for  each  province;  an  I  its  duty  t*ha!l  he  to  decide 
charges  against  luemhers  of  congress,  govermueiit,  and  Kupreme  court. 

The  congress  .shall  form  wilhiu  a  year  after  the  next  installaiiiDi  of  guv- 
( rnment,  a  plan  for  a  re])resentation  h.iscd  on  population  and  suited  to  the 
latest  change  of  circumstances.  As  sooii  as  all  the  provinecd  save  N'neatan, 
Sonora,  I'oahuila,  and  Nnevo  Leon  arc  free  from  foes,  the  povei'nnient  r.iust 
c'UNoke  the  national  represent'iiiou  in  acconlauce  with  that  plan,  and  into 
iis  hands  the  congress  .^liall  surrender  the  soveieign  power.  The  present 
eoustilution  remain;)  in  force  tid  this  new  hody  fiami^s  another. 

']'o  this  document,  dated  October  '22,  ISI  t,  are  attaithed  the  signatures  of 
l.ieeagi,  deputy  for  (luanajuato  and  presiilent,  X'erdusco,  deputy  l^>r  Mi  Ima- 
c;ni,  .Morelos  for  Nuevo  L  on,  llerrcr.i  for  Tee]ian,  Cos  for  /aeateea.s,  Soter  > 
lie  Castafieda  for  iJurungo,  tJrli/.  do  Z:irafe  for  Th;scala,  Alderete  y  Soria  for 
(jhierelaro,  Antonio  .lose  .M.jnte;nim.i  for  I'oah  ula,  rouee  de  Leon  lor  Sonoivt, 
Ari.'andar  for  San  Luis  l'olosi,an  1  secretaries  Vaiva and  licrnico.  lt,ii  addeil 
that  llayon,  Crespo,  (^tuintaua,  IJustamante,  a\.d  Sesina  were  .ahsi'iit,  hat  had 
eontrihuicd  their  views.  1'he  supreme  <civermneut  connt.er.u;,';i;i  o!\  Oct. 
'JIth,  in  the  jiersons  of  l^ieea'_';i,  as  pre.;ident,  Morelo;  and  Cos,  and  N'ar/a,  .h 
Hccretary.  Text  in  J/muiiKli z  //  l)i{fitli).i,  Co'.  J)or.,  \,  7i).> -'-!•;  .'.''.r.,  /  .  •. 
( 'o./s/.V.  Ajiatr.i.iijiiii.  ImprentaNui'ional,  a  no  IS  1.1,  I'Jmo,  1  S:<,  (uu"  of  I  lie  rai'o 
early  special  issues  of  the  conslitution.  J  iii'i'iiii  y /.'r.diio,  Lfi,  '/.  ,<.  i.  'Ii'T - 
51;  /}nrc/i:>  /iilcrii.  Mi.r.,  ]it  iii.  IT'  'X<.  r>as;amante  idso  reproduces  it  iu 
liis  Cuml.  //itf.,  iii.  1.')7->S'.»;  JJif.  /wi'c.ap.  i.  •J.'il-:i_';  /'(/c.  /.;.•.  (Ao/,,  i. 
riJl-10;  Araiijo  y  Snii  J'oDitiii,  Iiiijui'j.,  I'ap.  \'(ir.,  Ixvi.  jt  \-. ;  Mi.t\  J>ir. 
C<)i>ii''il.,  1  (jS,  in  i'onxiit.,\\.',  A'ly/v.'c,  ,1/i.v.  .V./'o  XIX.,  \  i.  .'il'!  'n"i,  with 
synopsis  ill  .l/ft/zirt//,  Miudihii,  cti-.  ,M(U'elo:i  states  that  the  franuiM  of  lln; 
(I  oeu.  in  lit  wore  t,|iiiiitana,  Ihistaniante,  ami  lle;rer;i,  Ihrhn- fiin,  '_' h  luit 
Lasi.unante  certainly  could  not  claim  the  sliare.      Wiih  regard  to  the  prov- 


«1 


604 


CONSTITUTIONAL  CHANGES. 


tlciicy,  with  Yarza  as  scerotaiT  of  government,  and 
the  formation  of  the  supremo  (!ourt,  which  was 
installed  at  Ario  a  lew  days  later,  under  the  prcsi- 
denev  of  Arriola,  with  additional  festivities.^"  Tlw, 
nmnhcr  of  deputies  was  completed,  and  a  medal 
struck  to  conunemorate  the  installation.^^  Curas 
were  instructed  wherever  practicable  to  read  the 
constitution  and  ha\e  it  solenndy  adopted  by  their 
flocks,  under  i)enaltv  of  chastisement.  The  royalists 
made  counter-threats  to  i)revent  compliance,  and 
ordered  the  collection  and  burniuL;'  of  all  cojmcs  of  the 
constitution  and  other  documents  circulated  by  iusur- 


y%^\ 


r.v 


l^ 


'Ia-AMERICA."^^ 
MEXICANA. 

-     .D.18I4. 


i  i! 


nfi: 


-V'\ 


MkDAI.  or  AVATZINiiAX   CuNCr.CMS. 

iiicra  it  is  to  lie  noted  tiiat  Vera  Criiz  com  prised  Taliusco,  San  T.iii.j  PotoM' in- 
cluded'J'aiiiaiilipa^i  or  Xiievo  Saiitamlrr,  and  Soiiora- covered  Sinaloa.  'i  !ij 
rules  ;iOvei'iiiii;^  eon^re^s.  elections,  au'.l  several  other  l'eaturi'3  arc  adoi.'.i  I 
from  the  .Spanish  constitution,  uhile  tiio  linaneial  and  residencia  sy.stenus  aie 
niainiy  derived  tnjni  tlio  colunial  laws. 

^--Vt  an  expense  of  SS,iR)0.  't'antidad  cxcesivn,  y  (jue  deliiij  eeonoaii- 
zarse,'  observes  liusLaniante.  Cinul.  l/isf..,  iii.  llDI-S.  .More'os,  he  ad  Is, 
danced  foi-  joy  that  d'y,  displaying  a  glitterin;^'  unit'oriii  anvl  endiracin,'  <:\\:yy- 
l)iidy.  'I'lio  olhi  r  jud,_fe.i  v.ere  I'onco,  Maitine.^,  and  Castro.  A  letter  Irnu 
Anteipieiii  eoM][ilaiMS  of  the  cost  of  typo  for  printing,  two  to  (lire;i  pc.si':i  ,v 
pound,  and  tiio  diUieulty  of  obtaining  it.  Ihniuinh:.  y  JJunilus,  Cvt.  J-ar., 
v.  -J-.S-U. 

'"  The  enihleins  on  the  balance  beam  surmounting  the  temple,  a  pen,  stall', 
and  sword,  MymboliiJo  the  legislative,  executive,  and  judicial  powers,  respec- 
tivc.y. 


I :  ;i ; 


»,\t. 


AMERICAN  SUPPORT. 


C05 


u'oiits,  a  term  now  i'lnually  chann'od  to  rehcls,  while 
loyalist  siipportei's  were  to  be  called  realistos  Jielcs.'^^ 
I'urtlier,  local  authorities  were  recjuired  to  serid  in  a 
disavowal  of  the  insurgent  deputies  who  claimed  to 
iL'[)resent  them,  which  resulted  in  a  stream  oi"  })ro- 
I'essed  adhesions  from  all  ]>arts  of  the  countiy;  and 
(hurchmen  were  strictly  hidden  to  combat  the  consti- 
tution. The  main  argument  was  based  on  the  false 
(  hargc  that  it  Ibstei'cd  tolerance  and  heresy,  and  on 
this  ground  the  inquisition  alsc^  joined  in  tlie  tirade, 
(li'claring  exconnnunicated  even  those  who  merely 
licld  the  document  in  possession  or  failed  to  denounce 
other  holders.  Orders  so  extreme  could  only  serve 
to  lower  the  influence  of  the  framers  from  their  neces- 
sarily wide-s[)rea(l  i'ailure  to  vecei\'e  eHect.'"' 

Whatever  the  effect  of  the  constitution  at  home,  it 
certainly  lent  a  di'Miity  and  le^'ality  to  the  insuru'ent 
cause  which  could  not  fail  to  leave  a  favorable  in)i)res- 
sion  abroad.  Nor  was  this  impression  devoid  of  value; 
f.ir  as  the  cause  grew  weaker,  the  greater  became  the 
necessity  for  foreign  aid  in  loans  and  perhaps  in  tr(^o]>s, 
while  intercourse  must  in  any  case  be  opened  I'nr  llio 
]nrchase  of  fire-arms  and  annnunition.  I'rojects  to 
1  his  cna  were  coniined  almost  exclusively  to  the  Ihiit<'d 
States,  and  althougli  hopes  had  so  far  proved  vain 
they  were  never  aljandonod.  In  June  181-1  tlx'V  i'"- 
•  rived  a  marked  impulse  from  the  arrival  at  Nautla 
of  a  '(jreneral'  Ilumhci't,  claimin*''  to  l)e  an  a-^^cMit  of 
th(!  northern  republic.'"^  Anaya  went  with  him  to 
Xew  Orleans,  only  to  find  him  a  nu-rti  corsair.      Xev- 


^' Faitlifnl royalists,  iiisti.iil  <>(  patriols,  wliirli  dosignatiou li;ul  Ijci'ii  wiiUly 
ihlii|it(Ml  by  tlic  (itlior  siilo. 

"'T<\t  of  (Icnum-iatiiin  in  Our.,  ile  Mi-x.,  ISl,"),  vi.  7-7-."!;  sco  also  r);)7— t'J, 
fiiitaiiiiiii^  Callcja'H  ik'LToc,  5"')-(!,  lliat  of  tlu:  (.■atheilral  chaiitcr  ut  M'.'xico, 
''X\  1(»,  giving  ])i]ctor  Tor'  s'  formal  aiguiiunit  a-aiiist  the  const itutiun. 
MoiUli  do  loii  CrUliaiK'it,  Mi'X.  l.Sl-l-,  1-1:2S,  id  anot'.ui' arj;unifnt.  Mix'-ilnncd, 
i.  pt  iv.-v. ;  S'llC'ii/ur,  Siisrrip.,  l-'JJ;  llo-iju^a  y  ./or/an,  ('arid  I'li-ifontl,  l-'JO; 
Ciiirrn,  Or'iridn;  I'ft/).  V(n\,  Ixv.  \<t  xiv.,  clxi.  jit  xsv. 

""  Ro.^ains  cnti'ix'el  into  lu'i^oliiilions  witli  liiui,  ami  tlio  congress  orilorcil 
j'lyonM  (luinonslrations.  Src^  //<  riiamliz  >/  JJurci/n.-i,  (\il.  /)o'\,  v.  517,  '>~^K  \i. 
-o3,  'J4i(;  Jiinra,  Hid.  Julapa,  i.  501--;  BuMoinuulc,  Cuud.  JJid.,  iii.  oo-ii. 


I 


COG 


CONSTITUTIONAL  CHANG IvS. 


crtlieloss  lie  avjillud  l,iinsclf  of  the  oppoi'tunity  to 
oblaiii  letters  of  iiuin|Uu  from  tlic  pirate  hca(l([nartcrs 
at  Uarataria  I.sU)ii(l,  none  of  wliicli  were  used  how- 
ever."'' He  also  joined  Toledo  in  plallllin^■  an  expr- 
dition  ai^-aiiist  'raiii[)i('(),  l)iit  tliegoverimient  at  Wash- 
ington was  advised  and  forbade  its  forniation.^^  A1j( )ut 
tlie  same  time  Ilayon  ai)pointed  Ikistamante  minister 
to  the  United  States.^*  lie  failed  to  dei)art  on  his 
mission,  and  in  the  iollowing  summer  of  1815  Doctor 
]  [errera  was  charged  therewith  by  the  congress,  on 
the  strength  of  Toledo's  representations  that  aid 
couhl  be  obtained  in  the  northern  United  States.*' 

]  [e  was  also  to  arrange  with  the  papal  nuni-io  ibr 
conlii'matioii  of  ecclesiastic  appointments  by  the  con- 
gress and  permission  to  dis[)ose  of  church  revenue 
till  tli(j  close  of  the  war.'^     llerrera  did  little  or  nolh- 


"  Two  liiiiulrcd  wore  sent  to  Rosaina.  nd.  Ifiit.,  11.  The  Spauisli  f.'ov- 
crumciit  tO'ik  iilariu  iuulorili  rcil  alloct  fi^'ainstUu;  pifates.  Cdrtc-i,  A-f.  O*-.'., 
i.  4.').'!,  ii.  10.  Aiiaya'.s  coiujianion  Fatlicr  Pedi-oi^a  revealed  liid  plaiiH  i .)  ;!;o 
Spauisli  eoiisul  at  Now  Oileaiis.     IX'claration  in  Uaz.  d('  Mcx.,  iSUi,  \  ii.  'J-li. 

'•^vl///f'/\  Stale.  I'djicrx,  iv.  1,  4'JJ-(L'(i,  i)assiiii;  A'i/rs'  U<\ii<ier,  ix.  .".;>,  ."l'), 
302-7,  4i>5,  etc.;  iXenrctr,  ^[(x■.  Si'j'o  A/A'.,  vi.  410-24.  Ito.sains  oii  his  ."-ido 
cheeked  the  piMJeet  to  apjioiiit  .Aiiaya  n  iniiiistei'  and  empower  him  to  seek  a 
loan  (if  six  millions,  /'c'.  Ill-tt.,  VI,  et  Beq.  lie  remained  a  mere  u^eut 
awhili'  and  eamo  hack  h'.'inu'in;^  John  Pioliinson. 

"'••lie  Keparate<l  from  liayon  after  the  fall  of  Zacatlan,  hut  failed  to  ol)t:;in 
either  means  or  o]ip(jrtmiity  for  departure,  lie  had  several  narrow  e^eapes 
i:i  his  eli'orfc  to  reaeli  the  eoast  between  Oct.  ISlland  I''eb.  ISl.l.  Cuud.  lii^i., 
iii.  ()()-l,  lMO-II,  -JK),  ote.;  77.,  Jhni  Tlem/io  th.  ilahlar. 

I'J.vlvare/,  de  Toledo  state.l  iiy  letter  of  May  1>1.'),  that  lie  liad  '2.01)0  men, 
jind  needed  only  funds  to  raiso  10,00:).  John  Unhinsdn,  who  elainud  to  ho 
a  hriu'adier  in  the  U.  S.  army,  came  idiont  the  ssaniclinic  ■with  Anayaauil 
pronii^ed  to  hriuL,'  10,000  men.  lie  obtained  §l,00;)iind  was  authorh'.ed  to 
capture  I'ensaeola  in  l''lorida,  but  remained  at  Tehuacan.  llerrera  was  ae- 
companied  by  deputy  Zfirate  as  secretary,  Father  I'duz,  late  pn)vineial  (jf 
Santo  l)omin;,'o  de  I'liebla,  as  ehaphun,  and  a  son  of  Murelos,  young  .\lmonte. 
lie  n'ceived  )?1."),000  and  authority  to  enllert  all  he  could  eni'oute.  J-atcr  re- 
mittances followed.  AVith  him  went  Teredo  and  an  Aineriean  named  i;iia'!, 
with  eonnnissiou  to  fit  out  a  priviteer. .  .Captured  \essels  anu  arms  to  be 
delivered  to  the  eonu're-is  together  with  half  the  ear<;)  and  otlur  booty. 
Nothing  camo  of  it,  nor  of  the  6^,000  given  them.  .1/oiv'o^',  j)(f/nrifc>o,i, 
4:)-4;  .VciKlihlK  jyiriiK'ii  //!/.,  101-2.  'I'lic  appeal  to  llayiL  failed  and  lln.;- 
land  lielil  jdoof.  Ili  r'uimhz  y  JJdrnhx,  Col.  Doc,  v.  GOO;  (Juurt.  Ji' r.,  xvn. 
54S-.").'l;  Mdiicf  MSS.,  pt  xxvii.  7-14. 

*' Always  on  conddion  of  repaying  the  sum  taken.  Further,  the  >  on  ces- 
sion of  cruzada  bulls,  exemption  from  fast,  restoration  of  Jisnits,  and  loruja- 
tion  of  sees,  colleges,  and  benevolent  histitutions.  Crn/ada  bulls  had  at  ono 
time  been  suppressed  liy  liayon  as  a  royalist  resonne.  Xtijn/c,  Mi.r.  Si'jlo 
X/X.,  vi.  482-8.     For  details  concerning  altitude  between  eliuieh  and  iubur- 


HEllRmA'S  MLSSIOX. 


C07 


inu,'  save  to  nrraiigo  witli  pirates  for  dulivery  f)f  arms, 
and  even  this  brought  hardly  any  j'fsults,  owing  to 
loyahst  precautions  and  neglect  to  pri)vitle  funds/- 

gcntP,  sec  llervamh'z  y  P'ivahs,  Col.  Doc,  vi.  0^-5,  204-74,  480-1,  r,3n-fi,10, 
j.as-iin;  Aruujo  y  Sua  Rohicm,  Impwj.,  5'J-GG;  Uivcro,  Mcx.  IS.'f-J,  131;  Piii'. 
I ■((/■. .  Iwi.  lit  V. 

■•■^  II oner, a  ciimo  Lack  at  the  close  of  1810,  accepted  p.-xrilon  from  the  roy- 
ulist.s,  uiul  fmnislied  in  leturu  coniprouiising  levolatious.  Uuntainaitle,  Cuad, 
JIl-L,  iii.  3'Jl-3. 


II 


fi    ' 


1^ 


m 

it: 

3-!  ^'v  r,  h 


CHAPTER  XXV. 

DEATH  OF  :morelos. 

ISl.-). 
The    Ricvolptionists    on  Copoikj   ILll — Positions    of   tiif,   iN.sriioKNT 

FoitCE.S — DeTKUMINATION   of  CaI.LFJA — SlE(iE   (IF   C'l'iroia) — liKlTl.SF,  OF 

iTiTiir.iDE — Attemfted  Srni'iasE  of  Jiuitepix' — Kamon  Havon  is 
SiioiiN  OF  HIS  Tuir.Mi'ii — Claverind's  Movement  SoiTiiWAni)-  Itfii- 
BiDE  Chases  THE  CoNCiUESs — iNsruouDiNATioN  of  Dcjcimh  Cha — He  i^ 

AliRESTED  ANU  CoNlJEMNED  TO  DeaTU,  liUT  IS  DlSCllAIUiEl) — DeaIII  OF 
DoCTOIl  Cos — Ills  ClIAUACTEU — TlIE  Revolftionauy  ("Joveknment 
MldUATES — It  is  OVEliTAKEX   AT  TeZMALACA — CAI'TrilK   OF   MoUFEoS— 

Ills  Trial— Degkadation  and  1'enance — The  LastAfto-ije-fe— luxi:- 
ciiTioN  OF  the  Gr.EAT  Lfadfii— Rkflections  on  his  Chakacteu — Two 

JJeXICAN  WlUTEKS  ON  THIS  rEUIoLl. 

Amid  the  scries  of  reverses  iuilicted  l)y  TJano  niid 
Iturbitle  on  the  revohitioiiists  of  Miehoacjiii,  Jiaiuou 
llayon  ak)ne  preserved  a  really  spirited  and  snc(.'e:!;s- 
i'ul  attitude,  addini;  fresh  lustre  to  the  well  known 
name  that  reflects  also  u[)on  his  compatriots.  He 
jiad  selected  a  retreat  of  great  natural  strength  on 
Coporo  hill,  near  Yanzapeo,^  accessible  on  only  one 
side,  and  this  was  protected  by  an  imposing  line  of 
three  batteries  with  four  bastions  and  tliii'ty-four 
guns.  A  wide  moat,  with  a  stockade  in  front  of  it, 
formed  additional  impediments,  while  witliin  was  an 
abundance  of  stores,  with  water  from  the  brook  at 
the  foot  of  the  hill. 

With  the  confidence  inspired  by  this  position,  and 
the  late  brilliant  achievements  of  Ramon,  a  lumibcr 
of  leaders  had  gathered  round  his  standard,   under 


•Ncrth  of  Zitdcuaro. 


(008) 


CALLEJA  AND  RAYOX. 


C09 


Y.'liicli  he  led  tlieiii  i'roiii  one  success  to  anotlicr.  So 
conspicuous  nnd  dauu'erous  an  enemy,  on  tin-  line  l>e- 
tweeii  X'alladolid  and  tiic  ea])ital,  could  not  l)e  (juietly 
I  ih'i'ated  hy  the  royalists,  and  Llano  resolved  to  reduce 
t!ie  stronghold.  An  ell'ort  in  this  dii'ection,  in  Xo\ein- 
hir  1814,  had  been  i'rustrated  hy  llainon  in  so  inge- 
i:iousandahle  a  manner  as  to  i^'ain  him  great  applause." 
Tliis  served  only  to  rouse  the  determination  of  ( "alleja. 


]!e  ord(.'red  a  fresh  attack  with  loi 


res  swi.' 


led 


to  till 


(-'e 


tiiousand  by  troops  I'rom  ^'alladolid  and  ( luaiiajuato, 
thi'  latter  under  command  oi"  Iturbide  as  second  to 
Idaiio,     The  insurirents  nun)bered  abtjut  six.  hundn.'d 


M 


or.vT  ('(H'diio. 


and  hfty  nuMi,  only  jjartly  armed,  fully  a  third  relying 
lor  \vea[)ons  on  stones  and  boulilers.  Jn  the  vicinity 
loanied  also  sewral  insurgi'iit  leaders,  prepared  to 
harass  the  supply  trains,  while  Toi-res  and  others  had 
Ciiiin'  iVom  the  adjoining   ]iro\Iiici's  to   I'all   upon   the 


v.eakened    royali>t   garrisons   around 


Tl 


leir   luove- 


■  Tliis  succoss  rcfoiiTil  to  by  l>ustaiii;i!itp  as  tiio  battle  nf  Lm  Mo'.'ntcH, 


Ciiiid.  Ilixi.,  iii.  ll'J  ill,  tuuli  jilucu  (ii>  Xov 


loti 


I,  luai'  1  iixi'.iu 


j; 


lir.st  tli^alikd  l.liiiiii'.i  ciualry  liy  .scattoriiv.,'  piiisniicd  fi)raL,'o,  and  tlicii  limd 


kill 


n  null  into  aniliusli, 

iMis''!t'  (if  L'S  out  (if  SiiO  niun, 


ill''  oviT  "JUIJ  (lunii'  Iho  'nam  actinii,  w  lili  a  lnss  tu 


d    til 


J""> 


anion. 


II, 


Lla 


lao  biiM;,'in 


])■ 


I  I'd 


•dlMJ.       Ml 


l.MlU 


IS    IID'A' 


l.bl 


iiits  only  S  deaths,  and   |ibucs  tlio   iusurut'iit  forces   at    I  ,."i()i),  ninl   their 


at  over  !.")().   (laz.  </'■  Mi 


IMl, 


!•. 


!Si>. 


'  Auanili.->;'o  was  attarked  Feb.  Ith  b}    t>iJl>  men  under  Toires,  OlnXj 


liisx.  lli;x.,  Vol.  IV. 


CIO 


DEATH  OF  JIORELOS. 


5    :         1 


nicnts  were  directod  to  some  extent  by  Irjnacio  Ravon, 
wlio  had  arrived  here  after  liis  Ihght  from  Zaeatlaii, 
and  assumed  the  command. 

The  sie!>"e   beL>'an  on   Januarv  28th,  and  ('(tntinued 
I'or    more   than  a  montli  without  tlie  least  \n\yn 


[■ess 


b(jinL>'  uukUj.  A  battiry  had  l)een  advanced  to  within 
short  rann'o  of  the  fort,  but  (.'tfected  httk-;  and  even 
the  stockade  before  the   moat  resisted  all   elforts  to 


(Ics 


tr. 


»y 


it.     A  st 


rouii'i 


V  foe  bcu'an  however  to  woi'k 


within  the  intrenchnients  in  the  lorm  of  sickness  and 
prospective  famine;  yet  the  dei'enders  held  out  man- 
fully, cheered  by  nu)re  than  one  fortunate  sally. 
Even  the  sanii'uine  Iturbide  now  re^'arded  the  task  as 
hopeless,  and  believed  it  more  advantageous  to  main- 
tain a  close  investment  uith  a  thousand  men,  while 
the  rest  scoui'ed  the  surrounding  districts  for  nuicli 
needed  sup[)lies,  and  cleared  them  of  troublesome 
guerrillas;  yet  for  the  sake  of  royalist  reputation  1 


le 


was  ready  to  head  an  assault  on  the  I'ort,  by  the  only 
accessible  a])j)roach.  The  innnense  sacrilice  of  lives 
which  the  attemj)t  would  involve  held  Llano  bacl^, 
but  iinally  he  yielded,  insisting  however  that  the 
attack  should  be  directed  mainly  along  a  steep  path 
on  the  led,  leading  to  the  brook,  against  which  Itur- 
bide [)rotested,  although  he  accepted  the  hazardous 
leatlerslii)). 

Iturbide  selected  500  infantry  and  200  horsemen, 
the  latter  intended  mainly  to  cut  off  retreat  or  remedy 
any  unfortunate  break,  and  moved  against  the  fort 
bef()re  dav-break  on  ^larch  4th,  orderin<jj  a  feint  and 
caimonade  to  be  directed  at  the  proper  moment  against 
the  i'ront  to  distract  attention.  Shiehled  by  the 
darkness  a  cohnnn  under  Filisi)la approached  in  single 
file  by  the  brook  path,  and  arrived  within  a  few 
paces  of  the  gate  without  being  observed.  All  w;is 
still  on  this  side.      The  besieged   were  evidently  uu- 


Siiiiccdo,  and  otluM'ti,  but  was  rcpulseil  l>y  Comiiiaiiiliiiit  Pjainiuhin.i  m  itii  a 
lusH  to  Olio  .section  iiloiio  of  4.'),  the  royalists  having  '22  killed,  liis  report 
is  in  Jd.,  ISlo,  vi.  2VJ-2-2. 


SIKOE  OF  COPORO. 


suspicious,  and  tlio  fort  coultl  now  1)0  carr'nMl  l)_v 


Cll 


siir- 


lU'ISO, 


^[alcdictioii   on   it,"  cxclaiiiK 


d  Fil 


isola, 


list 


as  ho  Avas  aljout  to  dirtct  t!i(^  rusli  aij^ainst  the  para- 
|ii't.  A  t'avoi'itc  liouml  of  his  liad  hrokni  loose  to 
i'ollow  liim,  and  oanic  now  hoinuHnL^^  forward  with  a 
jovous  hark  of"  iccoii'nition.  The  iiisui'Licnts  wvwi 
warned  jiist  111  tunc  to  nu'ct  tlu^  assault.  A  liot  iiro 
was  then  o[)ened  hy  t\\v  I'evohatioiiists,  from  wliirli 
the  exposed  Spaniards  suil'ered  severely  while  vainly 
ti'vinu"  to  scale  tli 


wal 


wo 


Iturhide   saw    that  tin 
lid  lie  slau'i'htered,  and    honor  heiii<''  satisfied   1 


10 


sounded  the  recall,  ''with  t!ie  roitunate  result  of  sav- 
in''" four  fifths  of  the  men,"  as  he  writes. 


A 


counci 


1    of 


w 


ar    a'''i'eed    onlv    too   readilv   with 


Tdano  that  the  sieu'o  would  he  a  mere  sacriliee  of  life, 
a.iid  two  days  later  the  royalists  withdrew  froni  wliat 
Iturhide  calls  the  scene  of  his  first  repulse,  amidst  the 
undisg-uiscd  joy  of  the  garrison  and  the  settlers  of  the 
district.  Calleja  did  r.ot  conceal  his  displeasure,  eon- 
demniiiii'  the  ovierations  as  badlv  ])laniied,  and  the  re- 


treat as  prematuri^:   \'('t  he  consented  to  Ijlai 


a'es 


tion 


pi 
of  lea\'iiu 


A: 


'•iiirro  wi 


lo  s  sllii'- 
th  about  GOO  to  raxa^o 


the  nei'jfhhoi'hood  and  cut  oft'  kui)1/1 


les  v>MiUe  v\ai 


1 1 1  M ' 


th 


ai 


rison.      LlaJio  made   Mara  vat  ii   his  1 


leailciuar- 


tt'i's,  and  Concha  was  stationed  at  Ixtlahuaca  to  as.-i.-^fc 
in  operations,  and   in  lvee[iiny   o[)eii   communicatioi 
with  Yalladolid.'^ 


IS 


'  It  \\onl(l  seem  that  tlic  tronjis  had  hvoiiL'lit  no  scaling,'  laihlcrH.  to  jud'.o 
liy   thu  (juott-'il  ul)servatii)ii.s  uf  Cilleja,  in  JJasldinaiiti',  L'iKtil.  lii-l.,  iii.   I.');>. 

■'Llano  liad  itlca'k'il  lack  of  .supjilics  us  nu  cxcuso,  and  infiistcd  that  of 
infantry  alone  .'l.OdO  wvyq  needed  for  the  .siege.  CalKja,  maintained  tliat 
the  hattericM  should  have  been  betti'i'  einiiloye<l  for  openinj^  a,  hreaeli  oi-  eov- 
uid  that  the  uarrison   could  have   bei'U  starved  out.     Uusta- 


cnu''  attac 


niai 


ite  leprodnee.-!  tlie  text  of  these  letters,  toircth 


itii   L 


anos   lioa.-tii 


l 


(ler  f.i 


L'treat,   etc.    diri'/.   ///.•./.,  iii.  1;?7"4l', 


I  •_'-'  et  se( 


'U 


ombre  e^tlt- 


Jiiilo  V  ealmailo,   is 
■    d 


I  hat  1 
f 


ic  c 


dls  LI; 


ino. 


Jle  places  tlie  lossof  Iturl 


ver  400,  ^\hich  is  of  course  cxa;!';.'erate 


J,la 


(1  (1,) 


wouniiei 


1.     ]i 


e|iorts  in  (/re. 


(/<'   Mr 


>  admit 
■-Ml    1  1, 


)\ih'  aluno 
s  only  'J7  kiile  i. 


(I'siiedes,  later   republican  jiresidcnt,  distinjiuished   himsi'lf  hire.      J  h 
story  was  told  by  Fili.sola to  Alanian,  Jlin/.  J/'/.,iv.  '2~i).     .|justamanti'.-|iea!;s 


of  a  'nuite  di 


tl 


10  lUSU 


:.-,  as  j.'ivuii,'  waruuiL 


ToM'cnte  alhldc-j 


rilliant   deeds  to  coni))ensate  fer a  failure   which   cost  (iver    10!)  rov.di^t 


lives.  Jligl,  J<'i 


ii.  IbS-'J. 


r?ce  it. so  . 


(^,  .1/' 


SInIo  X/X. 


vii.  Ki.i-!;: 


1 


:^5;. 


G12 


DEATH  OF  MORELOS, 


Kiieourau'cil  1)V  tlio  succoss  of  liis  roriuor  raid  into 
(^ucietiU'n,  the  ('Xiiltant  lianioii  IJayoii  proposed  to 
siir|)riso  .Iil(it('])oc,  llie  li('a(l([uartcrs  of  ()rdorii/.' 
military  si'diDU  coiitrolliiiL''  the  iiortlicrii  lii<jfli\vay. 
Altlu>UL;!i  inferior  in  streiiL;lli,  tlu;  latter  was  hetter 
jtrotected  than  liad  hecMi  e\[)eeted,  and  nianaL^ed  hy  a 
Avell  ealculated  llaidv  movement  to  overwhelm  the  left 
v/inii'  of  the  advanein^'  forees.  Thodisorder  spread  to 
the  centre  and  ri'dit,  and  secminu'ly  sure  vietoi'v  was 
turned  into  a  disastrous  rt)ut,  witli  the  capture  of  over 
1 00  fuLj^itives,  who  weie  as  usual  executed,  at  the  hriidc 
of  oui^  inunense  ^raNe."  And  so  wore  lost  at  one  lilow 
the  fruits  of  liamon's  hi'ave  defence.  The  fame  of 
(  \)poro  (limini^^]u'd.  and  tlie  convo}'  routes  to  (^uere- 
taro  and  X'alladolid  were  ([uiekly  cleared  of  sc^vi-ral 
im[)osinL;'  hands,  includinu,'  that  of  Mariscal  Cahas,  who 
was  overtalcen  and  killed." 

In  ]\[iclioacan  Ai^niirre's  operations  round  C6])oro 
wen^  sup])lement(^d  hy  sevoi'al  others  in  tlu^  interior, 
notably  undei'  ( 'laverino,  wlio  with  neai'ly  500  men 
swe])t  resistl(\ssly  soutliward  into  tlie  'riri[)itio  reo-ion."^ 
]\lore  important  were  the  movements  of  Jturhide,  who, 
e\er  intent  on  j^'reat  deeds,  undertook  to  sur])rise  the 
iiisuro-ent  cono-ress,  and  this  without  im|)artinLi'  liis 
jtlans  t(j  Llano,  to  whoso  field  it  pertained."  The 
]ire[)a rations  wore  made  with  all  secrecy,  and  by  forced 
marclies  Ituiljide  covered  in  four  days  the  distance 
fiMiii  Jra]>uato  to  Ci'nciro,  not  far  from  Ario,  where 
the  de[)uties  then  held  foi'th  in  comparative  conlidence. 
He  had  pi'oposed  to  fall  upon  the  town  before  dawn 

"'J'liis  OL'i'ui  I'ccl  nil  M;iy  l"2tli.  Itiuiion  narrowly  f'si:'ii]HMl.  Onloiioz  places 
tlic  iii-aii'gciit  foivo  at  l,"_'Ol)aii(l  the  iDssat  ItiO  l^illfd  and  ]•_'!  prisoiUTS.  (/;(::. 
iJi-  M(.c.,  181,"),  vi.  .VJJ-4,  (.•ii|ur(l  ill  Turn  iili,  wliilc  iiustamauto  rcdiiucH  tiio 
fdico  to  ;?00  .  lid  the  los.i  to  V-  Uilled  and  l_':l  pcisoners.  fJiKuL  llisl.,  'in.  42J- 
4.     Oiiioficz'  total  tdreo  did  not  exceed  .SOD. 

'  'Jlio  loailcr  <  Inticrre:;  fell  in  June,  iieai-  Xojiala,  and  ( 'oiielia  in  Septeiiil'er 
clostroved  t!ic  jstiiiimliold  on  llnatepec  near  Ciiaiia  tie  Mota,  disjiorsiiii,'  N'ar- 
giis'fo'l lowers,  ^^c.''(/t  J/w.,  1S1.J,  vi.  5S_'-;?,  tlj."),  1007-!»,  1  KiS- 1).  Tlie  i;i- 
Kurgcnt  l'ais(.'na  .slaiuls  forward  to  icti'ieve  sonic  of  the  disasters  in  tliis  rc^ii'ii 
aiitl  to  lonniK  nd  iiiinself  for  exceptiiJlial  leiiieney. 

''The  tour  oeeupied  six  weeks  in  May  and  June,  and  inelu(le(l  Ui-napan 
iiiul   IMlzcuaro  on  tiie  return.     Hardly  any  resistance  was  iiiut.   /(/.,  701-71. 

"  Jjiano  was  furious,  but  Calleja  hail  given  his  consent. 


FLTOIIT  OF  Tlir:  A>;SF>Mr>TA' 


Cl.'i 


oil  ]\r;iy  atli,  l)ut  ci'i'taiii  iiiisliaps  dolnytd  liiiii  for  one 
•  lay.  'J'liis  saved  theassonihly;  Inr  wariiiii'^^  came  just 
as  the  session  bej^'aii,  wliereiipoii  the  stai'fled  iiiciii- 
l)crs  ros(!  ill  tiiiimltuous  ilij^ht.  J)ev']'ly  luoi'tilied  at  tlie 
failure  ot'liis  project,  Jturhido  allo\ve(l  his  reseiitniciifc 
IVee  plav,  leaviiiij;  a,  hloody  track  to  mark  llic  rduni 
I'otite  hy  way  of  l';itzcuaro/"  and  di'stroyiiio'  the  val- 
iiahlo  thou:L;'h  iieu'locted  stroiit^'hold  of  ( 'himilpa.'^ 

1'lie  three  I'li^'itive  iiisur^'eiit  j)0\vers  reimiti'd  at 
Uruapan,  save  ^lorelos,  who  had  j^'one  to  the  horder>j 
of  Tee])aii  to  assist  the  stnio-nrliiio-  u-uerillas.'-and  ( 'o-;, 
who  ilattered  hy  the  apjx'al  of  several  nM  fDJlowcrs 
east  aside  his  legislative  dnties  to  place  himself  at  their 
head  in  the  held,  seh^ctiiig  for  his  liead(|uarters  the 
I'ortress  of  Zacapo,  south  of  i^uruaiidiro.  'I'iiischaii^'e 
was  due  to  more  than  a  militar\'  whim;  fur  when  tlio 

iiu'i'i'ss  re'monstrated  a<iainst   this  iiifrinu'emi'iit  of 


CO 


the  constitution,  his  choleric  nature  took  tire,  and  he 
circulated  a  Uianifesto  declaring''  that  body  ar!)itrary 
and  illei^al.  The  ineml)ers  had  not  heen  elected  hy 
])i>pular  vote  and  wcvc  exceedinjjf  their  usur[>ed  faculty 
ill  controlliuL;'  executive  and  judicial   powers,  and   in 


le  cliurcli,  reveaJine'  '>' 


authoriziiij^  abuses  ajjjainst  tl 
sides  a  traitorous  dis[)osition.'^  SiH'li  char^'es  could 
not  he  left  unchallenL>'ed,  and  ^[ort'los  was  instructed 
to  arrest  the  rehellious  nu'iiihiT.  ])oclor  Cos  ])re- 
])are(l  to  resist,  l)ut  his  own  men  delivi'red  him  up  at 


the  command  of  tli 


e  u'eneralissmio,  aiu 


I   tl 


le  coii'-ress 


'■^Ainoiig  tliosi!  who  .sucuuinlK'iUx'fiiro  liisanccr  wiis  ( 'oinnianiluiit  Al);irca, 
of  I'at/ciliiro,  a  wortliy  t'iti/i';i  who  had  ac<,'ciit(;il  thc>  por^ition  from  Cos  iiiider 
Liiiiipulsion,  as  rc'lattil  fidiii  lai/iiiial  sources  hy  Ahiiiiaii.  //('</.  .Vij..  iv.  -'^1. 
Co.f  and  otlicrs  tool;  tcrrihh;  veimcanco  for  this  act.  Diary  of  ltui'l)icli'"-! 
march  in  Guz.  de  Mi'.c,  l!Sl.'),  vi.  (ill'-lli.  JJustamaiito  I'cproducos  a  ^lart  in 
('iKiil.  IliM.,  iii.  l.")l   ."). 

"Seven  k'airucs  from  Uriiajian.  It  covered  ii  fertih'  spot  three  h'ai;nes  in 
lenj^'th  siirroiuuled  hy  steep  laviiie.s  and  approachable  only  oil  one  side.  Ddc- 
tnr  San  Martin  discovereil  the  phice  and  added  sloekadcrt  and  luher  i'urtilica- 
tions,  hut  it  had  not  heen  appieciated. 

'-  U'itli  him  went  as  prisoner  a,  i)riest  nameil  Munoz,  \\  ho  soon  escap<'d  to 
reveal  the  misery  of  this  niarcii,  ihirinif  M'hicii  several  men  dietl  of  hiin..;er. 
His  report  in  (Im.  dc  Mcx.,  Islo,  vi.  ,'Sl.")-'Jl). 

"'J'he  document  is  reiiroducud  ill  ZaniacoU,  JJist.  M'j.,  ix.  S'J!)-90G,  from 
the  (Juu'ta  of  Oct.  19,  iSl.'j. 


CI4 


MIATII  OF  M()I;K!.0S. 


hi. 


1 


)asst'(l  tlu!  (Iciitli  M^'iilt'iic 


Th 


iisriiiSL'd  a  wKlc  iviiinri- 


hh'iiiicc.and  till.'  p.'iialt  V  wasat  (lie  last  ui«im(.'iitcliaii;4i'(l 
tt)  iiii[>ri.s(iiriiK'iit  in  llif  (Irradcd  hill  (liuin't'oiis  <i('  At ijo. 


Cos  I'cmaiiuitl  ohsliiijilr  Ihroiin'Iinut,  IIk.-  cllort  io  iii- 
tiinidatu  him  |)i'ovokiii;4'  iiurclv  the  ohscrvatioii,  "A 
ilca-hitc  would  ])aiii  inc  iiiorc  lliaii  the  traii>itioii  from 


lilb  to  death. 


A  cDimtci-i't'Viilulioii   soon  «>avi'  Idm 


liixMty;  hut  the  decline  ol'  his  iullueiice,  of  which  ho 
]iad  hei'ii  so  sadly  C()ii\iiic(.'(l.  induced  Idni  to  acce[)t 
the  \icei'ei;al  |»;irdoii,  thou,n'h  with  liiauifest  l)a(l  i^Tace. 
He  retired  to  J'at/.cuaro  to  resume  the  miuistrv,  and 
diei!  thi'i'e  in  LSI'.),  (K'(_'|)]y  rei'Tetted  hy  his  parishion- 


er 


J  !i'  was  undou1)tedly  a  woithy  patriot,  who  had  served 
the  cause  with  credit  in  the  Held  and  in  the  council 
liall.  His  tideiits  hy  riL;ht  should  rather  have  heen 
devoted  to  the  administration  of  attairs;  and  had  ho 
])()ssessed  the  command  of  liis  temp(.'r  lie  could  liavo 


i-c 


■ndere<l  far  u'reatt'r  henelits  to  the  ca 


use 


As   t 


wa> 


lie  destroyi'd  with  one  hand   much   l;'o(x1    perlbrmcd 
>vitli  the  other. 


fc  I 


Since  t]i(>  disaster  before  Valladolid,  which  opened 
to  the  royalists  tin;  cjate  southward,  the  centre  of  the 
campain'ii  had  shifted  to  l.*uel)la  and  Vera  Cru/.  This 
in  itself  was  a  sullicient  incentive  for  the  national  as- 
senihly  to  transfer  its  sessions  to  that  region.  Anotlier 
was  the  need  of  a  stroni;'  effort  to  restore  harmony 
there  among'  the  ([uarreHing  headers;  and  this  could 
not  ho  eiVected  i'rtan  a  distance,  as  already  proved. 
Hill-girded  Tehuac^an  apjieared  a  place  where  the 
C(Higress  might  tind  a  more  stal)le  abode,  and  recowr 
the  dignity  and  inlluence  now  rapidly  deserting  it  as 

"  Ho  lia<t  iiiiiilc  it  a  c'diiditidu  tliat  no  qiu'stidiis  sliotiM  bo  ]iiit  iH'garding 
las  j)ast  couiluct,  iiinl  tliat  In:  mIhiuIiI  not  lio  .-iout  liack  to  lii.s  foiinor  parish, 
llo  tV'aroil  tlu'  ])orse'c'Utioii  of  Hisliop  (/aliaiuis  of  (iuaclalajara,  bat  this  pivilate 
joiiRil  with  others  to  bofrioiid  iiiui.  Throat  iliscaso  was  liis  luaUuly.  J5u:5tu.- 
liiaiito  adds  tiiat  iiniiatioiioo  witli  a  .sofvaiit  lauscd  tho  (h)otor  to  cxi)oso  liiiii- 
scll  wliilo  oil  tlio  sickdicd,  with  fatal  result.  'J'his  wiiter  elainis  that  ho 
often  renionstiated  rvith  Cos,  whom  he  really  loved,  and  predicted  a  ti-dgio 
fate.    Cuuil.  Jlist.,  iii.  '2li-lo. 


A  rii.wr;:;  or  v,\<K. 


615 


a  tuiL^'Itivc  l>t)(l_v,  flittiiii;'  .-ilioiil  in  a  icnicto  ])art  df  tin 
(•((iiiiliT,  aiiKiiiL;'  |ti'tt_v  liaciciidas,  with   x-aiity   iiicaii^ 


aim 


a   i'a<. 


MM't.,| 


I'SCO 


rl. 


It    w 


IS      ( 


Iccidcd    llit'l't'lorc    to 


leave  a  iieii.;Ii!ii)rli()<)(l  Nvhicli  was  hi-coniiiiM- sd  iui|)i-.)lit- 
aliK',  and  which  wasovorniii  \>y  pursuers;  \et  a  cduu- 
cil  was  t'oi'iiu'd  of  tlio  leadini,'  chiel's,  inchKHuL'"  ^Inhiz 
and  Ayahi,  to  ivpi'usL'ut  tlio  uiiufratiii^*  authoiitv  and 
keep  llu;  scatteri'd  hands  in  accord.'' 

It,  was  not  so  easy  liowever  to  (le])art  with  a  lai'n'o 
hi»(!  -.  while  the  royaUst 


s  wtTo  scouiin 


in   .III  ( 


liivct 


Ions,  i'ca( 


ly  to   I 


'■^  th(;  I 


)n»viii('('s 


)ciMor'ui   sutli   niai'clies  as 


did  Iturhidc  wlieu  witlii'i  t'our  days  Ik^  canie  down  in 
lai;n'e  I'oi'ce  upon  tlic  di-votcd  Ario  from  liis  (hstaiit 
]iead([uart(.'rs  in  (Juanajuato.  To  penetra.t(.'  throU'_;'h 
(ho  province  ot"  Mexico  oi'  northward  seemed  hopi- 
less.  The  only  way  was  to  pass  throuu'li  'IV'cpan  and 
the  ^[izteca,  with  the  aid  of  the  hands  there  scattered. 


lis 


As    Alci'elos    possessed    tlie    most    inlhi"nce    in    11 
reL''ioii.  and  had  the  hest  kiutwled^'e  of  it,  tin'  iiieiii- 
hers  were  oiilv  two  tilad   to  entrust  the  undertakiii''' 


t: 


hini. 


and  to  this  end  1 


le  was  s|)eciallv  empowertM 


to  assimie  direct  command.      ]ie(uiests  were    sent  t 


\' 


pu 


DO 


icolas 


JJravo,  and  other  l(>ad(M's  aloiiL;'  tli*.;  Zacatula, 
who  hrouLil'ht  reeuforcemeiits  to  l[uetamo.  swelling- 
the  escort  to  about  a  thousand  men,'"  half  of  whom 
had  lii'e-arms.  The  oi'ders  to  Teran,  Guerrero,  and 
Sosnia  to  assist  were  disrei^arded. 

^[orelos  souLJfht  to  confuse  the  royalists  l)y  a  series 
of  I'eints  and  false  rumors;  and  on  Xovemher  I'd,  Ik; 
I)r(,)Un'ht  to  Tenaugo  his  party,  including  less  than  half 


a  dozen  luemhers   of  the  coii'jfre 


ss- 


-th 


I'es 


t   1 


iavin<jf 


either  leave  of  aljsenci;,  or  instructions  to  join  later  — 
three  jutlges,  the  secretaries,  two  membei's  of  llu; 
executive,    and  Antonio  (iuii[)lido,   the  successor  of 


'■' Itdjas,  I'agola,  iind  Carbajal  wove  tlio  otli(>r  niciulH!;'.  J/o/v/ns-,  Ihrhi. 
r'lrion,  'M. 

^''' Manfox,  Dii'himc'ton,  ?i2.  IJustamanto  iiitiinatcs  a  siiiiilai- iiiiiiiljcr,  yut 
concluiK's  liy  saying  'oOO  soldiers,'  assuming  tlic  ivst  to  Ij'J  rabhlc  probably. 
Cuudro,  iii.  :217. 


11 


r 


"•jit: 


*i 


CIG 


DEATH  OF  MORELOS, 


Cos.''  .Vt  tliis  point  tlujy  forded  the  rivci-  and 
anivod  on  the  iollowing  day  at  Toznialaca,  six 
k'aL;Ufs  iVoni  Tenan^'o.  Elated  Avitli  tlieir  success 
so  I'ar  in  avoiding;' the  eneni\',  and  relying  on  ilie  riv(  r 
bariicr  behind  them,  they  resolved  to  rest  liere  I'm- 
a  day,''  dreaming  of  safety  beyond  the  mountains. 
A  rude  awakening  was  to  i'ollow. 

Callcja  had  been  duly  notiiied  of  the  migration,  and 
to  some  extent  of  the  direction  taken,''  althouu'h  the 
measures  adoi)ted  by  ^Morelos  had  batiled  him  with  le- 
gard  t;>  the  exaet  route.  This  uncertainty  induced  Jiini 
to  make  <jfreater  eft'orts.  Commanders  wer'e  sent  out  to 
limit  the  trail  from  all  the  gari'ison  posts  west  and  south 
oi'  the  capital,  Claverino  having  besides  orders  to  pur- 
sue with  aOO  men  as  i'ar  as  the  banks  of  the  Za(;atul;i, 
and  Aguirre  to  advance  within  easy  reach  of  Concha, 
v/ho  also  hastened  toward  the  Zacatula  with  GOO  men, 
while  Villasana  of  Teloloapan  scoured  his  section,  and 
Arniijo  moved  onward  to  Tixtla.  It  so  hapj)ene  I 
that  alter  a  mouth  of  tiresome  marches,  following  now 
one  rumor,  now  another,  Concha  stumbhid,  with  tlio 
aiil  of  A'illasana,  upon  Tuliman,  and  there  obtalnc  I 
])ositivo  news  which  sent  him  in  liot  haste  toward 
Tezmalaca.  guided  also  by  the  still  smoking  ruins  of 

'•  I.ii.o;i'_'ii  li.'iil  pone  for  three  inontlis  to  tliu  TSajio;  ilenutics  Argiiiidar,  Is;i- 
sn!.'!i,  iiiul  \  il'.asefior  reiiiaiiu-il  awliile  in  Miclioacan;  Sanchez  anil  Ai'ias  wive 
to  taki'-uiot!un'  route.  Vcrdiisco's  turiu  having  expind  lie  had  A\ith(ha\vn  to 
his  ciirafy  at  1'usantla;  and  several  nienihers  were  ahsent  on  eunnnir-sions. 
Ahioul;  th<i.se  ])re.sent  were  Alas,  Scsnia  y  ( Jonzalez,  Sotero,  (.'a-'.tafieda,  and 
I'uiz  de  ('astaneda,  jndLce«  I'oiiee,  MarliiK'Z,  and  Castro,  ami  sseeretarics  Ber- 
inejo,  ( 'alvo,  Arriaga.  .■inilljenitez,  the  last  two  fi}r  the  ^overniacnt.  'I  lay  li.id 
left  I'niajian  Sept.  'J'.ltli,  earrying  goodly  .supplies,  arehives,  some  .S^tljdO'.'  in 
tended  for  the  U.  .S.  to  Iniy  afni.s;  and  a  (piantity  of  pci'.sonal  ell'ects.     Ivv  h 


ue  niendier  reeei\ed  SliOO,  ^Kireli 


OS  alone  i 


leeli 


T 


le  sourecs  IT 


thi 

1... 


d   foil 


tna 


owing  details  are  based  mainly  on  th"  declarations  at  Mi 


ider    l>i  c/'i 


id   otiier  titles;  J/o/vAw   Cti. 


'(.■<n,  witli  ilocu 


ments  rearing  on  his  trial;  leports  of  royalist  eonnnandors,  especially  ( 'oi 


U'ha, 


in  <: 
of  I 


i/i'  J/»-.r.,  for  Nov.  .uul  Dee.  of  this  year;  the  tliaries  ami  stati'UieiiU 


nniplii 


Arechederreta,  Concha'.' 


ipla 


Sahi 


M( 


•til- 


reiiniduced  or  used  in  ltii.ftitiiiniifi\  ('in'.  Jlisf. 


Snih 


XIX. 


lM!)  et  spcp;  AIn 


.■>etsi(|.;  yrijnli\  .)/■ 


Ilhl.  Ml}.,  iv.   •M)\  ct  se(|.;  an<l 


r- 


leeiallv  in  the  voluminous  collcciion  of  //rriidiidiz  ij  Di'ivnlo^,  Col.  J)ij 


Tl.,  wi 


'II 


th  i)riei'er  allusions  in 
Iso   to 


"l'(,  Turn  ntt\ 


'il,  etc 


lis  Was  due   a 


lin  shower  during   the  iiiudit,  whi  di  iiiado 


jirogress  less  convenient. 


'  Kosains  and  certain  liricf-ts appear  to  have  contrihutcil  inforuiatiou. 


::  iii 


DEFEAT  OF  THE  TX>;URGEXTS. 


617 


TonanL!,"(>,  wIiIcIl  1);kI  proved  disobcdioiit  to  ^loivlos. 
1  Icarrivcd  t  Ihtc  on  tlu-  luoriiiiiuf  ot'tliu  otii  of"  Novi-in- 
1)^1',  just  in  time  to  perceive  the  I'ear  of"  the  revohi- 
tionary  [>art\'  disappearing'  beyond  the  near  i-id^w 

"^rhe  consternation  of  the  latter  niav  Ix;  inia'dned, 
and  hut  i'ov  Morelos'  tiriu  attitude  a  (hsorch'rly  iIiL,dit 
would  have  ensued.  Jlc  proniptly  sent  in  advance  tlio 
deputies  and  the  )  )n-fi_iL>hti!i,f^  men  with  part  of  the 
1  >a!4'u;aj4'e  and  a  tsiiiall  escort,  and  remained  v.ith  the 
I'est  to  protect  their  march  hy  dctainiuL!'  the  ])Ui-suers. 

I.  V  O  I 

As  Coiicha  approached  he  gradually  i'dl  hack,  hut 
I'oiind  it  necessary  alter  a  wiiile  to  take  a  stand;  which 
he  did  in  thi'eo  divisions,  the  ri^^ht  and  lel"t  under 
J^ohato  and  IJravo  resi)ecliy(dy,  he  himself  (.)ccupyin^ 
tlie  centre  witli  his  two  solitary  field  [)ieces.  Concha 
then  ivave  orders  to  chai'go.  IJi'avo  received  the 
first  shock,  hut  held  his  i^-round  well.''"  Not  so  the 
ri^ht  wing.  At  the  first  onset  <if  the  royalists,  Paez 
and  his  eonnnand  took  tf)  their  heels,  demoi'alizin'^ 
the  whole  of  Lobato's  section.  After  a,  f"ew  blows  it 
broke  in  flight,  carrying  disorder  into  the  centre  and 
left,  and  with  a  fresh  effort  from  ("oncha's  column  the 
entire  line  followed;  the  royalists  after  them  slashing 
and  cleaving.-^ 

Seeing  tliat  all  was  lost,  ]\rorelos  called  out  to 
l^ravo,  "(jo,  protect  the  congress;  it  matters  not  if  I 
perish,"  Ai'ter  vainly  seeking  to  keep  his  men  to- 
gether, he  bade  the  rcJinnant  near  him  escape  as  best 
they  couhl,  he  himself  with  a  single  atteuihmt  strik- 
ing or.t  foi-  a  stee[)  hill.  He  dismounteil  at  the  base 
of  it  to  remove  his  s[)Ui's  for  clinibing  afoot.  At  this 
moment  a  squad  of  })ursuers  came  up,  headed  by  Lieu- 
tenant Carranco,  who  had  once  served  under  his 
standard.  "Surrender!"  came  from  behind  the  lev- 
elled carbines,     liesistancu  was  useless.     Turning  to 

2"^Vn.  (/('  ,l/<.r.,  IS  I,"),  vi.  l'2in--21. 

'"  l^ohiito  oxcusc'il  liini^olf  on  this  ^touikI,  hikI  llnstnmantc  coiiHi'ins  it  liy 
statin,'  tluit  I'.icz  i-i'M(.'Ik,'cI  Tciniaciiii  witii  liis  own  lia':i,'a2''  in  i.'imkI  conilitinii. 
Uo  Was  a  royalist  ik'sertcr  wiUi  a  ccrtuiii  ri'jnitation  for  Uoutnesa.  Cuad, 
Hist.,  iii.  •2[b. 


I 


618 


DEATH  OF  MORELO.S. 


till'  lieutenant,  Tilorelos  removed  tlio  ei '-ai'  lie  liad  all 


tlu;  wliile  heeii  sviiokinu',  and  said  in  at 


-)» 


A'  indiffer- 


an- 


er>ce,  "Senor   ('arrancu,    it   seeuis   we   kn<»\v    em 
other.   " 

]le  was  condueted  back  to  camp,  and  as  the  intel- 
TiL^enee  spread  belbre  them  that  the  great  leadei-  had 


jeen  cai> 


itiired, 


vivas  an< 


1  sal 


vos  rose  m   evt'i'v  du'ee- 


tion,  accompanied  by  yet  n)oretnmultnous  demonstra- 
tions of  iov.  Concha  was  so  deliLi'hted  that  ho 
omitted  1"u)'ther  pursnit,  to   the   saviiiix  of  not  a  few 


1 


nmuisiied 


d 


ves,  and  <''ave  Jiis  soldiers  lre(;acci!ss  to 


Idi 


t(. 


dist 

the  captured  baggage  train,-"     ^Mexico  also  went  into 

ecstasies,   and    the    vieero}^   distributed    rewards    and 


])ron)oti.)ns    with    liberal    liand^ 


Th 


d(,>cl 


me    o 


JNToi'elos'  inthiencc  was  little  understood  or  eonsich'i'ed 
amoiiLT  the  I'ovalists.  "J'o  them  his  name  towered  in 
all  the  magnitude  of  the  once  ruler  of  the  south  and 
creator  of  the  congi-ess,  whose  \ietories  stood  uiie- 
cli])sed  by  those  of  any  I'ival  chief 

On  the  way  to  IMexico  the  prisoner  passed  through 


T 


eiiango,  now  m  ashes,  to  become  there  as  elsewiiero 
the  object  of  the  curious  who  lined  the  thorougldares 


iiid  crow 


dcd  tl 


le  apnroaclie 


The  attenti 


o!is  aecoi 


ded 


him,   and  the  varied  demonstrations  of  the  <'uri'.>us, 
seemed  at  lirst  to  Hatter  his  vanitv,  but  soon  thev  be- 

Amonu"    others    Colonel    Villasana 


came    annovmg. 


] 


)ressed  him  with  needless  (|uestions,  asking  after  an 
impatient  re])ly  what  he  would  have  done  with  him 
and  (Joncha  if  the  capture  had  been  reversed.      "I 


4 


'■'- Bnstdiiiiintc,  ii( 
spaiiiii;  Ills  life. 

'•'■'  Save  tivo  hav.s  ■ 


tli;it  lie  mivc  hiiii   one,  of  his  watclic.s  in  ii'tiirii  fur 


if  sih 


wliicli  wcrp  rosei'vcd  foftlip  iidvci'iiniciit.     Tli' 


iiisiii'L.a'nts  lust  iKit  less  tliiui  oOO  liicn,  snvs  Cdih'Iim,  iiicliuiiii;,'  J-Dlmto,   Ciii- 


>,  iiiid  Susiiin,  sciuiir. 


Hard. 

24,  -2!),  isi; 


Cull' 


hi 


L,'!!'!  the  cliar; 


men.     (';i|it.   (Idliie:^   IVdr.-iZii  of  the  fanunis  ]''iele.s  de  I 


tol 


ISI.-),  vi.  I'JIi.'i-  S\  ii.'ic'ii-ii  (!■  /I.,  \< 

witii  M)iiiev.  hat  over  ."lOO 
dtii.-'.i  j.'avo  tin'   lirsU 


iravii,  am 


1  repeated  it  an  the  disonler  hei'an.     Concha,  is  ra 


t.'d 


criie 


tif  eharaeter  in  (I'la-hn/i 


J'J, 


Mr 


11;   /• 


'/> 


(ti\ 


\\x\  1. 


it  lo-J 


'  Coiu'lia  was  jiionioted  toeoli.iiel  of  militia,  an<l  all  the  oliiccrs  of  his  ami 
Villasana '«  division;*  w  ereadvaneod  a  grade,  the  men  I'eeeiviii'.'u  month".;  pay. 
(.'arraneo  oi)taiiied  also  a  iiadue  of  Imnor.  X'illasana  managed  to  .send  iu  tlio 
lir.st  report,  and  take  .so  miU'h  credit  for  his  adviee,  ete.,  a.s  to  herei,'arded  as 
tho  hero  for  ;i  '.vliilc;  us  it  wa.s,  lio  received  promotion.    Jlorelox,  Cutiutt,  57. 


TRIAL  OF  THE  LEADER. 


619 


■\voiil('  linvo  i>'Iveu  you  two  lioiirs  for  conf'c8^<ion  and 
1I1CI1  liave  sliot  you  I"  was  tlio  curt  answer  of  the  cura 
;is  lie  turned  his  back  U[)on  them.  To  a  wonuiii,  liow- 
rver,  who  grossly  insulted  him,  he  said  miUily,  "J lave 
vi>'.:  naULjfht  to  do  in  your  house  f"'-'^ 

J  le  was  confined  in  the  inquisiti<Mi  building'  until 
llie  viecsroy  -i  rani^ed  with  the  ecclesiastical  authori- 
ties for  his  surrendei'  to  the  military  courts.  ]\[i'an- 
whih;  two  judL,^ea  I'roin  both  jurisdictions  proceeded  to 
tr\'  him  as  ;i  rebel  and  a  traitor,  mainly  on  tin.-  charges 
that  he  had  ignored  the  king,  ])roinotc>d  revolution, 
disregarded  e]iiscoi)al  decrees,  cruelly  ravaged  the 
cnuntry,  and  executed  loyal  subjects.  ^Morelos  re[)lied 
that  no  king  existed  in  Spain  duiiug  the  earlier  period 
(if  the  war;  his  sul>se(pient  restoration  was  either 
doubted  or  ascribed  to  a  Napoleonic  -jonipact  ])i'e- 
jndicial  to  S[)ain.  Episcopal  decrees  were  ina]»plica- 
h!e  against  an  inde])endent  people,  unless  sanctioned 
by  the  A'atican.  liavages  were  the  inevitable  con- 
se(]Uences  of  wixv,  and  executions  of  royalists  were 
repi'isals  authorized  by  t'ircunistances  and  by  insur- 
ueiit  i)owers.  The  defence  of  the  counsel  covered  the 
^ame  ground,  exce]»t  in  assuming  the  reasons  to  have 
been  based  on  erroneous  judgment.  ^Nlordos  had 
Vvai'red  rather  against  the  c(')rtes;  and  the  king  having 
dissolved  this  body  as  illegal,  and  aiiiudled  all  acts 
passed  during  his  absence,  the  accused  stood  absolved, 
if  not  justilied. 

'I'he  churc'h  now  took  the  prisoner  in  hand.  Intent 
nbdvc  all  upon  branding  the  revolution,  the  inrpiisitiou 
condenmed  him,  its  reputed  leader,  as  a  heretic  lor  hav- 
ing profaned  the  sacraments,  neglected  religious  duties, 
i'Miured  the  ect'lesiastical  authoi'itv,  and  led  an  ini- 
moral  life,  the  latter  tiiult  being  int'.Misilicd  l)y  his 
sending  an  ilbbegotten  son  t(»  a  protestant  country 
til  be  educated.      In  partial  ex|)iacion  lu^  was  arrayed 

'-'  His  '_'7  fi'llow  ]iriH(iiu'rs  woro  shot  nt  Tciiiniii;'),  all  Imt  tlio  piio.st  .Mumlos, 
mIiii  liki:  liimsclf  \v;ih  sIiikUIuiI  ihiriii;^  tlio  jimiiiuy.  On  ap})iiiacliiiiL,'  Mexico 
ii  \wis  fi)iiii(l  j)ruili,'iit  to  ;>.voiil  till!  thiouLj  by  taking  him  iii  ity  coach,  hcforo 
dawn,  ou  November  '2'2{\, 


620 


DEATH  OF  MORELOS. 


01 


ill  ]»  "ilteiitial  roljo  in  which  to  juljuro  liis  errors  ami 
penorin  cortaiii  rchoious  exercises,  before  a  vast  as- 
.seiiihlj'.  Dui'ino'  tlie  attendant  ceremony  of  I'econ- 
ciHation  the  cu][)rit  knelt  to  the  I'ccitation  of  thi'  mis- 
erere, and  was  purilied  hy  the  inlliction  of  hlows 
^■ently  a[)i)lied.  The  torture  chaml)er  and  the  stalco 
had  ])assed  out  of  date,  and  the  inquisition  itscll",  now 
only  •'I'  semblance  of  the  former  dread  realitv,  sooii 
disapjx.'ared.  The  auto-de-fe  of  ]\[orelos  was  its  last 
imposing"  s])ectacle.  Of  g'l'eattir  sig-nilicance  was  llu! 
act  of  (le;^radation  from  clerical  <^llice  already  decided 
Uj)on  by  tlie  church  authorities.  This  was  solenndy 
[H'rformed  by  the  l)ishop  of  Oajaca,  who  burst  into 
tears  during  the  ceremony,  and  rousetl  the  first  and 
oidy  visible  emotion  in  the  otherwise  passive  pris- 
oner. 

Stri[>pcd  of  the  sacerdotal  character  and  privileg'es, 
INFt^relos  was  surrendered  to  the  military  authoiities 
and  removed  to  the  citadel  under  inci'eased  g'uard 
and  VN'ith  shackles,  fromwhicli  he  had  been  free  while 
in  char^'e  of  the  ecclesiastical  otlicers.  Greater  strict- 
ness was  also  enjoined  to  prevent  the  use  of  poison, 
althougii  kiier  rumor  attributed  it  to  fears  tliat  ho 
miijfht  escape.  The  inquisition  jailer  is  said  to  ]ia\'e 
been  so  moved  by  Ids  fame  and  elevntion  of  characte!', 
as  well  as  by  sympath}^  with  his  priestly  otHce,  that 
he  oU'ered  to  let  him  escape,  but  ^[orelos  declined, 
•saying:  "God  forbid  that  I  should  imperil  you  and 
your  innocent  family  to  pi-olong  my  own  life."-^" 

Sentenct^  hail  been  [)asse'd,  inv(»lving  conliscation  of 
l)ro])erty  and  ca[)ital  punishment,  with  the  im])alement 
of  the  head  and  right  hand  at  ^Eexico  and  Oajaca 
respectively;  but  it  was  deferred  in  the  ho])e  of  induc- 
ing timid  irisurgcnts  to  submit,-^  and  of  drawing  i'roiu 


fi 


I'ust.'im.iiito  mills  lliiit  tliit  jniloi',  by  iviiiio   Martine-^.  alius  rainpil 


'oi|iu'iitly  iicgioc 


ted  his  cliar';o  tlin)iv;h  dnmkLMmo- 


lie 


.1  liai'dl\ 


eH'cctcil    i\:loaso,  with  the  cxtrii  giuinl  nil  around,  and  he  pfulialily  U'vcr 
oll'urud  to  do  so. 

-' ("allcja  mi'dit  r..i  (1oul)t  have  stopped  tlio  oxeoitioii.  hut  lif  feared  tlio 
S})aniards.  says  IJustauianto.  'Qaie:'es  (|ue  inauiua  auiauezca  preso  oonio  mi 
anteccaor  Itunigai'ay?'  was  his  observation  to  tlio  petition  of  his  wife,  t'ttad. 


DYING  DECLARATION. 


0:21 


!Moi'el()S  valualjlu  information,  on  tlic  ,stronQ:t]i  of  the 
oii'ei'  1)V  liis  ('ounsi'l  to  niaku  I'ovolations  in  ijxclianu'o 
fir  Ills  life.  If  sucli  an  oiler  was  ever  made  oi-  autlioi- 
i,:t'(l  Ly  liini  it  is  the  only  weakness  that  relleets  ujion 
];is  eliaraeter,  for  unlike  many  other  leadeis  ho  did 
i;ot  seek. to  rt'lieve  himself  of  hlanie  at  the  c'X])enso  of 
ntliers,  rior  did  he  im[)licate  his  adherents^  although 
Ik^  might  bo  considered  somewhat  indiscreet  in  mai\- 
ing  tiie  declaration  on  insurgent  forces  and  o])erations 
v.liich  was  drawn  from  him.'^' 

lli<t..  iii.  'J31.  Tlio  insuryont  congrL'ss  .sent  in  a  iviiU)ii.straiico  aililres^cil  to 
'Ofiu'val' C'alluja,  oHoi-iiiL,' ti)  sto]>  uselos.s  l)liii)i'.s!u'il  if  ]io  wouM  l)o  Icuii'iit; 
(iilRTwiso  k't  liiiiiaiul  all  Sjiaiiiaitls  ti-ciiililo.  /'/.,  '1-1\-  '.\.  liiistaiiiauto  ilrattoil 
i;,  Imt  liail  to  lopy  tlio  text  from  lii'djiir.'nl,'  rjli.ii.  Jl(.c.  It  may  bo  coiisulteil 
ia  the  Kii^'Iisli.   It^rol.  Sji't,!.  Aiiin:,  '.V.V,)~A1. 

^*  J'ly  Cuiielia,  Nov.  2^111  to  Doc.  l.st.  It  foria>)  oiU!  of  the  ino<t  valiial)Ii; 
coiitriliutioli.s  to  tho  liistory  of  tiiis  iK'iioil.  'I'licre  is  still  ailoulit  as  to  uliab 
)  ;iit  of  tlK'  suj,'j,'csi'oii.s  fr.i'  cnisliiii-^  the  iiisuru'cats  is  really  liis,  for  the  royal- 
i-ts  (lid  nut  .sciMiplc  to  i'ni'iit  deela  rations  in  order  to  taniisli  the  laiiit^  of  their 
o|ilMiiieiits.  lleiU'O  the  staieliieiit  i.s  also  douhtful  that  Molelos  liad  proposed 
1  )  ahandon  tlio  revolution  as  lio]) 'less,  and  after  leaving;    tl 


le    eoie^rt'ss 


ail  to  (K'parl  for  aliroad,  inet'eralily  to  Sjiain,  ami  there  a-k  jiardon  of 


iUlL'. 


lie  is  al.^o  .said  to  have  oil'i-red  t-\ 


)  persuade  insuri/en 


t  le: 


iders  to 


stay  the  war;  hut  the  vei'V  faet  that  an  oiler  so  pronjisiiii^  was  not 


neeeiaei: 


Hi 
btorv. 


lieates  that  it  was  not  seriously  made;  vet  Alanian  is  inelined  to  eredit  the 


A  retraetion  issued  over  his  name  is  not  in  his  s^vle 


The  followingadditional  details  of  the  ti'ial  may  ])rovr  inti'rcstiu',': 


Oido 


dataller  and  the  eeelesiastie,  ])oetor  Alatorrc,  pro\  isor  of  tln^ 


•Miish 


u  Nov.  -IIA.     'J'he  latter  I 


\eve  the  joint  judi^es,  wlio  took  iip  the  ease  o 
ri"|Ueste(l  l)y   Morelos  to  eliooso  an  advocate;  for   liini,  selceti'd  .1 


M: 


irim^ 


Oil! 


a  youth  si  ill  stud  vin:,'  .at  tho  seminary.     Th 


le  (leteueo  is 


Inief, 


u'la 
lud 


ile  adiiiittiiiL,'  the  errors  of  tho  neeuscd  attriiiutes  them  to  M'roiij^  inforina- 


tiou  ;iud  false  Ji 


it,  and  oilers  toeondono  for  them  hv  lovedatioris. 


■  leal- 


'lis  of  the  privile^es  and  sacredness  of  their  ju'ofessioii,  rather  than  in  syni- 
pitliy    with   Morelos,  tho  nrelibisho]i,  two  other  bishops,  and   several  other 
iiaries  implored  the  viet'foy  on  the  'JUli  to  sij.are  the  lit'o  of  the  jirisoiur, 


le  allixa  oon  efusion  do  san'_;re.'  Cnnia,  47 


Tl 


us  senteiiet!  revea 


Is  th> 


itivo.     Tlio  lower  uleru'y  appcired  no  less  eager,  to  jndgo  from  tho 


Is  nailed  to  th 


ithedral  d. 


tliroateniii''  with  divine   ven''eaueo 


who  .should 


prolan 


the  eliiireli  liy  taking  prieslly  blood.     The  result 


\^as  the  arrangement  between  tiievieeroy  and  archbishop  for  expelling  M' 


I.s  fi- 


ll tlie  jirie 


sth 


The  sentence  in 


H'e- 
leeonlanee  wis  jiasseil  hy  a  coiiii- 


11  iiichnling  the  very  members  who  had. si^rned  the  petition.     Tlie  ini|uisitio'i 


t  I'lk  four  ilay.s  to  ileal  with  tlii>  ]i:'isoir 


]ienaiiei' 


bef( 


re  the  two  iuiiui-.itor> 


i'lu 


donthe"J7th  was  jierforincd  his 


Mont 


ea'nulo,  aia 


I  a  (listiii- 


l.iii 


■d  assembly  of  .several  hundred  ]« 


The  ehar'ies  by  this  tribiiii.d. 


1  iiumlxr,  ineliided  <lisi'egard  for  the  deerees  of  bi<hops  and  of  tile  hol\ 
oiiice,  manifested  by  his  ciiitinuing  to  ('oiu'ess  and  receive  the  eomiiiuiiiou 
al'ier  being  e;ieoniinuiiieated;eonteni[it  for  papal  bulls  ami  indulgen 


■r.iliiin  of  ceinete.'ie.s  am 


1  te 


d  o'li 


moles;  uii.aa.  nori/.eil  ap))  ..i 


itmeuts  to  eeclesiasti- 


eniiorsemeiit  of  liiretieal  dogmas  bv  Voltaire   and    others;    ini- 


iii'M'a'.itv,  etc.      Morelos  answered  that  th"  e\commuiiieation  had  been  b.iscd 


falso  ehari'esaad 


was  <:onSei|U''lltly  inva 


did;  1 


le  war  liai 


1  in;<'ife;'cd  witli  th 


due  objcrvauce  of  bulls  and  religious  observances;  the  people  needed  spiritual 


I 

i 

I 


622 


DEATH  OF  M()RL:L0S. 


Oil  Docembcr  20tli  the  viceroy  (k-crcotl  his  cxocu- 
tioii,  which  out  of  respect  for  the  cliurch  should  take 
place  beyoiul  the  ca[)ital,  and  without  disuieniher- 
lueut.-''  ICarly  in  the  nioniiii^'  of  the  •22d  he  was 
tak(Mi  in  a  coach  t(^  San  Cristobal  JCeatepec,  a  villaj_fe 
north  (jf  the  lake,  with  a  palace  then  converted  into 
a  fortress,  and  i'anied  as  the  snot  where  out'j'oin''- 
vicei'oys  used  to  tender  welcome  to  their  successors. 
The  last  |)rayer  over,  ]\[orelos  himself  handaijfed  I 
eves  and  was  led   foi'th  with  arms   lied,  slowly  <lra 


1!S 


O'UIL 


tl 


le  lieavv  s 


hackh 


J 


vnecl  1"  sai( 


.111 


le  oiuci 


charg'e.      ]  fe    complied,    calm    as    ever,    murmurinii' 


Jjord,  thou  knowest  if  I  have  done 


we 


il    II 


I 


imi>l()re  thy  inlinite  mercy!"  The  next  moment  he 
fell,  shot  in  the  back;^'  passing;'  through  a  traitor's 
death    into   the   sphere   of    patriot-martyr   and    hero 


umnoi 


tal. 


His  countrymen  have  placed  him  next  to  Hidalgo 
in  the  rank  of  patriot  liberators,  and  justly  so,  for  if 
the  latter  started  the  revolution,  ^[ori'los  nobly  cai'- 
rii'd  on  the  ^'reat  work,  and  more  ably,  it  must  b(.' 
admitted.      Whilu  possessin;j;'  little  book'  learning,  he 


care  jiHil  lie  Iiuil  Ijceii  obliguil  to  in'oviilc  jn'iests.     lie  inlmittcil  invgiilurity 
of  liio,  l)iiL  nut  il  Hciiuclaluus  one.    llipi  cliiltlicu  were  notret-Mnleil  as  his  own. 


His 


smi  would  nut  luivc  lieen  .safe  in  N'ew  Snai 


the  United  States,  liiit  to  a  eatlioiio  eollo 


pain,  an< 


hetl 


leretore  neiit  hnii  to 


Jn  three  additional  charges  liis 


luiinhle  ori;:in  M'as  adduced  to  suiiport  tlie  eliargo  of  heresy;  wiiereat 


mante  waxe3  inditrnant.     ^\'as  not   ('hrist   the  son   of  a 


lllst. 


III. 


!».     J 


rpentei 


'I. 


n  >i\K-A 


;ing  of  insurgent  leader.s  .Moreliis  give.i  the  lirst  rani; 


for  al)iliiv  toTeian  and  JiauKin  JJayoii;  ISi'avo  had  been. sueeessful,  and  (.) 


proininonee  tor  Ins  inllnenee.     See 


also 


Z<: 


rii'c.ro. 


y, 


iCi". 


Me 


Kil-l. 


-'■'  l'"or  fear  of  puhlie  euininotion,  says  Jiustainante. 


H 

tVnieha  and  • 


o   was   Imrii'i 


1'.  M.  on 
h 


iiei!  dvath 


■urate 


DeL 
ly  the   eurate   of   the  village   an   hour   later,     lleport  ■  of 


A  second  Volley  was  rei|uired  to  prod 


id  orders  fbr  execution,  in  <!(i~..  lA'  J/c 


IS!,- 


l:!!U- 


>S;  anil  \ii//iiii.-<i)  (!t  n.,  Jan.  •">,  ISK!,  fallowed  l)V  the  retraction  atlrihiited  tc 


him 
lisu. 


1! 


ustainante  s|ieaks  of  his  coolne 


o\v  \w.  enjoyed  a  meal  with  his 


d  marked  appetite,  followed  liy  a  cigar  aiiil   small  talk  with  Coneha,  his 


■•■iptoraiid  jailer,  whom  he  lina'.ly  emhrac 


IK 


a  fiiar,  w  heicat  Father  Sala 


w  ho  ntt(,'niled   him,  ti 


.•ted  to  lie  confessed  1  y 
lok  iimlirago  r.nd  e.niic 

forth  in  denial  of  several  I'f  these  points,  in  AV'u  <lv  hi  Jii.^llrin,  Oct.  ■_'4,  I'lri. 

Ihistjiiiiaiite   angrily  retorts,   referring  as   authority  to   hi.s 


irotlier-in-law. 


(' 


A  ( 


imauiio, 


wl 


R)  reeeive< 


I  til 


e  inioriiiatiiiii  from   his 


lieuti 


nant. 


A  eielij 


As 
1,1. 


lu;  fell  ho  gavo  a  teirilile  shout,  'con  (pie  invoco  la  justi 
y//'>.V.,  iii.  '2'M.  See  more  fully  among  my  collection  of  lUistaniante'.s  aiito- 
giaiih  MS.s.  Miicrtr  dc  Morelofi,  in  JJiario,  Kcarf.,  MS.,  pt  v.;  ,V«7</.,  L\ivo, 
J  nn  iSiijlo-^,  iv.  1l20-0. 


CHARACTER  OP  MORELOS. 


G23 


liad  what  far  outwci'jlicMl  ii 


Miins;  wliic'li,  wlicii  11 


10 


suiuriioiis  can 


11',  traiisl'oriuL'd  tlio  hcniij^ii  ciira,  into  llio 
^ri;atr.st  and  most  suci-L'ssl'id  military  Icad^'i'  ainoiiij 
the  iiiHur^X'iiis,  tit  least  till  lturl»ido  joinod  them,  llo 
luvivc'd  an  almost  cxtinc-t  caiisi',  found  i'or  it  a  new 
cradle  in  t!.c  mountains  of  ]\Iiztera,  laying'  at  its  feet 
the  V  liolo  i-ic'li  south;  ho  raised  it  to  tlu^  j^Toatest 
heii^ht  attained  ere  came  the  end,  crowning'  his  work 
with  the  deelaration  of  absolute  indejx'ndenee  iVoni 
Spain,  and  the  formation  of  a  true  repahlican  L;'ovt)i'n- 


ment.      liis  tas] 


<.  was  (lone 


I'^'oni  that   moment  his 
star  decllnt'd,  to  set  within  a  yeai'. 

i']\en  dni'inn'  this  gloomy  [>eriod,  that  i'(>stlessenervj;y 


i'everl)eraLm'''  m  Ins  thunder  V()ice  ( 


did 


not 


ij   I 


iim 


that  determined  Nalor  and  serenity  sustaiui'd  him 
to  t!h'  last.  ]\[odest  as  he  was  astute  and  reserved, 
he     \irld(d    once    only     in    any    mail^ed    de'>'re(!    t.) 


ambition,    m   creatni<''  hmise 


If 


!>('neralissimo,   w 


iti 


1   a 


congress  to  do  his  hiddiii;;':  yet  it  w:is  a  jiistiliabl 
elfort,  lor  the  cause  needed  then  oik,'  firm  controllin 
hand.      lie  yielded   also   to   a  preyaleiit    \ice   around 


m 


bi'eak 


in<>' 


his    yows    of    continence;    l)Ut    in 


all  Iteside  he  was  most  i'\em[)lary.  Duriiii^'  his  pe- 
riod of  elecline  ho  remained  true  to  the  sell-assumed 
a[)[)ellati()n,  'seryant  of  the  nation,'  zealously  serviii'^ 


a  wilful  and  e^acti 


W'^  coui^'ress  wliu 


h  d 


o!>med  to  com- 


parative inaction  its  most  brilliant  soldier. ''^     J  [e  shin 


es 


^'  Mis  praiso  liaa  hoeii  spoken  and  suii'^  time  ami  a;,'aiii  on  tlio  national 
iL'ast  (lav,  anil  in  articles  anil  baoks.     .Viniini;  tliu  oarlieat  to  (jllbr  liis   tril)iito 


i-;   Uustaniante. 


(Icvott 


uiuliii''  with  an  <j(K'.     I'.'ilraza,  Or 


^[lucial  E/iKjio  Jlistorir 


Mo 


1SJ2,    l-;i 


ity:  J'ti/K  ]' 


A\ 


pt  xi. 


H,  attests  his  c.ilniness  anil  intrepid- 


xlii.  lit  m. 


Li 


ster  .loiiC'-i,   ()rifhi!i,  >"),  see.i  a 


Ji<ii:i.  Ml. I-.,  L'14-'.I,  and  (iailn,  liiiinhn.-i  I/n.s/i' 


jirodigy  iif  genius.     A 

iv.  7-171,  join  in  aecordin^  liim  t!ic  .second  [)lacoaniong  revolutionary  h 

See  also,  besides  the  main  ;inthoritie.-i  already  I'eferreil  to,  Armii:i(ii~,  Mcj. 


i.  I'Sr-IM);  MntiUhU,   A' 


//; 


':17-S;  /' 


.1 


/'('/(;/. 


/' 


IV//'.,  exlix.  pt  vi.;  ('<irr:iili,  J^t/ul.   li"J.,  ii.  "J.")  (i.     'J"he  only  property  left 
by  .Morelos,  a  house  at  V;diailolid.  was   eonli.scMted.      In  lali'r  years  liie  sito 


was  boie'iit  iiv  liis  sister,  to  wlioni  he  an 


I 


brother,  .MeoKis,  had 


asslLfUei 


the  maternal   ])itiiniony   in    ISDS.     ]!(■  nevertheless  iiianaLjed    to  s;'t  a-iil 


Koinelhin^'   tor  his  iinreeo;^nixed  family   of 


d    li 


bl, 


ot  whom 


I  nan 


X. 


lonnii'eno 


.Ml 


noiite  hail  iuieadv  oeeu  sen' 


to  the  United  States  to  bo 


edueated,  wlieneo  he  returns  to  talco  a  prominent  )ilaee  in  tiie  I'eiiublie,  rising 


in  lS(J.;-4  to  be  r( 


it  fur  the  e 


li(we:>  emjieror 


yi- 


tlins 


rthi'ow- 


in   great  meuoure  tiie  plans  of  hij  faihor.     liustamante  alludes  tu  hinx 


024 


DEATH  OF  MORELOS. 


indeed  as  the  most  unsellisli  of  men,  caring  little  for 
iUnie  and  nothinj^  i'or  wealth,  and  working  solely  for 

ill  llic  cim\(iitii)iial  tonn  of  '  iifpliow.'  Ciunl.  Il'iai.,  iii.  'J17.  Several  Iidiioih 
v.cre  Ijt'.itowx'il  on  .Moivlos'  iiaiiu;.  lly  act;  of  July  I'.).  ls_'.),  liu  was  iiuliiduil 
JiiiioiiL,' the  mit'ww'n  bciK'inrrtlox.  'J'lio  k'gi.sUitun;  of  Miihoacan  iliaii^ud  the 
iiaiiiu  of  tlieir  tapital,  Valladolid,  to  .Morelia,  on  Sejit.  IJ,  isJS,  ami  on  .Vpiil 
17.  IS(i!l,  tin;  soiitliei'ii  part  of  tlio  state  of  .Mexieo  \va;^  foniieil  into  tlie  slate 
of  Morelo.s.  See  Uiihhni  //  Ijdr.'iiio,  Lnj.  Miy..  ii.  x. ;  M(.c.  Col.  Or'/.  1/  /''-., 
ii.  \V.>-'>].  'J'lic  attention  so  cxelusively  alisoiliod  l>y  .Morelo.s  serv'il  to.sliield 
liirt  fellow-jirisoner  .Morales,  late  ehajilaiu  to  the  eon^'ress,  and  enaliled  the 
aiehbisliop  to  saxc  him. 

It  i.s  but  littiiig  tiiat  [  shotiM  here  aeknowledj^'e  my  iiideliteilniiss  for  his- 
torie  matei'ial  to  thu  laliors  of  .hian  !■].  Jleriuui<le/,  y  l).i\alos.  lOver  an 
ardent  student  of  national  records,  lie  became  linally  s)  enllnisiastic  in  the 
cause  as  to  barter  a  cijmpeteney  for  a  set  of  original  ilocunients  iclating  t) 
tlic  trial  of  Hidalgo.  This  formcil  the  nneleuM  for  his  collection,  whiiii  lu 
has  sought  to  complete  by  ransacking  the  urehives  at  .Mexico  and  (jtlur 
jilaccs  and  employing  copyists  to  assist  him.  As  a  lirst  result  ho  began  to 
issue  in  Ks77  Co/'ccioa  de  JJociiinciitvi  para  li  /lis/orid  dc  la  ttiurra  di'  Imli;. 
'jii'iiilciifht  de  Mf.c'u:o,  de  ISOS  a  IS.'I,  whicli  by  1SS2  reached  .six  bulky 
folios  of  about  l,l)!)t)  pages  each,  jiresenting  copies  of  all  iin[)ortant  <locu- 
incnts  bearing  on  the  \var  of  indeiicndcnce.  A  givat  pi'i)portion  of  them  aie 
new  to  liistorians,  and  have  enabled  me,  in  eon'.ieetion  with  my  other  material 
relating  to  tliis  period,  to  add  much  vai;;.d)lo  information,  tilling  the  gaps 
a;id  correcting  the  cirin's  left  by  my  [iredecessors.  I'lu;  only  objeciion  to  t!ie 
collection  is  a  lai-k  of  system  in  the  ari'angement,  but  tiiis  disappears  before 
the  considei'ation  of  the  toil  and  saerilices  of  the  editor,  as  well  as  a  modest 
r;'servc  concerning  them,  for  over  .'iO  years  he  has  de\oted  all  1  [larc  hours  to 
tiie  work,  and  he  has  even  j)iiiched  his  family  upon  a  jiortion  of  his  jiay  as 
clerk  in  the  treasury  department,  in  order  to  save  wherewith  to  ])ay  a.~sistauts 
and  printers,  rublic  indillerence  and  prejudice  have  also  had  to  b;;  .stru'rgled 
against.  The  publication  of  documents  adveise  to  the  virgin  of  ( i;uulalu;^:e 
cost  him  at  one  time  several  hundred  of  the  hard  ac(|uircd  sulisci-ibers. 

In  contrast  to  f  !ii>'  appears  J/( .riro  ( 11  </  Si'iln  XIX,  t>  sai,  j-n  Hislnrta  ilc-idi', 
ISuO  !i'(sta  la  J-J/mra  I'macidv,  Mexico,  IS7o->'-,  7  volumes  lai^ic;  S  ,  whicli 
cover  the  period  from  I80i)to  1S17.  The  author,  Kniilij  del  ( 'a  :lil!o2S'egri'tc, 
iiit'oims  the  i'(\uler  in  an  elaliorate  and  ini|)(ising  jirclaco  that  Iiistory-writing 
is  the  grandest  and  nuist  diilicult  of  all  literary  eliorts,  partly  from  the  va:.t 
research  it  <leniands  in  alnio.st  every  braneli  of  knowledge,  lie  outers  \\\vn\ 
it  after  long  and  arduous  studies  of  the  country,  its  peo])le  and  ]iolitics,  ami 
jicrceivos  at  once  how  deplorably  liis  predecessors  in  the  Jield  have  failed  i;i 
their  mission,  throngh  partisan  spirit  and  lack  of  information.  To  remedy 
tlieso  defects  and  harmonize  contlicting  elements  is  11  task  worthy  of  an  Jb  i'- 
odotus  or  Tacitus — he  is  not  certain  which — it  shall  bo  his,  to  serve  a  noble 
mission  of  cnliglitcnmeiit  and  guidance.  ,Self-conlidcncc  is  one  of  Castillo's 
most  striking  virtues,  and  it  sustains  him  to  his  own  satisfaction  in  forming 
a  series  of  extracts  and  synopses,  mainly  from  the  two  h  ading  historians 
■whom  he  has  just  condenmcd,  swelled  liy  reports  on  military  movements  and 
political  occiu'renccs  from  one  or  two  ready  sources,  pointed  out  Ijy  bis  jiri'de- 
ccssoi's.  Hi!  iiupi'ovcs  upon  them  however  by  reproducing  the  documents  in 
fullAvith  introductions,  details,  and  llights  of  fancy  ■whicli  their  inferior  jmlg- 
inent  had  omitted  as  nseless  and  tiresome.  Tho  chapters  are  gi-acod  at  the 
close  witii  a  paragraph  cons^iicuously  headed  ricllections,  wholly  from  his 
own  brain,  ■wlierein  he  veils  over  the  mistakes  connnitted  by  ids  lierocs  and 
tho  defects  of  the -^vriters  wiiom  ho  has  copied.  A\'liat  those  mistakes  and 
defects  are  he  gciorally  leaves  to  the  imagination  of  the  reader,  oU'ering  oc- 
casianally  a  reverie,  which,  if  somewhat  ma/.y  of  theme,  is  also  staniiied  by 
refi'osiiing  simplicity  of  tone.     His  eagerness  to  iill  pages  is  not  hampered  by 


CASTILLO  XF.ClltETE'.S  ^YORK. 


623 


fho  causo.      Finallv,  at  Tcziiialaca,  lie  lavs  tlowu  lor 
it  liis  lilu  ill  NvilliiiL,^  sacrilicc. 

pcniples  ahout  correctness  of  ilati's  or  fncts,  or  ronipletcucas  of  niirrativc,  niid 
tliiis  111!  ('.-m  sonu  point  triniii[i!i.intly  ;it  seven  Imlky  \ci]niric  .s  t'or  n,  jK-riod  eov- 
ereit  liypn^lix  ]'>ust;iinaiitc  in  only  liiilf  iis  many.  At  the  close  of  tlio  acvi'iith, 
liowcvcr,  lie  KiiiMeiily  awalics  to  liml  so  hii'ne  a  surplus  of  ncylcctcd  material 
J.y  liis  .side  tliat  W.  resolves  with  conscientious  intc'.'rity  to  write  a,  .s  ■eoml 
•\\(jrk  on  tiio  same  jicriod  under  the  sli;,ditly  cliunj^cd  titlo  of  Illsloihl  MtUltil' 
di-  Mcxiro  en  el  S  jlo  XIX,  which  shall  cover  a  portion  at  least  of  liis  many 
omis.sions.  And  .so  he  starts  anew,  consoling  his  subacrihers  witii  llie  assu- 
rance that  no  nation  jiosscsses  so  complete  a  military  history  as  he  oilers,  for 
lie  has  seen  the  /,'(.«(/»<'//^r//v'i'-i  of  C;csar,  and  similar  later  lioolis,  and  found 
tlieni  circumscrihcd  and  of  little  use  to  him.  'J'lie  present  work  is  to  com- 
prise si.K  great  e]iisodcs,  the  lirst  to  cover  the  war  of  independence,  the  rest 
foreign  invasions  and  civil  war.  As  the  tirst  volume  does  iKpt  exhaust  even 
the  openin;,'camj>aiL.'n  of  llidali,'o,  there  i.s  a])ros))ect  of  a  v.hole  series  fiu"  the 
rcv<ilution  alone.  .Meanwhile  the  former  \\ork  is  still  ]iciiding,  with  its  pre- 
te^l^.ioli  to  more  connected  narrative  of  political,  social,  as  well  as  military 
matter.  C'a.stillo  divides  his  jiau'cs  into  numhered  para^'ra|>li^,  a  metiiod 
which  ailords  a  certain  I'dii'f  to  wcariiMl  and  jierplexcd  readers.  It  would 
ha\e  been  sliU  better  had  he  consigned  most  of  his  text  to  foot-notes. 
UlST.  Mi;x.,  Vol.  IV.    40 


1 1; 


CHAPTER  XXVI. 

LAST  CAMPMGNS  UNDEll  CALLEJA. 

18ir)-1810. 

ErrrcT   of  Morf.i.os'  Fall — Rkspectivk  RntENOTir  of  IxsriKiKNT.s  and 
IiOYAi.isrs— lNTi!n:ri:.s  anu   Ovr.itTiiiiow    of   Rosatns— lit"  Juiss  tiik 

EnEMV — TKRAN    lllSliS     IN     FaMK    anu     IxFLCKNCK— Ar.KIVAL    OF    TIIK 

CoxuuEKS  AT  Tkuuai'an— It  is  Forciblv  Dissolvku — Tin;  Cha/.a- 
C'OAixo  Kxi'KDiTioN — FiwsT  Xaval,  Victouy  for  the  .Mkxicax  Fi.ac  — 
TiLi:  ilorxTF.i)  Kaideus  OF  Apam  I'lains—Osorxo's  Last  Campaign — 
The  Coxvdy  Seuvicp,  ix  Vera   Crcz — Miyaues'   Measi-res  kir  ms 

1'ROTECTIOX — (JPERATIOXS     CXDER     VlCTOIilA      AXU     Ills     ASSOCIATES— 

Bravo  and  Guerrero  on  tui:  South  Coast. 

The  torinlnatioii  of  Morclos'  career,  wliicli  to  the 
royalists  appeared  so  j^reat  a  blow,  was  after  all  the 
fill  of  onlv  one  aiuonu^  the  leaders.  The  late  u'ciieral- 
issimo  lui^ht  have  accomplished  iniieh  good  had  he 
been  allowed  to  raise  his  voice  in  the  south,  whore 
none  stood  so  high  as  he,  or  had  he  been  sent  to  pro- 
mote liai'mouy  along  the  gulf  coast;  but  in  ]\Iichoacan, 
under  the  thumb  of  the  congress,  his  iniluenco  counted 
little.  The  disaster  at  Tcznialaca  was  hardly  felt  be- 
yond the  Zacatula.  Teran  controlletl,  in  the  region  of 
Tehuacan,  about  2,000  well  armed  and  disci[)lined  men, 
and  had  a  certain  iniluenco  in  Mizteca,  where  fSesnia 
and  Giuerrero  also  conuuanded  perhaps  1,000  moun- 
taineers. He  was,  moreover,  recognized  by  some 
chiefs  in  Vera  Cruz  ])rovince,  although  here  Victoria 
claimed  to  be  the  leading  spirit,  with  nearly  2,000  men, 
most  of  them  mounted  rancheros,  intent  mainly  on 
spoils  and  adventure.  Osorno  had  a  similar  and  more 
united  force  of  about  1,000,  with  a  few  scattertul  bands 

(C2(i) 


hi 


COM  PAR  ATI  VF.  FORCES. 


627 


imrtliwai'd  ill  tlic  (^lUM'c'hiro  rt'nioii,  nml  in  llio  lake 
ruiiL'-es  of  Mexico.  Torres  led  SOU  in  tlu;  JJaJi'o  of 
(ju;uuijuat(^,  with  as  many  uioi-o  to  the  north-eastward 
under  Correa  and  otlicrs.  IJosales  still  held  out  in 
Zae.iteeas  with  oOO,  and  \'ar_jj;as  clainu'd  to  control  700 
men  uloni>'  the  southern  honh.'r  (d'  Xueva  (jralicia,  in- 
cludinL,''Cha[)a]a  Ijako.  In  ^lichoaoan  were  the  Ivayon 
hrothei's,  (Virbajal,  and  ^'ar/a,  with  I'roiii  50U  to  SOo 
each,  besides  unenroiled  adhei'ents,  extendinj^  from 
C'l'jporo  along  the  I'auLj'e  westward  to  Zacapo  Lidce, 
and  connected  southward  in  Tec|»an  with  Avila,  l*ablo 
(Jaleana,  and  ^lonlesdeoca,  who  conti'olled  IVoni  500 
to  TOO  men  in  all.'  To  these  forces  ^Morelos  assigns 
from  7,000  to  8,00i)  nuiskets,  1,000  pairs  of  pistijls,  and 
liOO  pieces  of  ai'tillery,  the  _ti;reater  part  of  the;  former 
either  worn  out  or  not  <,^enerally  used.  The  resourt-es 
from  i'arins  under  their  control  mi^ht  be  jdaced  at  a 
million  pesos  a  year,  to  which  has  to  be  added  tribute 
levied  on  convoys  and  traders,  a  little  excise,  and  the 
\ield  iVom  raidinii'  expeditions.  All  this  was  insulll- 
cient  to  sup]ioit  more  than  a  limited  body;  l)ut  the 
number  could,  when  occa.-^ion  (Umianded  it,  especially 
with  the  li<i[)e  of  booty,  be  raised  to  triple  the  figure 
rej)reseuting  the  fire-arms. 

The  royalists,  on  the  other  liand,  could  boast  of 
oO,000  men,  half  of  them  regidar  troops,  and  the  v- 
mainder  hx.-al  militia.  Of  this  force  over  0,000  wei-e 
distributed  iu  Vera  Cruz,  over  H,000  in  Puebla,  4,500 
ill  and  round  the  lake  valley,  2,000  under  Arniijo  in 
Vac  south,  nearly  4,000  in  the  army  of  the  north  und'r 
Iturbide,  1,000  in  C^ueretaro  and  San  Luis  Potosi,  be- 
sides  4,000  iu  the  Proviucias  Internas  de    Oriente, 


'Mi)rL'los,  D< rln'dr'ion,  4'2,  ailil.-s  that  Carli.i j.il,  wlio  ciitnmriinlcil  Miifii/' 
f  riii'i'  force,  ooiiM  ycni'i'Mlly  ubtaiii  inoi'o  tliau  1,00!)  nicii  for  any  cxiicilitinii, 
ami  Yarza,  Ktatioucil  at  Zacajio,  fully  i.lilJII;  uliilo  Kayoii  cduM,  willi  tli(!  aiil 
of  Vargas  ami  Atilaiio  (larc'a,  iiuistcr  (j(H)  llHl^5k^•tl■(■^s,  w  hicli  iiii)ilii'il  a.siiiiilul" 
iiuinliur  of  iiii.'ii  witli  iiifi'riui'  aniH.  Nicoliis  iJravo  (■(jiiiiJiainlcil  iiloiii^  tlio 
So' 1  til  Soa,  (iali'aii.ianil  tlio  others  liein;^  liis  limitenaiits.  Slig:itly  varying!  ile- 
t;ii!s  are  f^'iveii  on  page  IU.  A  i"ei»oit  from  Valladoliil  witli  earlier  ilafa  indi- 
cate.t  that  arms  were  readily  iiiamU'aeturei I  liy  more  than,  uuu  kader,  llcruait- 
d':'.  ij  JJiu'Lilus,  Col.  JJoc,  vi.  2J:l-j;  but  this  is  douijtiiil. 


T-  -'ftj. 


LAST  CAMPAKIXS  L'XDKI!  CALr.K.r A. 


1 


ti  I! 
i 


i  r' 


n,-100  in  Xucv;i  (jallria,  and  a  s<>nu\\lia<  lai\i;('i'  forco 
in  the  Ofcldcnto,"  to  which  niu>(,  he  addid  the  arnnd 
citl/cns  in  t<t\vns,  villai;('s,  and  I'arnis;  so  that  ihr  loy- 
alists cindd  really  coinuiand  ahoiit  S(),()()0  men,  on  tlu; 
Avholc  hctlci-  annod  and  disciplined  than  the;  insuri^cnt 
forces,  and  with  iiK.-ii'asinL;'  resources,  as  the  latter 
"Were  driven  hack,  hut  also  with  jtrojjortionately 
]ita\ier  expenses  than  the  more  Iruj^'al  and  t  ndurin:^' 
]>atriols.^  Calhjii's  plan  heneid'orth  was  to  isolate  the 
insurgent  leatlers  as  much  as  possihle  l'r«»ni  each  other, 
and  press  steadily  U[ton  them,  reducin;^'  one  titruiiyhokl 
at'ter  another.'' 

The  central  j)oint  of  war  operations  had  changed  to 
Puehhi  and  A'era  Cvuz,  as  we  have  seen.  The  ili^ht 
of  itayon  gave  a  IVesh  impulse  to  .IJosains'  j)lans  for 
asserting  his  authority  over  this  region;  and  to  this 
end  he  [iroposed  tirst  that  Osorno  should  join  Inin  in 
surprising  the  forces  of  ^[ai(]uez  Donallo,  who  occu- 
pied the  hue  between  them.     JJut  Osorno  was  jnstl}' 

-Tliis  (listrilmlion  (i]ii)li('(l  r.itlinr  to  a  fi.'W"  luoiitlis  l;itor,  mid  rosta  nn  tlio 
ofllciiil  tiiblij  j,'i\in  in  Tarn  ni<-,  lli^t.  l!<  r.,  ii.  l'.sS,  wliiili  hliuw.s  I{I>.  4,')(i  lufu, 
iiu'ludiiig  iii'iii  ly  •_',0()l)^\  lioiiiiivi'!!  in  ,hiiii;  Isl.'i  iiiuUi-  ^Uyarcs,  mid  S.OOO  tt:i- 
tiiiiiMl  ill  tlu;  rri)viiiui;isi  liiturniis  iiiiil  (/ulifuniiu,  tlio  Littin' pidviiict;  liaviiiy; 
3,(ii)")  iissiyncd  to  it.  This  ligiiri!  hcloiigs  t.)  tliu  Oi'iidiiilu,  j  ft  the  iiiistaUi; 
casts  ;i  diiiilit  nl^o  on  other  jiails  of  thi;  list,  as  'ralia.^co;  the  .suiniiiiiig  up 
isalsu  wront,'.  Of  th(;4(),(H)0.  I  ■_',()()()  wure  in  regiments  from  Sj)aiii.  For  regu- 
lations govc.ruing  tiiem  and  oliicial  lists,  see. /'i /y/d/c/c)  VH.,  IhcreliM, 'I')-',',], 
]i.issim,  100 -•">•"),  ,'i:i7-t!l;  Arril/di/n,  I'croji.,  IS.'Vi,  iljl  (it;  iVn/'C/'oso  (<V/(.,  Aiig.- 
tSept.  ISl"),  Y,\Af-\\\\;  Kftmlo  Mill/.  (Uii.  Kjrr.,  \--2;  J'iivm,  Hi"!.  Jaitipn,  ii.  "JO; 
J\/i  iiili'/ii/,  Hc^Hiiifii  lli^l.,  'JSS-!);  Ji(iiniiji-iis/li:\s  iS/HVi.-Aiiirr.,  ")(i. 

■'(ireat  as  Mas  thi^  jiressuri.-  on  the  euuntry,  with  ineieased  exinse  find  otlier 
taxes,  while  mining  ami  niany  other  industries  had  declined,  yet  the  pay  of 
civil  and  military  employes  was  seldom  del-iyed,  the  t^ild  high  rates  lieiiig 
generally  maintained.  It  had  not  lieeu  thought  prudent  !■>  inii'osc  taxes  on 
Indians  in  lieu  of  the  aholished  tribiite.  The  sale  of  toliacco,  wliicli  yielded 
so  large  Ji  resfnue,  was  in  the  remote  pi'ovinccs  granted  to  contractors.  Forei  d 
contiihutiims  by  eommandants  were  forbidden,  and  surplus  funds  in  one  prov- 
iiKO  were  ordered  sent  ilireet  to  the  trooii.-,  and  ollieials  in  an  adjoining  needy 
one.  Decree  in  0(iz.  ilc  M(.c.,  iMlG,  vii.  Iti'J-U;  Bomujca-idtti  Sjjau.-AiHci:, 
5j-r.:  Torrt'ii/f,  llrv.,  ii.  ]ii;5-t. 

'  Of  these  were  in  .Mi/.teea:  Silaenyoapan,  .Tonacatlau,  Ostocingo,  and  (\'rr(> 
(lei  xMiimbre;  iu  Michoaean:  Zacapo,  Artijo,  ami  Cuiioro;  in  Niieva  Oalioia: 
Meseabi  Island;  in  (iuanajuato:  Cerro  !Saii  (iregorio  and  Ccrro  di  1  Sombreii;; 
in  Tehuaean  District:  Cerio  Colorado,  'J'epeji,  and  Ttotitlan;  and  in  Vera 
C'ru/:  ^lonteblancoaud  ralmillas,  besides  a  number  fif  tem|iorary  sti'ongliolds. 
ISobinson  exiiresses  some  views  respecting  the  value  uf  the  troops  on  both  sides. 
Mum.  licv.,  1S2-3. 


r^i 


DKFKAT  or  ROSAIXS. 


C2!) 


suspii-ious  (if  till'  iiili'ii^-iKs,  Mild  krpt  .•ildnf.  ^Fcnii- 
nliilf  J)()ii;ill<)  L^Dt  w  iiid  of  till'  piojcrt,  jiiid  tui'iicd  the 
tallies  1)}'  Inlliii^f  iiiii\]n'cl('(!I_',  upon  Jlos.'uns  at  Solto 
jM'c.iicar  I  Iiiamaiitia,  oil  daiiii;n'v  •_'•_',  isiri.aiid  iiitlict- 
iii!^'  a,  cftisliiiig  dcrcat/'  The  di.sa.-;ter  carried  rejoiciii'^' 
ill  the  others,  and  ( )siii-iio,  Arroyo,  and  Cal/.ada  not 
only  deilared  their  ind(;])en(|eiii'e,  hut  joined  in  piek- 
iii^'  u[)  stra^';^ders  iVom  the  drleated  army,  and  in  tak- 


.    AUil'iiiiHii    j       ,_  _     '••■», 

.'•:l.rliki)  l      W,  '^      '  >  lliTniHliiMiiii!..'' *■' 
.  ■»>,'    ^         \\i.M..ii..'ln  "     " 


ZoaLtitm"' 


^r„iyulal|.im  ;|T'Mj  ^^  ;       ■     .-?^, ."..—■»<,__       -- 


0/ttiii'fia 


Sill  ,\'.ilr.:»  ■'« 

r,K\.'.:  .,.:,v.\ 


•"  =  "-t:.. 


Ani'iziH-  ,  ~\ 

III 
Tlufotepec 


Ko|.ab,        ■  V    ,  .'.H'Snadi  'C:  ,>,::;;■^  ."""i^^ 


■     ■  'Orijr.ra  ■-■ >^^ 


-HMr.jui]'an 


Ol'Kli.VllO.'iS    IN    Jill']      JCa^t, 

ing  possession  of  several  of  llosains'  towns.  Sesina 
abandoned  hini  and  retired  to  ]\[iztoea,  and  a  nnni- 
bur  of  chiefs  in  A\'ra  Cruz  withdrew  their  allegiance, 

'The  roj-nlists  nuniborcil  ;il)oiit  1,000,  ami  claiinod  tliat  the  iiisiiriiciit.-) 
lost  1200  in  killeil  on  tho  ii,itt!e-rK-'M  alone,  out  of  a  tone  ot  I,.")!!!).  (,'u~..  it<: 
M<:r.,  181."),  vi.  ]-2o<.),  !)!)-100.  JJiistainauto,  Cufi'l  JIUl.,  iii.  'MO-'l,  and 
llosiiius,  ltd.  I//-'/.,  I.'i-i4.  Ijilittle  tlio  aliair;  Init 'i'eran  s-poalcs  nioru  plainly. 
I'cir  Lobera'd  h-haro  in  the  viftoiy,  sue  Uarixrn,  Eloijio  Luijcrn,  1-1_'. 


;i 


cr;o 


LAST  CAMPAICXS  UXDF.IL  CAL]j:.rA. 


it 


cliiMi.-iiv  the  suceessful  Yictf'ri;i  forli(.'utenant-:''eiiL'i'a], 
uiidor  the  pivti'iu-e  ol' adlieriu^'  to  tliu  coiigruss.^ 

Itosaiiis  tiiivc  vent  to  his  rai-'e  by  seu<!iii'>"  an  aufeiit 
to  ravaf(e  and  reduce  to  aslies  the  tv)\vn  of  .San  Andres, 
sini])ly  because  the  otlierwise  well  (lis[)()sed  [»o[>ulation 
had  heeu  I'educed  l>y  his  rivals."  Undaunted  as  e\ei', 
lie  tin  i'eU[ion  collected  all  the  force  he  could  nuister 
ai;ainst  the  leaders  in  A'ei'a  Cruz.  His  men  hy  no 
nieaiis  re.Tished  a  canipai^'u  against  brethren  in 
arms,  and  their  chief  ha\inL;'  been  re[>ulsed  on  the 
.Tamapa,  tlu'V  neai'ly  all  abandoned  hini.^  Teran,  who 
had  M)  far  remained  ti'Uf.',  was  now  j)crsiiaded  toairest 
.'ind  remove  him  from  c-ommaiid.  "^I'his  was  etlcn-ted 
August  "iOth,  and  after  beinL>-  tossed  from  one  leader 
to  anollier,  it  was  resolvedi  to  send  liim  in  chains  to 
I  111'  cong-ress.  On  the  way  he  escaped,  acce[tted  par 
i\  >\\  IVom  tlio  vicL'rov,  an<l  renaid  it  with  most  iinuri- 
ous  I  Nposures  of  insurgent  }>l;uis."  And  so  disapj)eai-ed 
a  man  who  owed  his  i-ise  to  the  partiality  of  Alorelo.s 
rather  than  to  ability'"  as  a  leader,  and  who  chose  to 
sacj-iticc  the  cause  of  his  c(>untrv  and  tlie  blood  of  his 
adlcreiits  to  satisfv  a  selfish  anibition  and  indulge  a 
cholerii'  tem[ierament. 

(*allcja  considered  this  a  good  opportunity  to  seize 
upon  'i'ehuacan,  th(!  centi'e  of  liosains'  district.      The 

"  Rosa  ins'  ii,u(>ntn,  Vilasio  uuil  .Tdaijiiii  IVrcz,  wcic  arrostiil.  Foi'iiiio.st 
.T.ii'iii'_r  t!i;'  r('i)olli(in<  Ic;ii1lt;<  v.i  re(,'i'i  r;i!,  who  li:i^l  so  w;iriiily  iiplicM  Hosjiiii-, 
ji.inl  Moiuiol,  till'  (Mjliblur  of  Orizalia,  li'mlu:'  t]f  one  -^f  tlio  liiicst  tavalry  liaiid.s 
tliere. 

'  Tctails  of  tiio  outra':,'o  ill  A'c;//-'"''',  }fr.r.  SI'/'o  XfX.,  \ii.  i-M-T.  TIr  al'ip 
attcmiit^'l  tu  slioot  lliu  intoiiilenti'  I'orez,  and  he  t'scapiu;,'  tho  yuaii'  ;  sullcixil 
iu  his  phK-i\ 

*  Ho  I'ashly  iusistc  1  on  .liav^ing  th'^  iutrcnclicil  I'lni])  of  Corrr.l  ml  Mnn- 
tii  1,  at  thi' c'lo.-'o  of  .1  nly.  Jly  tiiis  time  hi.<  disallccn  il  inwo  had  dwindl'd 
fru-n  TOO  to  'JOK.      Ditails  in    'J'cran,  Moiiij'ixl,,    V.V  11;  <)ri:.uvit,     h'tirn  m'., 

'•"'riie  text  is  icproiliu'i'd  aniony  (pt'icrs  liy  Zaniacii,-).  }I'ixi,  JA-,  ix,  84."t- 
.","'.      l''i>r  [lard.m  and  rljaraclfi',  t'l't.:  Xi>i'"-hi!<,i  I,   n.,  iht.  1".  iNlo;  Jlnti'ttnKnil'  , 


:f  . 


t.   ir. 

ill 


o  claims  in  his  Jii  /.  Ilisl.  to  have  aiihd  the  iiismueiitH  w  ith 


rniation,  allhi.iiuii  takni' 


o  active  |iail  in  tl 


le  uai',  an 


d  \  ictoria 


eir 


tainly  rewarded  him  w  itii  a  pension  after  1^: 


If 


e  iiecame  ill  l!S:M  si  iiali 


fi>r  I'li'bla,  will 


hadh 


iccii  lesidiM'' \\  ith  liis  faniil\- all  tlii.s  time.     In  \f^'.\0 


lie  conspired   with  Victoria".!  liiother  a;L;aiiist  (ieneial  Jliislainante  aiul   uas 


shot  ft  I'liiMa  Sent.  'JTtli.   / 


11 


p 
llie  lilii 


iviifr'iiKl 


llli;    \''jZ  P<'I 


fill,  V.  no. 


:ti. 


mtimaies 


thath 


lar  ni  oliedec"!','  .say.s  ']'( 


V 


:\. 


ifixto,  .'il, 


w  lo  also 


ic  came  on  the  hatlledicld  mere.  '  lo  tiiin  his  IjucU 


ti:i:ax-s  sUcCESSICS. 


C.",! 


^■a], 


\:\.-\i  v,;is  iuti'tisti'd  t(;  (iovmior  Alx'nrc;^  of  O.ijaca, 
who  oil  tlio  way  laid  sir'-c  to  Ti'otitlan,  '^rcraii  came 
1o  the  rescue  and  luaiia'.  ed  to  sui'pi'ist;  the  royalists, 
iiilli('tiii;j  so  severe  a  (  ^lastisenieiit  that  they  retired 
v.heiiec  they  came."  ^n  notahle  a  success  could  not 
Tail  to  L^'iNe  ianie  and  inllu<-'iice  to  this  l•isin^•  oilicer, 
then  little  o\-er  twenty;  and  it  certainly  canu;  oppor- 
tunely to  assure  his  position  as  successor  of  Ikosaiiis 
ill  I'ehuacan  and  the  adjoinin^^  district  in  '^di/.teca. 
l!is    youthfulncss  Vvus    overbalanced    hv  stn  •!■••.  Avill 

t.'  t  O 

and  enei^'v,  and  hy  a  certain  resei've,  v.hieh,  ifi'epel- 
IIhl;'  intimacy,  ser\ed  to  increase  his  self-reliance  and 
attract  a  wholesome  conlidence  and  respect.'"  ^dore- 
liis  pointed  to  him  as  the  most  promisiii',;-  of  the  lead- 
ers,  i)artlv  iVom  his   knowledLi'e"   of  mihtarv  science; 


alKl  ne 
( ion  ol 


justifiei 


I  tl 


le 


his  di.^tlict 


[irais';  hy  placin*^  the  administra- 


oii  an  exc(.'lleni  lo( 


)tmi 


iX,  and  lormmii' 


the  hest  or 


nii/Aa   iorce  amon'>- 


tl 


le  msui'ii-ents. 


800 


stronu',  with  which  he  he'j'an  to  ]ilan  movt-inents  de^- 
tilled    to    hrinu"  credit  to  himself  as  well  as  to  the 


caus(> 


Such  was  his  position  when,  on  Xovomher  1  Gth,  the 
fu!.>'iti\e  coiiL-'ress  marched  into  Tehuacan  with  adilan- 

escorted   ])y  Guerrei'o. 
d,  for  ]\i'  saw  that  this 


idated   I'emnant   of  follower.- 


T 


eran  was  by  no  means  ]U(Mse( 
liodv  exitectt'd  not  onl\'  ■>  '■  rn'.r(\  hut  olteditMicc^  to  its 
whims   and    sustenance    for    its   re-^pectahle    train    of 


dherelits. 


The    liitor    feature    ai 


[^pi-ai'iMJ    especially 


-erious,  ( 


)win'>'  to  the    limited   extent  of  the  district. 


and  th(>  ne<dect  of  other  leaders  to  contril)ui' 


lOt 


!iiainti'na!:i'<'  oft 


no 


assemhlv.     Several  aibitrarv  i 


tho 

iiea->- 


ures,  and  the  iiijudi 


C.oUS     I 


li'ction  of  (le[)iities   to   till 


Thisoccurrcil  mi  ()>'t.  Ii'tli.     Tli'' flnoc  was  ilcfoinli'il  1  yTi 


itli  l.'iOiiuii.     Tl 

tlio  rov.'ilists  iit  7""-     (''«(' 


.iiinijuiii,  w 

\v  111)  JllilCl':! 

till!  l.itti'f  tl)  10.",  w  itii  OIK",  a  nun 


's  lirotlic 
iiiL'lit: -(M)  men,  aoudriliiii'  ti)  llustuiniiiitt 


iii.  .'](1."i-li.     ( i(.'iu'i';il  Di 


Attl 


u'saiiif  UiiicScsnia  LTami'il  an  ailvan 


loIZ  I'CillliCi 

I, 


ti, 


at  Voloiufi'atl  (ill  llio  Mi/.too.'i  l".rilui 


Al 


irez  was  a  ilriiiiuan 


I  ami 


ili'>p..t,  siy^  ('<irr!i  ilo,  E^'ml.  OriJ.,  ii.  'W.     Ho.  \va.<  thrcati'iicd  with  rciiiDV.il. 
'-'>lainn.'l  do  Mior  y '!"<  ra!i  Iiml  joiiii'il  H  tymi'.s  foixi's  in   ISll,  lrin.'i;n^ 
the  rrpittation  ffdin  Mcxi-'o  of  a  talcnti'd  Htudcut.     LtitiT  lie  f.ui'rlit;  iiiulrr 


Mat 


itiiiiioros,  aiK 


I  altc 


r  iTiiiaimii 


''  in  t!ii'  soi'tli  till    IS]  1,  \aiiilv  ui-i. 


1! 


filil  0;ij  ira,  lie  (.'.inu' 


r 


[.rovi 


unir'niTc  IIut;ii 


til 


Ilk  v(  I' -lliliK.l. 


f ; ! 


632 


LA.^T  C/MPAIGXS  UXDER  CALLKJA. 


vacancies,"  served  to  increase  his  annoyance,  wliicli 
(lovcloped  into  alarm  as  the  linancial  a(hulnistratiou 
Avas  taken  (Voni  his  coi'trol  and  inti'ustod  to  a  hostile 
and  inipro[)er  person,  and  as  he  foin)d  Corral,  Scsnia, 
and  other  opponents  scekin;^"  to  undermine  his  inllii- 
encc  \vith  the  troops,  and  creating  discontent  gener- 
ally." 

Under  the  circumstancos,  he  can  hardlv  be  hlanied 
for  taking  steps  to  rid  himsL'lf  of  a  hody  which  h;id 
lonii:  since  sacrificed  its  inlhience  l>v  internal  discoi-d, 
imjjohti*-'  conduct,  and  inefficient  nianagemont,  and  was 
generally  looked  upon  as  a  useless  intruder.  What 
I'ole  he  really  ])layed  is  not  clear,  l)ut  he  certainly 
countenanced  the  act  of  his  leading  officers,  who  placed 
]iim  under  arrest  during  the  night  of  Jjecemher  1  Uh, 
A\  hile  the}'  secured  tin;  persons  of  the  deputies,  exi^- 
cutivc,  and  judges,  together  with  Sesma  and  otlier 
su}i[)orters  of  the  old  regime.'''  On  the  following 
morning  it  was  decided  to  dissolve  the  congress  as 
not  sanctioned  by  popular  eh-etion,  and  create  a  pro- 
visional executive  conunissi()n,  composed  of  Teian, 
together  with  the  existing  executive  mendx'rs,  Alas 
and  Cumplido,  till  a  similar  f)rmal  ])o;iy  cndd  be 
cliosen   by   the   departments  of   \'era  Ci'ux;,  l*uebla, 

"  l;^nacir>  Alas  had  on  the  way  hocn  clmscn  associate  of  Ciuiipliilo,  ti  (ill 
the  plaoc  t)f  Mi.irclos  ii ,  tho  e\ccutivo,  auil  Ponce  ilo  JjOOII  liL^iiifil  as  chief  jiis- 
tic'.',  leaving  only  I'onr  dcputioH,  I'redidiiit  I'otero  C'astafieda,  lliii/ do  C..-<ta,- 
fioda,  Se:>iii.i  the  elder,  and  (jon/.ali'Z.  Tlin.'e  siipleiitcs  were  mnv  chosen,  the 
pi'csliytcr  (Jutierrez  de  Teran,  Ijonito  R'nlia,  former  coininaud.mt  at  (Jajaja, 
and  Juan  .losr  do  Corral,  tlie  late  opponenfc  of  Teran  on  the  .lauiapa,  liatllo- 
lu'ld.  (..'.i.'Iu.i  Biistauianlu  and  Xicol.ii  J]ravo  wcve  elioseu  sujirenie  j'.lds^■^;  - 
truly  a  wise  art,  to  witlidraw  in  the  lattm'  an  al)lo  and  mnc'.i  needed  oliieer 
from  the  held.  In  the  he'^inning  of  Dee.  the  assenilily  witlidi'i'W  for  more  nn- 
distin'Iied  session  to  San  Francisco  iiaeienda,  fmir  leagues  distant,  after  lia\ing 
decreed,  against  Tcran't)  opinion,  the  expulsion  of  Carmelite  friars  from 'J"eliua- 
can. 

'•F!osnri  ntlored  mj-sterion^  threat',  Corral  threatened  to  ai-rai-rii  Tei'an 
for  liis  trea'.ment  of  Uosain.s,  an<l  tlie  tronji.s  escorting  tho  congress  hegan  to 
(piarrcl  with  Terau'.-i  men.  Sesma  ch;ill(^ngcd  'i'eran,  and  tlio  latter  was 
jilaced  under  arrest  by  the  deputies,  but  tlie  clamor  <if  his  sol  liers  o'>tainc.l 
Ids  I'clease, 

'' Jncladiiig  Tnt'^ndenfe  Martinez  and  Lohatn.  .''esma  might  have  been 
filiot  but  f.  a' T>ran".s  interference.  So  far  the  mend)ers  of  eon;:i'ess  had  ln'cu 
aceordod  rdl  the  p  imp  which  they  so  dearly  lived.  I'.nstamanle  propo-ed  Hi 
restoraliiju  of  all'airs,  wilh  the  'Hncersion  of  the  war  oliiee  under  Teruu  to 
direct  campaigns;  but  this  was  considered  impraeucalile. 


u'y^. 


THE  COXGKESS  DISSOLVED. 


633 


and  North  ^Trxico,  to  aft  till  a  I'l'LC'ilarly  clcc'lcd  con- 
gress niiL;'lit  be  installed."^  A'ictoria,  ami  ()s()nio  toolc 
no  notice  of  the  ])roject,  and  so  it  was  abandoned,  nor 
did  the  disxilved  assembly  attenq)t  to  I'oi'm  anew. 
A\'itli  it  vanislied  the  representative  g'ovei-nnient 
started  l>y  llidaluo's  ibllowers  and  reor-'-anized  bv 
]\Iorelos,  leavin^•  the  insurgents  a(h'il't,  at  ]ea--{  tbr  ;i 
while,  and  giving  the  royahsts  greater  reason  I'lr  ti'eat- 
ing  them  as  rebels  and  bandits;^'  yet  tliis  an]»li(>d 
I'aiher  to  tlie  east,  for  in  the  home  of  the  original  junta 
rose  another  to  inlluenee  the  destinies  of  tlie  cause. 


17Id  of  the  1)urdensome  assembly,  and  w/Ii  forces 
swelled  to  nearly  iifteen  hundrei!  men  fri/Ui  its  late 
escort  and  other  sources,  Toran  f^'lt  himself  strong 
eiio'igli  to  take  the  ollr-nsive  against  the  royalists, 
ani  M)  bivalv  in  uj)on  the  })lans  Ibi'miug  a;j;ain.^t  him. 
]  [e  succeeded,  in  fact,  in  giving  so  effectual  a  elieck  to 
a  cohnnn  under  Barradas,  which  was  advancing  ag'ainst 
"^repeji,  that  it  had  to  abandon  the  expedition. ^^  As 
a  i'urtlier  measure,  ho  sought  to  strengthen  his  posi- 

'''Tlic  new  triunivir;ite  \v;is  to  bo  ciilk'tl  ooDvciiciou  (li_'p;irtainfiit;il,  ."iinl  iti 
thiVL'  liicnilicrs  coniiaario.s.  Tlify  wcri!  to  reside  iiltci'iiatuly  in  the  tliroc  <lis- 
t'ictH  (jk'L'tin;^  tlioiii.  Tiio  plan  was  iLited  at  'JVliiiacau  .Ian.  1(1,  ISKi.  'J'ho 
ili.itfict  of  Tohiiai-an  tlecU'il  in  Feb.  the  eiira  .Mi)ntczunia  Cortes,  l.iit  \'iet(iriii 
l:ai.l  iia  attentiiiu  to  the  pn^jeet.  imr  diil  Osorno,  altluiiii,'li  he  had  t.cnt  in  his 
ibuuil  iucaiiin;j;les3  consent.  The  argument  against  t!ie  existiniJ!  eongres.s  waM 
lis  illegality,  a.i  self-electe.l,  and  its  miwi.so  elections  iiml  otlier  acts.  'J'he 
(K'puties  and  other  prisoners  were  released  and  departed,  chielly  for  Vera  C'rn:':, 
A\  hero  Victoria  figured  as  i)as.-.ivo  synipathi/er,  Alas  and  Cnniplido  soon 
returned  to  Michoacan.  Ali.mt  thi-i  time  Liocaga  pet  out  to  join  tlu;  eon- 
p.Tc,JS.  Infoi'UKMl  of  what  hid  happeneil,  ho  tiu'iied  li.vk,  but  lio  w.'S  ovt'- 
talcen  by  royalists  in  ^lexico  \';;I!ey,  au.l  lo-t  all  his  baggage,  liav  iiig  a  nairow 
escape  with  iiis  life.  d'l-.deMi.i:.,  ISKi,  vii,  191. 

'' For  details  eonoerniug  tho  alFair,  see  the  aeeouiit  of  r.u-'.t:\inaiit'',  who 
participated.  (Jiiwiro,  iii.  ;);)S-:J1.  He  is  naturally  .souieu  hat  oir.-.ulrfl  with 
'i'eran,  and  prefers  to  let  (!ie  report  of  a  royali.-t  sjiyand  tlie  (hicunienf.-i 
i^  lUe  I  on  the  occasion  speak  for  t!icinsel\-es  in  (pioted  form.  .M(-'iidnpil  re- 
produces also  the  jiroi'laniatious,  I!'-:.,  'Joit-CJI,  -loi-ll,  one  of  ll'.i  :m  th"  (iru- 
hion  of  a  royalist  intriguer.  N<(jr(li^,  Mir.  Si/lo  X/X.,  vii.  4')'  .')  i.  loyal- 
ist versions,  in  'J'unriile,  Jl!-/.  J'n'.,  ii.  1!)S--_',H),  •JDJ-.'!,  impli.ate  Ti'ran  ai 
luain  ac'ior,  'd  anien.;xar  eon  la  niuerti!  ii  vai'ios  do  sus  conipafii'i-es.'  Wai'd, 
-'/-.(•.,  i.  -JI-J-l ),  and  i:(jbinson,  J/,  .r.  Hu:,  i.  T-'-;<.  'Jl;M.'),  wiiil.-  unt  blaming 
'I'lian  for  his  eoiiduet,  ascribe  to  the  (lis-<olulinn  of  the  eomm>Ki  bmid  tho 
downfall  of  the  revolution.  Teran  naturally  maintains  , a  garb  n'i  iimoeenec.'. 
,S';i'ni'(i  Mnti/r.-./.,  '_'(!;  Znm/n,  Urr.  M  x.,'n.  7l-ll<i.  l!ll-.*>. 

''*Tlii3  triuuifih  was  gained  at  Jlosaiio  J)ee,  I'T,  lNb">,  with  ."!);)  men.  Bar- 
ruJas  admitted  the  lusd  of  two  olliccrd  and  nine  men;  l>ut  not  a  ilcieat. 


...I^^^l 


634 


LAST  CAMPAIflXS  UXDl'R  CALLIMA. 


ti:»ii  i]i  ]\rixtc'ca  l)y  ('(insti'iictiiiL;-  aiinllicr  stronivliold 
on  ]^.[ount  Siiiita  Gertnulis,  and  st-ndiiiy;  rccnlbrcc- 
lucnts  under  couniiand  ot'  lii.s  brotlicr  Juan,  wlio  IVoui 
liis  retr(\at  at  1\'[)i'ji  did  good  service  in  obstruet.in'^' 
tlie  hi'j-lvway  to  (Jaiaca  and  liarassini;  the  detacliuients 
centrinu"  round  Izucai'." 

orufan  ized 


Teran's  forces  wei'e  not  only  tlio  Ijest 
among  tlic  insurgents,  l)ut  with  the  aid  of  brothers 
and  hiv;il  officers  ho  wielded  a  more  absolute  control 
v.'itliin  his  district  than  other  leaders  in  theirs,  and 
could  therefore  claim  at  tliis  time  to  be  the  most 
prominent  among  them.  His  positiim,  however,  was 
bccominfjf  moi'c  exiiosed,  for  the  royalists  had  lately 


ii'am 


d 


sever 


al 


pose( 
successes 


to  the  north  and  west,  and 


wer<!    rc^ady   to   combine  against   him   from   dillereiit 
quarters.     Teran  saw  the  gathering  st(nii),  and  in  [)re- 


1 


ariii'''  to  face  it  he  found  that  more  arms  and  annnu- 


nitidii  were  above  all  necessary,-"  for  his  prestige  would 
liring  all  the  recruits  he  wanted.  At  this  jum-ture 
appeai'cd  an  American,  named  William  Davis  Ilobin- 
Bon,  lately  dealing  with  Caracas,  who  olfered  to  pro- 
vide nc^cessary  funds.  It  was  agreed  tliat  the  deliv- 
crv,   including   four   thousand    muskets,  should    take 

I  li 


.1; 


itC 


place  at  I  foazacoalco  itiver,  whicli  was  unoccupied  hy 
I'oyali.-ts,  and  presented  the  only  ])oint  accessible  to 
Teran. -^  Tin;  route  was  lon<>'  and  (hlticult,  ol)structed 
by  f  .rests  and  marshes,  and  threatened  by  the  I'ainy 
season  just  beginning;  but  necessity  overruled  all. 


"  I'nilcr  liiin  was  placed  Lieut-col  Fialln,  arnyalist  deserter,  who  bc^an  to 
intri^'tie  auion^'  the  (rudjis  ^^  itli  a  xicw  to  ficdiie;;  tlieiii  fur  N'icloiia,  or  evtii  fiT 
I'oyali-st-i,  itis.'^aid.  'i'lii;  iiitiML,'\ie  was  atteiuleil  hy  lack  of  disi'iiiline,  wliieii 
calleil  t  heatteiitioiiof  thei<triet Tehran.  ]Ie  aiiustel  Ijulh  his  lirutheraiul  T'ia- 
lli),  and  theguiltof  tiie  latter  appearing,  ho  was.slR)t.  liustaniaute  assisted  in 
tlieca-e.  i'liu'l.  J/i.<f.,  iii,,'U.l  7.  '/'<  /'ilii,  S(  H'linht  .!/((/(//'.</.,  4Uet  sen.  Lo^ains, 
/■'•/.  //'s/.,  17,  niaivc.-i  a.  iji'Vero  ehar;L;(!  (if  tiiis  act.  La  Mailrid  speaks  highly 
of  tlie  linvvery  ;ind  discipline  of  Teran")  tmops.   On::,  dr  Mu-.,  lSl(i,  vii.  "JO'.t. 

'-'"  Ili.'i  .suiiiily  fruni  I'm  hla  had  heeu  cut  oil',  and  the  lead  mines  at  Zapoli- 
tlan  yicMed  hiui  litile. 

'■"  liiihinsiin  liad  hunlcd  at  Bixpiilla-  ile  I'iedras,  but  Victoria  demanded  an 
exorbitant  (uice  i'ni-  transmitting  the  ai'ms  froni  there.  'J'iio  price  of  tlic 
umskets  was  SJO  eaeii.  (luerrero  was  invited  to  join,  but  objectcil  to  enter- 
ing a  territory  claimed  by  N'ietoria,  whose  district  was  supposed  to  extend  to 
Yucatan. 


Kxi'i:i)rrio?;  T(^  ooazacoalc;). 


(•,:.:> 


lie  set  out  Vvitli  -100  UK  11-'  in  the  middli'  of  July, 
\<y  \v;iy  of  Tuxtcpcc,  and  al't(  r  a  toils. tiiic  iiiardi, 
ii'iiciK'il,  six  wi'clvs  l;itcr,  tlic  soutliei'ii  tiiWiit.irv  of  1  lie 
I'aj);!loajiaii,  wliicli  rises  near  Axilla  AUa.  '.riii!  drlav 
1  ad  ciiaMc'd  tliu  I'oyalist  troojis  to  aii]>ro;i(li  tVoni 
Tlacotalpaii  and  Qajaea,  and  tin.'  i'i\er.s  IjciiiLC  ^^wolirii 
liy  rain,  it  was  tli<)Uu;'ht  iiii[)rudcnt  to  vcnturo  I'trtlirv, 
to  stru_t;"^lo  witli  a  tlireatfiiiiiL;-  (aiiiiiio,  and  ))('il!a[)s  to 
l>c  cut  oil'  by  pursuers.-''  During'  the  retreat  tlie 
loyalist  eoluinn  iVoni  'l'laeotal[ian  was  bravely  u  jtulsi'd, 
and  -Juan  'lY'raii  came  in  time  to  check  two  (_)ajaca  e.\- 
])editi()iis  which  liad  heeii  or^'anized  with  the'  intent  ot 
attnelviiig  his  brother  in  the  rear.  Tin  latter  renelied 
'J'ehuaciiii  September  iliid.'-* 

]\reaiiwhile  the  scjiooiier  Pufr/Of  had  a]»pearL>il  oil' 
tlie  (Joazacoalcf)  with  the  arinaiuent,  as  agreed,  and 
managed  to  profit  by  the  interxal  of  hopele-s  waitiiij' 
to  capture  an  aggressive  S[)anish  vessel, 'Mh us  aeliicv 
ill'''   ibr   the   Mexican   llaLi',    WJiieJi    it    lioldb 


IV      l)OlSL''(l 


-- AttiMided  vohintarily  by  Win  Itohinson,  and  also  tin'  diiitcir,  .Tnjm  Itnli- 
insdii,  wliri  came  with  An'iiVii  tVoiu  tlir  I'liiti-'d  Stali.:s.  .Iiiaii  i;iMlrlL,'uc/.  com- 
i!i;uiil('il  half  tho  furco,  as  IVrau's  second. 

-■'ii-niii  did  criiss  the  river  in  a  Muall  hoiit  with  a  few  imii  to  IMaya 
A'iceiito,  a  new  eiitivjiot  for  trade  liotwocn  Onjacn.  :iiid  \"ei;'  ' '.w/..  Imtw.is 
siir|)rise(l  jiikI  nanowly  cscMpcil  <'a|>tiire.  Most  of  his  ci.inpMe inns  wcit  cith t 
ili'ciw  ncd  (a'captuied;  anioiiL;  the  latter,  Wni  Uoliiii.son.  <•((:.  d-  Mir.,  ISlJl,  \  ii. 
!)II7-">.  Alter  'J  years'  ini|irisonnicnt  iit  I'hia,  Itohinson  was  .scat  t  i  (adi/, 
whence  he  cseaned,  althouL.'li  luidir  jiarole.  and  wrote  the  history  whicii  wid 
lie  noticed  in  a  later  eliaplcr.  The  other  Ivohinsim  returned  from  Ti  liaacan 
to  the  I'nited  Slates  sooa  iiftc  r  th''  e\[iedition  arrived  honi(\ 

'-'Tho  march  from  'J'lixtciiee  haik  lia\  ing  heen  aecomjilislied  in  0  day.i. 
'J'iie  'J'lacotal[ian  colnmn  umh  r  'I'npi  to  i-i  jilieed  liy  'iVran  at  S(H)  men,  and  its 
!•  --s  at  SO  killed,  17  jirisoni'rs,  <)()  nur-^Ucts,  etc.  Four  days  later,  on  Sept. 
i  "itli,  .Jiiau  'J\ran  dishnlged  ( 'astro  from  Coseatlaii  with  .'!()«)  men,  and  the  lat- 
ter in  retreat in.L,'  took  with  liini  the  eorp.s  under  Lopez,  intended  to  harass 
'i\ran's  exi^  dition.  Castro,  who  appears  t.>  have  had  li^O  hor.^eaie'i,  ,laim-; 
that  lie  routed  Teran !  / /.,  lOit-J  t.  T.  pete  retrieved  himself  liy  takin,' 
Ojitlan,  with  its  ^'arrisou  "f  Itii)  men  niider  Miranda,  left  to  cover  Teran's  re- 
treat. Miranda  was  well  treateil,  contrary  to  custom.  ])'tails  concernitig 
t!ii^  expcditi(ju  in    'Tmiii,  S"ii:iiil'i.  Mtiui/'xf.,  (i  it  s^eip;   IUt<t'iiit'iiil' ,  Ciui'l. 


el  the  cargo  to  Miu»,    Ciru/.  Ili<f.,  iii.  HTS-O. 

t;i'       ■  ■ 


-'1    I  ue  e.ii^w  \,\j  ^>i'ii4^b,     I.   ii'iti .    /('•'/.,   Ill,   tli  .1—:'.        .V  oiiiLV  fit'  lit  "I      »  IV  I'M  iitj  II IV  ti- 

lilic-i  this  vessel  with  tin   *,''■!>•  >>i/  .liirt^,,ii,  ilespatched.  like  ji  liri> '('dinL,' one, 
by  A.  L.  Dunciin  troiii  Xt \v  Uiktius.  Ijco  Duncuu"^  claims  in  Miller,  UijlixwHei, 


ii 


v'.vU^ 


I 


I 


II 


c,?,c> 


la?;t  CA:\rPATr;xs  undeu  callkja. 


tlio  <:']')rv  of  tlie  f]l^■^t  i!;i\;tl  viL-toiv  iluriii'j'  the  I'ovolu- 

ti(Mi. 

A  siirpi'isu  nwaitetl  Ti'i'nn   in   iln^  liid   for  allianco 
):ii  the  Jiitlu'i'to  nii;ipj>i'(>a(*h;ihK.'  Osonio,  who  had  at 


\\\ 


last  suecuiubfd  under  the  cniid)iiii.'(|  onslau^lit  of  roy 
aJists,  and  now  souu^ht  aid  to  i\'covcr  a  ])ai't  at  least  of 


Ills  h),st  sii 


OlllKl 


Hi 


iN'tft 


hi'ow  was 


!L;-reatl 


V  due  to 


])ersisteiit  and  ahn(»st  exchisive  use  of  cavahy  Avith 
littler  or  no  (HscipHuo.  '^I'liis  availed  little  ev(?n  ai;'aiiist 
li'ht   intrcnehuK'nts,   heliind   whieh  I'ovalist  inlaufiA' 


roll 


Id 


gener, 


Lilly 


man 


a'jo   to  retire;   nor  liad    his  nim 


shi»wn  aiiv  ahilifv  to  resist  a  wtU  sustaine 


d  ch 


or   maintain   oiui   in   tui'ii 


Th 


1 


lese   Horse  men    o 


r  th. 


plain    were   too   in>U'[)endent  lo  suhniit  to   dlscipliii' 


or 


foil 


k> 


ow  n'Jcsonu 


taclK 


Tlie  latter  were  reduced 


to   feints    for  drawing'    tlie   enemy   to   open  ground, 
>\Iiore  a  ouick    thou'j'h  not  detormincd  charLj^e  mii>lit 


have  full  ('{rcct.      Their  chief  and>it 


on  a])i)ear.s 


to] 


lav 


hccn  a  display  of  their  hci  \-  steeds;  saddles  inlaid  with 


liver,  aiu 


I   strikinu'   di 


■^ses  Willi   em 


th 


d)roid 


el 


aiK 


1   t( 


■y 


aiu 


1 


ati.- 


jirol'usion   of  glittei'in;^'    oinaineiifs; 

this  vanity  the'V  did  not  hesitate  at  o\-ietions,  and  even 

rohl)ories,  which  naturally   produeed  great  irritation 


ains 


ttl 


leU'  part  V 


()s,,r 


no  was   ))oweriess 


and  had 


to  jiuinor  them  in  ordei'  t(»  retain  a  semblance  of  au- 
thoritv. 

At  Toitolltas,  not  far  from  the  famous  hattle-fK!! 
of  <  )tuniha,  his  forces  in  August  \H\  [  and  April  lH/-> 
gained  two  triumphs  over  J'oyalists,'^'  on  the  latter  (/<>- 


hvd 


casion   hy  driNing  a   numoer  ot  loose  norses  upon  tn 


f  1( 


h 


th 


nilantiy  ant 


d  tal 


anii"  a( 


I  vantage  of  the  disorder  l/y  a 


l-S;  Pap.  IV/r.,  Ixxiii.  pt  XV.     r.ivcr.i  assumes  tliat  the  Mexican  fl.iLt  lioist(  1 


occasiiiiia 
latter  afte 


h-  h- 


iiitere.-t(';l  pira 


d  i.tl 


K  rs  was  re( 


(l  icplai  111  hy  yi-eeii.    ///-^  Jfihi/pi,  i.  5')!). 


lite,  aiiil  yclKnv,  th  : 


''A  royalist  conuiiainU'i'  rcpijrts  that  in  one  of  O-^ornoV  eolumns  defeati  1 


1)V   l! 


i'ii)l)i)ns,  a 


it  of  riiihly  (Iress'.'il  men,  willi  fine  liatsaml  l)iMa«l  wlii 
U  nioniiteil  (in  thrush-colored  liorse.s.    (}a~.  d'  Mi .r.,  JH|."»,  vi.  Il!r)7 


ini  was  ;i  rc'oniei 


'1  liey  wen;  the  poorest  lliihtors.     JSiHtaniantc  inetirrud  \vii|. -spriad  iinliii 
tion  hy  liis  reaiDUstranees  a^'aiMst  nnch  hivity.    Cnnl.  Hi:l.,  iii.  iJ.i.T 


On  tlic  former  ocivisiou  over  lit 


iu  Ajiril   ISl.'i  ovi  r  (larraihis,  thn 


new  coiuinaii 


hint  for  Ap  ;ni.    (laz.  ik  J/rj.'.,  Uil.>,  vi.  'Jlo,  ItSS-H;  -Inxhahr- 


Ibli. 


[  '^' 

=» 

i» 

h  " 

,  1 

h. 

',  1 

cl 

OSOnXO'S  RI'VEP.SES. 


C>?,1 


murderous  cLargc.  Tlicv  tliti-i'UpMii  «])r{'n(l  ovw  tin; 
lalco  valluy  to  llic  iiciyliborliiMxl  i,['  (lie  caiiital,  jiliiii- 
(]ci-iii;^  the  titwiis,  faniis,  and  villas,  and  ereatini,'  >^\\r]i 
alarm  at  ISFrxico  that  adioiDinL;'  i>an'is()iis  wcw  called 
ill  to  protect  it  and  assist  in  roiistruetini^  additional 
1' irtifications.  Satisfieil  with  this  )>altry  result,  tin 'y 
turned  honirwai'd  to  i-clohratc  it,  proc-laiminL?  Osonio 
lii'iitoiiant-gcnK.'ral  andallowinLT  him  to  distrihiitu  hon- 
nis  and  |iion)otions,  n-g'ardless  of  tlio  conjj^i'ess,  v/hicli 
tlioy  had,  lor  that  matter,  rormally  ignored.'^  ]]ari'a- 
(las,  commandant  of  Ai)am,  rc^tahated  soon  after  hy  a 
teni})oraiy  oceu|>ation  of  Zacatlaii  ;■''*  but  this  h;id  no 
ell'ect  in  restrain  in 'J'  insurgent  raids  on  hi'-'hways  and 
border  towns. 

Encoui'ag(^d  by  the  Mitlidrawal  f>f  S|)anish  ti"oo[>s 
for  the  jiursuit  of  ^Forelos,  Osorno  and  his  lieutenants 
Ncntured  to  attaelc  the  ]iei'>'hboi'hoo(l  of  Puebla,  and 
to  make  a  futile  atteni[)t  tofa[)ture  A[tam.  Tin;  result 
uas  to  brin'j'  bade  the  royalists  in  so  strong  lore:'  that 
his  eolumns  were  severely  re})ulsed  iu  two  diljerenb 
enixau'ements.*'  Concha,  who  had  gained  renown  as 
ihe  (-alitor  of  ^Morelos,  was  now  giv^ui  the  conniiand 
«  ;i  tlie  A})ani  [iluins,  and  began  to  press  closely  ivnmd 
( )sMrno,  assisted  l)y  Donallo  on  the  line  between 
r'uriilt  and  Perote,  and  by  the  garrisons  ;it  Zaca- 
l:o.5\tla,  Tulancingo,  and  the  district  westward.  One 
1  >v.  II  after  aiiotju')'  was  t.ikcn  and  held;  one  [)arty  or 
tletarlunent  after  another  was  surprisi'd  and  slaugh- 
tv-red,  wltli  relentless  execution  of  all  ea[)tives,  and 
distilleries  and  othei  indust^aes  were  closed  in  older 
to  stay  the  ilow  of  i-esourcu*.     Osorno  retaliated  with 

-'"r>y  a  council  at  Cliinalumpan.  A-roniic;  other  aiipointmonta  was  an  in- 
tiiulfu;!!  foi'  Tlascal.!,.    J'.'.'/yv/, ,  J/V.c.  A  .;/■*  A'/A'.,  \  ii.  I.'rj-O. 

'^  I>ai  r:i(lii3  wa^i  smm  iii  'T  ivihovihI  iov  ;!r!>itr:.';  <.iMnluctund  I'CliLi  '  >\  l.y 
Ayala,  jiiiil  lie  faliiii'^'ill  M(Mi(liiy  took  iliargo  till  Coiiclia  taiuc.  A  iray  mi 
Scjit.  Dili.  Ileal'  TcDUluuicaii,  I'l.'ii.aiin.'d  uiKli.ciiJcil.   Iln^itniu.'ilr,  i'liiul.  JIIkL, 

i...  •_':,:  i;i». 

"Al  Ocotcpcc  and  Ti>rt  )lita<<,  Dec.  ."tli  and  (Uli.  Royalit'ts  pL'K'c  tlio  in- 
surgciii,  f n'cis  a.s  lii/li  as  "-'.OiK),  \\\l]\  a  lii.,s  nl'  l.'iO  f^a- ciK-li  aciion.  V'C.il'' 
-'■'■.'•.,  !SI'),  vi.  i;',.Vi-()7.  'I'lic  attack  wliich  starilcil  I'licMa  was  luadi!  hy 
A'.'intc  ( iDiuc/ and  Culiii,  wlio  dc.-iLi'uycd  the  yarriouu  uf  Lliulula,  over  ICK.) 

htlOllL'. 


ffi 


Hi 


M 


51' 


1l 


OSS 


LAST  CAMPAICiNS  UNDER  CALLEJ.V. 


sword  and  toi'di  on  all  who  Ibll  oil',  «)nly  to  iri'iiato 
the  turrilic'd  people  ai^aiiist  luniselt'.  Finally,  iVom 
April  2L  to  "J.'),  181(),  liis  coinhlned  forces  und  r 
Inclan,  Espinosa,  Serrano,  and  others,  1,000  stroii-, 
were  so  eilec^tually  routed  in  .a  scries  of  actions,  l)ei;i!i- 
mu\X  at  Veiita  (U;  Cruz,  that  they  lost  lieart  and  crowds 
])resented  themselves  to  accept  the  pardon  held  out; 
sometimes  to  thi;  number  of  500  in  a  dav,  headed  l>v 
8eri\'iuo  and  other  leaders.  Only  too  many  turiie  1 
at  once  to  assist  the  royalists  in  the  ])ursuit  of  their 
late  comradt's,"'  whom  they  sti^^'Uiati/ed  as  rehels,  while 
receiving  for  themselves  the  aj)[)ellation  'J)on'  from 
tlie  now  obsequious  royalists,  and  from  the  churc'.i 
blessinj^s  in  lieu  of  late  anathemas. 

The  districts  of  Tulancin«>'o,  lluauchinanixo,  and 
][uasteca  had  followed  the  example  of  the  others, 
alter  sufl'erin*^  severely  at  the  hand^  of  energetic  roy- 
alist leaders  like  Piedras,  Friar  A^illaverd(^,  CJiiitian, 
and  losing  several  prominent  chief-,  notably  Vi(;entii 
(lomez;  and  the  last  ])at]'iotic  relatives  of  Villagi'an, 
Aguilai-,  the  rival  of  Jiincon  in  the  Vera  Cruz  region, 
and  the  formidable  Arrova.^-  Farther  south,  the  dis- 
tricts  round  San  ]\[artin  Tezmeluean,  now  in  charge 
of  Jlevia,  were  by  Juno  almost  wholly  cleared  of  insur- 
U'ents,  Coliii  and  Br'isjradier  Anirulo  beinLT  anion'''  their 
most  ])rominent  leaders  who  perished.  3)eserted  by 
most  of  liis  tbllowers,  and  now  evi.'U  pursued  by  tlnMii, 
Osorno  found  it  im[)ossiblo  to  maintain  himself  any 
longer  in  his  old  stamping-ground,  and  attended  by 

"  For  ilct:iils,  campaign,  and  aeocjitiincc!  of  iianloii,  sec  Id.,  vii.  1810.  IVI). 
to  AviLf.  niunbois,  pawsiui,  especially  Aiii'ilaml  -May.  Biistdmnnte,  Citad.  lliM., 
iii.  'jis-O-l,  .'i.')0-l;  Miiiilihd,  /.Vs.,  •j;i.S-4l,  'Ji'.l-Sl.  ])assiiii;  Xo/lciono  (•'rii., 
]S1(),  Maicli-Jnlv,  passim;  TurrcnW,  JJi-st.  lb  i\,  ii.  '-'OO— 1,  'J77-SO,  etc.;  D'lV. 
Uiiir.,  X.  -,2.9.  Vuil. 

'-The  l.ust  tlirco  wore  killed  in  qnarri'ls  amom.;  tlicmsclvcs,  Arroya  licin'^ 
assassinati-d  hy  bin  lientenant,  Calzada,  wlio  Mantcd  liin  command  and  liis 
wife.  Mariano  (•.ucrrcro,  tlie  last  noted  cliicf  in  llnanchinango,  caused  the 
suri'cnd.cf,  Aug.  I'.'th,  of  tlie  la.st  ed'cetivc  .slroip^'liold  thev(^  the  C'eiTo  Verde, 
Avitll  S  gunsand  ILSnu/n.  ('a[it.  Luvian  <if  Tututejicc  remained  in  control  ;nd 
{,'rante<l  pardon  to  4,. SOO  persons  vilhin  a  few  weeks.  The  friav  \'illavei'(h3 
Was  aided,  by  ti'oopH  from  l\io  \'crde  and  linicliapan  to  recover  Sierra  tinr.la 
and  tlie  regions  along  tlie  Tnla  and  .Montc/unia.  (  Kiitian  had  in -Ian.  talicu 
'J'lascalantoiigo,  whiM'o  .Agailar  and  liis  confederates  lielil  fortli.  l''or  Jo- 
taiiy,  SCO  tlio  authorities  iu  prccetlin^  note. 


KEPULSE  OF  THE  ALLIES. 


c:!9 


Iiu'liin,  !^^;lnill;l,  and  soiiiu  otlier  adherents,  in  Auiji'nst 
he  soU'dit  the  mountain  reijions  soiith-e'astwaid,  in 
order  t<»  place  liiin.sell'  in  connnunieation  with  I'ehua- 
can.  Apani  and  the  disti'iet.s  beyond  thereu|)on  I'a])- 
illy  rucovcred  from  the  depression  created  \>y  the  hm^- 
campaign."^ 

( ),sorno  had  still  nearly  GOO  followers,  and  Teran 
hclieved  that  com1)ined  operations  would  serve  to 
(h.stract  the  royalists,  permitting  advantageous  de- 
scents on  the  A'^era  Cruz  highway  and  the  [>tu'suit  of 
m;iny  other  ])rojects.  Not  choosing  to  harden  his  own 
district  with  a  host  of  strangers,  he  persuaded  the 
new  ally  to  maintain  himself  near  San  Juan  de  los 
Jjlanos  and  wait  for  oj)portunities.  ()n»,^  of  tluse  was 
t:)  surprise  in  detail  Concha  and  ^Moran,  stationed  in 
Xovember  at  lluamantla  and  Sau  Andres,  icspcc- 
tively,  with  400  men  each.  On  Xovember  7,  IsKJ, 
accordingly,  Teran  and  Osorno  a])i>roache(l  San  \n- 
di'cs  with  a  f(jrce  of  nearly  1,000,  mainly  cavalry;  but 
]\[<)ran  Ijy  a  (piick  movement  managed  to  secure  the 
advantage  of  })osition,  and  repulsed  the  tirst  colunm 
of  hoi'semen  s(j  efl'ectually  that  their  disorderl}'  lliglit 
c'cated  a  panic  among  the  rest  and  led  to  a  general 
scamper.'"  This  was  followed  by  another  discourag- 
re[)ulse  of  Teran's  forces  by  Samanii'go,  in  the 


region  of  Acatl 
still. 


in 


and  now  the  clouds  '>rew  darker 


In  Vera  Cruz  the  operations  of  the  insurgents 
centred  more  than  ever  on  the  roads  to  ]\[e\ic(.),  by 

'•' Concha  wiis  ])romotcil  to  colonel  (if  tlio  San  Luu  Potosi  di-acodiis,  and 
Annstacio  Ijustanuailu  to  lioiit-cnl.  Jlis  iuuyuit  of  the  lluciu;^'  U.suiii'j  is  ro- 
poitctl  in  Oiiz.  lie  M( x\,  ISIO,  vii.  SS.VT. 

^'Tlic  royalists  claiun'il  to  have  with  .'!00  men  tlefeated  l,Otn,  killiii'.'  froia 
SO  to  100,  aiul  eapliiiiiiLC  over  threescure.  d'n::.  de  Mi.c,  ISili,  vii.  lo;),'!  ), 
1  K!IJ-40,  ll()',)-70.  Teran  ailniits  a  total  foreo  of  SOO.  Sri/iimld,  Muh'/i:"'., 
."ill.  Vicente  tioniez,  known  as  tlio  cupaJor,  iur  his  iinseeuily  nnUilatiun  nf 
I'l'isoners,  and  e-no  of  Usdrno's  best  lieutenants,  soon  aftc.n'  aeee^ited  jiard'ju 
and  eontinued  his  cainjjaigning  as  a  roj'alist.  JJiis/aiwiHti',  i'liiul.  Hi-/.,  iii. 
I!i;).  One  reason  for  Teran's  eonlidenee  in  his  plan  \\as  a  wueeessiul  oiit- 
iiiauivuvi'iii;^  of  1)  jnallo's  forces  two  weeks  previously,  7./.,  .')S."i-(J. 

"'On  iS()Vend),'r  'J.'illi,  Sanianiego  was  on  his  way  to  lluajuapan  with  'JGO 
men.     Teran  hud  000,  but  he  incautiously  divided  them.   /</.,  oS'J-01. 


Ed  f  ' 


640 


LAST  CAMPAIGNS  UNDER  CALLE.TA. 


\vi\y  of  Jiil.nci  ;iii(l  ( )rl/nl).a,  along  Mliicli  .sew'f.il  con- 
voys ol'  ini't'at  \aluc!  liiid  to  pass  every  year,  as  \^  r.i 
Cruz  liarl)or  was  pfactic.-illy  tin;  only  outlet  lor  IIkj 
AVealtli  of  New  Spain.  Tin;  nature  of  the  roads,  willi 
rivers,  niaj-shes,  and  undulations,  rendered  it  exceed- 
ingly dillieult  to  ;4'uard  the  trains,  so  much  so  that 
an  oilicial  i'(])ort  declared  15,000  men  insullicient  to 
protect,  in  transit,  ajj^ainst  1,000,  tlu;  convoy  of  0,000 


mules  \v 


hi.l 


1   in 


tl 


le    siirui'i'    o 


f   1  S  1  5  lay  1 


oesieifoc 


I  at 


.la]a])a,  unable  to  co\»_'r  the  sliort  distance  to  the 
iiort.*'  The  hoverinii  hands  could  always  manan'c  to 
cut  olF  some  part,  enoui^li  to  re{)ay  the  risk.  Tiled  of 
the  delay,  and  of  the  attendant  expenses  for  animals, 
scr\ants,  and  guard,  the  tradei's  continued  to  break 
the  striuLTeiit  rules  aufjiinst  r)urchnsin<>'  liasses  from  in- 


P 


1' 


su 


rgents,  and  thus  provided  tho  latter  with  a  consid- 
erai)le  revenue  wherewith  to  sustain  tho  war,  Tho 
main  convoy  was  hnally  brought  to  its  destination  in 


■;e( 


tion^ 


tl 


le  I'eturn  caru'oes  reachin'j:  ^[(.'xico  in  J  un 


eight  months  after  its  (h'partui'o  thenc 


at  th 


'The  merchants  of  CVuliz  joined  loudly  in  the  clnmor 


)f  th 


us  melliciency  or  tne  convoy  service;   ant 


1  llnd 


imr 


that  the  king  entertained  seriously  the  ap])cal  of  Calle- 
ja  for  ivenforcements,  the}'  advanced  sulHcient  money 
to  hasten  the  departure  of  2,000  out  of  the  ])roposed 
8,000  men,"^  This  bodv  arrived  at  Vera  C-ruz  June 
IS,  181.5,  luider  connnand  of  Brigadier  ]Miyares,  a 
young,  active,  and  really  able  man.*'*  Ho  sul)initted 
a  new  })lan  for  tho  convoy  traffic,  which  consisted  in 
opening  a  military  road  from  Vera  Cruz  to  ]?erote, 
the  latter  as  central  entrepot,  with  strong  forts  at 
intervals,  especially  at  the  ditlicult  points.  The  vice- 
roy approved,  and  conferred  on  him  to  this  end  tho 

'"(Trf-.  f7,'  3r('T.,  ISl,-,  vi.  .^43. 

'"  For  (k'tailH  coihi  rniiii,'  tlio  operations  for  liringing  the  convoy  from  ..Ta- 
lapa  to  Vera  C'riiz,  sico  Onz.  i/e  Ma-,,  vi.,  January  to  -Slny,  ISHi, 

'■'^  Pai't  of  the  10,500  men  for  Caracas  w^ro  promiai-d,  and  also  a  regiment 
from  Ilabana,  Imt  nunc  of  these  came. 

^"Soii  of  the  late  eaptain-geueral  of  Caracas.  Tlic  troops  numbered  sonio- 
vliat  over  1,700, 


t'1    , 


'I'lii;  vi'.iiA  ciiL'::  i;(»rTr;. 


Cll 


(■  lijiumihl  oi'  tJio  (lislri'.'t.  Tlif  tii.^k  v.m  .  ii't  cnsy. 
{' iv  it,  i('(j!iiivii  ;i  constant  ctiiiipai;.;!!  ol"  six  umutlis  to 
1,:  f|>  l!ic  iii,-ni'"'<'nts  at  \k\v  wiiilc  t.lic  Tor's  v.cro  con- 
sirncti'd.  ( )n('  ol'  tlio  most  uiiposuiL;'  ol  tlicH'  v. a  ; 
t'iiiiR'(|  at  J.'uuntc  del  llcv,  liali-way  lictwccii  Jalapa 
and  the  poi't,  to  ])rotoct  tlic  iinr  lirid'^-o  across  th  • 
An(i;.;'ua."  ])i'cc'inlicr  saw  the  jilan  cari'icd  out,  s) 
tliat  li'aias  could  licncol'orth  pass  with  comparative 
security." 

A  I'utilt!  att(.'m])t  was  made  duiin<j^  the  same  pei-i' d 
to  occupy  Misanila  and  J>o(|uil!a,  de  Piedras,  through 
wiii«'h  ihi'  insurgents  introduced  war  material.''^ 

'!"lie  oc(a!parion  of  Spanish  t!;iops  in  t!i.'  pnrsult  ol' 
?,ioi'ulos,  and  in  campaigns  on  t!io  platt'au,  gave  a  res- 
pile  whicli  A'iofoi'ia  used  to  good  ;i  [vantage.  Toward 
V.\-i  end  of  I<-ih"),  however,  the  w,ir  v/as  I'esumed  witli 
vigor.  Donallo  c.-iptui'ed,  Xove'inlier  7th,  t!ie  fort  ol' 
T*i-.n1el)l;inco,  I'roni  whifh  ihe  insurgeiits  Ind  hcfu 
ionu"  dominatin-j'  the  Oii/.aha  roul:e,''*  and  shortlv  alter 


'"'I'lii.i  i-?  OHO  of  the  finest  puMii'  v/orlc-',  in  Xcw  f^piiin,  •2^)0viu•a^^  in  IcM'-'th, 
V2  ill  broiicltli,  anil  IS  in  licii^lit,  with  7  ;irclii's,  hcsiiled  oiii.'  to  sorve  I'ur  llooil-*. 
'1  lu!  ouiitral  ono  is  "J."!  vaniM  in  tlianicter.  Jt  Iwnl  ocL-iipit'il  the  huiiiltTs  fruni 
J'V'.h.  iSO:!  till  l>cc.  iSll.  Since  tlu'lic<,'iiiiiing  of  the  warit  had  liciMioniMif  th  ■ 
most  liittorly  contested  point.--.  Miyarcs  occupied  it  tinally  on  |)ec.  <S,  ISl.'i, 
A'i'.toria'.s  lieutenant  having  ahan(ione(l  it  during  the  night  after  a  brave 
ilefenoe,  and  tlio  royalists  henceforth  kept  possession,  with  a  fort  and  a  l)attery 
(111  the  respective  hanks,  the  former  named  Fernando  and  the  (jtlier  (Jolnxp- 
ei  in.  I'^luven  other  bridges  exist  on  the  road  to  IVrote.  For  oporatior.s 
fiMUi  June  till  l)ee.  ISIo,  see  6'"v.  ili'  JA.v.,  vi..  during  tins  period;  liiis't'.- 
i,i'iti/i',  Ciiml.  ni.-<f.,  iii.  l'.)7  et  seip ;  Xkji-'Ic,  JI,.v.  Si'j/o  X/X.,  vii.  ■)44--7'>. 
A  history  of  the  bridge  is  given  in  JUn-.  t'nir.,  vi.  4;):>-(i. 

■"  After  improving  the  fortiiie^ttions  at  Vera  Cruz.  .Miyares  n.'tired  in  April 
];^l!i  to  Spain,  partly  from  disgust  with  the  jealousy  siiown  by  the  vieeiMy 
and  otlicr  oliicials,  and  partly  to  recuperate  from  an  injury  to  his  chest  i:i- 
lliv'tcd  during  the  eam])ai;j;n.  This  carried  him  oil'  soon  .-ifter.  ]]o  h;;d 
shown  a  marked  leniency  toward  the  captured  insur;rents.  A  train  with  S 
millions  in  treasure  reached  Vera  Cruz  in  Feb.,  followed  a  few  weeks  laler  iiy 
oui;  for  passengers  iilmio,  in  7"'  coaches  and  on  horseba.ck. 

■'-The  task  was  i  .'rusted  to  Ijlorente.  and  he  eaptureil  "Misantla  on  July 
."ith:  but  re('nforcen.jiit  being  held  liaek  by  the  b:i  1  roads,  he  had  to  retire  t ) 
N:iiitla  with  considerable  loss.  This  succe.'s  enabled  \'iei.oria  in  (\'t.  to  re- 
ceive a  Lii'ge  supply  of  arms    from   'I'oledo,  wlio  Ind  lately  li'.fui'ed  in  'IV'xas. 

'•'The  garrison  nnnibered  about  ISIM),  iiuder  Muzquiz  and  .Maiu'i.  After  ;i 
brief  siege  with  over  1. •_'()()  men,  Don.dlo  elieered  a  lireach  in  tlio  walls  whi-.!i 
resulted  in  a  capitulation  M'itli  guaranties  of  life  only.  l/az.  </•■  .l/'.r.,  ISiii, 
vii.  1 101-4.  lb!  l-.")0;  OW-.T//„f,  (>  ■./,•,■(■/;-■;<«.■.•,    l_n-^ 


Anna,  gaineil  his  captaincy  liy  eooiicr;: 
J/!.'t.  j,ilaiiri,  ii.  ■27"'^. 

Uiar.  JlEx.,  Vol.  IV.    41 


The   later  f.imous  Saara 
•ating  ill  the  district  northward,    lllvci-'i, 


llBinta 


ttllMMB 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

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T.A>;T  CAMPAICXS  rXDKR  rAU-IvIA. 


j'cll  IJiKiiiilla  <!(•  Picdriis/*  Kill  Virtoi-ia  (»[»eiic(l  for  liiin- 
selt' aiiotlKi-  outlet  l)y  taking  Naiilla.^' 

Since  the  fiill  of  (Jaleana  operations  on  tlx-   soutli 
oi'n  eoast  had  iieen  ol'  so  small    ini]»ojt:ince   as   to  ;it 
tract  little  attention.      The  chiel'  ci»iiinianfl   was  lnM 
I»y  Xicoliis  J^ra\o,  undei' whoiii  served  l*aI)|o  (laleaii,i, 
and    Montesdeocn,  with  ahout    "jno  armed   men   eacli, 
movin-'-  neai'  and   helow    Ac.iMidco.      Xoi'tliwai<l,  to- 
wai'd    /acatnia,   the   Maiix-al  A\ila   hoNei-ed   with  an 
iiTenulai-  loree,  which  could  at  times  he  raised  to  nearly 
500   from   amom^^  the   poorly   armed    Indians.       The 
main  sti-eULi'th  ol"  the  i'evohiti(»n  in    this   (juartei-  cm 
tred,  howi'Vei',  in  Mi/teca,  I'avoreil  hv  its  cond>inali 


Oil 


o 


esses,  an<l   alluii 


r  lich  valleys  and   nmnerous  ja-tn 
l)V  tlu'  ])assa_:4C   through  it   of  two   lich    lii;.;iiways,  to 
Acapuh'o  and  Oajaca,  with  their  numerous  trihulv.ry 
roads.      Alter  ]*ayon  ahandoned   his  cluuv^e  o\(r  (  1 1 
jaca,  Jvosains  claimed  su[>remacy,  and  appointed  a>  hi ; 
lieutenant  I'amon  Sesma.  son  of  t  he  (|e])uty,  who  sooa 


«»l)tame( 


onti'ol    iVom    liavoiTs    repi'es(Mi(ati\- 


Heri'era.  t  lon^' al'tel'  Morelos  sent  ^'icellte  (  iut  l 

I't.'ro  to  maintain  here  the  re\'olutioii  in  his  naiiii'. 
Sesma  grew  jealous,  and  the  attitudi'  of  thi'  two 
threatened  to  assume  serious  pro]»ortions;  hut  lvosaiii> 
came  to  re<-oncilf  them,  and  assiijiied  to  (uierreroa 
seoarate  <IIstrict,  toward  ti»o  Cliilai)a  reuion,  with  the 


laidv  of  colonel.*" 


V 


]>; 


•'Oil  Nkv.  'ittli,  tiikrii  1)y  .Ttis(''  lliiicoii.  wliii  liail  l«'<.n  clcsp.itelu'il  liy  .Td 


tVIIIl,     ('OlIllllillK 


ant  ;it    V(  rii.  t 'ru/.    /'I..  -JOSi  S(\\iiicli  hln.'uM  ln'   IJ- 


'I'lic  rt'sistfiiicr  \\:i*  luirf,  aiiil  (lie  .">!(  flainii'il  tn  liavi.'  Iircii   killiil  fill  iliii 
tin'  lli,'lit.     Tlu' .■!.")()  iiistir/culs  liail  liccii  assisti'd  liySDimii  tiwlii  a  iVccliintc 


\('s  il.  w  jiiili  iiiiw  cliiiiiriri 


I.      I. 


orciiti'.  ciiiiiiii!! 


iiiaiiil.iiit  of  'I'lixiiaii.  ami  l.ii\i:iii 


<if    lliiaii('liiMaii"<<,  liad  liiiM  <'i"i]icratiiiu'   t'P  ( Ic.ir  tlic  ilistiii  t   l.\iii,i,'  lii't\vc';i 


tliclll. 


A/,,  s..], 


ti.l   jtccclillirr  |,'-.|(i.  l.lissii 


.Vn',- 


<t  sf(|.     ( '..iiiiiuiits  nil  flic  iIUtI  uiKiii  tlic  |in>\  iiicc  ill  !'•  ri  -,  1/  ^'niiiih'n.  It' in 


IK  <li  II..  All:,'.  1*^1  1 


\-2  :\\. 


*■' ( 'aptiiri'il  frmii  iiisiii:,'ciits  at 


■1..M-  I  if    I  SI  4.    <•'  i~..  ih    Mr.,:,  Isl  I.  V, 


14-J.v;ii. 


'Scsiiia  at   liist  ii|i|)i';irc(l  friiMidly.  and  sent  (!tn 


rrcid  cm  a   lii'lUTi>|i 


llinlli' 

rrr.md  to  I'Msain*.     'I  lie  i.it'or  I'.isi'uvcrcd  llic  tricU  mi  the  way,  and  Ix'^.iii  t- 
acL  iii(k|(i'iidrii;lv.  v.lurciiipnti   tlic  two  1  ar.icM  lii'caiiif  liiiHtik'.    iliis/iiiintiili , 

Citwl.  Jii  /.,  ill.  l';;i  (i;  A',,-,/;,,..,  /;./.  //,/.,  i-j  i;i. 


nUKRllKRO'S  riiOMIXKNC;:. 


This  \v;is  nn  rely  m  .just  and  ptiliiic  (•(Hiccssidii  ti»  an 
olliciT  \vli(»  liad  siiddfiilv  risen  iiito  lame  1)V  srvcral 
iiiifXpccU'd  advantaL^^cs  over  the  royahsts/'  wliich  also 
l>roiiiL,dit  I'olloweis  to  liis  l)aiiner.  Jle  was  a  man 
niucli  like  (Jaleana,  under  whom  he  jiad  earned  his 
lirst  di.Ntinetions;  not  jn'tjiieient  in  hookdearniiiL;',  hut 
•  if  (juick  apprehension,  and  pos.scsseil  of  a  gentleness 
and  mai^nietisni  that  inspired  love  as  well  as  eonli«lenci' 
anioUL!'  his  adherents;  wiiile  hisswai'thv  (ace,  resonant 
\()iee,  and  ilashini;' eyi'  made  him  an  ohjectof  prol'otmd 
I'espert  anioii''  Ids  enemies.^'  It  was  not  Vnvf  hel'ore 
he  eained  i\\v.  suprenuiey  in  I'oi'cesand  inlluence,  jiaitly 
through  the  tem[)orary  dejiartui-e  lor  'IVhuae.ui  of 
.''M'sma,  who  there  suil'ered  in  jin-stii^e  and  ec-Mmiaiid. 
This  inlhienee  \\v.  extended  l»y  fortunate  expeditions 
as  far  down  as  ( 'osta  ('hica,^'and  appeared  in  .luue 
I  S  I ,"»  at  the  head  of  nuarlv  a  thousaml  men,  halt"  of 
ihem  well  ai'ined. 

Twtt  attempts  to  eajtturc  Aeatlan  and  Tlapa  failed 
tlu'ou^h  the  arrival  uf  sti-on^' reiinforei-ments  to  ihos" 
places,'''  hut  he  held   his  ground   well  durim^'  the  fol- 

^'  Ml!  .siii|iiiscil  till' fiiicc.-i  friiiii  (  liilapii  iiinl  'I'ljip.i  mi  tui>  ilitlciTnt  nuca- 
>iiiiis,  lii'siilc';!  <ilii;iiiiinL,'  dtluT  ii(l\  iiiit;ii^r.s.  J!i:s''niiini'<',  Cutil.  //i^f.,  iii.  "JiU 
<  cii.  Tliisiiiitliui' jiluics  till!  ("Iiilitiiii  iuivc'iis  lii'.'li  ill  7'>ll  iin'ii.  l!iis;iii\,s  \Mis 
I'iciKiriii  {  t'l  iittailv  ( iiU'iiTid  iiinl  fon'c  (.•i)iii|iliiiiiiT,  w  liuii  lio  yii'M<''l. 

'■  ll(^  u;is  iiiiioii.;  till!  lirst  to  enlist  iimli  r  Mmilns,  insc  to  tlic  rank  of  riip- 
lain  in  rsll.iind  .i^^iiali/i'cl  liiiiis.jf  as  (■ciiiiniaiiilaiit  iit  l/.iioar  l)y  iissistiir,' 
matriially  in  ili  fcatinn  l,lanii  in  I'l^l).  I^JL'  his  l)iii-ia]iliy  will  !»■  ]L.;ivi  ii 
v.  Inn   111!  risi's  ti  tlic  jni'siiltniv  in  tin:  nt'\t  Milnnn'. 

'•'  W  liri  o  Ills  lirntrnant,  (  iiriinii,  a  iiil;i'i,  ^ral  liciiil  luitli  ti'ii-iiits  anij  liuuty 
r.iMMil  ( >iiiiti'|(ro  ainl  liryiinil.  .Mianwiiili',  <  iuirii:iij  liail  iiiannlaitniuil  arlil- 
Kry  ami  tiniMiuniliiiii  al  liis  t'<>i't  nt' 'i'laniaialiin'.'i'. 

*"( 'iiinuiiinlant  I'lnnnt  Aratlan  was  iilirvi'il  in  .Inly  liy  Siiiiiaiiii:i,'ii,  sta- 
timii'il  at  i  lua  jiiaiian,  anil  this  KaiiKMilliii'i'  lii'DMu'lil  snri'iir  til  'ria|ia.  (iili'i'- 
nil)  wart  alri'uily  j;iiir,  altlinii.'li  lii'  liaij  nn  O.tulicr  'jMli  inllirtnl  su  scvuic  :i 
ilianiMintnt  uii  Ainiiju  iis  t'l  ciiin|Kl  liini  t'l  [all  liarli.  This  is  pailly  ail 
liiiltiil  ill  f.'d-..  ilf  .l/<  1.,  Isj.'i,  vi.  S7l>-sO,  |:il7  .".ll;  alsn  Hl'_'  !l,  (ii:i  t,  ,s'»i)  J, 
r_Vil  "J;  iSICi,  vii,  ."ll  !».  Iinstamaiiti-assnim  s  that  Aiinijn  Inst  tnlly  lUI)  iiii'ii. 
Ilisaiiniint  Ilf  ( J  mill  Til's  niiiiatinntaic  iii'li-tinit  anil  |i.irtiai.  it  is  nni'sniiH 
Ilf  .siiiTosis  fiiiiii  tlii'liiui'  111'  I'ntcr.s  Mi/tiia,  lli'  ri'iml.si'M  l^i  .Ma'lriil  at 
(  liii|iiilinito  ami  Xiiuaiatlan;  luiils  ( 'mnlir;  ia|itiiixs  an  Oaj.-iri  cnnvny  lioni 
Sainanii-iTii,  mar  Ai.illan,  ami  npnlsrs  tlic  latti'r,  w  lu'ii  in  luiiiiiiiitiiin  with 
l.a Maili  ill  iio  Ni'fks  to  ri'talj.iti!  fur  his  luss;  iiis  liciUiii.int  t  d  Ima  n|inlstH 
Arniiji)  iiuar  ( 'uliiai',  ami  lui  inllicts  fiirlhcr  Icssiuis  mi  Lii  Mailriii.  Mis  ifla 
tiiins  with  'J'lraii  aivmcanw  hilu  mit  cnnlial,  fur  he  ivfnscs  tu  n  i-iii:rii/i'  tlio 
^''iviinimiit  .Miilislitntiil  hy  him  fur  tlio  ilissulviil  cmigriss,  nml  ilcflincs  tu 
jiin  in  the  i'\|)«  ilitimi  tu  <  iua/.aiualri).  as  iiifriii>:in>,'  mi  N'ii'tni  ia"s  ;.iuiinil. 
Sic  ilutail.s  in  Ciiud.  Ilisi.,  iii.  '-'(it-JT;  Torn nU,  lliat.  JiH\,n.  -74, etc.;  S'o 


044 


LA :;T  CAMI'AKiNS  rXDKlt  CALLIMA. 


lowii);^'  vcni',  till   tlir  (»|H iiiiiL;'  <>1'  Xovciiilicr,  v.licii  li" 
l'ri('i\'c(l  ;i  smcrr  clifck  ill  S(rcl;ili;^'  to  intercept  a  coll 
voy  iVoiu  ( )aja(';i/''      It  was  the  toreniniier  dl'  tlie  stoi'iu 
wliieli  was  now  aUout  to  l>nrst  upon  liiiii,a.s  well  as  on 
tlu;  other  l(\uh'is. 


I'ir'niM)  (I'l II.,  July  "JSlli,  .\u;,'tist  iiml  Oi'tiilpci' ]i!issiiii,  N'uv.  Otli,  KIlli,  I>io.  '2, 
ISI.-;  Jail.  •_'•_•,  Slar.  4,  S,  May  10.  -JJ,  ls|(i;  .1/. /"Z^'-;/. /.'■  s.,  -.MJ  S,  •J.-)4-,S; 
Cdi-niiln,  Kst,i,l,  (hij.,  ii.  ;;•_':!.'  Alaman,  Jlis/.  .]/./.,  iv.  I!M -4,  Stii'.),  (.'ivt  ■> 
li'ss  utti'iitioii  Id  liiii)  tliaii  fii  'I'liaii  ami  c)tlicr  I'liiefs.  A  ricli  cdiivoy  fni,  j 
A(.a].iil"")  nadicil  Mi'xiio  in  satVtyiii  |)cc.,  after  tlirci;  immtln' i>assi>,'(",  a  di 
lay  <-au:-.i'il  jiaitly  hy  iiriulciit  ii'},mii1  for  iiisiii'i^iiit^,  j)artly  liy  liail  iciails. 

■''  111  llio  rau:iil;i  <li;  lus  Naiaiijos,  Saiii.iiiicL;o  ai'tilally  <m]iIiiic'i1  <  iiK-rrcro  f 
.-ilvcr  lalilc-siTviic.  ( liici n  ro  owccl  liis  lii'u  to  I'aMo  clc  la  iuisa.  Otitll'' 
iiliilliof  the  liain,  a  f'Htiii^'iit  later,  <  iiHrnio  aL,'aiii  atlackcil  il  with  l>i-tt>  r 
MH'i'css;  but  as  llic  fuyalidts  iiuw  Loiiiijiai'il  in  larj^er  fuicc,  liu  ivtiivil  tuwaiil 
Tiajiac-o. 


ciiAPTEii  xxvn. 


YICKROY  Al'ODACA  AND  HIS  VKIOltOL'S  MKAsrUIX 

ISKMSIT. 

('.\rSKS    Wlllf'II  Sl'STAIM'.D  TIIK  IIlAi  il.r  rii  iS'  -RkVI  I'W  OF  CAI.r.K.I.\'s  Hl-I.E — 
('llAliACTf.Uiil' Tin;  \i;\V  \'|r|.|:(iV  Al'nDACA    M  I'.  ASI  l;i:s  T(  •  (!ain  AnilK- 

sloN — (.'iiMi;iNKi)  .Mii\i;mi;\  r  ACAis-r  'I'iihaiw — lis  Sii.ci;  asm  Siin 

KENhKI:— J)Kl'LultAl'.I.r.    WkaKNKSS     OF     'J'l'.IiAS-    Vf.HA    i'lA/.     IS    S\V1.I'T 
IIY    TIIK    H(A  AI.ISIS — 'I'lIKIlt    .SicCKSSKS    IV    M  IZTKi  A --TlIE   ColVNCII,    oF 

.Iai  .rii.i.A  -  Stimfi:  in  .Mk  iiciacan— Tai:msiii.|i  Ki.pi  iation  c.|-  K'amos 
ILwiiN — 'i'lii;  I'lVK  Vi.Aits"  SiKci:  of  Mi>rAi.\  is  Ivmji-.d-  'I'iaiAiiii.KV 

OF  VaKi!AS— MoVEMKNT.S    IN    TIIK    XoUTII— TlIK     I)K(IJNI.N(;     IssI'ltlihC- 
TlOX   CkNTUKS  in   lit  ANAJl.  atu  — Ai'ohai'a's  SrccESS. 

It  may  luivo  strui-k  tlir  ivadoi-  as  jtcculiai'  that  tho 
(■Kfcllciit  <'ainpai,L,ni  jtlan.;  of  (allfja,  n['  conci'iiti-atiMl 
and  eiioriL^ctic  uctioii  a;_;aiiist  the  icvolutioiiarv  leaders 
in  detail,  wliicli  liad  succt'cded  so  wejl  duriiin'  the  lii'st 
year  of  his  rule,  slioiild  not  haw  met  with  more  j^i'ii- 
eral  success  .since  then.  'I'his  (-urtainly  failed  not  to 
lie  pointed  out  hy  the  enemies  of  tiie  viceroy,  with 
hints  more  or  less  sinister  ahout  personal  interest  in 
laaintainini^'  the  war.  Tliei'e  apjtcai's  little  d<»ul)t  that 
Ik:  could,  with  prompt  and  elHcient  avail  *>i'  advantages 
uaiiuxl  by  his  well  disci[)lined  troops,  have  li.ii'^- heluiw; 
1  his  overthrown  leadi'r  after  leadei',  as  he  had  lately 
HsoiMio,  and  i-edui-ed  the  insurrection  to  a  far  smaller 
com[)ass.  One  I'eason  for  the  failure,  or  neglect,  lay 
ill  the  lack  of  suhordination  amono'  \\\^  otli'-ei's,  whom 
we  rej)eati'dly  lind  committing'  hluiider.s  without  heiiiu;" 
lirought  to  account,  and  indul^in^'  in  exactions,  specu- 
lations, and  outra^'es,  at  which  C'alleja  and  authori- 
ties under   him   winketl  complacently,  mainly,  it 


w  as 


(  in  J  I 


CM    vif'KKov  AiMDACA  AND  HIS  vi( ioiioi's  mi;asci:i:s, 

said,  Id'caiisc  llicy  shared  Iti  <Iii' j^vdiis,  or  frarcd  iwi'- 
latioiis.  It  is  siilliciriit  In  iii.-.,(aiirc'  \\\v  luililaiy  iiicfii 
riciicv  and  iiialcadiiiiiiistratioii  ol'tlic  driinlwU'd  Alvariv, 
ill  ()a|aca,  llic  srvi'ial  cases  ol"  disolu'dieiiee  <•!'  ludei  ; 
diiriiii;'  lliu  caiiiiiaii^'iis,  with  theii-  laiiieiitaMe  resiih-. 
and  lately  the  airainiiiiieiit  ol'  Iturhide  lor  extort  ion. 
and  other  ahiises  in  ( Jiianajiiato.'  ("alleja  e(»uld 
Jiardlv  excuse  hiniseir  oil  Iheuroiind  <hat  loval  ollicer- 
Were  too  scurcu  to  jierniit  strict  iii\i'sti|^ation  of  con- 
duct. 

Ilis  neiilect  <'ansed  liini  to  be  \\idely  hiirdeiied  with 
all  the  evil  i^rowiu!^  out  of  ;i  jtmlon'^xd  war,  such  a> 
excessive  taxes  and  forced  loans,  partlv  levied  al-o  hv 
distiict  coiiinianders  and  distrihuted  for  a  ]i>\\'r  time 
with  |»i'essin'4'  iiieijuality,  to  tin-  ruin  of  many  faniili.> 
and  localities.  Add  to  tliis  a  seNcrity  which  con- 
verted eainjiai^ns  into  Moody  retaliations  and  Karhar- 
ous  iiian-huntiiin',  and  sent  a  nunil)er  oi'  |)roniineni 
jieisoiis  to  laii,n'iii-di  in  exile."  Oik;  acce[»taltle  I'easou 
jd'esented  l»y  ("alleja  for  the  loii:^'  contiiiuaiici'  of  the 
war  was  the  liheia!  sentiment  fostered  hy  the  consti- 
tution of  iSli!,  and  tlu;  discontent  roused  in  so  niaiiy 
(jUarters  hy  its  withdrawal,  with  a  cons(.'(jUent  I'eadi- 
iiess  to  ser\  t'  and  shelter  insur'^^eiits.''  J  le  also  pointed 
to  the  independent  action  observed  by  Ciuz  in  Xue\a 


'  Si)  Imid  an  outcry  rose  ;t'.':iiiist  liiiii  tliat  lio  liml  t>  K'avo  liis  oomiiiniitl  an  I 
appear  nt  Mexico  in  April  isKi  to  answer.  'I'lieallair  wri.s  so  niana!;ecl.  how- 
ever, tliat  none  williin  liis  provineeH  dare'l  appear  a^'ainst  liini,  fearing  lii-i 
ven;eanee,  iin<l  so  lie  was  readily  aii^olved.  <>'  r..  ilc  .1/i.r.,  ISUI.  vii.  Sil'J.  ']'.'.<■ 
rnr.iiif  ( Jnaliajnato,  hoctor  Laliarrieta,  alone  niaili-  a  v.iin  protest  exposing 
Ilis  speeulali  >iis  willi  eonxdys,  Ljrain,  rle.,  tliroii'^'li  aj,'i'nt.-'',  ami  liis  ne;,''eet  a;i  I 
cruelty,  and  this  was  nnilenialily  eoiilirnied  liy  jiersons  at,  .Me\ieo,  A/'iiii'i '. 
l/i^l.  Ml).,  iv.  •!♦.')  ."d.  Ilurliide  dee'.ineii  to  relnrn  to  his  eonnnand.  .\r- 
niijo  made  a  fortune  liy  speeulating  witii  the  convoys,  aucl  so  did  others.  Sre 
ehaptei-  xxi.i.,  this  Noliiine 

^  .XniouL;  these  were  I '.i';oa:a.  lionorarv  ale.dde  do  I'ortc  to  t!ie  andien<i:i, 
nnd  a  Spaniard  hy  liirlii,  hut  with  a  .\K\iean  family  anil  Mexican  sympathii  ; 
Marcpiis  di'  l.'ayas,  w  ho  luanageil  to  stay,  howe\ir;  Relator  Matoso  .\dah  I. 
a  riili  land  ownrr  of  ,\j)ani.  I  he  foremost  to  hear  testimony  a!:;ainst  hi:ii. 
howi'xcr,  was  ,\liad  y  (Jn'  ipo,  hi-^iiop  elect  of  Miclioacan,  lallcil  to  Spain 
early  in  ISI,")  under  i)reteni  (^  of  ,L.'iv  inu'  Ids  views  on  the  nvolntion.  Jlis  ali!  ■ 
and  scathiu;;  report  on  ( 'allej.'i  may  heconsidtcd  in  Xcjrifi,  Mix.  Sij/ii  A'/.V., 
vii.  I  l!(~."i(l;  also  Viilninri',  ro/(i>,'  IIijhk.  li  1 1!<  I'^rlt  <,i>;  Viiiilicacinn  Esci'to- 
r<s,  •_•   1 ;  /■>(/>.   !'((/•.,  cIn.  pt  xiv.,  Ixviii.  ccxv.  pt  x. 

' Letter  of  An;,'.  rsl4,  in  Jin.tluiH  inlr,  CnwI.  Jlixf.,  M.S.,  i.  sup. 


r.\IJ,i;.IAV>  r.F.F'lTATlDN'. 


oi; 


( l;ili)'i;i,  .111(1  Arrciloiiilo  in  the  ( )iK'iiti'  jidA  iin(.'^--tli 


itllt'T  two    viceroys,  he    ciills    tl 


It'lll 


which   iVustr.itcd 


iiiMiiv  i»t'liis  iiImiis  for  i(),sti;riii;j  trade,  swclHii''-  tin-  u-\- 
riiuc,  and  so  luilh.* 

1 1  must  he  a(hiiitlcd  that  (liese  plans  did  succeed 
to  a  i;reat  extent,  as  shown  hy  the  iiicreasiiii^^  returns 
Iroiii  custoiii-hoiiscs  and  Ireasuiw.  and  the  crow  niii'j,' 
achii'\('ineiit  uiust  cNcr  he  a<'c<irded  to  hiiu  hy  S|tain 
that  he  (Hil  hi-eak  the  icvohitioli,  even  il"  he  tailed  to 
extiiii^uish  it,  thus  pi-actii-ally  saving"  the  cohiny  foi* 
his  kiii^',  and  ii'avin^'  the  way  and  ine.ins  lor  a  succes- 
so|-  to  c(»in]ilete  the  task/'  The  kill'^'  ri'coMiii/.ed  IJie 
service  1)V  hestowili'"'  oil  llilll  the  title  ('oll(h'  de  (.'al- 
<Iei'on,   in    coiiiiiieiiioratioii   of   his   <>reat  \  ictt»i'v  over 


JI 


i.lal'>'<>; 


III 


X 


ew   Spain    his   name  stands  coniie( 


•ted 


with  cverythiiij^-  that  is  cruel  and  relentle.* 


The  Tact  that  Calleja  liad  heeli  appointed  l)y  tin 
••(Wfiicy  assisted  no  doaht  to  niai^niii'v  the  insinuation"' 
a,L;'a.iiist  him  for  haviii;^'  failed   to  suppress  the  revolu- 


tion, and  to  disjio.sc  the  nionart  h  i'or  a  eliaii'. 


Tl 


us 


*  T!k'  f'tnnvr  iniiiiit.iiiiiMl  iliroct  tniilo  with  I'.'in.-irii;!,  tliroii;,'!!  '>;iii  PiI.m.  tin; 
(itlicr  lIllMu^li  'laiiijii''!  with  tll(;  op^ri  pii-ts  oF  ^'ll^•:lt:lll.  tliiis  IliiiidiiiL,'  tlu" 
loiiutry  wii;i  j.;i»inis  on  wliiili  tiio  iiii>|)  •!•  iluty  li'i'l  nut  Ir'cii  paiil.  ( 'MJiL'j.i's 
iiit'.min' i  .siK'<'(-'filc'(l,  liiiwi'ViT,  ill  swelling  t!ii'  riisinni-linusi'  ii'vciiU'",  iiikI  tlic 
I'oiniiL^u  iit  Muxici)  waH  iig.iin  lisin',' tVnni  it.-<  luw  li,'uri.!  in  ISl'J  ol  !i<4.4.'>),Oil'> 
to  .s  l.-T.i,().X)  fur  ISKI.     Ill  Isll  it  IiikI  bui'ii  .Sl().0.)l),(),);).    L<  rtio,  fuiiiir<;,, 


Kshr.,  i\\i.  IJi),  I'tc. ;  Arrif/'i  It,  Iiil\ 


('.liti  irio.  iv.  pt  i.  .'is, 


itl 


'  Ala  ii:in   is  ti)0  nn  lualilii'il  in  lii-i  i>riiisu.     II'?  d'cs  nut  lonk  sntliricntly 


It  In  t  nt  'li'i 


t.     lla.l  tl 


)ny  n'ft  liuin  nltimatcly  la^t, 


'hi.l< 


Ik'j.i  il  hia  SI  r  I'oiMinoi'iilo  cmi  •  <■!    reconiinisladoi'  tli!   i.i   XtU'va   I'ispafi  i,  y  i  I 
«c''u:.il )   llornan  (Jorttw.'     //;>^  .!/'/■,  iv-  -177 


.aniacois,  Willi   lin  S;>aiii 


]>nH'liviLi(M,  men 
J/'.;.,  i.  :{.>l-:!0. 


i.;: 


I'll 


taniaii 


•s  llilll.    //i.-il.   M'j.,  X.  Kil;  and  ^'l  dies   Ariaii;. 


linali 


ili  iDiit,  a.oiiay  1)1' cxii.c'u'd,  in  uiu'du'i 


.1 


iliiiho  of  Jii-f  cnioliy,  ImsJIicy  tr>  Moxieaiis,  do.,  and  imucIihIcs  lii.n  .sjHx'i  il 


«ditii);i  on  this  ni'^'n.  >  'hhi/iki'i'i-i  t 


I,  I  <! 


d  IK  /■'. 


Mmin  t'<il/'io.  .Ml 


iSli 


i,» 


pp. 


d  snp..  liy  cal'.inj  Calluja 'iiialvadi)  <'\tlan'.,'i!i(i;'   'cxc'iad* 


KO.i  s.i  nuailiro  por  l.is  imi  ulrs  voniiu'im  cohid 
ri:'.an-o.i.'    Iil.,   Cnnl.    i/ixt.,   ii.   •J".J-."i,  etc.     (I 
4'.)l,(!to.;  ZiMvoLT),  I'll:  Mu.:,  lliictH'j 


I'ud.'  l.:*e 


»rtt'iL-i, 


All 


\.  i: 


i 


lia  i.i  cjadcinaiii'  his  cnu 


l.v.  d 


ii'Oft  an 


1  iiid 


Ward.  .1/. 


'.I  I.  «'ti 


M 


ct  may  lu  .a 
ind  till!  poet  lioL'ii. 


irll  of    <  'allcja'.N  IK- 


(1  to  lii.s  loulidants,  Sucri't.uy  N'ill.iiiul,  Canon   IJni 


title 


.\:.  I  1  In;  ;,;ivat  crosstM  of    I  salxl  ami   .^an    l[('nin'iif_,'ildo.     Sec   prcx  iom 


c.i  I'.i  J)is//()'ii\ 


Vitriii-<,  ii.  I'.I. 


'Ki.a  liora,' wild  buast,  is  a  turin  upiilii'd  even  in  Jjiurio  ii  I  Coii'jnij, 


ISJj,  li.  4;>7 


I  ts      \  K  i:i;;)V  AToDACA  AXI)  HIS  VKJOROL'S  MIlAsriM'S. 
W.is  rll'cctcd  liy  ;i]i|M)iiiti!ii;'  a  luw  vlcildv  in    tli<'    ) 


>c;r- 


S'  'II    ( 


)t'.lii;iii   Itui/ (It!    AiMxlacM,  a  iia\al   i>tli>(r 


u  hosi 


al)ilily  !  ad  L;',iiiir>l  I"  >!•  liim  t  lie  laiik  til"  liiiitiiian 
I'l'al  ill  t!it'  aiiiiada,  aiitl  lln-  i!ii[ii)i-t;iiit  iiiissidii  nl"  ain- 
l)ass;id(»r  Itt  lOii'^laiid.  wlici't-  In-  Ift't  a  ^odiI  iiii|)n->.-i'i;i 
alM>  I'tir  aiiii;il»ility  ami  fh-^aiicc  of  niaiiiifrr   Imt    t!i. 
<  liitd'  rfciiiiniii'iiilatinii  (o  liis  royal    |iatrt>n  was  a  y.ml 


(Ills  tit'vo!  itiji  t't  liii'  iiidiiarcli V  aat 


I  a  I 


iflil'lii  and 


litiis  ndc  as  caiitaiii-i^'ciuii'al  of  (  'id)a.  1 1.  was  cxiicctcd 
that  a  1*1  w  I'licr'nt'tic  iiKivi'iiiciits  ft)iiil»iii','d  with  a 
iii'ii'c  t(ii!|icral('  alihudc  would  conclude  the  war  and 


I'fciiiicilc  til' 


I"'"!' 


'Id 


IIS  iiiiiic  was  .■■(  lUlid 


•.r>v 


d 


1  \'  1  In-  iniiufdiatc  I'csults;   and  ii"  ult  iiiiaU-lv  di.Ssii)aU'd. 
tlic  cause  must  he  soU'4'Iit  idsewhere. 

Ajiodaca  ari'ivetl  at  \'era  ( 'ru/<  lowai'd  tlie  clost;  ol 
Au-'iist  IS  h'..     ( )ii  t 


|e    loUflleV  to 


M 


e\lco   lie  I'ecelVe 


( I  is; I ■ ''!•(•(' 


oil    Ills 


i!)]e  insi;_;lil  intoaHaiiv^  hy  a  sharj*  onshuiLdi! 
])arly  at-  the  hand  ol'  ()s(iriio,  w!io  willi  a  little 
more  (.'Uer^^y  uii^ht  have  captured  the  n"W  viceroy.' 
'ihe  latter  r(>talialed  hy  setiin;^'  free  the  ca]»t;\'e.> 
iiiatle,  and  perinitliiiL;'  his  wile"  and  daun'htfrs  ]ier- 
ioiially  to  tentl  t!ie  woundetl  insui'jjj'ents.     This  uiiu-a;;! 

■  Hill   huinaile  [troceedinu;'  sonieuhat    sol'telled  the  ea-ilv 

impressed  Mexii-aiis,  no  less  than   his  piety,  hi;   kind- 
iie>s  toward  suil'erers  in   [;rist)ns  antl  elsewhere,  and 


U 


r  w;i-s  Iv.M 


II  at  Ciili/  ami  iiiti'toil  tli 


I-'  !i;i\a 


1  afMiK'iiiv  till  T-  ill  I  '■'>'■ 


uiJi.LT  lnMli>tiiiu'uisluHl  liiniiill   for  ciii'icN  n.u\  Iiijimtv,  Init  aliii\ >•  ai!,  t' 


ill! 

M.'itUiilic  iiivi'sii.;aUoii.s  cuniici 


till  willi  his  d 


s  tl(.[),irtiiii'iit.   an 


l.a'^ri'Iy  ciiililiiyiil  (111   tMinuiission.s  as  iii-ipoctof  uf  aisciia 
was  i^ivtii  tlio  mumiaiiil  of  ;i  M)iiaili(in,  ami  arliii'Vi'il  a  1 


I  was  ili'.'Ktfoi- 
■tc.     Ill  ISii;  h 


iilUlunt  .sili'i'oss  (ivi  I' 


tlio  1- 


l\'!K':l 


lloft.      Ill  the  t'l 


11.;  yi'ar,  as  aiiiliassailnr  to  Ivi.'laiiil,  In'  jir 


uiiiteil  the  alliance  whit  Ii  piMViil  ot'  «i>  vital  iuijini  t  to  Spain,  aii4  t'l 

laU'f  lie  a-sunif.l  (.'oiitrol  of  Ciilia,  dinpIayiiiL;  tluTo  of  late  so  j.')('at  Ioyalt\ 

1111(1  judicious  tact  ill  pr('S('rviiii(  tli'- pcaco  tliat   lio  was  (K-coratcil  with  tin 


^pi 


in      r 


■s  ot  San 
(hii 


]•• 


IK 


criiaiiilo  aibl  San  lliriucncuildo,  an 


.1 


or  adiluiiinal  (ilisci'vaiion-', 


/;.(.</-, 


lllllll'  ,  I   ilU 


1" 


tcl  to  N. 


.•t  ci 


(.,  V.  Ill    (t  scij.;  J\sf'ilirii  1/   l,ht,i(i.    Mix.,    Vl;    .I'm 


Hist.   J/./. 


{1 -S-dll,  with  portrait  and  iuito;.'!aiili;  I'nj'.   I' 


((('..  (i\.  Ol  \ 


■.Hi.:   hi 


flhf<ir.    I  fi- 


ll,  is,  ;!.");  Cdhilnrio,  .MS.,  iv.  ;U;    l.irdii't,  .!(/■''.  //  lli-t'lh: 


'\V 


I  KM  won 


Id  have  caused  tl 


ar  to  assiline  fresh  fiiiv. 


Call. 


|i("lac  I  .s   u'oc'.is 


dii'ecti.in.   oKscrves   1)11^1. iiirintc.   ('hh,/.  //i-l.,  iii.  .'{o.'i   J. 

liroiiLjIit  hy  liini  fniiu  llahana  were  uiiu.-^ed  to  war,  and  lie  to  acliou  in  tlii 

Held.     Fortiuiatclv  l>onallo  came  to  the  rescue. 


'M 


Ic 


il'la  I'lii-ia  (!;;ston,  daii:,'!ite!'  (jt  a  licilt-ren.  in  the  ii.ivv ,  and  niai 


d  of 


jf  Maria  L.-.i-: 


;l,  W.u  1 


lail  Ivji'ue  10  l.iiii 


, '.  a  e.ii.aivu. 


KiTn-FLViN<;  i'i;()iii;'iTi;n. 


r.::i 


lii"^   strict   uidciN  ii<''.'iiiisl    tlic   arhitriirv  fvi'dif ion    t/f 


apt 


Vf 


r(iliil)|iK'(l 


with    tli( 


iii(»t.    iiixi'al 


.11 


Cl-S        <: 


|iar(!uii  (ii  those-  \\lii»  sdluiiittcd.  Siwh  I'll'orts  hy  so 
I'loiis  a  mail  wric  ca^'trly  assisted  hy  the  chi^'V, 
hradcd  hy  Ai'ihhi>ho|)  l"'oiitr,  Uc  oi)si'(|uioii.s  liishop 
IV'i'c/  of  J*iuhla,  and  othci-  in'flati's,'^  and  hy  the  w- 
;  t'lrcd  .Icsiiits.'-  ( )thci's  WfiT  ciH-oiira^i'd  in  loyalty 
and  codjirration  hy  hcstoual  ol"  lln-  h->ahtl  order/'' 
and  an  increased  lilieialily  was  shown  toward  tlic 
army  in  pioinolions  and  iiad^t's  of  honor,  the  latti.T 
granted  also  to  w  idows.     ( )n  tin;  other  hand,  A|>odaca 


issued  cei-tain  ri 


ilieuli 


>ns  decree 


me  au'ainst  kitc-lK- 


ni 


w 


hich  drew  n[)oii    him  inellaceahlu  ridicule  iroui 


the  l>antcr-lo\in^'  pop 


lulat 


ion 


It 


Tlu'  new  ruler  o'ave  impulse 

th 


to  the  rnuipaiixii  I'l-'^'i 


Ills  [)i-eilecessor,     aiiu  as  Luc  ;)uU'l' 


.•r.s  could  not  Veil- 


Ill 


I'fcliii  iMiiitc,  an  al'li!  iiiaii  of  Ic  ss  tli.iii  fmtv  vi'iirs  of  iiti\  l.iti'  canon  of 


caUKillal 


(.aiiic  in  ■!  i;ni' 


isl, 


"),  ti)  n  1 


lici-. 


A«y<\ 


an,  wiioni  tlit 


n'.;iiiiV  li:ii[  ].r(iiiic)tcil  troni  tliu  sco  of  Oajuca,  l>ri\,;i)sa,  uiaDiitirniicl  also  liy 
tlu'  jiii|M',  liail  Id  rctiiin  to  lii-4  sontlu'in  dioti'sf.  In  tlio  fiilliiuiii'.;  .him!  Ii  ■ 
•onsf  rated  his  ri\al.      I'lTtv,  lato  pi-t'siiUMi.,  of  tin:  corti's,  wa.s  rcwanliil  wilii 


tlic  niilir  of  I'lii'lil.'i  for  as-i.-.tini'  ti 


Ave  tills  lioilv.       JFr 


1  '1(1,  aijil  niaiU;  liiins(  If  tuii.s)ii(noiis  liy  iiis  |)aiUL;yiii.s  o 


ll.N 


f  Ills  loyal   ]'atron. 
Inly  INlii  x\u;  .Mar(|iii.'s  rli' ( 'a>;tauiy.i  wasooiiscciatcd  as  Msliojiof  Daranu'o. 


-Cli  ■Sii.ttl,  r^/ii.srti/ 


.)/. 


.'14 


;',t-t:>.  Vic. 


,'li.  17/.,  /*■ 


I'liilild,  J'lis/iinil,  1-47;  /'"/».   I'm:,  Iwi.  |>t 
'  Ill-it oitd    liv   act   of  S.  lit.   Ki,   ISlo.      '1 


liiV  were   cscoi 


ted    itito   Mi'\i;.() 


\itli  iiwat  ceremony  on   May  III,  Ish;,  iis  il.  siriiicd  in  (iaz.  '/<•  .'/' 


IMi; 


vii.  .'il  I    |().  and  installed  in  the  oh 


if  ^^■ln    lldefoli.so.       I'.ll 


illiii:.'s  air 


novitiates  fell  lapidiy  into  their  hands  as  foiineily 


•Iv.     ( 


,istani/;i 


lirotli 


,f 


the  niaroui- 


op 


.f  Dn 


took  1 


lossessioi 


I  as  rector,  assisted  at  lii'st 


only  hy  I'.  Ciiiton.    /linftiiii'iiii<\  (,''i'iil.    I  lis!.,  v.  4."i-7;  Al'iji-c,    lli.<!.  ('uiiiji. 


Ji  ■<in,  in.  ;>Ot)-.S;  MLiulr.abtil,  d 


!• 


r 


jIxv, 


J/. 


pL 


./, 


'II I 'n't  I  II 


i:i 


lleiil  Ordcn  AniericaiKi  de  Isabel  la  ("atolica,  instituted  Mnndi  "Jt,  LSI.' 


Cm/,  \'enno\s  son,  am 


1  f. 


siiaiii 


trad 


CIS  Were  anio 


11:-'  t!ie  lov.al   ones   xvii 


receiMi 


1  it,  liut  also  Adalid  exiled  fo 


slov.dtv,  wliiiu  Ituiliide  an  I  ot!ier.s 


were  passed  liy.  <iu~,.  tie  Mi'.c,  ISI."),  vi,  ~V.)  'l'.\. 

"  'I'lic  decreu  came  out  lu'cause  a  careless  child  fell  off  the  roof  in  Hying  a 
l>i*i'.  iVi/Z/c/ovo  ^V((,,  Aul;,  "Jli,  Nov.  II,  iNlli.  For  references  to  jiaidoiis,  .SCO 
(oc.  li-  M.-.i:,  ISK;,  vii.  10!)'.>;  ISlT,  viii.  ■JS-.",.),  41);  llmiaiKli-.  //  J)'i-iloi*.  rV. 
J>ii'\,\'.  MO,  urjiiii;,'  hnieiuy;  Arrill'i-jn,  /.'"oy/.,  |s;>ii,  •_".»!)  'J;  I'li/i.  I'm:, 
dx.  pt  Ixviii.  ,"i-(),  on  lieiKVolenci,'  to  tiie  poor. 


aft 


■"(  'alleja  depai 


ted  for  Soain  with  tl 


iitter  liaviii;;  reiin 
1  lent  as  vicerov  iia 


d  fi'i 


ic  coii\dV,  leavin 


M 


exii'o  1 


II  Octol 


ler, 


1  'ised  the  war-cry 


d   I 

for  f 


the  p.daee  Sept.    Itltil 


-a  1 


lav 


leen 


lati 


on  wliirh  ills  appoint- 
four  years  liefoi-e.  and   on   \\hicli   llidiil_''> 


reedoiii— and  :nnr'iidt",ei|  tlies 


stall' of  oliice  on  liiu  I'.Kli 


.•It  (Jtiadaliipi 


iiodaea  s  en 


Svi 


iciU'U  ill .(. 


L'pl. 


try  tool;  p!  ice  on  the  follo\\  in:;  day,  as  dcscrilicil 


l>)(Jo;  O, •(-.(((•  (,  (J  uri'i 


1  V^-lo. 


v.x)    vi{:;i;()V  .\i'.>!>A(  a  anh  iih  \•I(;(tI;()^>^  mi:\^ r::::<. 


Uu'v  ti>  tiilic  Jii  tlic  V(  ry  outset  with  m  straiiLi'rr,  .-is  \]\<  y 
li:i(l  with  ( 'jilli'j;i,  his  orders  i-eei'ived  uii  eiiiTj^'etic 
oIkcIIliii'c  tliii*  soon  |iro(luee(l  a  ladieal  <"haii;4«'.  In 
iho  aiitimiii  he  or<lere(l  a  I'oniiidahle  coneeiitiatioii  of 
ti'oops  Milder  HeN'ia,  Jiraeho,  and  ()l)eso,  aiL;aiii,-t 
'roian,  the  most  eons|»ieuous  aiiion'j^  the  iiisuru'eiit 
leaders.  Operations  were  tohe^in  witli  the  icdiietioii 
ol' oiitlyiiin'  towns;  and  on  Deeenil)er  ."JO,  ls|(i,  Ile\ia 
iinoted  'r<'|u'ji  with  alxmt  a  th(»usaiid  men.  The 
commandant,  Juan  'IV-raii,  liad  one  I'ourih  of  that 
Jlis  hrothei'  hasteni'd   to  the   reliel',  and  siii- 


ioree 

('(•(jded  in  i"e|)ulsiii!4-  La  Ma(h'id,  wlio  sou'^ht  to  ehec!; 
liis  advance;'"  hut  the  attack  on  the  hesiei^iii'^-  rme-; 
])roved  a  laihui'.  Don  .luan  thei'eupon  made  his  e  - 
capu  witli  nearly  all  his  i'ollowers  on  tlu^  iii^ht  of  Jan- 
uary atli,'' and  joined  'i'eran,  who  most  uuaccountahly 
had  ordered  the  Ljarris(»n  ot*  Teotitlan  to  evacuate  thi' 
))lace.  Tilt'  loud  reiiioiisti'ancoi'voked  opened  the  eyes 
of  Teran  to  his  mistake,  and  ho  ri-solved  to  re]iaii'  it 
l)y  marchinjj^  against  Oheso,  who  with  nearly  (lOO  men 
had  advanced  from  Oajaca  to  occupy  it.  lie  met  liiiii 
at  Ayotla,  not  far  from  the  town,  on  January  I'Jtli. 
and  gave  proof  of  his  supi>rior  tactics  hy  utterly  rout- 
ing his  opponent.'^  This  hf't  the  road  ojumi  to  ( )ajacii ; 
and  by  merely  threatening  this  point  Teran  might 
have  frustrated  the  royalist  campaign  plan,  hut  he  did 
not  det'iii  it  })roper  to  abandon  his  district.'" 

lie  {)roposed  now  to  ietak(^  Teotitlan;  but  hearing 
that  Colonel  l]i'acho  v>'as  marching  towaiul  Tehuacau 
Avitli  over  a  thousand  men,  he  hastened  instead  to  tlu! 
relief  of  this  })lace,  whicli  constituted  his  centre.  lie 
came  too  late  to  enter  the  adjoining  fortress  of  CV>rio 
Colorado,  the  stronghold  of  the   re'^iion,  and   bad  to 


'"At  Iscariuixtla  on  Jan.  1,  1817;  both  sidua  having  .">00  men,  acconlin,!;  t  > 
Biistiiinantf. 

'•  Ho  claims  to  have  heaton  his  way  through  the  lines.  A  royalist  force  of 
100  men  was  left  as  garrison. 

"Who  iiad  a,  narrow  escape  and  was  severely  wounded.  He  received  a 
colonelcy  to  console  him.     Teran  must  have  had  about  SOD  men. 

'*  Riistaniante  covers  this  oversight,  which  might  have  kept  the  war  open 
till  Mina  came,  and  so  changed  its  aspect,   t'liwl.  Hist.,  iii.  402-3. 


PoWNTAi.L  or  ti:i:an-. 


(i.-.i 


cMiilciit  liiiii-.iir  with  (>rcii|tviii;^'  llic  l''r;iin-i-'Mii  (•(•ii- 
M'lit  (tf  till'  town,  with  litllc  iiiiiiimiiitii»ii  iind  h;ii(lly 
aiiv  I'uod.  \l\<  |i(i>itii>ii  was  rciidcft'd  still  iiii>i<'  |>ri'- 
cafioiis  hy  tht'  dispcisiini  and  dcscrtidn  of  a  ificaf  |iai't 
d"  Iiis  I'l  )!•(•(  •  d  mi  I  in'  I  lit  Til  II  ilia  IV  ski  finishes,  so  t  h;it  niily 
hall"  iciiiaiiK'd  tn  (i|>|i<'sc  'he  closely  prcssiiin'  lovalisls. 
I»ra(lii»  was  riilly  iiit(<rMi('d  of  his  ('(iiiditioii,  and  ca'^cr 
to  ohtaiu  for  himstir  (ho  honor  of  rcdiwiiiLj  sn  iiiipop- 
liiiit  .-1  jtlacc  and  Icadei'  hcloit^  his  sii|)i'iior,  llcvia, 
should  arrive  and   seeiirt'  the  ]»ii/,e,  he  waiinlv  uro'ed 

the  sutrelldei',   willl    iVee   jKll'iloli    I'ol'   all    ilisiir;:eiils    in 

till'  district,  or  a  tei'iihle  alternative.  In  a  nionient 
of  wealviiess  Tcnni  consented  not  only  to  yield,  Imt  to 
ordel"  the  sinrendei'  ot'the  iinpl'e'^nahle  ( 'eiTo  (  'oloivulo, 
and  induce  Osoi'iio  an<l  othef  chiefs  to  siihinit.     And 


)n  the  "J  1st,  of  .laiiuarv,  after  a  sie^re  of  haielv  t 


wo 


<lays,  fell  famed  1'"huacan,  tlw;  centre  of  iiisiirL>ont 
hopes,  and  with  itt'ie  reputation  of  Tei-aii.  All  his 
])ast  .suceesses  were  oviTclouded  hy  that  one  hasty 
step,  and  a  nation  w  hicli  iorL,^-i\e  such  men  as  Kosaiiis 
refused  to  inscrihe  his  name  amoiiLr  its  heroes."' 


'liustamanti',  who  Imd  uilinircd  liini  till  lie  ovcrtlircw  t! 


Wiiil.s  liilU'ily  i\w-  ro-*ults  nf  liis  art,  I'-spt'cially  in  ortlo 


riUL 


tl 


II'    fnlmiVSS,    1)C- 

10  suriviidor  of 


Ci'lTo  ( 'oloiailo,  tl)  wliioli   he  slinild   ii 


;!i;j-)_'_'.      \\t  it  must  111"  stati'i 


hail  )>i'i>Ui'ii 


lut  at  tht 


forti 


111  par 


tial 


rniL,'ht  his  w;iv.  diniL  /lis/..i 


viiiiliLMtioii  of  Tt  ran,  that  i 


itli   ili'.scrtioii,  wliicli  iiiiLfht  have  iiiaili 


I. 

iiuiiny 


i:s 


I'aiHiU'u  t'asy.  Toran  .'^tiimlatoil  for  iiiinsclt  a  pass  witli  iiicans  to  ;'j>  aliioail, 
liut  the  viceroy  foiiml  a  incti'iicc  for  ii'fii.siiii.;  to  <oiii|ily.  Un  ;ta!n:!iitrailini,.s 
that  'i'l'ian  iKH-liiit'iI  to  aoi'i'pt  prollori'il  scrvieu  uiiilcr  royalists  ami  most  ho'i- 
•ahly  coiitcnti'il  himsilf  with  a  liumlik'  ilurUshii)  in  I'luKJa.     After  iaiihiili's 


revulution  he  .served  s 


ueeessiV' 


dal. 


)lv  as  lueiuherot  eimuress,  niinister  ot 


war,  and  comani 


dante 


iieral  of  the 


noitiierii  pio\iiieea. 


Ill 


t, 


part  against  the  jiioveriiiiieiit,  and  lieiii'/ defeated  at  M.il.iiikmos,  he  eoinmilti  d 


iiieide  in  .Itilyof  that  year,      lie  wa 


IS  I. 


d  Kvthi 


>f  llurhidi 


in  (I'ulli),  I  liDiih)-!  K  1 1 II 


Mil 

A! 

Ml 


M. 


IV.  •_'.ii  -Si,  paints  lull)  only  as  a  lu 


ii.    r_'l-:U,  with  portrait  that 


ihat   reseinlili'S  J 


ilirliele  s. 


iiiian  also  ii 


iv.  .")!S-'_';{;  Jllits 


pliolds  his  iiolile  traits  at  'leluiaean  rather  exelu 


si\  e!v. 


////. 


,  ()-!». 


iU 


helieved  'IViaii 


fe;irid  that  Hi 


iiiiijht  I'liiiie  lip  and  ji 
ernelty  of  all  the 


less  h 


It.      'J"i 


h 


r_'eiit  leaders.      He  himself  pleai 


liou  n   pel  liaos  the  lea^it 


lis  1.1 


of  ammunition, 


deseniou  of  men,  and   deeeptivo  oilers  from  Ihaeho,  ;iiid   iiitriLjues  with 


f  ortri 


H 


e  could  liavt 


hroli 


en  away  with  the  ea\aliv, 


d  not  : 


lieu  the  rest.     Sec   his  .S'';/»//f/a  M'tiiift^l.,  (ill  il.'t,  and  ;i[i]ienili\;  also   M',,-", 
Uhnin,  i.  p.  Ixi.     The  hlanic  cast  ujion  him  is  for  not  hreal'.iiiLr  throui^h  to  ilio 


ndjoinini'  fortrcs.s,  w 


ith  it 


s  ureater  resouret'S,  tiiere  coveruiL; 


his  I 


loiii'er  resistance;  also  for  orderiiicr  its  mirrende: 


an 


lonor  I IV  a 
I.:' 


)f  O 


.sorno  an 


d  otlii 


Th 


'f  siiliniitted 


))romotin;^'  the  siiliiiu.s- 
{•'eliruary  I  Ith  at  S;j 


AndrC's,  with  17o  follower.^,  and  retired  to  one  of  his  farms.     His  example  was 


! 


cvj    vi;i::!MV  AT  )[).\rA  AM*  III-!  vi<;on()rs  Mr\<i'ni:^. 

Ti'iJiii's  |icrsii;isiuii  jiiid  injiiii|i1(',  ;iii(I  the  iincwid 
jiiirdoii  issued  IVoin  ^Ifxicu,  ciialtli'tl  LI;iiio,  cuinmMiil- 
iiiH  till'  l*U(I)la  ic'^iuii,  l(t  r.|M.it  liv  IIh- middlr  of  !•'<  I>- 
riiJiry  tlial  ]M'acf  was  irstoicd  tlirdU^lioiil  tlKtscctinii. 
This  Kit  llif  loyalists  j'rcr  to  ciitcr  with  LfrcatiT  I'mici; 
into  \'<ra  ( "ill/,.  Ariiiinaii  ntniil;  Naiitla  on  |'".l)iu- 
arv  lilth,  and  witli  it    tln'   loadsU-ads  of   I'ahnar  and 


1 


iana  A  iitva,  alter  whnli  lie  ovt  rraii  tht;  adjouunL;' 
disii  icts  northward,  and  siiccci'iK  d  w  ithiii  a  shmt  linu' 
ill  ivsloriiiM-  Older  tiiroii''hoiit  iiearlv  all  ol"  jliiasteca, 

whereof   he  had   heeli   made  I'oliiaildante  LCelieial.       I  )o- 

iiallo  continiit  <l  his  work  southward  hy  driviiii^  A'ie- 
(oiia  I'loia  M  isanlla,  and  elearin'_;- the  whole  distrift as 
i'ar  as  the  A'era  (  Vii/,  road.  J  n  low  thisC'olonel  li.i... 
iXpelled  ('onto  I'loni  the  toitliss  Maltrat;i  whence 
he  had  heeii  raidiiit;'  the  nei^hitorliood  o|'  ( Jrizaba.'' 
I!e\ia  ro||i)\\,(l  up  th(!  success  in  b\  hruary  hy  takiir'" 
i  luadiseo  a!id  the  hi'iili^es  Atoyaeaiid  (  "hiijuihuit >■, 
whili'  his  sidxirdinates  cut  short  the  career  ol'C'al- 
zada,  and  crowiu.-d  the  cainj»ai_un  with  the  capture  of 


the   stroll"''   liarranca    I'oHrc 


.r    I'al 


inillas,  the' 


last 
'I'- 


I'efl  ;•('  of  ('onto,  who  hecallie  a  jilisolier.'" 
jili(  ,;tioiis  lor  pardon  had  meanwhile  heeii  llowinn"  ii 
I'l'om  every  (juarter,  and  hi'f'ore  the  close  ot"  the  spring' 
n  lew  I'uLjitive  hands,  one  of  thein  lieaded  by  X'ietoiia, 
ere  all   that  remained  of  the  lately  iiiii)osin<j:  iiisur- 


W 


e't'Ut  lorees  aloiiLf  the  !>aiU"  coast. 


t'olloMCcI  liv  i'fiLr.idirr  AliI; 


1" 


iiia,  \v 

•f,   I'V   -Mjllllll.l,   ((Sorllu's  .SCl'Klli 

lit  il  Ills  <i\Mi  I  Olio  !it  l,()i;j  nil 


lio  liail  lifcii  a  lii'uti'iiant-coloncl  in  rnvalsoi 


!■ 


.siiiii'isii.  aim  tlic  i-i 


ui;i  CdiTia.      r> 


'I  tl 


litiilatril  at  .">7<l,  till-  latli'i-  lia\ 


in;,'  iu.-^l  T.'t  liilli'l  ami  '22  \\t>muUil.     At.  tlii'  tnit  wni'  fmiii'l  iitaily  I^IK  nil 


kils 
jf  til- 


(/''  .1/'  .(■.,  JsIT,  viii.  l(tl   I."),  ami  .•iil  jciiniiiL;  luiiiilitrs  fur  iitliir  jiarts 


ut  till!  lainjiai^jii.      i  lie  niyaiist  iiaiLiiijiaiil.s  in  Ihi;  iaiiii);,i„'ii  riciivtul  i>i(.ii 


tiun  from  tl 


111  rfjou'iii;;  vii:i'i'(iy. 


ilii'il  of 


At  tlio  rlosc  of  KS|(i,  ('onto  was  thcsiu'cessorof  Montii'l.  wludiail  lati'lv 


]ll!\V 


IS  aL'ain  t 


KtVatiil  at  'i'oiiiallaii  on  Ftbruury  Utli  i: 


couiit'i'tioii  uitli  Luna,  uliu  souu  aftiT  Hul>niitti 

•-Till!  fortress  wasalioiit  to  In;  assaiiltfd,  wliiii  on  .Tune '2Sth  Coutosouirlit 
csoapo  Willi  his  tollowiTs.  Tiny  \wyc  iviiiluivil,  liowivir,  ami  shot,  ("onto 
I'  laiiiiiu;  at  tho  last  nionii'iitand  ;;aii:in,L,' )iariloii.     ( 'al/aila"s  fort,  La  Fortiina, 


was  takc'ii  ahoiit  three  liiuliti 
\niil. 


is   laillor,  IR'   Ihmil 


uvtrtal 


iirii  and  exL'cii 


itid 


-  ■  An 


thosi'  will)  ajiplii'd  for  pardon  wire  Di'imty  Castafleda.  ami  C 


los  l'>ll^slalllalltt•,  till'  lii.stoi  ian,  \'.  ho  was  eonliiii'd  i;i  I'li'ia  fortri'ss,  and  at  llrst 
tieuud  huisliiy.     Tor  details  of  this  caiiijaii^'n,  see  (.'((..  de  Mtx.,  viii.,  Jaiiuiry 


r,ov.\i,i>T  sccniss  i\  TiiK  \vi:.T. 


(\r..\ 


l'ijU;i]Iy  s\vcr|>iii'^'  wt-rc  tlic  mviilist  siicfcssrs  in  Mi/- 
tcc.'i  :iii<l  'l\c|iaii  iiiidt  r  S;iiiiMiiic:;it  aii<l  La  .Madrid, 
witli  tlic  ctMiiHialiiiii  dl"  AKal:/,  iVoin  ()aia<a  and 
AiiiiiJ<i  aldiiL;'  tlic  sniitli  cdast.  Tlii-  sti<>n'L;li<ild  •»!' 
^'.iiita  ( icilrudis  and  Tiaxtla  Irll  without  resistance. 
!  Ianii<n  Scsnia  suricndcrid  San  Ivstt'van,  ami  t'luhrnl 
ills  a>sistan('r  to  the  lor  in  scckin'^',  anmn'^  otln  r  art-i, 
t II  |icr,snadi'  Martini/-  and  SaiK'ln'/  to  faiiitnlatc  at' 
.Silacavoa|ian.  Tl'  y  noLly  inld  out,  liowcvti",  till 
litnintr  and  dcscrtio;)  "l)li;_fi'(l  tliiin  to  accept,  tin;  liai-t? 
otlir  of   lire.-'     Arniijo   liad   cK'aicd    t!if   re<;-ii>n    lie- 


Iwetii  Acapuli.'o.  lid  t,lie  Mesc  i!a,  and  now  Iio  rtduced 
(  )slocinL;'o,  'l'e<'"iutia,  and  /\lund»rc.  on  'I'ccono  hill, 
1; 
Cat 


i\  in''-  .-it  i>i  ai.-o  to  I    liaca;  hut  Ihi'c  the  comma ndant 


I  Ian 


■icaited 


i 


ra\(>. 


IOn- 


'!' 


h  1 
1 


lis  •-!»)()  men  to  joni  the  rejiu 


I'll  nioi-e   hriiliant ly  <lid 
the  lines  round  Ji 


wav  throU'jh  the  hues  round  Joiiacatlan,  alter  a  >ie<ro 


(Jal 
itl; 


van   torce 


l.-ed 

his 


a  month  and  the  jos.s  of  o\er  loo  mrn 


he   r^'- 


Milt  was  that  hotli  ( Juerrero  and  l»ravo  had  to  ahandou 
this  rcLiion  and  take  rel'un'e  in  the  hot  low  lands  of  tlie 


Zacatula,  theic  to  watch  for  a 
I'etrieve  the  cause. 


ht'tt* 


r  opportunity  to 


Their  Iiopes  centred  iiow'  on  the  r'an;;'es  of  ^^i^ho- 
acaii,  where  the  revolution  had  e\er  managed  to 
maintain  itsell".  although  dediniiiL;-  of  late  to  isnlated 
iiiid  li'ss  important  ojierations.  Ilere  rulid  yet  a 
l»ratich  of  the  dissolved  coneress;  not  the  junta  in- 
s(al!e<l  hy  this  l»ody  on  its  de])arture  for  'I'eimaean, 
for  that  luul  also  been  extirpated '''  in  the  spring'   o|' 

tl)  June  1S17,  pa.ssim;  nu.tliitnrni'i-,  Cuml.  Ifi.i/.,  v.  1  ct  8C(|.;  H'-n-'i,  //it. 

il'iliij'd ,  ii.  "JS  <'t  .sti|. :    ^tr'.irii.  <  h-itrri  .^r.,    I'J.">,   rW.X    S'iliri,i.<',   fit  II.,  ,\;r.i\i;\:y 
1^)  .luiii!    |Sl7,    Ji.l.-isini;    Ii\i',i:in'iii'.<   .I/'.''.  A''/'.,  i.  "J.>_';    .\/i  iidili'il,  A'<  >.,  ,{Uti    l.i, 

'•"  lM)r  f  lii'ir  '_'()!» iihii,  I'Mfly  in  .M;ii<  ii. 

-'AiiiD:;  flifiu  tlic  (•oiiiiiiiKiilaiit  (':iniii'n.  For  lU'tailn  cif  the  iMinpai'^n, 
Bic  DliiL'ial  rcjiiirts  in  <!'r..  ilt'  J/r.i:,  viii.,  .rmtiarj  tn  .M;iy  I'^IT,  |ia.ssiiii,  i  ■(•• 
Lially  .'«;'.  I  ().  -r-'^llS,  .JSl  ,"»,  (lucni'iM  iiitim.iti-s  lliat  ho  it  wa.s  ulio  cut  llio 
v.ay  tliriiii:;h  tViim  .loiii-  atlaii.  Letter  in  /liiiUinuiiili',  (.'add.  /li-<'.,  v.  .'i  4; 
Xoliii'ito  (ii II.,  .January  to  May  Isl7.  ]>a--siin. 

'-■'' L'niliT  tlio  rclicllious  li'aikrs;ii|)  of  Vn.'iya,  lately  envoy  in  the  fnitdl 
States,  who  eai)tiiroil  and  ilia;dolvetl  it,  yet  not  with  con.setit  of  tlie  jiiuUi  uoW 
luniicil  to  iv[)lace  it. 


)sa- 
III 


r..-,i    v.('i:i:()V  .\\\)\k\(\\  axd  his  vkiouous  .mi;asuiiix 

I  SKI.  luit  .'iiiotlicr  roniicd  hy  X'ai'ui'as,  Y;ir/.a,  llos 
lis,  ToiTus,  ;iii(l  other  leading'  spirits'-''  of  Miclioacjni 
and  ad"):)!!!!!);^'  iioillu'i'ii  pi'oviiK.'es,  and  Iciiowii  hy  tlir 
iiaiiic  of  .iaiijilla,  IVoiii  lliu  I'ortress  island  in  Zacapo 
l^akc,  w  h(  ix'  it  tool;  rd'uL;-!'.  l^'iiacio  llayon  took  ad- 
vania M'l'  of  tin;  clianm!  to  pivx-iit  liis  old  claiais  as 
]iidaiL;o's  minister  and  late  president,  and  even  sent 
his  hr.ilher  Uainon  to  eiiforee  them.  His  ellorts 
faileil,  however,  and  lie  himself  narrowly  eseaped  cap- 
ture at  tilt,!  hands  of  the  tretiehercnis  A^irj^as.-"*  This 
.strii'e  aiiion^'  the  insur^'ents  added  to  the  misfortunes  of 
the  ])ro\inee,  so  lonL(  the  scene  of  bloody  wai's.  Jtur- 
l/lde,  vJio  included  it  under  his  eonimand  darinu;'  thc> 
eai'ly  par!,  of  the  year,  was  too  occupied  with  his  own 
sjiecuhilioiis  to  accor<l  eiieri^eti(J  protection,  and  so 
low  iell  its  condition  that  the  inteiidente-  and  his  >ta!f 
hud  to  \tv  i'e[)!aci'd  by  ;i  mere  collector,  while  the  in- 
«ur,L(ents  grew  so  daring'  as  to  attempt  in  April  to 
makt.'  a  I'aid  on  A'alladolid.  lender  l^^inai'es  the 
I'oyalists  e-jis'o  fresh  impulse  to  the  eampai;_;'n;  and 
amon,L,'  other  successes  was  the  cajiture  in  Se[itenihei' 
of  the  idand  fortress  Janicho,  in  JMtzcuaro  Lake.'-' 
A  nuniher  ol"  chieftains  accejited  pardon  after  sulfer- 
iiiu^  a  series  of  reverses,  and  Jlainon  Juiyon  found  his 
,'idherentr;  meltin^^  iiway,  i'^nseha,  hein;,;"  killed  and 
Kjjitacio  Sani'hex  Joining'  the  royalists  to  clear  tlu.' 
I'e^'ion  north-wi'st  of  Me.\ico.  Jle  luid  lon!jf  hecu 
closely  h(.'sieij;"ed  at  the  famed  stronghold  of  CtVprno 
by  A'^'uiri'e,  and  famine  and  desertion  were  beoiiminw- 
to  invade  his  ranks  with  no  pi'ospect  of  relief,  len- 
der .^aic!i  circumstances,  he  sei/med  more  justilied  than 
Tia-an    in    acceptino-  al)out   the  same    time  as  he  ;  ■ 


'■'"  .NiiKiilor,  IsasjiL'.'i,  iU'il  Itdctor  S:iii  M:irtiii,  the  (.'.iiioii  of  Oaj.'ica.  Var- 
f^iis  fi;:in'.  s  Its  fomainlaiitc;  },'iiuTal  of  Xiima  (lalii;ia,  Itinali's  dt'  X:u'att'(.'a>, 
wlu'licc  lie  IMW  lias  lliil  U)  Micliuacail,  soim  to  clailii  lifiv  the.  saiiic  laiik,  an  I 
Tcrrcs  wa*  Uiu  iiioxt  |ii(iiiiiiiciit  ( iiiaiia  juato  liatU  r.  Soo  lia-itaiiianlc,  i'nail. 
Jlix/.,  in.  :VM-~;  X'<ji-ili\  Mi.r.  .SIj/<>  A/A'.,  vii.  4:!(!-rJ. 

-•''Tliis  oi'i'unvil  ill  Nov.  Var^^as  tlicrciipnii  juiiu'cl  tlio  royalists  in  )mrsa- 
iu;^  liiiii,  aiicl  routi'il  liis  I'oivcs  iiinliT  Uat.ul  lliivoii  on  Di'i'.  ~tli.  liii^-ldiiKin'' , 
Cuifil.  Ill<l.,  iii.  .•{:tS-4l;  (!(i~..  (!<■  Mr.c,  IsKI,  vii.  ■2{m  4,  -JOSd-T. 

''^  \\y  (.'asiamni.  JIo  tlistractcd  the  attention  of  tlic  Ljarri.-oii  ami  siirprisivl 
tliL'  islaiiil  on  llu'  iiiglit  of  Si'pt<ii)l)t'r  liitli,  bat.  IIil'  licsii'gutl  I'scapud.  /(/.,  i)Sl-;{. 


IIAVON'S  CAPITULATIOX. 


0.-).-) 


liniiorablo  capituliitioii;  but  like  liiin,  lio  was  ncvi-i- 
1'<»i'!>i\'cii  l)V  tlio  nation,  i)artlv  bfcaiisc  tin-  taunts  ot' 
lati'  comrades  <l)-ovc'  him  to  join  tlic  I'oyalist  lanks.'"' 
I'hosu  successes  were  Li'i'i'atlv  promoted  bv  tin;  clli- 
cicnt  co(ipcration  of  IJiigadicr  Xci^ivte,  conunandiT 
of  tlio  Spanisli  forces  in  Nueva  (;ialicia,  undi-r  the 
supci'vision  of  Cruz,  wlio  otherwise  maintaint'd  him- 
seh'  as  iiide[)endent  of  the  ni'W  viceroy,  as  he  had  of 
Calleja.^^  He  not  (»nly  made  tlie  southern  frontier 
uncomfortal)le  for  the  revohitionists  frem  Michoacan, 
l)ut  he  eonchuU'd  the  tivi^  years'  strusjf'K'^-  with  th(> 
islanders  of  Chapala  Lake  by  sucli  raihc;;!  lueasures 
as  raNa'-iuLi' tlie  lake  shores  in  everv  direction  in  ordei- 
to  cut  oif  su[»i)lies.  ]']]iidemics  came  to  his  aid;  ;nid 
on  Xovend)er  2"),  I  y  1(5,  the  hei'oic  l)and  yielded  to 
the  inevitable  by  suireiidering  the  Mescala  Islands  on 
i'air  torms.^^  I''*'.)'  ^\*^''"*'  '">^^'  ^<'t  aside  I'oi-  a  convict 
pr(.'si(ho.  After  this  the  submission  of  chieftains 
grew  general,  and    included  \'argas,  who  claimed   to 

■'"'riic  fdiiii'ss  fill  .(an.  7,  r'^17,  "  itli  ."U."!  iiicii,  lusiilis  1,000  otiici'  iiim.itin, 
til)  .unn-i,  iiu'luiliii;,'  "J.")  of  wood  onvcnil  wilii  hide;,  ;iiiil  ."lOl)  ihii>l;rts.  (  Vr:.  «/'' 
Mr.r.,  1SI7,  viii.  Xl-i,  l!M-'_'01.  liiistaiiiaiitc,  Ciiiulrn,  ill.  li'.'i-.'iS,  givts  tliu 
trrii;-;  (pf  Liii)ilulatii)n  ami  o'lIrt  (lociiiihut^i,  ami  sivks  ti)  jiistily  tlio  .>;mTfii- 
ik'i'.  Till'  viceroy  at  lirst  <lisa]iiiii»\  ril  thu  li'iiieut  flaiiscs,  Imt  .\,L,'iiirri'  in- 
.Kistnl.  Tlii.s  otlii'C'C  rcci'ivoil  a  icildiiclcy  and  iatir  tin:  cninniaml  of  tlio  prov- 
iiKo.  luiiaL-ii)  KayoM  \\oulil  not  forgive  his  lnollii  r.  Jiamon  .sonn  ri'tind  (o 
jirivato  ana  i'oin|)arativily  soiluilvil  lifo,  ilyiiiL;  iu  IS;!',)  in  liiiiiiiistjnK'i's  s'» 
jioor,  ,says  liiistanianlo.  tiiat  cviii  liis  daiigliti  rs  li.nl  towoiU  'ira  niainUnamT. 
/'/.,  (l(ili'iii( t''  Mi.r.,  i.  "jot.  SuL'aiso,  on  this  and  incci'din-  i  voiits,  '/'nnrnl' , 
ll.sl.  /.'./•.,  ii.  ;{(».")-'.);  Ilrviiniiili-.  y  Diiratni,  ( ',,1.  /^or.,  vi.lO.V.'-.'J;  .\1,  ndihil, 
]!is..  -I'M  ft  .-^iii.,  'JS;i   I;  A'o'/' ■«<■.()  (,'(;/.,  |SI.">   ISIO,  p.-issini,  .Ian.  I'd7. 

■"  The  hiuL;'  souu'ht  to  smooth  inatti'i's  hy  nrgiii;.;'  t'rn  ',  to  \  isi:  M;"Ji' o.  Ho 
did  NO  in  I'lli.  and  .March  in  almost  ri\:j;al  stato;  liut  A[ioilaca  s  uigiit  to  sniil) 
him.  and  nothing'  i/imo  of  tho  attt'U)|it. 

'■-'  Willi  its  aUcriiativc  kiil'i'i'.sscs  and  ivvcrsi's.  Iiisianco  the  i'ls'.irgcut  vii'- 
t  >ry  in  May  1S14  hy  Sali^'ado  witli  ahont  ."lO;)  nii  ii  o\i  r  the  :{00  of  Arango,  who 
vas  taki'n  and  shot  with  a  j^roat  niunhi'r  of  his  foivu.  IJ.istaman'.i-,  ' '"ar/. 
II'k'.,  iii.  Sli-!),  cNaggi'iati's  the  nuintii'ra  in  f  \oi'  of  .Sahiado.  'I'h!ii,  .'igain, 
till- dfloat  in  ISHiiif  (haviz  hy  tin-  royalist  ( 'ori'a,  with  ii  lo.s.s  of  :i.);i  .Mil 
101)  iispuctivuly.  For  otlii'r  oporationa  in  tin-  piovincL',  !«i!0  (li..  d'  Mi.r., 
rsl4-l7,  iiHsiin;  A'"/''/r)\o  '/<;/.,  />/. ;  1 1<  rmuiili'.  ij  Ihiriil-K,  ('•!.  tlni\,  \. 
•J'L*  :;7<»,  iia-iin,  r^Wl  !),(;;)(!,  7-".t  ."il.  7.'>ii-7'.t;  T'ir'riHi, ,  II, ^t.  i:,r.,  ii.  •_';):!; 
'o/V.s  .1.7.  Onl.,  ii.  ;!1."),  :il',),  ',\X\;  l,'ini.<,  Vnrln  l>it>-/.,  \>t  v.;  ./e'.,  .\n/.  'o  -  •/■, 

'' They  ooiitaini'd  17  guns.  ^Vr..  »/<'  M,.r,,  ls|(i.  vii.  1  I'.ll!.  Tin;  pirnia- 
lient  fono  not  long  before  this  wa.s  jihiued  at  1,001),  e\iliiding  woniin  and 
iliililreii.  /liis/tiiiiiiiili\  (.'iKdI.  Jli^f.,  iv.  ."ill  7;  y>''''.  I'nir.,  \.i.  "Jll  I';  Jul. 
X>ii..'2:   Xifinti',  Ohdcru.,  10.     .Santa  .Viiua  and  Kalhur  Ca.steUuno.i  were  still 

tlie  leader.s. 


f 


(:->!! 


vici.U'.fV  Ai';):)A('A  AXi>  HIS  vi(;()i;o;'s  mka-t 


(•<)!ii;ilii 


laiitr  u'ciicra]  of  lliis   i-c^ioii,  ai;(l  v.iio  ]■.'; 


liillilously  st<)j)l>c<l   ti 


lead 


tl 


IC   1'<»VM 


list^ 


111  i>iirsiiit  <i|' 


liis  late  (••iiiiradcs,  and   In   iiilliiriic*'   tin-  surrciuliT  . 
( 'uiristaran  t'orti 


t'SS. 


A  similar  iiiissU'])  was  tak<H  !>\' 
^luui/C.  Incensed  uiili  l^osalcs,  wlidartri-  Itcin^'diivin 
tioni  Zacal'cas  clainu'd   the  jiost,  of  coinandanto 


'•'•n- 


cral  III  .Mk-lioai'aii,  Ih-  |i>iin'(l  tlie  piiisii  is  against 
liiiii,  aiK  1 1  lie  lirave  Itusales,  overtaken  near  Tacaniharo, 
i'ell  li^litiiiL;'  Tor  tlit>  cjui 


se 


J  II  Zacateeas  revoliit  ii marv  nioveiii'Mits  had   hard!- 


e\-er  pa>se(| 


l)e\iind  ( 'ojotlaii  and   t 


i)iltli-ea 


.t  I, 


del",  a: 


il 


even 


tl 


lesc; 


hVllKlli 


11. 


■d   t, 


diadow    niider  til 


i-M'ctie  bri'-adier  J)ie«''o  (lareia  Conde,  who  inl 


us. 


nan 


J 


U! 


eiu 

also  threat (.'r  discipline  ainoii'^"  liis  tro<>|)s 

I'otosi   was  also  nudist iirlied  save  l)_v  I 

iiieiits  alon'4"  its  soullicrn  lines,  and  hevond,  in 'I'aiiiaii- 


l 


I'olltler    lll()\e- 


1 


i[)as  aiul 


Niu.'Vo  Leon,  .sliii'lit  local  distiirhaiice.s  uloii 


l)rok(.' tli(;  (juiet.'"     In  Cliiliualiua  a  revolutionary  jilot 


had  be 


eeii  iiroin|) 


1 


ly  sui 


)!)ressc( 


1  ill  Xoveinbcr  ibli. 


The  most  northern  ]>ro\ince  in  which  tlie  war  con- 
tinued to  prevail  wus  (Guanajuato,  the  cradle  of  tho 
revolution;  and  but  lor  the  niiniiin'  resources,  its  con- 
dition might  under  the  attendant  rava'^'es  ha\'e  been 
re(luced  to  tho  sanuMlephjrable  level  as  in  ]\[ic]ioac,in. 
Favoi'ed  by  tJie  mountainous  nature  of  the  country, 
the  iiisur^'eiits  iiiaua'^'ed  to  lind  ei!coura;_;'einent  in  oi-- 
casioiial   sucin'sses,  and    ani[ile    supplies    to   niaintaiii 


a  CO 


nsiderabli!  i'( 


ii 


In. I 


UllC 


orce  under   several  leaders,  as  Jvosas 

|SI7.    (!ii~.  -Il'  .l/'.t;..    1S17,  viii.  (i.").')-4.      l\)V  previous  Miliiui ; 


pious,  sf.-  /r/.,  isjii,  vii.  -JO:;;',,  '.'do,  fti 

"'•'  Tlioso  will  I  si  low  I'll  I'iiwariliio  in  h.ittic  \vi 


111V,  Ili'rmosilli)  of  (' 
ir.iil  :i;<  Into  ti.s  iSjil 


.U;i 


lioL      At'torllos;ilos'.U 
-tiMiil  iju!  t'')riMiii):-t  iciulur  ill  t'lf  iiorllicfu  iv 


IL'  mill   lio  ailin'iviits  tuv.  sal 


I  to  I 


iK)  moi.     A  t'oiuiiilaliio  opijoiii'iit  of  his  wih  tlio  ciuvi  Al\ 


lavo  muiU'ri'il  as  iii:i;iv 


J/i 


ISl.VKi  pa 


<;,  ,1. 


f'l.;   T. 


m.^i.  i; 


doHrji'is,   1114.  A'jimicdI.,  >S;{-.">; 
]>il(>  rucl'c'I'iIl'iI  by  daya>'.ros. 
•'"For  soaUcn'.l  cK'tails.  ».n(! 


Mo 


,!.■  .U. 


iv.  4:U,  ICM.     Coinl. 
ISl")    HI;    A')//' /'/.<')   (,'( 


■<l<;  lllii.  II, 


Tl 


iriHli;li 


tiic  truai'l 


netil,  wliiili  caiis' 


iltl 


loiy 


ot  a   I'oiisini' 


it  tlio  arros 


tof  Tl 


itnf,  Ifilali.''!'^  fi 


rt'.s|i:i,iai.'ii>sai 


lie 


iniV-T  ooiimrl,  \\- 
iliailor. >o:i  Novvmin'i'  A'.  \. 


'J'iio  foriiuT  cscaiiLil  wliili' on  (lie  way  to  Spain,  liu'otlicr  \va3liiially  pariloucil, 
a;  will  Lo  rdatt'il  in  //„•./.  Svi'th  M,.c.,  ii.,  tliii  .scried. 


r.vr.xTs  IN  cr.wA.n'ATo. 


6.-.: 


V. ]i(»  claimed  ti»  Ix*  iiiiciKU-nto  of  San  T^nis  Potosf, 
?>I(iriMi(»,  ijUi-a-^  l'"j(>rfs,  llic  laimnis  I'ai'hoii  ()rti/„  ainl 
ii!)ii\i!  Jill,  l''atliri'  'I'orrcs,'''  who  hail  ii<>\\  a>suiiu'il  ihi; 
I'lrciiiost  |)lac"  ill  th(j  ivv<»lu1ioii.  Th'y  \\<'W  cM'II 
I'M  ('ii')U;.;li  to  pi'itjiosc  ail  aUack  on  (  iuanajiiato  it- 
h".  clic!  rnl    hy  a    ])i'o!itahlo    raid    niailo    upon    it    in 


Sl 


Ai!';i!sl  I  S  I  J,  for  wliich  Iturhidi!  was  x'Vrroly  lilaimd.''' 
AlLur  his  arrai'4,"niucnt  at  Mcxiro  in  April  IM*;,  and 
ri'imiiciation  ol"  tho  coniniand,  his  soc m  1.  ( )rrani  ia,*'^ 
took  cliai'L;-!'  till  A[)odaca  aopoiiitod  ('oloncl  ( )i'.|ofii'Z, 
v.lio  had  so  ahly  L;a:irdc(l  t  ho  hi'4'h  road  1o  Mo\ico. 
Iff  'Ljavi'  iVosh  chase  to  tht.'  insnr^'ciit  l)ands,  and 
(  aiiturc  1,  on  March  ](),  1SI7,  tlu,'  stron'^liold  known 
a  •;  Mesa  do  ]os  ('ahallos.  near  San  l''c!ij)c,  al'lcr  a 
\iv;or<>u  ■;  rcsi. -taiii'(>,  slaii'^htcrin'j;  cNoi'y  occupant." 
Anotiicr  sv/ocji  was  made  aloiii;'  the  easti'i'ii  lino  of 
(^^iicr.'laro  hy  ih  '  three  (li\i.>ions  of  X'illaseiior,  Torn', 
an^l  ( 'asan ova,  of  which  the  forni<;r  took  (  V'rro  de  l;i 
fail,  held  hv  T(jbar,  who  was  s^ooii  after  cauLtht  and 


sliol.'- 


•'Stvoral  (»f  tlieiii  lombiiicd  in  I\I).  isid,  with  a  fnict;  uf  fully  I,.",;)'.)  men, 
liiit  w^iv  (li.sjierduil  l>y  Imrliide  befoiu  tliv  iiiUiuKil  iai)Vi.:iuiit  (.'oiilil  he  cf- 

"Among  the  precoilinjr  opci'iitinns  iikiv  be  nutiiTcl  ,i  \  i''ti)ry  in  ()rti)bcr 
I'l  1  iivor  tiio  Zic.".tc'ra'<  border  tr("ii)s,  in  I'iii'is  di.stiiet.  by  l^p.-::.i  r.inl  Oi'ti/, 
;iiid  ii  defoiit  (ni  .Inly  21,  ISl."i,  nt  liineon  de  Orteya,  by  Oriaiitia  iindCanuiUnii 
I't'the  K.iuic  leiiders.  ii -ii^led  liy  JLosale.-)  and  .Moreno.  The  in  iii'u'i'nl*  lost  !i 
;.'reat  nuniliei',  iachidin':;  Itosas,  who  was  exeeuteil.  lie  hail  bei  ii  a  ncr.^e.int 
ai  (Itiana jiiato,  and  c  )n:ieetc(l  from  th<!  tirst  with  the  irvolntinn.  J^'rineiseo 
l.'ayon  met  ii.  niniil.ir  I'.itc  soon  after.  ())ranti:i  ii'eri\ril  a  eolonel;  y  for  his 
!-ne.r-s.  Ortiz.  w:u  a;,'.iin  runted  on  Sept.  I'Jth,  .-it  l)o]or('.-;,  and  his  .'!.).>  men 
ili;p,'r.sed.  Jli.3  eoiiir  :de-i  gained  an  adxanta^'t!  near  ( 'elaya  in  the  follo\vin;.j 
111  in.li,  whereupon  Itnrbidc  shot  several  of  his  men  for  yiddiii','- 

'' iiiiMtauiaiite,  ('nt'l.  Ili<t.,  'in.  l',)!l,  refers  to  him  as  lookcil  upon  with 
luinrled  hatred  and  iii-;','iist  by  .\mei'ie,uis,  and  this  eansed  iiim  to  h'ave  for 
."^p-iin  in  rii:!.  A  erncd  man,  without  eilneation  and  prineiph',  .sav.s  itobin.son. 
Mru\..  i.  •_':)•-•. 

^' 'The  phiee,  known  also  as  .San  Migmd,  was  ;in  e!e\:ition  "f  about  two 
li.i'.'Ui's  in  eireumferenee,  well  provided  with  watei  and  tinibiu-.  Ortiz.  Xiincz, 
and  Carmona  held  out  luM-e,  atid  are  said  to  have  lost  "J.")!)  men.  (I'll,  tic 
M'.r.,  ISI7,  viii.  I'l!!;  while  iiustamanle,  CiKvIro,  iv.  •J!IS-;;02,  assumes  liiat 
llie  royali  ts  lost  It',))  out  of  nearly  1,71)0  en.^'aged.  I'or  fnrther  details  on  this 
and  preecdin;,' operations  in  (luanajuato,  see  (Ar:.  de  Mt.r.,  lsl,")-lii,  passim; 
.\'i,'V;(M-»  (Uii.,  /:/.;  /.!ri"f//n.  Adir.  1/  /,'.■-•';///•.,  LMi-J-T!);  .M,ui<hl,'.l,  Hf-ihildi 
11 1^'..  nil -I-';  M<;ir;,,  J!o<''iurJi),  •22-'M.  Cilouel  Aivar.z.  wlio  hi  [.t  llio  i-ontli- 
east  ciuner  in  disorder,  was  caught  and  sliot  in  Ajiril  l.slT. 

*•  I'aja  fill  Dee.  17.  I'iUi.  Several  leaders  now  surrendeii'd,  aiMc)ng  theni 
eolonels  ( !on;'.ale,'.  and  Viir„'as,  the  hitter  aiding  in  a  eampaign  through  Sitrra 
Uisr.  Mi;:i.,  Vol.  IV.    iJ 


(I.-.S     VICEROY  APODACA  AND  HIS  VIGOROL'S  MKASUIill.S. 

Tlio  suoocss  (if  A|)0(lar-a's  caiiipai^^ii  measures  jiisfiry 
tli«'  insinuations  cast  (»u  (  'allcja,  as  hi'iiiL:"  citlaT  ii('L;lcct- 
i'ul  or  calculating.  Vv'itliin  a  lew  months  tlio  ivvolntioii 
liad  liccu  ciuslicd  tlirounliout  the  vast  extent  of  X'cra 
C'l'u/,  I'ucMa,  ^Mexico,  ^li/teea,  and  Tocpan,  wliiic  in 
the  sumicli'clu  north  of  ^Nfcxieo  province  it  liad  hcen 
reduced  to  insi'^'nilicant  jtroportions,  leaving-  oidy  a 
few  (ir!j,'ani/.ed  hands  in  the  central  ranges  of  ?iIicIioa- 
caii,  in  tiH'  haji'o  of  (Juanajuato,  round  San  I'V-lijie, 
antl  in  Sierra  (jlorda,  which  cooperated  to  some  extent 
under  the  direction  of  tlie  junta  of  Jaujilla  in  ]^a!co 
Zacapo.  ]venniants  of  dispersed  Anx'es  could  also  h;j 
found  elsewheri\  hut  reduced  to  fugitives  and  haitdits, 
and  manifesting  their  presence  mainh' hv  descents  ier 
j)hmder  from  their  secret  haunts.  'J'his  result  had 
heen  acconi))lishcd  hy  an  energetic  execution  of  C'alle- 
ja's  plans,  in  conjunction  with  a  moie  humaiK^  atti- 
tude, as  manifested  especially  in  liheral  olf'rs  of  pardon. 
The  continuance  of  this  ])()licy  promised  a  spi'edy 
I'estoration  of  complete  ord  r,  lor  the  enormous  odds 
against  the  few  insurgents  were  st(.'adily  growing,  and 
the  tenders  of  suhmission  carae  litei'ally  pouring  in.'' 
It  must  not  l)e  supposed,  however,  that  revohiliouary 
ideas  were  lading.  !Men  were  nierelv  drawing  hack 
before  inijiosing  might,  awaiting  an  oj)p(irtunity  foi-  a 
comhined  and  harmonious  rally  round  some  inliuenti.d 
leader  v»ith  a  stronger  war-crv. 

(Jirdn,  vliicli  did  not  jn'ove  so  successful,  owiiic,'  to  tlic  coiiprrntion  a:no;i');  tlio 
li'iidi  IS,  r>i)i'j;i,  111  (liiii,  junl  Doctor  Mil■;o^^.  ii'.r..   c/'  .'/'..■.,  I'dT,  yu\.       '  ' 
H.").")  et  noij. ;  iihi)  J(l.,  Islo-UI,  i);is.-iui;  Xolifiu'^od'tit.,  J'/.;  lii(.-<'itin<iii!i.\  ^    .f.i. 
Hist.,  V.  -17,  etc. 

*^  Aa  kIiowu  in  lliu  (.'«:;.  dc  JItx.  during  the  i>i)cniny  montlis  of  1617. 


♦     CHAPTER   XXYTII. 


MIXA'S    KXI'EDITIOX. 


ISli 


A  Famois  NAVAKKii^r:  f;ri;Ki:ii,i.A— ri:KrAiuN(i  roii  rm;  EsTKin-nrsr,  -Tub 
Lamu-NG  at  Soto  la  Maiuna—Alaum  or  tih:  Royalists— Tin;  VicioiiY 
Ai'  Tkotillos — Plni:ti;vtin<i  tiii:  Intekiou— Traits  oi'  Mina— Ovr.u- 

TllltOW  OF   OkOONT./  AM)   CasTANuN    -Lir.KI'.ATIoN    or    I'i;i<oNi;i;s  ~.1i:  \L- 

onsy  ofTokres— CuAKAcTriMH-  Mlxuan  Otlliullas  -Tali,  of  Soto  uv 
Maeina — Stkok OK  Foirr  ,So.m:'.iii.ko — Kavacf.s  of  TiiiiisT  and  Swokd— 
Till-;  lU'LV.  \i:ii  oi-  lMJi:;'|-.:;in:Nri:  -Mina's  Fikld  Oit.uatiuss  -l;i;:'(i.sB 
AT  (irAN  \.irATo--CAi'irui;  AND  I".xi:rTTioN  of   Mina  — U:.!'1.i;(TIons  oh 

ms  U.NDEliTAKINU — SlEGK  AND  FaLL  OF  Lo.S  KmiEODlos— BlIiLIOtaiAlMIY. 

Among  those  w]io  in  Spain  rcsontofl  tlio  arl)itrarv 
nioasuros  oF  Fcniaiulo  VMI.,  wlieii  in  1814  lie  ivtiirucd 
iVoiii  i<;n()ininious  cnptivity  to  ovci'tlirow  the  coiislitu- 
lioii  and  the  t'lulcs,  wci'c  tlio  Xavanvse,  a  liraw  and 
sturdy  race,  of  ])as(jno  (jrothic  blendiu!4",  wlmsi"  keen 
and  passionate  teni[)eranient  clun;^  to  the  chase  and 
yielded  to  snui,uf,U'hnL>',  without  reproaeli  to  their  other- 
wise iipriL;]it  and  good-natured  traits.  With  tlie  prcs- 
ti^'e  of  fornicr  independence",  and  with  hhcral  instincts 
nurtured  midst  llic  rauii,-!'-;  ot"  tlie  lofty  Pyrenees,  they 
ohjeeted  to  the  kiuL'-'s  infi'ingtnnent  of  popular  ri;.;'hts. 
J>ut  the  movement  failed,  and  lay  crusiied  for  a  time 
hvthc  exile  of  the  leadei's,  the  famous  (leiieral  j-^p^z 
V  Mina  and  his  nephew,  i'^rancisco  Javier  ]\rina.  The 
latter  had  been  the  'Irst  t<»  shed  lusti'e  on  ilw  family 
name  by  darin^-  and  successful  military  oi)eration  ■;. 
Jle  was  a  student  at  the  university  of  Zara^o/a  in 
1808,  when  the  French  invasion  roused  his  symi)athies 
for  the  imperilled  iatherlaud;  and  led  to  an  excluur^-o 


gAnmii 


I 

■i  . 


GOO 


MIXAS  KXPFJiITION-. 


;s  i.i 


rll 


IC  s\v< 


^I'll.       Altlioll''])  ;i   Itcill'illc-S  A-i»ul]i 


of  liari  ly  iiiiicl'i'ii.  lie  iiiun^Lj'iii'atcil  thf  ^ii'Tiiila  wai-  in 
Lis  native.'  iiroviiicc,  at  iirst.  at  iIk;  head  of  a  mci'c  liaiid- 


fdl 


<  u 


loil 


OWLTS. 


A  1 


)!»l'Il 


lra;l 


(i-  1)1    iiH'ii,   and    with 
one  success  uflcr 


j^nvat   military  talciils,  lie  adiicNrd 

aimtiifr,'  and  wit  liiu   two  viais   he   liad   hccninc  ccli'- 

bralid    1  lifou^Ljlioiit    S[)ain   as    its    I'lii'iinost    ^ui'ii'illa 


fliicf,  with  (!i<.!  oflicial  rani 


V  I il   cdniaiiilan 


it 


•■(•ncia 


1  ..I 


Xa\anc.      ('a[)tivity   jilaccd  a   MiddiMi    cliccic    (tn   !■ 

caivt-r,  and  later  the   I'ailinc 

iiLTainst    lY'i'iiando  didNc  liini  a  r»'!'ii''i 


10  I  of  liis  iiprisin 


,  1' 
JCiniland.- 


1 


n  ('(iniiianv  v.iili  <>tli<-r  cxili  s 


nc  ^(l( 


II  ('V(ij\('d  a  |i] 


an 


I'lir   a\Tnuinn"   (intiaL;'i'<l    lil^Tty,   1)V   lil'tinj^"  anew   t'n' 


standai' 


d  (»r 


rcVolL  111  the  cdlolil 


-(•ill 


Soiiii'  Iji^Ti.-lnncji 
MIC.  pailly  iVoni  [ic- 
l»i'()\idrd  a  \rs>tl,  with  anus  .-nid 
inonry.dii  which  Mina  ciiiliaikcd  at  Li\'cr[)()(il  in  .M;iy 
IS  hi.  attended  hv  ex ci'  a  dn/i n 


intci't'stoii  themselves  in  tli 
('uniar\  imttivi 


and 


(iinciM- 


A ;  Mil 


ir.slial  Sui:!ict  testilii',-!  in  liis  .'/> 


'■  III!  MM.S    I 


lorii 


l»cc.  ;{,  I7.S!),  iit  O 


iMii,  lu'ir 


y] 


-:q>.  HI. 
iil-fal. 


till'   clilc  ;t   yon   nf  ;) 


Well-li)-(lo  l.-illil  (iWlRT.      Aliuivtllilvinu'al  l'aiiii);i!i)ii:iaiiilZ:ir;iLr(i;'..i,  lie  iiucaiuo 


a  vohiiitcrr,  cirri. mI  (lisiiaii-lieiiu-rii^s  tlnj 
giKTrilla  Avar  in   Xavani',  wiili  tli 


{■ 


11  Ir  jiili,  r.  a; 


.11 


ICll   l)l";all  11 


(I  ciittiii'  <ilf  llicir  comimiiiiiatioiis.     Tlio  liiou 


ijfct  of  Imras-iiiL;  ioiiv(iy<  fur  I'lciuli 


/;m 


Jih 


M..r.  Ri 


i.  81 


urcilits  him  with  haviir'  iiiaii'.'iiia 


tc.l  tl 


war  i:i  the  pciii 
colonel,  ami  lii 


'I'l 


10  re'reiu-v  rrwan 


h.l 


in  .iiiL\'cs.>cM  liv  niaKiii','  liini  a 


latlv  ('iiinamlaii 


]iUiri 


il  and  sent  tu  1 


tc  gimral  al--c)  i/f  Uiijn  r  .\iia;,'oii.     In  I'lll  Ji 


Ma <  ea 

own  llic  now  famous  naiiu' 


raiieo,  leaviij'. 


1, 


j: 


Oil.l.lcl   I: 


.f  Ml 


unl  was  reco:ni.;oil  as  hii  Kiioiassor,  to 


.1.1  f. 


i;!ory  to  Ihu  famil;:,  wiiicii  lie  di.l   liiiallv  as 


(if  th.J  fori.'m.i.^t 


{."■iifraH  .'t  Spain. 
(loll  in  IS-J 


m; 


II 


w  luro  this  iiKiii  wa3  then  an  cxi 


vrc/o  .A  /  (  r;  .'  (.  1    107.  imlilislie.l  at  L 


J,.\  ier  itrolUcl  liy  hisimpiis- 
onmciit  at  \'ini:i;iinc.s  to  atiuly  military  scioiu'L',  an. I  on  returnin.;  liomc,  ato  r 
an  iili>t'iu"L'  of  three  years,  he  wa;*  oll'ere.l  a  prominent  efimmanil  in  Xi;w  i^p.iiii. 


liut  jneferreil  to  join  his  nnc'.e  in  tho  v 


:un  rcv.j 


t  f.irtheconstilution.     Kii.'laii'l 


rceo.;iii/x'il  tho  .'^erviees  ul  tlio  refugee  l.y  graiiiin;^  .'i  iiension 


I'..rti 


I:n.ii(U)i'iiili ,  Ciintlro  I  list,,  iv.  300;  Alaniaii,  y/^s^  .1/./,  iv.  ."i-iT,  7-S;  /'; 
Pitt.  Uixt.  Mr.c.  IGO,  etc. 


vr] 


'Six  Spiiniartls,  a  few  Italians,  t\\".>  Ihi^xMshmcu,  an.l  one  Amerieaii.  t. 


lom  eomniis.si  1113  were  civeii,  two  of  tlieiii 


111 


ik  of 


I'avty  III 


•In. I'll  Doetoi 


will)  had  :-iiH'ere;l  \v 


1', 

rseciiLinn 


.Mier,  a  Mexican  i  riesL  if  (lisliir'nisii. 


•aiitaiii. 


d.te 


Lilt, 


f.ir  liis  li 


il  i.l. 


.1  live.l  a 


Loa.li 


He  j.);iii'il  as  I'onfe.-sor.     In  his  /)it'i 


)  Kir  cxi!. 


SDli,  he ''ivts  the  names 


)S  some  of  tlio  oiiioers,  ami  s-ays  that  they  einliirUe.l  May  oth,  on 


KMr 


1  t' 


fra'.Mta  I'^thtl > 


lie 


that  th.'  VavA 


(li-.  )/  Jhiri/.is,  (■„/.  />,-•.,  vi.  no.  !):i;?.      l[.;ail. 


is!i  /;  >vernme;it  provi. 


lei 


.1  ..u 


ler  Spani.-h  ]iatriot.s  wiJi 


istiiiice,  as  it  had  Mina,  liy  itoii.-inn.     li.ij^land  eertainly  favoieil  .'^jianish 


i.)i-r,ils  Id  a,  ecrtaiii 


of  the  L'.  S.  met  Mina  in  Lon.l 


nt.     Tho  Lio'-;rapl 


Alam; 


.Is,, 


lollil  out  that  <  iili. 
till 


traiislaii.jii 


.f  1 


111  iidop..;  a  mi -sprint  ill  tho  .SpauL 


lith 


loiiinson  eoiieeiiiiiiL;  the  uumoer  of  lullov, eis. 


LANI)IXG  AT  SOTO  LA  MAIIIXA. 


CO  I 


New  Spain  aji]»('ai'i':l   tin-   mo-t,  attractlsc  c'Hiiiliy 


fol'    1  lie  IIIMW'IIK 


and  till! Iii'i' 


Mi 


1,1  1  il'ol  )i  isrd 


al 


I 


us  well- 


lone 
<»\v- 


(liirrt,  l)(lii'\  In^■  1  hat  a  Mi-  nllicci's  and  ar 
lu'cdcd  to  L;'ivc'  it  inii)ul>f.     .\t  tlic  last  inonicnt.  li 
rvcr,  came  news  of  ivvcrses  in  Xfra  (Vnz,  wliidi   in- 
(Incod  liini  to  cliaii'L;'!!  liis  courst.'  to  the  Ignited  States, 
Tliti'i,'   lie  lioUL-lit  or   cliartri'cd  tin 


ce 


-iiialli'i'  \f 


irei>ar( 


prei 


I 


MllMihe 


ni<l   euro 


lied, 


nianilv  at   l>altniiori> 


iiiinil)ei' of  recruits,  inchidinL;' a  lai'L^e   |ii'o|iortloii   of 


oliiccrs,  \vi 


th  wl 
T 


mm  lie 
I 


ilc'd  in   Sci)ti'!iil>i'i''  f'lr  ( «,d- 


vrston,  m   I  e\as,  l»\- wav  ot  J  ()it  an  I'ni 


1 


llCf 


( 


onnno- 


(lOl'C 


A 


nrv,  a  I' I'ciich  Ircchootti-  who  had  receive 


\n 


iiisnr'L;'<'nt  comnii>sion  as  j^-ovcriior  of  Texas,  and  was 
jticjiariiiL;"  to  invade  it,  ,na\e  Iiini  a.ssi.^taiice;  and  afhT 
spendinL^  some  time  in  relittiiiLf,  lie  continned  his 
course,  in  seven  >  essels,  to  Soto  la,  ^lariiia,  in  Taina!!- 
lijias,    the   only   a\ailahki   laitdin^'    place  on   the    uall' 


coasi 


il 


e  tllsemliaiAed    in  the  mid 


Ai.ril, 


a  lit 


I 


toi»k  j)ossession  of  the  town,  issuing'  |)roclaiiiations  in 
favor  of  inilepelideiice  under  the  title  of  (lelieial  of 
the  llelitif  ^Vriiiy  of  the  ^Mexican  ]ie[»uMic.'' 


■''I'he    S[iMiiisIi    iiiini.-tLT   was   iiit'oniicil   ijy   ilcsrrtcrt    of  Vac   jirojiv't  iiiid 
sou'^'ht  Id  stay  tlio  lit'iiarliin',  hut  cloar.iucu  paii^rs  wuro  l.ikcu  f'lr  tlio  .■Viiiillo  ■., 


]: 


(1  J;.0  men  cmlxirki'cl  <|iiii.'tly  near  Ft  Mtli'iiiry  uii.l  r  I'ljluncl  L'o;u 


It    (lU 


li,  fit  llio  cl.j 


.f  Ar 


-MilKl  I'dI'u) we'll    iS    [)t. 


.StoriiiJ  iiiiil  do 


iliuii  ^ilaycd  Home  liavo.;  aiiioii'^  his  men,  iind  :  uljsci^utnlly  yollijw  tov 


llii-  invsidt'iit  of  llayti  u'avo  hi; 


a. 


Kivura,  /Ji-if.  JnUijift,  ii.  ( 


II ,  am 


IZ: 


ir;  hut 
il    i'liiich  fiiilor-i   liilfil   the   i:!\\)i. 


lllKIC'lll 


:i.  iiu.  :./■ 


iici!  of  Iho  U.  S.  to  Spaiiisli 


1" 


it  ll 


IC  llUlUlLT- 


rcni'iiislraiKX'y. 


A  (i','spati;!i  hoat  iciit  wiili  loltcis  lu  Victoria  hail  f.iuml  all  tli<;  \v>rl^ 


Vcni  Ci'u;:  i 


ipi 


(1  hv  lovalista.     Arramroiz,  M 


.'Jl'i,  L'VOU  (U'll.UlS  lliab 


Miiia  Hocrctly  visitcil  Voia  Vvw.,  hat  lliis  is  iloahtt'al.    Altliuu  jh  Aury  ai.K.l 
till'  cxpcditioii  with  vessels  aii'l  sn]ii)lies,  ho  at  oik^  liino  tlin  atjueil  ti>  atiarlc 


):'eauso  Ills  Riihonliualc 


A 

t!ic 


lUiM 


ineneuis 


toM 


ma  s  liaiiV 


(  ol  1 
Aury 


errv,   ehose   to   triiu:j;'er   liiui  ;e 


.■ll 


ll  1 


lail  received  Ins  eomiiiHsi.jii,  in ilieii:! 


.1    1.1) 
h 


ly 


)f  j.,'eiK'ral,  fioai  tlie  eon  ;i-es.i  envoy  lleiieia 


Tok' 


iiad  I: 


invaded  'i'cxas,  .so;ic''.it  also  to  assort  his  eluinn  t.i  the  eounnaiid 


Seaiiiard  named  Correa 
i!'o  me!i;  l)ut  lliii  i  i  do 
for  addi.ioiial  aid,  and 


ud,  ill  l'iJ>/ii<o,i,  i.  IJ!-."i,  to  have  tried  to 
d.     -Meanwhile 


V.  as 


ut  it  i 


d  t 


on  mueii  I 


if    !l   fi 


Vi'  temjilei 


le  Mina  had  (.(ono  to   X>  ^v  Oi- 
I  with  a,  in'oject  to  sci.io  I'en  ;i 


I'l-  seheme  f  ■!■  his  tas 


llo  left  Oal- 


V,  ston  Mareh  -JTtli 


,laf 


at  the  iiioulll 

nf 

liver. 


■f  the  i; 


er  wa'-clin,!^  at  tin.'  Uio  llfavo,  landed  mi  A)iril  I. .ill 


itande 


Marina,  tlie  firmer  si.o  of  ihc  lov.n 


)to  i.i  M.ir 
Thi^  lu 


d  I 


\u\,  li'iw  situ:; 
ndiu''  was  suvLfestoil 


les  al)o\f  on 


t'le  Kit  han!; 


I.IC! 


hv  liiuoiosa,  who  Unew  tliis  re'd  ui.   .7. 


:t. 


A  i.'.Mi'laniaiion  to  (lie  Spaniards  liad  'leen  issnerl  alrividy  at  ( lalvi.'ston  an 


I 


sent  to  Xe\ 


Klin  for  di.-'lrduuion;  and  uow  weic  i.s.-u<.il  others  to   iiAahafe 


GG2 


MIXA.S  KXrKDlTION-. 


AVitliiii  a  slit)rt  time  ncaily  two  ImiKlrrd  of  {]\o  nc- 
tivo  ijiiiclieros  (»!'  tlic  distiid  JoiiK-d  liis  paity/  and 
Avitli  tlicir  aid  was  conslructcd  an  adoht,-  fort  on  tin' 
eastern  «»ulsldrts  of  the  town,  for  tlie  seeuritv  of  the 
stores  with  which  a  small  foi'ee  could  nc^t  well  l)ur- 
dcn  itself  on  a  llyin!^;  ti'iji. 

Tlie  dismay  created  at  ^^('xico  hy  the  news  of  his  in- 
\asion,  the  precursor  pci'haps  of  others,  was  all  tlie 
greater  as  it  came  upon  the  royalists  at  a  time  wlieii 
they  had  succeeded  in  heatin'-'  hack  the  re\olution  with- 
in  Very  narrow  limits.'^  Warned  hy  information  ah'eaily 
from  the  I'nited  States,  A]iodaca  had  taken  proni[iL 
steps  to  L;iia rd  the  \"era  (.'ru/  coast  as  tin-  most  likely  to 
l»e  approaclied ;  and  now  reeiiforcenients  were  hui'iiid 
forward  to  Arredondo,  of  the  ( )riente  ]>r  'vinces,  ('mIi- 
nel  Aruiifiaii  followin'^'  with  troops  collected  from 
the  Tampico  re;^don,  while  a  fi'i'^-ati'  and  two  ai'iiied 
tenders  sailed  in  the  middle  of  May  from  A'era  ( Vu/, 
under  Ihi^adier  Jiereii^'i'r,  to  atlacic  Mina's  s(jnadroii, 
Aury  hail  disparted,  leavinL;'  at  the  mouth  of  tin; 
ri\ei',  maimed  hy  a  small  I'orce,  only  three  trauspoit 
vessels,  one  of  which  had  hoen  beached  and  cou- 
demjieij.  'i'lie  li^'litest  sailed  away  on  hehohlin  .;•  (!ie 
Sj)ani.-h  Mpiadron,  and  the  other,  heing  unahh'  1  »  f  >1- 
low,  was  ahandoned.     Alter  a  series  of  lively  hroad- 

Siililiurs,  ami  to  liis  own  mon,  toL;ctlior  with  si\  oetavi's  of  patriotic  doLT.'t  ri  1 
Willi  tliu  i'oilowing  lulraiu: 

'AouIkhI    ]Mi\;imii.i-i 

]>l!  liillll"'!'  !.!■>  I  .rll'tKl.4, 
Coll  ||11:'  illl'.llll  -1  1  JMIKiS 
ilc'il'jiil.lll  VllrnllMS  1"'IK1S.' 

It  WIS  compo^i'il  liy  noctor  liii'anto,  ■\vIio  iii(iii:i\'(':l  t'lo  p!-iiilin;;-jv.'i";.H  of  llio 
expc'litioii.  'I'liG  text  of  tln^  <liir(rc.'nt  jirocIaiiKilioir^  may  lio  c)M-i.i!'.L' 1  in 
lJi;.<irimitii/f,  CiKvl.  lii.'if.,  i\\  .'!17  -;>,  ."i-i-:!;!,  etc. ;  Al  i,ii(i.i,  llUt.  Mj,  iv.  a;). 
nj.t  HiM|.;  Zniifiroi<,  IIkI.  M,j.,  X.  ivp.  !)  L'l.  J:i  Ihi^t.  Mc.r.,  ii.  :i',;;-'.)l,  iv. 
iJ;l!-S;  ^Ihisjia  '!■■  ('/u//>niir'i,i(j:i,  77-S,  "JJ:!  !!.■),  is  alsj  leproihiot'il  a  It'ttci-  (o 
A'.'ie  louilo  of  May  'Jlst,  )ir;;i!i:,'  liiiii  to  j  'in  tiic  ca:u;o,  ami  ur;;iiag  that  SpaiJi 
li';'.'  Ijii^laml  \\()u!'l  ;,'aiii  m nv  from  lilicr.itoil  c  jloairi  liy  hx'^'.i  iiiipnl.-;u  t  ) 
trailo  an  I  fi-irml,Iiiji.  Ju  coiivorsatioii  \\ii!i  tlu;  Spaniards  lio  thoU'jht  ib  p'/a- 
ili  nl:.  to  leave  the  iinpiv.ssioa  tliat  he  wouM,  as  in  Spain,  aim  at  t.io  ivsU.:'a- 
tion  of  t!ie  i'oustitnti.)n  of  IslJ  I'athcr  tlian  at  inikpcmknre.  lie  coiint^d 
a'. -'o  on  tiio  ^hlsonie  si)irit  anion;,'  S]ianis!i  oillijcrs. 

•  liichiiiinL;  Li'juti'ol  \'aleni.i;i  Uuhi  j  ami  his  hrother,  I.ieut  Antonio. 

'"  •  I'n  pi-'ligro,  tanto  ma.s  terrihle  caanto  niunos  cnjK'rmli,' say.s  'J'.  .M\'nto, 
7/.'s',  /.''('.,  ii.  ,'i;).S.  IVit  tlio  i-oyalists  lial  li,i;l  ample  warniiy.  'ApoJaca 
tenililo,'  ubserve.i  Cu.itaniante,  i'lirul.  IlisL,  iv.  olJS. 


MAUCH  IXl-AXD. 


6G3 


fii»l('S  v.illioiif  }■(•  ;{»(iiis(',  tlu;  Sjoiiiai'ds  vciidll'iHl  to 
{ijiju'oacli  and  <M[)tiii"c(l  \\\<.-.  smK-  (ic<'U]iaiit  a  cat — 
M  lidi'iiiioii  thi'v  lircd  till'  vr-si'l  ainl  Imniclly  rv- 
ti'iate;!.'  ()!!(•  cil'ict  i»r  llic  Mow  wa-;  ti>  iiicicasc  (Ik.' 
(!is('(UiraL;"<.'iiuiit  or  (liscontciit  aiiu'iin'  scwial  of  the 
iiivaiK'Ts,  ami  (o  iiidiico  Colonel  I'crry,  one  ol"  tlu' 
hadiii'^^  ollicors,  (o  depart  witli  o\-er  liliy  Anirricaiis. 
Tlii-  iiuwoi'lliy  roiidiu-t  hroii^lit  it  >  own  piinislmieiit, 
1  r  lie  was  oxt'i-iakcn  l)y  I'oyalists  in  Te'xas  and  cut  to 
jiieces  with  all  liis  men." 

It  was  tliouu'lit  advisaMc  not  to  \V(>alcen  tlio  i>\pc- 
dillon  !iv  nni»i'olital»lc  encounters  witii  tlic  cneniv, 
liiit  to  join  tlu;  insiircfcnt  centi'e.  now  undei'stood  to 
Ii''  in  ( luanajiiato,  and  llicro  rcvivt;  tlu- sinhiiiL,^  cause, 
oi-aiii/.i!  troops,  and  start  a  ^loi'ious  canijtai'^n.  1  Icnci', 
when  tile  repoi't  came  that  Ari'edoiido  was  ajipi'o.ich- 
in.;'  willi  a  iari^-e  I'orce,  Mina  left  ]\raior  .Sard.i.  in 
c!iari;-e  of  the  i'oi't  at  Soto  la  Marina  with  aoout  a 
himdied  men,  and  hastened  away  on  ^^ay  'J  Ith.  wiih 
l!ic  leniainiii;.;'  three  hundred,  [)romisiii_^-  speedily  to 
l>i iu'j-  I'ecnl'orcenients.^' 


"  I"i  i^'Iiti'iicil  liy  tlio  siglit  of  a  frw  t(Mlt^^  from  .ipprnauliiii','  tint  iilioiv,  says 
till-  i!ia:  y  iii  UnUiiisiiii,  i.  l.„").  'J"licr<;  jijiiniirs  t.p  li:ivc  liccii  a  •■in. ill  liatti-ry  cIdsu 
t  il!i(iii.  lioWi'VC'f.  IJustaiaaiiU',  Cii'i'l.  lli.<t..  iv.  ;1K).  !,'rc>\v.s  i'loi|iu'iit  ivcr  t!io 
cat  ju  i.suii'jr.  IJjivii!,^  r'.s  iviKirt  in  (It..  iIc.  JAv.,  1SI7,  \iii.  lil.'i  ):■!,  is  licadcil, 
'  l>Ls'Lnitiinn  of  tlu:  si|iia(Iro!i  of  tlii;  traitor  Miiia.'  lv\tra  jiay,  liail,is  of 
Imiiir,  ;iiiil  ollur  i-iuard.s  wcio  jjtraiitc:!  to  llie  iiu'ii  oiiLja'.'i'il. 

'•'Ill  tiio  luiil'lk'  of  .luiif,  iR'ar  .Mata;,'oiiIa.  I!y  this  timo  tlicy  liad  lecoiiu' 
r.-:liii',(l  t;>4;t.  'I'll' y  l)ravt-!y  refuse. I  llu;  fail-  tciiin  olfercd.  I'oiu  Iccii  fell 
ei|j',i\.',  IJ  mortally  woim.l  .1.  I'ei-iy  shot  Limself  rallier  than  yi'M.  </'v. 
i/'  .!/■.(.'.,  \i>\~,  viii.  7"''7  II.  Aeeoriliii.;  to  .Mier,  J)i  d  ir  ici'^ii,  S\\,  I'eny  luul 
lieeiiino  (li.«atisru'(l  \\  ith  the  lack  of  eonlilciiec;  hu^toweil  upon  liim.  iVforo 
1  a\iM,'  ho  receiveil  extra  arms,  and  ;v^w  d  to  skirmi-ih  in  TeNa-;  ami  disa'ai  t 
loyalist  attention,  lit;  had  serve  1  with  creilit  at  \o\v  Oilcan. i  in  1S|.">,  and 
iu  'I'exas  uUiler  Toleilo.  .Major  Stiiliiii,'  took  his  place  as  commander  <'f  .Miiia's 
uiii  111  re^^jiment.  ('  'loiud  llunth  had  1-ft  with  Amy,  and  was  reidaeid  liy  ;i 
.Swiss  captain,  named  .M.-iyl,  fer.  During  tir'  f')ra;^in;,'  a  sucL-cssfnl  eneiiuiiter 
t  I  ik  place  Willi  tlie  ovei'wlielmin;;  forces  of  (iar/.i. 

"I'liu  force  as  deliiiitcly  formeil  .soon  after  eoiisisteil  of  },'e;ier.il  an  I  stall', 
11:  u'Uard  of  lioiior,  composed  of  olliccrs  under  (.'ol  Youii,',  .--coiid  i:i  com- 
iii.iiid,  ol;  renim -lit  of  the  union,  under  Maj  ir  Stirling',  .">  i;  I.  t  rci'inent  of 
tiie  line,  L'apt.  'I'r.iviiio,  Ijl;  o.ivalry,  under  .^l.ij.  Maylclei'.  IJl;  artillerist.-j, 
."■  ."rvaiits,  etc.,  17;  total.  li'JS.  /'u'li/iojii,  i.  l!)l.  Miei',  who  roii;.;hly  cs,  i.uatis 
t lie  force  at  loo,  states  that  .'ill  of  the  g.ariison  were  local  recruits,  and  as 
laany  more  were  soon  enrolled.  /'('r////v(.  .o//,  ,s|  1 .  Tlio  men  were  well  uni- 
fonncd  from  the  ahundaut  and  varied  st(jck  on  liaial.     See  Jiobumun,  i,  14o, 


004 


MIXA'S  i:XI'KI)ITIOX. 


It  wa-^  ;i  (lariii'j;  attiMiipt,  in  trutli,  lor  this  liaiKll'iil 
to  jH'iictrafc  (Iii'iuimIi  an  uiikiiown  and  »!aii';'i'i'ou.s 
l>()l'(lcl'-laii(l  ilitt)  tin;  liiid^t  dl"  a  Im-lilc  kiii;4(|t»iii, 
l)i'aviii;_;'  \i(t<ii'i<»iis  aniiiis  and  liard^Iiip-;  iMimiuci'al'lr. 
JJut  it,  was  al'tii' all  a  scji't  (if  roiIoru-liMpr  pai'M',  fur 
luticat  was  ])i-acti(.-ally  cut  oil'  liy  tlir  loss  ol'  tlic 
vcss.'ls;  and  tliis  addi'd  oiic  nioi"'-  i\'SL'iiil)laiicL'  to  ( 'oi- 
tus'  lanied  t'\|)(,'(lition,  with  similar  aims  and  lidpos; 
ir  it  counti'd  more  contidcntlv  on  tlu'  internal  discoid 
.sustained  hy  white  insurgents,  while  th(>  Andahisiaa 
ca))tain  with  his  childri'U  ol"  tlu^  sun  hail  to  con(|Uer 
allies  I'oi'  himself,  the  chii'l'taiu  of  Xa\arre  hail  nmrii 
powei'lul  o|>|i()nents,  aji<l  a  smaller  hand,  although 
i'rom  horeal  climes.  Whether  ri^ht  or  not  in  di\id- 
inn'  his  jorces,  he  undouhtediv  suil'el'ed  hv  dela\ili'^ 
so  lonj^'  on  tlu!  n'ull'  coast.  A  prompt  aihance  mi^'Iit 
lia\e  pl'e\'ente(|  (he  secession  of  j'eirv,  and  ha\e 
jjjained  for  him  decided  advantages  before  the  royal- 
ists could  comhine. 

A\i  idin_i;'  the  corps  of  ohsei'vatioii  under  (hir;',a, 
^lina  hastened  hy  a  southei'ii  curw  throu'^h  llorra.-i- 
las  to  \  alio  del  Alaiz,  whert"  he  nested  loi'  two  d:iys, 
aftei'  ha\  i;i'^-  driven  hack  a  royalist  force  und(>r  \'iila- 
sehoi'.'-  'i'his  <lelay  liiahled  .\rmiiian  to  appro.ich, 
whereupon  the  jtarty  pushed  onwarti,  and  I'eached  on 
June  I  :th  tlK>  (armi'lite  hacienda  of  .Peotillos,  lilV-'cn 
k'ague>Miorth-east  of  San  i  juis  J.*oto.- f.  l]ai-lyo;i  (he 
loll(,\vi;iLi:  moi'niu'''  thev  were  startle'l  to  hnd  cIom! 
u[)on  them  their  |»ursuers,  now  swollen  hy  reonfoi'ce- 
ments  to  ahout  1,700  men.'''     lietreat  hufore  so  lar;^\; 

Kivrivi,  ll'i^t.  .Iiihijia,  ii.  (IS,  \\\\n  follows  iMyalist  h^iiurc't.'.s,  adils  '200  ivfriii^s 
ti)  Mill  r.'j  inirty. 

'-\Vlio  (.'aiiio  too  l;;to  to  neoupy  ;i  p:iss  in  alvaucc  of  Miua.  His  f  nve  \>i 
placed  in  I'liisl'iiin'iiti ,  C/inil.  //i-^l.,  W.  '.',i'.],  at  l."i;i.  in  lioblnsou,  i.  TiT-S,  "_');), 
at  nearly  A'M,  and  hid  1o.;h  at  (i  laisonuni.  .sl'Vc  ral  kiliud,  and  4  cannon.  'J'lio 
plisontTS  were  iiol)ly  set  free,  yet  the  royaii.-;ts  .afUTv/ai'd  sliiit  a  wounded  Ir.is- 
.sar  who  fell  into  their  hands.  Xo  )iilla;-o  or  (li.;.o)<lcr  wan  iierniitted  at  tiiu 
Valle,  lint  a  small  eontrilmtion  was  levi/d,  w  hieh,  addnl  to  the  lujrses  a)id 
booty  (ililaiiH'd  on  tlie  way  in  fair  ea]);iire,  Ik  Iped  to  theer  the  party. 

'•^  Whereof  (),-.(>  infantry  of  l-'.nropea.n  regiments,  ainl  1. 1  ISO  of  llio  \'erd  •  a;i  I 
Sierra  tiorda  cavalry,  with  a  rear  .i^:iiard  of  ."iO,l.  I'd'ioisoii.  i.  I.SO.  This  i.s 
adopled  in  lliistituinitc  and  Al'iirdii,  jiiul  lairly  eonlirnied  in  the  le-s  delini.o 
royaliiC  reports,  (.la:.,  de  Mvx.,   ISilJ,  viii.  7><>>-0,  wherein  tlie  invaders  aiij 


al 

•1 
el 

tl 

^1 

"I 

wl 


ViJTolJV  AT  I'l'.DTILMK 


0(5,1 


a  1)0!ly.  ('((lujiiiscd  mainly  <>['  cavnli'v,  wa^  onf  of  i1i(» 
(jU('sli'),i,  aii<l  a  sii'.;.'  witliiii  tlic  coiiNnit  liiiii'liii'^s 
iMjually  l"()i'l)ivl(!iiiM-;  sm  Miiia  |i1'm|i()>.-;1  an  alta-'k  ii|imii 
tlu!  I'oi'  lu'liU'c  it  siidiiM  i'lnii.  J*jiic!iiwa'^t'(l  Ky  |irc\i'ins 
si.U'cessi'iil  suirniishrs  with  siijtcriiir  Imiccs,  i\\r  mcii 
i'('s|)(iiiiK',l  cai^-'ily.  A  part  irinaincd  attlic  liaiii'iida 
\'.itli  till'  l'a;i;4a'4'',  and  tlif  i-r>t  iiiaiclnMl  Inrtli  under 
I  lii'ii' ^rnri'al  and  liis  sccunil,  ( 'nlonrl  V'oun.;",  t:»  lln; 
ninnl)rr  nl'  I7il,  lo  incft  a  hody  tfii  times  .sti'on'^-ei',  a 
lai'L;e  |ir(i[)Miti()n  nf  wliiidi  ranked  as  Ncterans  ii^d  to 
\  ictoi  \'.  'I'lie  I'ovalist  n'lierrillas  dpened  tlu  en-a'-'e- 
meut,  and  then  caniii  tiu'  cavahy  with  a  r;ish  that 
t  hl'ealened  to  itvel'whehn  the  little  hand.  l'\)rtnna(ely 
dil'eeted   \()lle\-s    aiTe-^tid     the    lU' >\-i  in.  ai  t. 


a    tc'.v  w. 

hilt  the  ri'ir   ha. I 


line  nil  and  tlu 


a|ij>earMi^'  so 


enormous  Mina  ]>re[)ai'ed  to  i'all  hae!<.  tov.ai'd  t!:e  ha- 
rielida." 

'I'his  stiri\'d  the  S[)aniards  to  tVesh  eh' )rts,  lor  whieli 
a  nalliii;.^  iiiT  |)rt'i)ai\'d  the'  way  hy  creat  in^'  ]ia\ec  in 
tiu'  narrow  lanhs,  whiK;  the  cavaliA'  wheeled  I'Mund 
them,  and  tin;  inlantry  moved  I'oi'ward  en  mas>e  to 
i-loser  (|uartt'i's.  At  this  (a'itical  moment,  when  tlio 
stru;';eh'  s(H'mt.'d  ruducud  to  selling'  theii'  li\-e>  as  dearly 
as  jiossihlo,  Mina  <;'a\'e  lli^;  men  tliu  ordei-  to  eliai'L;'e. 
( )nu  hliudin;^- xolK-y  was  deli\-ered,  and  then  with  riu'^'- 
iuL;'  hurrahs  they  leaped  iVom  out  l!ie  snio!;ewitli 
eleamine'  hayonets.  'fhc  slai'tled  iniantry  hi'oice  and 
il  ■(!,  and  the  cavnliy,  partakini^  of  the  confusion,  IMI 
hac!;  to  increase  tlu^  coni'usion.  On  caUK;  i\\o.  dou'jjity 
hind,  a  iiaii'ov.- hounded  cyclone,  j-esislless  in  its 
sweep,  with  clieei's  that  rolled  hefore  them,  and  hiin;;'- 
i;ie-  (juick  answeis  in  shrieks  of  fear  and  |iain.  Tho 
disoi'vlcT  had  swollen  into  a  panic,  k-ndinn'  win;4s  to 
fec't  that  halted  not  fa-  lea'^'Ui>s.  the  men  n)(\an\vhilo 
I'e'j-anlless  of  the  sharp  lances  wil  h  which  Armiuan  atj 

]il:i('ccl  nt  TiOD-OOil,  altliou'^'ll  Anviloi'.di)  julmit;.  lliat  tlieir  ciitiro  t'Tc,  iiirl-wl- 
iii;:  t!io  (iL'tj'.ulilililit  at  Siito  la  M;iriiKi.  'no  oxi'ivU'  d-  -l.i)  d  .",>»,!.'  Iln-iiaii- 
ill-,  y  />iif(i/i).i.  Col.  l)o,\,  vi.  ,S!IJ;  ToriL'utu,  llUi.  Ji\r.,  ii.  UT^J-T,  «-eli3  to 
e^iuiii.'.o  Uio  farucs. 

"A  iiRTo  iciiit,  iiu  iu'tci'waril  ilci.l;uvtl. 


680 


MINA'S  rXl'I'DITION". 


l;ist  llinii:!  nil   tllclU   {:>  I'illlv.       Milia's  IhU'sc';  WiTt'  too 

tii't'd  In  |ttnsiii'  \.'iv  I'll',  Mini  (•  »!is('(|U(iitly  till'  r<  v;il- 
icts  cscMiti'd  \vll!i  a  Ii>ss  of  lit  il(«  ()\cr  |i)i).  while  tlic 
tlii'i'c  IidUi's' hat (K;  cost  tln.-ir  oj)|»oii('iit  •;  the  pitijior- 
tioiiadlv  lii'a\ici'  casualty  <>!'  I'lilly  aO.'' 

Miiia  d.ii'cil  Hot.  at  in'csciit  lace  such  aiiothci"  or.l,  ,il 
«)!'  (h'.ir-hoii'^'lit,  vlctoi'v,  l)(it  rcli.'\c>l  hiiiis-'lf  ofa!!  <-:iiii- 
l»rous  lu'4';'a'.;-c  and  ha  ^tdlcd  av.av,  rcachilr;-  th.    IJnir- 


i.'hui'i'  uuii!ii'j"  town  < 


>\'\ 


nii».- 


itc  on  the 


A 


1 1  •  w 


(larin>f   Icllows  scali.'d  its  walls  durln;^'  the  nl  ;ht,  and 
.sui'pi'ised    the    Harrison;    w  lie|-(!U|iou    the    j»!ace    was 


saclu'il    ni   ri 


taliat 


Ion   lor    its   11' 


•t  to   surn-nde 


•i  )SS 


Now  lojlowed  a  inarcli  of  three  days  southwai'd  ai 
tlie  hare,  silent  jilain,  whose  horders  >vcrc  ih'>o!ate  hy 
tho  ra\a'j;es  ol"  wai',  ;uid  during'  which  huii'^'er  and 
]iards]ii|)s  prc'ssed  sorely  upon  them,  winle  in  t!ie  dis- 
tance a  I'li'inidahlc  corp^  ol'  oh^ervation  under  the 
c'l'Ucl  Orrantia  threatened  at  any  moment  to  fall  uj)o!i 
them.  ih\  the  'J  Mil,  liowever,  they  arri\'eil  without 
f'lU'thcr  mishaj)  at  Kort  Somhrcro,  or  ('omanja,  livc 
leaij^ties  east  of  Ija^os,  and  one  of  the  two  strongholds 
I'emainiu'^'  to  the  insur!.';ents  in  ( Juainijnalo.  it  was 
commamh'tl  hy  tlie  mariscal  INnlro  Moreno,  who  with 
Ids  sinall  i^'arrisou  o-ave  them  a  e'i-,H.'tin;^'  worthy  of 
their  heroic  acliiuvenicnts.      Their  i'ame  had  preceded 


'  WIk  rciif  .'!0  IdUcd  and  '20  womidtMl,     List  in  Rofii 


ISO,  11  (.f  t!iQ 


NVwuudi'd  and  1 1  (it  Iho  .slain  licin','  (itiiocr.^. 


li 


ovalist  aciM 


nnt  \t\: 


ices  tin;  I 


l.ad 


oiipinintM 


ilmie  at  ','.">  and  allow  i>v  tlicnisulvts  unlv  I  lii  kilK'il  juid  v.oundoil. 


Torn  lite,  ll'tal.  lo 


ii.  :{7.s. 


F( 


.letail 


A 


n;i 


J/c 


KSl 


I  ,   \  HI.    l.i.i 


-I  I,  wherein  lie  ca 


(lio  ll 


man  .s  ic'ixiit  iii  (.' 
11.  '      "    ■ 


ilaniL'  tiir  tlic  'ri'tira 


caIN  it,  on  tlio   Itiu  \'iTdo  cavalry.     Mina'.s  di'parlni'o  in  the  aULiiiium  ho 
nttrihntci  to  an  ai.'Icnivwk'd''MR'nt  of  fcai',  ami  lii.-t  own  ^iiilisi'MiR'iit  adv, 


t) 


(irruiiy  tho   dfsortod   liai.-itiida  he  clainis  as  a  tiianiii!i,  f'T  wliirli   (hi' vi.uiiiy 


dc-,l 


ivo  thaiikn,  with  ivwardi  for  thu  \vi 


d.     M 


ma  oan'i 


1  f, 


il'     tilU 


rov.ilist  wounded,  anil  sent  a  nn 


to  Arniiiian  to  do  t!io 


for  1:1  ^, 


M-hioli  wa  !  o;ini]i 


lied 


'J'i 


I"  wi'ucr  in 


/,'(./.; 


IT*.  I. 


CI  Xol. 


f, 


>r  not  joiniui;  the  liglitevs  to  swell  the  victory,  and  tor  [irolii 


ititm'j  Mavlet'erto 


d  I  so.     Ijiislanianti'  trstilies,  r^jm/.   //(</.,  iv.   ,'),')o-(i.   to  the  disniay  ti'eated 
1)V  tlie   defeat  at  Mexieo,  Veiu  (,'rnz,  ete.,  ami  liiink.s   that  lie   eoald    have 


■veil  a   la'cat  adv:intat,'o  liy  niarelii 


<n  tei'rilicd 


L 


l'ot< 


t.iere  reeruitiii''  men  lor  niarehni'^  on 


.M( 


also  Mr.ihnil,  //. 


y/;-'.,  :l's,  eii 


Tl 


•A  ' 

i  and  other  eil'eets. 


ise  of  huek^hot  is  said  to  have  ]>roniiiti'd  l\\o.  p, 
V  (if  money  and  rich  elolhinic  wa.H  olitained. 


dile  1  ooty  (if  money  and  rich  elol 


d 


des  -t 


L  wo  ur.na  Were  tULieii 


alon" 


The  'Mnidon  nuniljercd 


JOO. 


Tin  XAVAiMnNi;  i.KAnnn. 


wr 


no 

.ll- 


iir 


II- 


•\v 


)SS 


;it 


:is 


tlitiii,  1)(>ni('  ill  «'Vcry  direction  liy  dcrcitcil  iMyali^l-^, 
^\Im  to  ^hii'ld  tlit'ir  nwii  I'aiiurc  diclafrd  tin-  lullowci's 
of  tilt'  lauded  Na\arrc'St!  leader  ti>  l)c  demons,  n<>t 
men.'' 

The  pei'sMiial  (pialitle;  of  Minn  were  well  ealc!il;ded 
to  sustain  the  i'aine  that  had  preceded  liiiii.  There 
was  a cotnhined  da.>h  and  di^nitv  ahoiit  him  that,  eom- 
manded  admiration  as  well  as  ivsjiect  ;  the  stamp  of  a 

liiiin     lea«lir,    exacting-    an    ill\-oluiital_V    det'ereliee,    Vet 

permeated  with  a  e'enei'o.sit y  and  iVaiduiess  that  in- 
spired coniidencc  and  lo\e.  Jn  mann<'rs  and  acrnm- 
]»li>hnients  a  j^^-ntleman,  he  )io-.ses^ed  also  every 
sterline'  trait  of  the  soldier.  While  I'oi-emo.t  in  a 
s[tii'ited  char^'e,  he  reniained  calm  t  !iron;^!iont  t lie  dan- 
ger, ready  to  sei/.e  tiie  op])ori  Unity  and  dii'cel  hi  < 
ollieei's.  J-'ru'.^al  and  enduini;.;'  as  was  i'e'|nii'ed  of  the 
mountain  ^^'Ucrrilla,  he  shared  hai'dshij)  and  diseoinioi't 
with  the  meanest,  elu'eiiii'^-  the  suti'erer,  and  winnin"^^ 
the  hearts  of  opponents  wit  h  his  kind  sympathy.  II  is 
l)i'oad  Spanish  I'ace,  with  its  Ii"a\y  lowi  r  cliln,  t!ie 
dai'ii  hushy  hail',  and  iav(»rit(!  whiskers  oi'his  raci%  j;-av(5 
tlie  impi'ession,  pi'Imarily,  of  a  man  of  llrmncss  and 
netioii,  and  on(^  somewhat  heyond  the  twenty-seven 
years  which  he  had  ju-^t  p.i  sed.  in  ii_;nre  lu)  wa.s 
Well  fornii'd  and  sti'onu'lv  l)uiU,  thouii'li  rather  sli''!it, 
and  of  seant  medium  hei'-'ht.^"' 


t) 


^1 


An  opportunity  soon  ])resente,l  itself  to  L;i\e  his 
ir 'W  conu'ades  in  ai'tns  mi  inspirinn'  proof  of  his  ahility. 
A\'lilie  Arniihan  held  hack  under  the  lesson  he  li;id  r>'- 
cei\ed,  ( "omaiidaiite  i;(iieral  Ordonez  of  ( iuanajuato, 
in  coiijunetioii  v.itli  (Aistahoii,  r(;n<jw'ne<l  hol'i  i'ny  his 
.siici'esses  and  cruelties,  advanced  with  Tu  )  men  a;;';iinst 
iSomhrei'o.  Mina  set  out  to  me  (,  tiiem  \*iili  a!»out 
lialf  that  tiuniher,"  and  itrouu'it  liieiu  to  a  stan<l  June 


'■  Tluir  imiiibor  li.-iil  now  illiiiiiiislioil  to  "J;)'.),  ^^  here. if  'J')  uouimIcmI,  ;!ll  luui; 
liriii  liilk'il  and  lust.   I!iil,ht><iii,\.  'J.).").     Forti.liur  io.-Uts  inado  iiiiouc  tlu-i  liiii 


I'l).  -',  lU. 


i;.-,-u4. 


S.«:  Mi.r.  a< ),:/.,  11,1., 
'  AliDut .")  t'lL't  7  iin.-!ic.- 
'•'  lie  tuiik  uljoiit  'JUO  ul'  his  oun,  M.  rcnu  joiiiLil  with  \'M,  ami  sonic  raj^jjed 


GGS 


.AirXAS  KXPKDITIOX. 


2'.)t!i  ;if  tluj  liacicMnl;i  of  San  .Juan  (]r  Ids  [jlaiios,  near 
Saii  l'('li|n'.  JIc  at  once  cliar^fd,  rr^'urdlcss  of  tlio 
sharp  liriii;^',  uiid  t Iuh.'W  tlicin  into  (lisorxler.  \\'itliiu 
ci^-lit  iniiiiitcs  tin.'  rovallsts  wui'i'  in  full  iliglit.  TIim 
i-cst  was  hut  pui'suit  and  slauL^hteT.  Over  .'!00  an? 
sai>l  to  huvc  bue-n  strt dchcd  alon:^'  \\ui  I'outc?,  inchidiuL;' 
l)ot!i  (.•oumiander.s,  while  moru  than  -OU  were  (•a[i- 
tuivd.-' 


Ul.Jna'     ^  ^^,.  Si.     I.  I    I  H      J*  O  -I-  OS! 


LCj.s\iAC.(/S^-CantiTa 
^■Ti  [.alillan 
V 


,t;.;u"7    ;-i  I'i.".,'l,;L'f!f 


'.isas  \  iijaK 


:.  n  y;. 


Ma.  l-i- 


2AMC[A. 


lliuaialca        /   L^:  "  i,      rVl-''         I'ultii.o*'   -";■        i    V  / 


-puHteiiCo 


"'sTjuair^-"'"!" 


\   r, 


..^.,,.,, 


■'  IVili'O 

A 


Mixa's  Operations. 

And  liorc  is  told  the  stoiy  of  a  most  ])olitic  act, 
which  added  histi'o  to  the  cause;  of  tin;  revolutionists. 

iiifniitry  tV'U  iu  on  the  way,  t'luiiiiii:,'  nearly  4l);i  in  all.  J' J/iitso,/,  i.  i'.')K     .'Ji- 
lauii  luisiuturpt'otH  Uio  Iraiislatiou  liy  adiliii;,'  -10:)  lalililo  011  llic  way. 

■-■'In  Hohiii.i  'II,  i.  '2'u  8,  llic  inisdiiiM'.-iarc  |>lacc(litt 'J20,  tliu  t.l'iiu  at . 'ill!*,  aii'l 
tliosn  will)  UocaiH'd  at  iril).  Two  yauti  ami  oJi)  iiius'.;el.8  wore  taivtii.  It  is  ic- 
laicd  that  the  royalists  lircjil  .-ilvur  ilollai's;  and  Ijil.stamalitu  colilii'iiis  tin- .-•Loiy 
liy  tiayiu.i;  that  one  of  thu  gnnnuin  could  m.t  lind  the  n^'cessary  shot  at   tl.o 

1)!'op<.'i' mouient,  and  so  Unvw  in  a  iianllul  of  dollars.  Ci/iil.  J/isl.,  iv.  .'i77. 
.t  it  a;.;r(C'd  thai  Col  Young  and  M:.j.  .Mayh  fn-  Icil  ih;'  victorioui  ehar^ie,  yet 
a  conniK'utalor  in  Soi\  Mix.  fiVu;/.,  Bo!  ,  ip. '_',  iii.  lii.VT,  seek.s  jjatriolicady  .0 
iiplaoc  Voun;,'  with  Moi'iJiu.  I'lio  iusuiyencs  crouuuil  llie  victory  evoij- 
V,  iiLTc  wiih  load  (.lenioa.jlraiions. 


JEALOUSY  OF  TORRES. 


CC9 


Tlio  Too  luid  sliortlv  Ix'foi'o  (mIci'Ii  a  (';iv(»rit(>  ofTiccr  of 


Mi 


,n 


ui,  will)  oirrrcii  111  (;xciiaii''-( 


11 


ic  iiuiiicrdus  prison- 


ers Jk;|( 


1  1 


V  liiin. 


Jl 


(■  W;is    l\'lust'( 


1.     Til 


nil    lie    ra 


H.mI 


Ills  prisDiicis  hefort' liini  and  sai.l :  "J>uh(»ld  thi'  lirart- 
Icss  indiUvi'ciK'o  (if  vnur  j^'ovcrnniciit.  Ymih-  lives  arc 
doulily  iiiino — mine  In'  victory  and  retaliation  ;  yet  you 
are  i'reo!      You    may  join   my  standard  or   pcaei-aMy 


(Irpar 


vou  wil 


.V  porK'v 


so  rai'i,'  aiK 


'■(■ncrous 


won  an  adniost  unanimous  adhesion  to  tlie  insur^'cnls, 
and  the  report  of  it  spread  abroad  evoked  an  achiiira- 
tion  that   added   not  a  little  to  the  [)o[>ularity  of  the 


general,  even 
(h'eatrr  ae! 


th 


le  oi)])osin'j"  rallies. 


ueN'enu 


'Id 

nts  eould   not  have  1 


)een    (|esirt'< 


1 

to  insnire  the  eoniiilelice'  lieeessar'V  for  eileru'etie  coom- 


eration  amoiin'  the  iiisui'geiit- 


'i' 


o  promo 


]\i 


ma  now 


held 


to   tl 


lis  elHI 


I  c(jniereuee  w 


'ith   Father  'I^rres  and 


two   iiHMiihers   from  tlie   junta  of   Jaujilla,"'   hisid 


(JS 


otiier  eiilei 


Torres  was  an   i'-iiorant   man  of  i'er 


Clous   ins 


tinct^ 


a  Li'amoler  aiK 


1 


ro 


tliLrat< 


wlio   alter 


iiguriiig  with  little  cre(ht  as  a  jiriest,  joined  the  gucr- 
]"illa  Adiino  (jiarcia.  Jiis  sacerdotal  character  assisted 
Iiiin  to  rise,  aiul  at  this  time  he  was  the  most  proini- 
iii'iit    hader,    with    the    rank    of   lieutenaiit-geruM'al, 


V.  Iiose    will   indt'Cd   va- 


avv 


lioth    to   the  couiicj 


to  th 


e   hands  sustaining;'  the  cau- 


W 


ille    (|c\-o 


1  and 

tod 


eiiitugii  lo  t  he  caus( 
a  j)ower  s'lstaim 


he  loved  ahove  al 


hi.'  ( 


lisiilav  o| 


vat 


l)V  l<'a 


r  of  his  crueltv,  and 


v,a>  only  too  rea<ly  to  look  upon  th<.'  Xavarrese  as  an 
inti'i'lo'jor,  who.,'  t  ran^oceanic  faiir  •  and  hi'iliiant  (oats 


Id 


won 


ni>'(us 


au'el\-  eclii>s( 


po 


SCf 


I  t 


O     SUSlioc 


is   own. 

1.  and   s 


Jl 


elice 


hi'eai 


I   t! 


al'O     lie    I'l'lt 

insinuation. 


!1 


Doctor  San  Martin  ami  ( 'iitiipliilo. 


•-'i'lic  writor,  in  l> 


O'llll-'Oil,  1.  _.i) 


4; 


)  •>- 


crticl. 


iivaru'ions,  vMulictive,  rcai 


'77,  t'ti".,  paints  liini  in  l)la<'lv  rolnrs  as 

ly  fiii'  wine,  woinrn,  anil  L'aniliiiiiLT!  a  man 

I  8u-taiiio(l  liimseU'  liy  distrihuiiin^  suborclinatc  coiniioiiilH  aninn','  unclii- 

itcil  nion,  and  wlm  licM  tyrannic. ■<«  ay  over  t  lie  conn  try  ih'o|iIc.     JIh  inyalty 


is  ailiiiiitotl,  lio\vo\ 
cr-i  \s  rote  tij  liini, 


UTiil  it  is  r'.'lat(.'il  that  whm  two  ot  lii.s  vounirer  hmili 


tU'pcn 


l.'.l 


limit  r  cniinJUJ.sKin,  irciiu  a  msnlist  jirisi 
"      .1"  "  ■       "     ■ 


soa 


that   their   1 


ive.4 


on   his  ahamloiiiiii,'  the  cause,  lie  replied  tiiat  it  they  (^scaped    lie 

loot  them  fi'r  dariii^^  tn  piMjiosu   ti'iiiis  so  dishnnornhle.    /'/.,  '2'.V.). 

Vavu  niistamante  eoiideiiiirs  him.      'Torres  no  i  ra  e;ipaz  do  Iiivcer  una  iicciou 


buoiia 


.1,  era  i;n  iiideci-iitu.'   Ciii.uL  IJid.,  iv.  Kb7,  5oi>~'J. 


070 


MINA'S  EXPEDITIOX. 


that  tlic  now-conicr  was  i\t  lioait  as  by  birili  a  Sjian- 
ianl,  in  svinnatliv  witli  his  comiti'viiieti,  and  ainiini-- 
not  at  liheratniL;'  New  Si)ain,  Ijui  uicndy  to  restore^  tlio 
couslitntiou  of  IHli!,  with  its  nicai^iv  concession.. 
Tliis  belief  unfoitnnately  I'cceived  su[)[)orfc  iVoni  tlie 
arguments  wliicli  Mina  eni])]oye:l  soniewliat  too  openly 
Ibr  v.inniii!^'  S[)aiiisli  soldiei's  and  pai'tisans.-'*  ToiTes 
nevertheless  [)retended  great  interest  in  .Mina's  \)U)- 
jects,  yielding  to  him  the  cliief  connnand,  while  inti- 
mating that  he  really  was  the  superior,  and  boasting 
tliat  he  could  [)lace  G,000  men  under  hi«  orders.  "  jii 
that  case,"  exclaimed  the  L'-oneral  cagerlv,  "I  shall 
march  direct  on  ]\r(;xico." 

A  rich  treasure  having  at  this  time  been  somewhat 
uni'airly  caj)tured  at  the  hacienda  of  tlic  marques  tlel 
dara!,'  active  stei)s  were  taken  to  obtain  clothing  and 
armament  and  to  organi/,e  troops,  ]\lina  Ijeing  invested 
Avitli  the  rank  of  mariscal  de  canqn)  by  the  junta. -^ 
Soon,  liowever,  came  disenchantment,  lie  found  that 
oidy  an  insignilicant  proportion  of  the  promised  men 
Avas  sent,  and  these  formed  what  he  wc)ul(l  call  rabble 
rather  than  soldiers.  Bravo  and  loyal,  but  utterly 
devoid  of  disci[iline  and  sustained  determination,  and 
olijecting  to  regidations  and  tactics  ar^  irksome  re- 
straint, the  cavalry  alone  was  Naluable,  and  only  for 
ll\iu'"-  raids.     One  denu)ralizing  source  wa.s  the  tril.)uto 

■■'■'  Ami  fvdiu  tlio  insi'Tiiiii  on  lii.s  dospatcln's  df  four  fiiscoa  iMiuln-iiij,'  ;v 
pr|U;iro  «it!i  ■:  lion  in  tlio  ccntic.  JJn^tauKinti'.  Cikc/.  IIUl.,  iv.  .".Mi,  4il'_',  anil 
Alainan,  llt<f.  M'J.,  iv.  (i(>_*,  point  out  tliis  iuiliscni't  talk  and  its  sad  rU'oct 
on  tlu^  iusur;,'cnt-<.  Col  Xohoa  a.s,<istod  to  ;;i)r.  ad  tliii  fcoling  liy  sidin'.;- \vit!i 
and  instiirating  'I'orres,  for  Mina  had  oll'cndi  d  his  haughty  .spirit  hy  a  irpii- 
niand.     Moreno,  Ortiz,  lio'/ja,  ami  others  n  niained  faitUl'id,  liowevor. 

'-' On  .Inly  7tii,  tlic  luaripiis  lied  with  his  ;ilK)  men,  ami  servants  pninted 
out  .a  caelie  from  which  .si  I0,()1I()  was  seenred,  liesides  otiier  valualiK'~.  The 
owner  snliseij.unitly  claimed  a  lo*s  of  .Sl,s;f,00it  in  money  and  over  .si!>().OIl;) 
in  olliei'  ellcet.'s.  Alt]iou;;h  this  \va.s  no  doul)t  e\am,'ei'ated,  .Minas  men  m.'.y 
liave  secured  ]irivately  sums  heyond  the  .s|4l),()()l)  from  \\  hieh  they  also  hhdied. 
yi'o/////.'.oy(,  i.  'J(i!)-74.  liustauianto  regrets  that  Mina  should  have  stooped  to 
such  rol)l)ery;  lio  should  iit  least  have  left  ii  ])roniiso  fur  later  reitayment. 
Ciind.  Hist. ,  i  V.  ;JSj.  The  arbitrary  soizuro  alarmed  many  Creoles  and  crcateil 
distrust, 

-'  Young  was  made  inspector  of  the  Bajio  troops;  Xol)oa  went  witlx 
Torres  to  Fort  lieniedios  to  organize;  tlic  administration  was  rcniodelleil,  and 
•n  certain  amount  of  ]);iy  was  distrilmted.  For  .Miua"s  nppuint:meut,  see  lac- 
simile  letter  in  .b'ut'.  Jhx,  O'coj.,  ilulttiu,  Op.  -,  iii.  i;Jli. 


^1 


OB  TACLLS  EN'COUXTERED. 


GTl 


system  subnilttoil  to  l)y  the  towns  and  favored  hy 
.sj)c'culatinLi^  roiuniandrrs,  wliieii  induced  the  insurgent 
Lands  to  sacrillee  their  cause  lor  personal  gain  and  con- 
venience.'-" Another  was  tiie  libertv  accorded  them, 
jtartly  i'roni  necessity,  of  living  at  their  homes,  dress- 
ing as  they  pleased,  and  obeying  the  call  to  arms  as 
th(\'  listed,  or  even  the  loui-'inij'  to  turn  hark,  which 
often  nianifesteil  itself  on  the  eve  of  threatening 
danger,  wiien  they  were  most  needed,  Idiis  laxity 
was  sustained  by  the  practice  among-  tlie  men  to  elect 
their  otlicers,  with  I'are  exception,  who  conseipieiitly 
were  as  a  rule  untrained  as  well  as  numerous  and  sub- 
ser\Ieid.'"'  The  leaders  kept  ouly  a  small  bou}'-guard 
with  \\  hicli  to  share  the  largo  revenue  di'awn  from 
raids  and  tributes.  Little  of  this  reached  tlie  public 
coil'cr,  as  may  be  imagined,  but  it  ])assed  into  individ- 
ual poclcets,  and  thence;  u})ou  show}'  costtunes  glitter- 
ing with  gold  and  silver  buttons,  lace  and  ciiibroidery, 
and  upon  sup(,>rb  horses  richly  caparisoned — incon- 
gruous enough  as  a  wholi',  and  in  striliing  co!itrast  to 
the  general  poverty,  and  particularly  to  th(.'  absence 
of  arms.  Yet  even  v/itli  such  men  Mina  miglit  have 
achieved  something  if  Torres  had  proved  sincere  and 
the  royalists  had  granted  a  little  time. 

The  defeat  of  Armihau  had  created  a  wholesome 
dread  at  the  viceregal  court.  The  leanings  <tf  the 
masses  were  well  understood;  but  an  additional  dan- 
ger s[)rung  U[)  in  the  po])u]arity  <4' the  invader  among 
the  troops,  especially  the  i'^uropeans  with  their  ma- 
sonic bent,  who  s[)oke  loudK'  and  [)roudly  of  !\[ina  as 
their  countryman,  or  even  comrade,  ^[exico  itself 
was  regarded  as  in  dang'  r,  and  fresh  troo[)s  uere 
liurried  forward  to  v/avl  it  olf.      The  mariscal  Liuan, 


^^ Ti  10  towns  p.'iiit  tiil'.ito,  nmler  a  passport  sytem,  Miiich  jirocun'l  sup- 
plius  ami  iunii-^lu'il  in  •  otuni  ulotliiii;,',  auiinuuitioii,  iunl  uther  (jllbcts,  ami  .so 
thu  iiailics  iiiaiiitaip.il  oiu;  aiiotla'r. 

'''' It  was  not  iiiicoiiiiuou  for  a  coloiiul  to  coininaml  iiiiTcly  ."lO  men.  llnhhi- 
son,  ii.  00.  Miua'a  aLtoiiipt  to  eut'oi'ou  order  liad  littlu  cU'cct,  aiul  crcatcul  ill- 
will. 


i 


HI 


C72 


MINA'S  KXPEiHTIOX. 


sub-iiispoctor  of  tr()f)j)s,  and  tlic  lii!.^]icst  iiiiHtiU'V  offi- 
cer ill  the  country,"'  took  coiinuand,  v.itli  suiti't'ino 
control  ol"  the  provinces  enihracniL;'  llie  iield  oi'actiou. 


A 


iew 


months  e;irlier  sucli  concentration  of  h;o]ili<;r: 


AVoU 


M   h 


in 
w 


vd\c  l)een  nnpossi[)Je,  and  m  Ihat  case  .\[nia 
i^ht  liave  gaincvl  a  sj)e(.'d3'  triumph  by  comhiniiiL,^ 
ith  Mctoria,  Teran,  and  (uierrei\). 
The  i'o_yah!sts  received  about  this  time  crumbs  of 
comtbrt  in  tlie  I'all  of  Soto  la  ^lariiia.  .Vrredondo 
Lad  presented  liimst-lt'  befoi'c  tlie  adobe  ibrt  on  dune 
10th,  with  about  1,000  men.  Water  was  eut  o!K  and 
Koou  tlie  totteriiiL!;  walls  be^'au  to  crumble  under  th(3 
heavy  iirin;^'.  Death  and  desei-tion  had  made  sad  in- 
roads on  the  li'arrison,  vet  Colonel  Sai'dii  I'enuuned 
resolute  as  ever,  clieeriu''"  the  famished  defeiKK' 


and 

su[)plyinn'  the  deticiency  of  liands  by  distributing-  a 
lar^'e  number  of  extra  iire-arnis  with  whicli  lie  Cilect- 
ively  l'e[)elled  the  a})proaehes  of  the  stai-th^d  besiegers. 
Occasionally  a  brave  woman  would  rusli  tliroUL;'li  the 
sliower  of  bullets  to  tlu'  stream  and  brin^'  a  moment- 
ary relief  to  the  parched  lips  whieh  swor*'  to  die 
rather  than  surrender.      Finally  Sard;i  was  peisuadi'd 


to  accept  honorable  terms 


but 


unaii'ine  tne  nmr 


ded 


]'a;^'e  and  wonder  of  ^Vrredoiulo  when  he  saw  niaichinn' 
forth  befoi'e  his  imposiu'^  army  thirty-seven  cadaxei-- 
ous,  luui'^'er-pinclu'd  men.  Jh;  dai'ed  not,  in  \iew  of 
sustain  the   favorable  oU'ers  made  to 


Ins  Ju'aw 


till.- 


Iiandlu 


and 


t! 


le  vicerov,  iu'norinLT  the  c'l'pituia- 


tion,  had  them  sent  to  the  dungeons  of  San  du;m  de 
Ulua,  and  subsequently  to  interior  fortresses  in  Spain, 
to  endui'e  the  most  atrocious  sult'erinu's  incident  to  a 


1 


muferuiL!:  ( 


leath 


'  It  was  s;iiil  (if  r,r-c\iiil  I.in;in  tlint  lio  Iiail  sTuMcnly  lioon  raitcil  fi-om  a 
ito  soldier  to  inariH'al,  liy  t;io  Uinu',  in  icturu  I'm'   l;is  liilclity  as  ssorvaiil; 


iMcl  cnarsi". 


/,'-/- 


IIISDII,     11.     ,( 


1 


anil  lii;  was  (U'clarcil  illitiiato,  unlraiiRMl 
liiistaniaiitt",  Cii'i/.  ///.■.',,  'A'^  '.I,  c-unlirnis  tin;  statfiiii'nt  that  \u-  ruse  piiroly 
liy  favor,  auil  aiMs,  '  Xo  tenia  cslc  i,'(ifo  iionihiaiha  th^  valientc:'  hut  otlu'iH 
nilniit  liis  hravory.  Uaoiz,  now  niaiiscal,  ic[ilai.'e(l  him  as  siih-iii^pcetoi'  tor 
tiie  tinii' 


•'••The;  vi'ii)al  cai)it\dati()ii,  hiforc 


nnnioron 


s  witnesses,  admitted  thnn 


ir)tli 


I  as  prisoners  of  war,  with  the  promise  of   freo  dismissal  to  their 


lionius,  Americans  to  lie  seat  to  the  L'.  8.    liM 


i.  IKtt.     A  de 


jf  till 


LI^ANS  .\i)VAXCr:, 


c,::. 


Lifian  a(l\;iiic!'tl  tlnMH'j,!i  (Jiu-ivtaro  into  CJuaiia- 
juatn,  iiic'ir]u)!;itiii'^'  iill  till'  troops  possiMc,  and  cn- 
coura;j;inL;'  tlicin  \)\  placing'  a  prico  on  tli<'  In  ;i(ls  of 
^lina  and  liis  lolliwcr-;.'"  Tliis  K'adci'  had  j;ist  met 
\v!l]i  a  repul.x'^ — Ids  iirst — in  an  attack  on  Lion.''  and 
had  rt'tiri'd  into  1^'ort  SomWrrro  with  (Ijo  men,  to 
^v]loln  wci'c  added  some  •""!()•)  women,  ■•hiKhcn.  and 
laliorei's.  Shortly  at'tt-r",  on  didy  ;iuili,  Lilian  appeai't'd 
hvl'orc  it  at  the  head  of  ahoul,  4,0W0  men/'- a!i(L'i,  Irain 
ci' artillery,  with  which  lie  at  once  invested  tlie  ])!ace, 
mainiaininu,'  a  con-'-tant  and  war.tel'ul  lii-e  lip.en  it — 
v.asteiul  hecause  the  natural  leaturi\s  of  the  tort 
afiVa'died     proteclioii.      It    stood    (;U    a    cud^-eldieaded 


oi'ifU 


.f  April  II 


.il  HL't  a  liail  )ii(.ceilLiit  liy  ilcrl.'uiii;,'  it  di-vn'Mtory 


to    iiiiitii'iii    ,1    i:ijiit;il;itiiiii  willi    in.sui'gcnt^.      r>!ifit:ii;ialite',  who  wa.s   ;  t   tho 
thiu- a  pii-som.'!' at  Uli'ia,  tostil'us  to  tlii'  nialtri'atiiK'iit  if   lliostj  nu-'ii,  and  to 


iSiani.-ili  l)ri.'uc!i  of  honor.    ( 


r< 


r;/o,  1.      St'u  tuLUn,;,'  ui 


L'.  S.  th. 


it,  Xi/i  s'  A'';/.,   xiv 


i1m)  in  \i'\^  .llii'iin  >!■   Ch'il- 


;>.),  XVI.  -s. 


.■('.)U-7.     Mici',   who  iiuuicil  as  uiiosto'.io   jH'othouotai'v,   wa.s  v,  hi.-kdl    olt'   to 
tho  innuisition  ci'lls  at  .Moxicn,  lait  .'^uHuivil   no  jrivat  inji 


tl 


r.vi'  V(jaiM 


hift 


lii.'cani 


ht.s  I 


iiogiaiiliy. 


Mi 


■  imt.V, 


(1  (liL'il  ill    1" 


Ji. 
ill.      1' 


•upi 
ill 


<l 


vuo  has 


llii  \vrilii):,'.i  J  have  rifcirud  to  iiinler  i-ago  4.)1,  this  V( 


Viitii,  .Mfx.  IS(m,  1    II'J,  I'tu.,  iV.ll  oi"  aiULiitm-fi 

f.        .\llViloliil)  Wi 


re 


iiil  l)y  tlu;  viceroy  for  not  shootiiiLC  tin;  prisoners,  hut  k'uviii'j;  11 


Kjio:isii)ility  to  him.    Jl> ruuiidi-^  ij  l)i< 


Col.  Jh)'-.,  vi.  s;i+- 


,S.')(i 


(I,/.'',  /;rs,ii,tiii  //;.</.,  ;i_V)  7;  Aihfn,  i\.\<.  i,  is;io,  is.'i  i;.    .Mi 

isoralilo  fnrt  at  Sito  hi  .Marin, 


-■A, 


Nll-l.'f,  flc,  iluscrilas  th' 


tiic  nun,  \\  ithdrawn  to 


lattorv  at  the  nioutii  of  t 


K'   iiwr,  wore  iw 


I'l 


hut 


a  toragiiiL,'  party  wa.s  siio 


t   di; 


'J'ho  jiarty  lu 


A  few  of 
Indod 
■cd  at 


o:!o  tiuio    1.'!.")   lightors.      Mior  assunios  tiiat  tin-   oapitiihitioii  was  !sui>j(Ot  to 
\  ioori'i^al  a[iprovaI.     .\rroiloiido  id.unis,  in  (i"~.   'Ir  J/i.c,  IM7,  \iii.  7I">   Ki, 


g;).',  (i,  iiiai,  ;;(ii) 


faiiiili 
aUiiio. 
L'ou'  r 


persons  woru  takon. 


'i'his  iiiohided   tho  v 


llustainanio  maintains  that  .\n\ 


do  must  ha\'( 


liia-ors  aU'l 
;  lost ;!.)()  ill 


tlioir 
kiUod 


('/•.,  OilX.    Jit  XX.WI. 


Sard 


ircl.i  o-oapod  Iroiu  (  cuta  ajid  liccaiiio  ii 


al  uiidor  I'lolivar.     /'rislii('ifii,,u.  |ii( 
' » )n  his  ■S.'itIO;  on  theirs  SIOO.      \ot  a  vi-iy  inunilioont  ollbr. 
lie  attaeki.il  it  with  M')  men  durin;;  tiie  iiiu'ht  of  .iidv  ■J7th,  hut  tin;  I'ar- 


ri.son,  just  reoiitoix'od,  i 
a  1  'ss  of  l(i;> 


il.t;: 


lined  warniiiLC. 


d   ho  wa.s  ohliu'ed   t 


men,  i 


iiieiatod  those  takiii  liv  his  I 


iirludiiiL;  Jl  prisoners,  who  wtrcslmt.     .\Iii 


o  roll II'  wuli 
la  neVer'dll  !o:'S 


/.'  7,; 


II.  <1 


i<jlili'.l:ill,   11. 


"- '1  ho  otUeial  statement  reprodueed  in   Iv 

!  ]'2  unns,  lait  Solorzauo  elaiins  that  tiieie  were  .~i,()OI)  «  itii  "J  »  !.';iiis,  wiiiL-li 


^,  iuilicates  ."i,.')-!! 


lati 


l.;:iy    iini 
:i,..ilO,  hut   I. ilia: 


r   reentoroeiiient-' 


on  elite, 


//;</.  /,'. 


ii.   :!Si,    admits 


/. 


ii.<fnii:iiii/i',  <  'ml 


eeSiiriUJlVeil  ol 


nport  III  (!ii~.  ( 
I.  lli^i.,  \\ 
oiiiim^'  pau'es. 


/,•  .1/, 


1.SI7,  viii.  !h;7-S,  hssein  the 
e  nature  and  distiihutioii  o 


ad 


IKi.     'J'li 

'I'here  Were  fouriiiaiii divi^ioii.^;  one 


f  tho 
iiliil 


or 


li.  iLTadier  I/)aees,  wlio  oeeiipied  a  jiosition  on  the  raliLio  eoimnandin;.;  the  eii- 
traiiee,  mill  witli  Idiii  the  headquarters  of  l,i:ian;  another  iindor  Neu'rete,  witli 


tlo.ips  lehletalilly  supported  liy(' 


f  .N'ueva  ( lalieia,  was  extended  along 


tl  •!  Miuth;  a  tliird,  niiiler  liiiiz,  jruanUil  the  east  and  t!ie  a])pro:ieiies  to  tlic 
h'ook;  wliile  the-  fniirth  htdy,  under  Ihifol.t,  maintained  eoiii'uuuieati.  lis  with 
(iiiaiiajuati 


(•nir'taro  liad  liee'ii  »lieii;itiioi.ed  witli  uuw  turlilicalions. 


11, SI.  .Mi.x.,  V.'L.  IV. 


IJ 


I 


!.  f 


C74 


MJXA'S  I'.XI'KmilOX. 


projection,  witli  stcc'i)  siili.s  1  ,()0o  Irct  lilui'li  Jnul  con- 
in'cted  I»y  ii  narrow  rid^f,  tin-  only  vvA  api)ro;irIi, 
witli  the  niotlicr  rann'c,  iVoin  wliii-li  it  couM  bo  coni- 
niandcd  lo  isonie  cxtont.  A  I'fW  rude  walls  added 
slic'ltcr;  st'ventoen  shaky  uuns  Miisteivd  dcliancr,  and 
all  to  covi'r  a  «cantv  conunissariat  and  a  dccreasinLf 
water   stol'e.'"'* 

With  many  and  useless  mouths  it  was  not  loii'jf 
before  thiist  be^'an  also  its  sie^'e.  Tori-es  had  been 
j^dven  n:  .ley  with  whieh  to  bi'iii^-  suj»[)lies  IVoni  liis 
rielier  distriets,  but  he'  erlniinally  delayed  doin-^'  s<i, 
and  on  a])i)roaehinL;"  the  plare,  when  alri'ady  be.sieL;"ed, 
he  was  I'outed.  ]Mina  atteni]»ted  a  sally  to  oj»en  eo;;!- 
niunieation  with  hii..,  but  not  beinu;-  well  supj)orted,  ho 
had  to  retire  with  a  loss  of  eleven  taken  prisoners,  who 
were  [iron.iptly  despatched  in  full  view  of  tlio  u;'arrisoii."* 
Stores  must  be  had,  however,  and  so  the  following' 
niii'ht  Mina  and  three  others  clinilx.'d  down  the  steeo- 
est  and  least  s^Hiarded  de-elivity,  and  manaL!,'ed  to  slip 
throUL;'h  the  lines,  favored  by  the  wind  and  dai'kness; 
but  he  soui.;lit  in  vain  tt)  improve  on  Torri's'  e'lbrt. 

The  situation  was  now  beeominjjj  critical.  ]hitio;is 
had  dwindled  to  a  mere  nothing";  and  worst;,  the  water 
was  wholly  gone.  The  I'ainy  season  was  about  to  be- 
i>'in,  and  clouds  sailed  bv,  oidv  to  tantalize  the  1)  - 
.sieged  by  bursting  at  a  distance.  Unable  to  ix'strain 
themselves,  many  staggered  forth,  regardless  of  booiii- 
ing  camion  and  whistling  bullets,  to  i)luck  the  succu- 
lent  roots  around,  while  women  and  children  stole  by 
night  down  the  canon  to  tlu;  brook,  there  to  bo  cap- 
tured by  the  sentinels."''  The  suffering  was  so  aggi'a- 
vateil  by  the  stench  of  dead  animals  and  other  causes, 

''The  place  took  its  iinmo  from  ii  conic  liill  rc^cmlilin^'  a  liat,  wliidi  roso 
on  the  l,r)i)il-foot-loiig  plateau  of  tlic  proiiioiitoi'y. 

^' '  Sliaiiijlecj,'  says  noliiuson,  ii.  IS;  others  say  sliot.  Duriii;^  pai-leyi 
liclil,  Mina  tolil  the  royalists  that  ho  oaiiic  ineroly  io  ri'storo  the  oiistituiioii 
of  ISI'J.  This  was  iieard  Iiy  his  followers  ami  left  a  hail  impression.  T.iO 
sally  took  place  earlj'  on  .\u;ust  Sth. 

■••'''I'he  misery  was  attrihiitcil  ])artly  to  Mina"s  haste  in  orileriu',' a  (iirly 
reservoir  to  he  empt  iu;l  and  ckuiicd,  fur  the  ruins  wore  e.xpcuti;d.  7j  (.>'«//(?(,,  '■, 
Ciiud.  JliM.,  iv.  ;i'JS-l>. 


FATE  OF  COI,()\i;r.  Y(JUX(J. 


673 


that  ColclH'l  Youii;;',  imw  in  coiniiiaiKK  (i|u'iic(l  iic^'o- 
tiiilions.  ])iit  tlie  terms  (ttici'cfl  In.'iii^'  iiiicoiiililiniial 
Minvii(K'r,  lie  ju'oposed  tluit  tlicv  slHUild  eiit  tlieir 
Avay  tliroii^li.  This  was  ojipost'd  liy  one  or  two  ollieei'.s 
ill  ;i  manner  so  insultiiiL;'  to  liis  .\meiiean  pi'ide  that 
lie  sworc!  to  stay  till  the  last.'"'  lie  in>]iircd  iVi'sJi  (h-- 
tei'mination  anion;,;-  the  besi(,>ge(l,  so  mueh  so  that  when 
the  royalists  made  their  second  assault  on  llie  I'ort.ou 
AuL;'ust  loth,  the  women  heartily  joine*!  in  the  tVay 
with  stones  and  I'ollinn'  howlders,  and  as.-^isted  to  re- 
pulse the  assailants  with  hea\y  loss."''  As  N'ouii-^* 
,ste[)[)ed  forward  to  wateli  the  reli'ealin;^'  I'oe,  his  huad 
was  taken  clean  off  bv  a  cannon-haU.  J  Le  had  ke'it 
his  oath.'"* 

Lieutenant  Bradhurn  now  took  commanil,  and  I'e- 
solved  tt)  break  thrc)UL>'li  the  lines.  Tlie  attempt  was 
made  cn\  the  ni;.^'ht  of  the  l!)lh.  A  disl  re»iii'^'  fare- 
well was  said  to  the  ill  and  wounded,  wlu)  with 
anguished  looks  and  [)iteous  aiijteals  saw  themselve.-i 
abandoned  to  relentless  butchei'V.  Sterdthily  all  w  ho 
could  walk  pressed  down  tlic  slo[)e  and  weii;  already 
gaining  tlie  level  ground,  when  some  timid  femalrs, 
who  had  unaccountably  been  allowed  to  precede  Hk^ 
others,  I'oused  tlie  attention  of  the  enemy.  A  helli-^h 
.scone  ensued.  The  royalists  rushed  like  I'lood-Iioimds 
on  tlieir  victims,  caring  nothing  wheth<'r  their  Ijullets 
struck  women  or  their  lances  impaled  children.  The 
shrieks  of  the  despairing  mother,  and  the  cries  of  the 
little  ones  whom  she  sought  to  shield,  we'ie  drowned 
in    the    tierce    shouts   of   the   coiiil>atanis.      Jn    their 

■"' Aliic)ii;j;  tliosf  w'.io  oliji'oted  weir  .Mdi-cmki,  ;in^l  ;iu  lt:iliaii  iianii'il  Maurn; 
yet  ttio  fornuT  had  favored  iiou'utiatioii'^.  Sec  also  (louiiiiMiits  in  J)iii\  Ciir., 
ii.  4(;0.  rioliinson,  i.  'JSii,  ii.  I'.S-t,  <'lKir.i,'es  him  with  ^il■cl■^'till\'  .siippliis  lor 
iiiiiisclf  and  lujlilia.;  out  in  onlcr  to  inaUu  money  liy  low  s))eiul.ition.  lin.sta- 
niante,  l!7.')— t,  ]ii'ai.>cs  him  a><  one  of  the;  f^'i'eatost  ]iatriot.s,  who  saerilii'i'd  hi.s 
]iatiimony  for  tlie  eau>c>,  who  jio-.su.-srd  natui-al  alahty,  valor,  an'l  .L,'enero,-iry. 
Jli-i  iKimu  wan  inseiibed  among  patriot  licfoe.-!  hy  tlie  nation,  l.inau's  repoi-t 
sliow.s  that  Moi'tno  had  pluuty  of  water  stureil  lor  him.ielf  in  hi.s  hoii.si'.  (id-.. 
(/.,•  .1/.  .1-.,  1SI7,  viii.  !I7.">. 

^'  Tiiey  admitted  about  200  in  killed  and  ■wonndiMJ,  A  .sliuwer  fell  duriii^ 
the  Ijaltlc. 

•'^Ifo  had  ben  a  linut-eol  of  the  'JOtli  regiment  of  L'.  S.  infantry,  and 
was  yreatly  admired  for  his  noble  i|ualitied. 


i  7(5 


MIXA'S  KXIM'DITIOX. 


jVi'ii/.y  iiin;i1»(  ]s  cliiiiliL'd  l);ick  i!])(»i>  llio  rock  only  to 
I'all  ;i  li\  iii'4'  pfty ;  otlu'ix  Liipcd  into  tlli^  i^ulcli  to  liiih; 
ill   the    uikIiiIu  iisli,  wliilc    iiKiiiy  ran    lilindlv  t  liroii'_;li 

tlu'   lines    to     ill"     ].lilill,  Nonll     lo    lie    llUIltcd    <!oV,  II     I ) ,' 

lioisriiH  n.  ( )nl\'  til'tv  es(  ;i])o(l  iVoin  all  that  nniiil)i;r, 
inrludinL;'  l>radl»ni'ii  and  Moreno.  At  dawn  the  I'oil- 
Vfss  wa'-  'iiliii'd,  after  a  sli^iit  ri'sistanct,-  iVoiii  cronc!;- 
iiii;'  l"nnili\  (s.  "^riieii  followed  anollicr  eainaL;'(>;  and 
tliis  time  in  cold  Mood,  To]'  liinan  iiinst  lia\'e  his  turn 
ill  the  slau^htei'.  Tlie  male  prisoners,  o\'er  two  hun- 
dred in  numher,  wei'c  brou^iit  i'orth  in  batches  and 
.-■hot,  the  sick  Ix'ini;' supported  and  tho  inaiuicd  prop[)eil 
up  to  suit  the  marksmen.'''' 

Sixty  miles  south  of  Sumhrero,  in  the  midst  of 
tiie  fertile  plains  of  IV-njanm,  rises  a  straLj'^liir^'  ran-^e 
known  as  San  (jirej^'oi'io,  and  neai'  its  centre  a  hrokcn 
circle  (if  peaks  coveri'd  with  ha^-tiuus  and  l)i-eas{\voi'];s, 
and  eiiclw-dn^'  ;;n  area  a, 000  feet  in  circumiei'eiice,  to 
which  had  heeli  applied  the  name  of  Los  Hemedios. 
This  wa>  the  retreat  of  Toi'res,  fcsrmiiiL;'  one  of  the 
stroiii;'est  fortresses  in  the  countiy;  lor  it  was  pro- 
tected on  nearly  cM-vy  side  hy  al>rupt  ra\ines,  leav- 
ing" only  one  easy  approach,  which  had  keen  cuv- 
(  led  l>y  h<'a\"y  works.  ^Vithill.  were  inexiiaustiMe 
sprin'j;-s."'  jt  w;!s  called  the  hulwaik  of  ^^exican 
indepelidelM-e.  The  (kdeiices  had  of  late  keen  ini- 
j'l'oNed  with  the  aid  <>f  M  ina's  otlicers,  and  an  iinm^'iise 
t'U[)[>ly  I'f  oiM\  isidiis   in  "oiluci'd,  suilicient  to  sustain 

"'•''iliL'  woiiun  ami  cliiMroii  wore  sjiai'cil.  TinprL'sscil  soiiu'wliat  l>y  Mi  la's 
exaiiijik',  till' A  iLMM'oy  is.-iiicil  (111  tliu  "itUi  iiu  oiilur  to  sIuiDt  uiily  thu  ieailfi-.t 
;'liil  iiivailor.^,  fiiisi^niir^'  tlic  rest  tci  tlu'  i>resi;lii)  at  Mfscala;  liut  it  came  t'lii 
lulu.  IJuaii,  tilH'3'iii,i;  ].rc\  iiiu.s  iu^ti'iuiii.iiis,  wriiU':  '  Los|iris[i)iiL'rii.s  f;isilai!'>-i 
so^ini  las  onlfiius  ilu  \'.  il.'  '.Vr;.  '/<'  J/f.c,  |sl7,  viii.  ilili).  ])ilai!:5  in  /  /., 
!i(i7  7'>.  iUistaiiiaiiti;  assi'rts  that  tiio  rnyaii^ts  Idst  dniiiig  the  assault  on  tlio 
l.")Ui  alone  'A7t  ciliu'iT.s  and  (>vi.r  4110  men.  Cmnl.  ll'ix'.,  iv.  -Ill;  M<  ik/io'I, 
J.'isiiiihii  lli-i!.,  'XW  4:2;  .S''"'.  Mi.c.  Unri.,  J!>/„  \  i.  . ■}!'(!,  'J'orreiite  leduees  this 
liL^iuo  to  ;(rj  killed,  while  jilai  iii.t  the  killed  reV(ilatioiiiit.s  at  (!l'.)  li;itive«  and 
TV  forei-nci's.    I/is/.  I!n:.  ii.  :{>4.' 

'"  llesides  resei-voirs  and  an  aeecs.sihlo  lirook.  On  its  highest  point  fo^e 
tliC'  foit.  'I'epeyae,  and  at  the  other  lower  CNtreinity  thu  i'anzaeola,  from  which 
I'll  n  narrow  ll.^^^aJJ:e.  'J  he  easy  .■niproaeh,  eove.od  ky  the  works  of  Saat.i 
l.osalia,  was  to  tiie  iiLjIit  (.f  the  ridj^'e  couiieeLiiio'  with  Tepeyue. 


SIKCF.  dl'  i.()>  KI'.MF.DIOS. 


c>:: 


for    lliODtlls    lidl     (ilil\'     llic    !4;il'rls<i||,     ll.iW    '-Weill  d     to 

IjoOO  iiicii.  l»iit  nil  ((lu;!!  iiuiiiKci' i  if  hiltoi'crs.  riTu^'iM's, 
Vnoiik'Ii,  ;iii(I  cliildiiii/'  Tmiits  |im)!,.,1,  ijicicrnrc,  w  ith 
coiuparatiw'  iiidill'^rciicr  on  tlic  aii'iiioach  ni'  Lilian, 
\\  Im  a]ii>cai'i'(|  ln'ruic  t  ln'  placi'  mi  An'j'iisl  :.!7tli.aiid 
(list  ril)ut(.'d  Iiis  JMi'cc.  now  imuiln'riii'^'  «i\(i'  l. <)';'>.  aiiuiM- 
t!u'  (t|i[»()sit('  sidi'-;  of  till'  ia\iiii's,  and  ci'tctid  l^tt- 
tclics,  oiic  ujioii  a  peak,  tlir  iH'llaro,  Inllniti)  li  ^aldrd 
as  iiiaeiH.'ssiltlc,  iVciu  which  he  cDuld  iallict  no  htll; 
daiiiayij   oil    the   ,sin'[)iisrd    L^arrison.      A    large    iiody, 


I. 


.  jr..,..     ,  f      '.•-■••'v>'.^'"-^*w^a>^ 


^fi 


V- 


.•Vf^-/.   •■■•,■    r  •..'^;i-'?Nv'r'' 


PLAtJ   At,D   '/\ZVJ 


F:rt  [i2  L.J  ?.m?.. 


MOUNT    SAN    GRFGCRr 


FoilT    Dl-;   I.liS   Itl'.MF.DlDS. 

mahily  of  caA'alrv.  was  al-o   in  the  iield   to  kfcp  mjicil 
c'oninuuiicalions  and  di'iNc  l»ael<  iiisiir^'eiits. 

It  had  luH'n  ai  i'an'.;i'd  that  Mina  slioidii,  ".vith  all 
the  a\'ailal)l('  liors^'incn,  harass  the  iH'sji'M'crs.  and  mt 
oli'  su|)j)li('s  hy  )a\a'_;in!.;'  the  count  ry  aronnd  and  al- 
tackiiii;' the  con\  oys.  In  accejitin^'  this  ia>k.  lie  al- 
lowed Torros,  sinuiilaily  enough,  to  ret.iin  ino-.t  of  the 
survivinij  niunihers  ol'  his  own  hand,  who  wouM  ha\(; 


■" 'I'lio  supply  fiuliracfil  .'(D.Ol);)  f:inc;.';is  nf  I'di-ii  ;inil  «lic;it,  niiil  li.OOO 
liead  (if  foDil  animals;  with  i;iucli  hiaU'i  ial  I'm-  iiuikin;.;  aniNiiUiitiini.  l!iJiiii~ 
eon,  ii.  14, 


678 


MINA'S  EXrKIHTIOX. 


provL'd  of  inimciise  v;iltu;  lo  drill  and  lend  tli(>  uiidis- 
(•i|)liiu'(l  and  capiicious  field  loriH".  Less  than  lliix-i'- 
scoi'f  now  rrniaini'd  of  that  doughty  han(n'ul.  As 
tho  leader  reilecteil  on  their  sad  I'ato,  tears  sprung,''  to 
his  eves,  and  lor  onee  he  yielded  to  the  clamor  I'or 
I'evenn'e  hy  shooting"  a  niuniter  of  jirisoners,  althouj^h 
not  over  iorty  in  all.^"  He  soon  regretted  the  act, 
however,  and  the  more  so  as  day  atler  dav  reVL'ahd 
how  little  he  eould  count  upon  the  lirnniess  of  his 
jiresent  followt'rs,  line  dashing'  lellows  who  attacked 
s|)lendi(lly,  hut  generally  tui'iied  hefore  the  first  ivs- 
olute  resistanci'  with  volleys  or  hayonets,  Avhen  one 
inimite  mon;  of  sustained  hravery  might  have  over- 
(■oMie  it  and  won  the  day.  Thus  the  capture  of  San 
Luis  de  la  Paz,  in  the  l)eginning  of  Se[)teniber,  took 
liini  four  days,  when  it  could  easily  have  been  carried 
in  one  assault  if  the  mcji  had  followed  tho  officers. 
The  delay  contributed  to  defeat  the  attacks  next 
made  u[)on  San  ]\[iguel  el  ( Jrande,  and  the  hacienda 
<le  la  Zanja,^''  by  all(»wing  reenforcements  to  come  up, 
Mina  retired  somewhat  disheartened  to  Valle  do 
Santiago,  the  centre  of  a  strongly  revolutionary  popu- 
lation, there  to  seek  tho  cooperation  of  Comandanto 
Flores  lor  a  descent  on  Guanajuato,  which  promised, 
besides  rich  gains,  to  cripple  the  enemy  severely,  and 
even  to  comijel  tho  abandonment  of  the  siesj^'o  of  He- 
inedios,  Torres  for  some  reason  failed  to  take  this 
view,  and  insisted  that  the  only  way  to  relieve  tho 
fortress,  as  his  main  duty,  was  to  attack  tho  besieg- 
ers, ^lina  n'monsti'atcd  that  the  relative  strength, 
character,  and  position  of  tho  contending  forces  for- 
bade su(.-h  a  movement;  whereupon  the  other  went 
so  far  as  to  forbid  his  subordinates  from  ioinin'j;  with 
their  best  troo[)S  in  iiuy  enterprise  beyond  the  one  in- 
dicated.     One  I'esult  of  this  injudicious  deterioration 

*'-Thirty-ono  iiiou  captured  with  tlio  haciomla  Bizcocho,  soon  after  tho  fall 
of  Soiulncro,  ami  two  oiiiou'.s,  taken  at  S.  LiiU  do  la  I'az. 

* '  The  fonner  \va.s  attacked  Sept.  lOtli,  with  from  l.'JOOto  l,i)00  men,  it  is 
claimed  by  royalists.  Gaz.  i/i'  Max.,  1817,  viii.  1035-7;  the  latter  on  the  10i.h, 
with  u  loss  of  -20  killed.    Id.,  1073-1. 


ATTACK  (,)\  cUANAirATO. 


070 


ofMiiiii'^:;  foi'Ci's  was  <(»  ("tialilc  ( )i  raiitia,  v/Iid  liad  liccu 
.sriil  t(t  (»[)('rati'  against  lilni  with  al>oiii  'joo  incii,  to 
<''aiu  a,  (•••iiiparativc'lv  i-asv  xictorv  in  tlic  opm  licld 
at  La  ( ';ij;i  ovit  liis  Koincwliat  larL;'rr  army,  and  to 
j;i'catly    dissipate    tlio    awe    inspired    l»y    liis    lormci" 

UC-irU'Vl'MR'nts.'" 

L<.'avin,L?  ordoi-s  (or  liis  nicii  to  i-ciniitc  at  tlic  sainc^ 
]ila('(',  Mina  proceeded  to  conler  witli  tlie  coiuieil  of 
Jauiilla.  TIk'V  ulso  ol)iec't('d  to  an  attack  on  (Juana- 
juato,  and  reroninieiided  that  h(!  should  summon  the 
remnant  of  his  ori^'inal  hand,  and  seek  the  south- 
v.estern  disti'iets  of  3Iic-hoaean,  where  he  woujil  ha\e 
li.'lli  meansand  leisure  to  orL^'anizi' troops  for  an  cllee- 
ti\e  eampai^'n.  ^[ina  insisted,  however,  that  lie  was 
liound  to  relie\e  jjos  l-Jeniedios.  1  [(>  Went,  hai'lc  to 
]^a  ( "aja,  and  thence  at  the  head  of  1, 100  men  marclie(l 
on  (Juanajuato.  So  sudden  and  <piiet  had  ix-cn  his 
advance,  that  ho  ])cnetrated  far  into  the  town  toward 
midnight  on  October  24th,  before  the  gariison  was 
nMpi'isc'd.  The  latter,  commanded  l)y  the  determined 
Jjinares,  thou  ()[»ened  a  j^'alhiiL;'  lire  on  the  intruders, 
with  the  usual  eliect  of  causiii;^-  the  j'oremost  tt>  fall 
l)ack  and  throw  the  rest  into  disorder.  ]\lina  ilew 
i'rom  street  to  street  to  rally  them;  but  example, 
exhortation,  and  threats  were  alike  in  \ain.  He 
i'ound  himself  surrounded  bv  military  mol)s  payiu"'' 
no  attention  to  his  orders.  One  or  two  tlank  move- 
uients,  supported  by  a  determined  sally,  enabled  the 


o'arrisou  to  (lri\e  them  from  the  town, 


4."> 


]b 


ad   you 


^'This  battle  took  jiliii'o  at  the  Iiacidula  ilc  la  ("aja,  three  Ira-.'urs  from 
Ira]n;ato,  ou  Oct.  1  Itli.  Tlin  iiuiiii  i-anso  for  tlic  defeat  i.s  asc'iilieil  to  an  at- 
tack I'V  ii  royalist  (Ictachiiient  on  tlic  liacieinla.  wliei'c  tiic  woiiieii  who  usually 
ciiciinii)cr  Mexican  aiiiii<!i  were  al)iiling.  Their  .shrieks  and  disonler  ereated 
a  jiaiiic  which  led  to  .a  geiicr.il  ilijlit.  Miiia  eat  his  way  tlirou.:li  Oirantia'.s 
lines  with  only  'J.'iO  nu  n,  the  latter  not  ilarinij  to  juir.sue.  lf(^  ]ilaces  liis  foreo 
at  1,(KH)  horsemen  ami  liis  loss  at  li.'i,  allowing;  the  enemy '.lUO  nun.  IliiMa- 
iiiaiifr,  Ciiiiil.  ///.^■^,  iv.  lliO-IJ.  In  'J'orri'ii/i\  j/'xi.  J,'i  r,,  ii.  ;js(i,  the  numl)er.< 
ure  given  at  1  ..lOO  and  .s:!(i  resruetively,  following  Orrautia's  report  in  <.'(i::. 
df  J/('.e.,  1817,  viii.  1171-4. 

*'■'  Lieeaga,  Adic.  y  I'li'tific,  297  et  seq.,  adds  some  interesting  details  from 
lii-i  own  experiences  on  that  occasion,  to  suiiplement  the  accounts  in  Jinhiii^on 
and  others.  Liceaga,  who  was  shot  in  the  arm,  received  a  colonelcy  for  Ida 
energy. 


GSO 


Mi\.\>  i;x!i;I);tiox. 


(luiir  y-iw  duly,"'  »'\('l;iiiiii'(l  tlic  cxn.-iu  ralcd  i^ciicimI 
tn  his  ollicc'i's,  "  tlic  i.n'ii  wdiiKl  lm\c  dtdif  theirs,  ami 

(JUMPajliat:)   would    ha\c    hrtli    dill's."        Ill'    thtTrlllinli 

(Hsini-scd  thi'ia  with  a  i-iiisiiic  lothi'jr  icspcctivt'  dis- 
ti'itts,  (HI  micii'illa  »hity,  and  rod*.,-  awav  with  ahoiit  a 
liuii(h'('d  ri)l!(>wrrs. 

JIc  i('(|iiir('d  ri'sl.  and  (•oii>ultati(tii  licCorc  dccichn'^' 
on  i'iit,ui'i'  nioxcnicnts,  and  w  iUnh'cw  to  tlic  raiicho  (Kl 
A'c;ia(hlo,  hi'lon^iiiL;'  to  a  devoted  i'e\oltitioiii-.t  and 
iVieiid  named  Mariano  I  Ici'i'era."'  I'ln'^ueis  were  he- 
lieved  to  he  I'ar  away,  and  so  Mina  I't  once,  al'tiii 
loii^'  intei'N'ah  ahandoned  hiinseU"  to  ii'jiose  within  th  • 
lioiise,  instead  oC  staying'  as  usual  with  ids  men.  li, 
so  hajipeiied  that  this  vry  day  the  wateliinl  <  )iiaiiti,i 
came  hy  aeeith'ilt  to  Sllao,  twenty  miles  oil',  secKiii;.^' 
lor  traees  ot"  the  n'eliefal,  and  tliel'e  reeeiwd  tln'  d'- 
sii'ed  information.'*'  Tired  as  he  was,  Orrantia  ])Uslied 
onwai'd  dui'iii!4'  the  iiinht,  and  with  the  ur>t  streaks  oi' 
li^'ht  on  tlie  inorninn-  oTOetohei-  'IJili  \iv  rushed  Uiion 
the  lai'in.  The  startled  sentries  o-ave  one  shout  o[' 
alarm  and  turned  in  lli^ht,  and  the  rest  hurried  alU'!' 
tlu'iu  as  hest  they  could,  many  hcinn'  overtaken  an  I 
killed,  inchidiii<^'  Aforeiio,  lati'ly  commandant  of  Som- 
brero.''    The  noise  roused  ^Lina,  who  rushed  out  half 


dross 

The 

T 

Were 
oceUl 
oth. 
()ir;i 
lar 
mot : 
A|»o( 
.Alin 
an  a: 
)di 
Li.ia 
tioiis 

sufl'  1 
])|.)^it 
"  I  si 
than 
declii 


"'A  liiiiii  who  li;i(l  siir.LTiMl  groiitly  at  royalUt  liaiids  fur  liis  caiisc,  i;i  r.iv- 
agi'il  lamls,  liiinicil  liuiUliiigs,  cxtortoil  raiisoiiis,  vU:.  Ilr  now  livi'l  in 
iHsiniiccl  pDVi'ity  (Jii  lii.s  laiicln). 

''  i'"rniii  tliu  (.'.lira,  says  lloliiu.soii,  but  vwv  zeal"in  in  ixlialf  of  the  ilutli. 
Bustaiiiaiito,  t'ltdil.  J/lfl.,  iv.  ,"):i;>-4,  I'Xiilaiiis  that  a  lanuhoro  iiaincMl  L'iia^'oya 
gavi!  llio  iiit'(iiiii;itii)ii. 

^'On'aiitia  cslimiitcH  tlic  party  at  a  rnund  'J(M),  nf  w'.iirh  lu'arly  hulf  wcic 
killc'il,  il.')  liciii;^'  (.Mptiiivcl  ami  .■^Imt.  (iic.  ilc  M(.i\,  1SI7,  viii.  1:211-1.  Jlcv- 
i'(M-a  was  also  takuii,  Imt  c.-icainil  cxucatinii  l)y  feigning  inailni,'ss,  a  ili'L'i;;)tii)ii 
luaintaincil  till  Ksl'I,  wIr'm  he  joimil  the>  \  icioi-iou.s  rt'puMii-ans.  According 
to  Jinliiuson,  .Mina  ln'ought  only  ahout  70  niun,  jft  they  nii^li*  havcniailua 
stand  had  tin'V  (.'hosun.  'J'lic  (•ai>tnr  did  nut  I'ocogni/t'  hi-<  jiri.'.i!  till  he  an- 
iiiiniK-cd  himself.  It  is  I'olatcil  that  (_)nantia  sjioke  insolently,  calling  Idni 
a  tiaitoi',  etc.,  and  Mina  leidying  in  no  cohi|i!inientaiy  tiTuis  nliout  the  king, 
lie  struck  him  with  the  tiat  of  his  sword.  '  It  is  sad  to  he  a  jirisoner,  l.ut  sad- 
der still  to  he  in  the  iiands  of  (^ni'  u  ho  fails  to  i-esp,!ct  himself  as  ;i  soldier  an  1 
a  S[)aui.iM!,' said  .Mina.  Alaman,  ///-/.  .1/  /.,  v.  ap.  102-li,  afterward  corrects 
this  story  at  tlii^  re(|Ucst  of  Orrantia,  who  <lcclare.s  that  he  .struck  him  si'.nply 
because  he  continued  toal)Use  the  king  after  being'  warned.  He  .said  uoiiiia.,' 
on  being  struck.  Z  tinwois.  Il'ai.  JliJ..  x.  ISTO--.  Orrantia  also  tlenies  t!u,t 
Moreno  s  head  was  carried  in  triumpii  on  a  pike. 


(I  IV 


Were 


ii:i(i 


TIIK  CM' 


;ii'iiic(i 


:i:  AT  vMXAniTO. 


osi 


iiily  Id   li 
.1  i;i(ii;it'iit.  :i  tlr;(L;''ii,ii  IkkI 


IllIllSI 


111'-. 


I  lews 


■V 


)Vrua   l';il)Hll\ 


mill 


--(■1/a'iI 

iV'iiii 


liiiii. 


M 


I'Mci)    iil'Icl'S 


Tk'd 


■III    llll'(HlL;ll()Ut    tin;    ciiuiltrv   to    cclcln';!!!'    ill 


occuirciicc  witii  iiii''inu'  u 


r  l.rlU 


\l>ll('\' 


li!;i- 


:ili(l 


otiiii'  flrinoiistralioiis,  in  niaiiilrsljitioii  i>i'  dtli'^'Iit. 
(  )ri'aiil  :a  was  rcwai'dt'd  wllli  a  (■(iloiiclcy  in  tli"  regu- 
lar ai'iiiy:  tile  caiitiir  ii'ccivt'd  iiHinry  as  well  ;i>  |iri>- 
liiDt  iMii/'aiid  ilic  kiii,i;'  ti'siilii'd  liis  dfli^lit  l)ydlll)l)i^^• 
A|);'daiM  fundi'  del  \'cna(llti>.  al'trr  tlu'  |>l.icc  wlici'i; 
.Miiia  was  caiitui'cd,  a  titi<'  v.  iiidi  soon  ln'raiiir  to  hini 


an 


!i:ii i\in'''  nicloianic  anion''' 


tin 


M 


(•Means. 


.Mina    was   conductfd   in    ti'iuin|>li    to    llir  cani]*  of 
iaan,  v.lirrc  llic  olljcrrs  cndcuvori'd  1)V  llicir  attm- 


1 

lions  to  coinhcnsalc;  I'oi'  till'  indi^'iiitics  he  liad   ■ 
suti'i'rd  anion'''  tlii'ni.      b'or  thcrr  liad  l)ccn   th 


jiM>it  Ion  ol   .sliac 


'klrs.  in  alhision  to  whicji    M 


ma 


lar 
inl- 
aid : 


i 


Inivldrr  nioiv  to  oIisi'Iac  >o   l)arl)ari)us   a   i-aslo;.i 


t  Iian  to  sa:iniit  to  it. 


W 


itli   iiraisL'Woi'tliv  si)iiil  ho 


ik'cliiK'd  to  )nakt'  anv  revelations."'     The   v 


/I' 

ieeloV   l'< 


urur 


(  Y'l'vanti's  of  Xiicvo  Saiiti 


uidi  r,  rc.'i  ivoi 


1  th 


i\\M  IHlilR'V 


ol)l,-iiiir(i  a  Lii'iiiTal  liaii''!.' 


1 1  I..; 


lailLie,  mill  a  corporiucy 


'I'll 


itlHT 


d'tiz.  ill-  Mix.,  is  is, 


i:u. 


\iiil  uavo  aililitioual  iinimlso  to  liis  ri'i|iu-.t  fur  a  el 


j;railtr( 
with  <>■■ 


'1 
Jlii-^faiiiftiitr,  Ctiui/.  Ili^l,,  IV.  41." 


I'ur  I 


liaiigi,',  wiiirii  Mas  imt 


irst  iii'w.s  ( 


f   t 


!•;  raiitiiri'. 


•tf.,  SCO  <l'i- 


ilr  Ml,:,  ISl 


Hill,  I'-'io  I-.'. 


'Sill  halii  r  ((Ui'iido  IwKiTi'hisoalituiia  du  lovcl; 


iciou,  Hays 


T, 


ft; 


!U,  althoiiu'li  liu.stamaiito  ililiaiatL'S  that  ho  aiiswcriil  tfitaiii  iiU's 


tl.HIS 


!•■  Ilia  1 1(1  it  a  haliittii  destroy  luttur.s,  UccjiiiiL;tlu,'  iuhiniiatioii  ia  cijiiiei'. 
\  vt  in;  is  Haiil  to  have  written  a  letter  to  l^iiiaii,  (h'clariii^'  that  if  Koiiii.'liiiiiM  lio 
seeiueil  a  less  true  Spaiiianl,  it  was  an  error,  lliat  tlu;  e\ist<iieo  of  the  rejml)- 


leaii  jiarty  iiuaut  rum  to  the  eouiitry,  ami  oIleriiiLC,  it  hislit'e  were  proloii 


I  !,'ive  ailvie 


tol    til 


//;/.  /,'. 


//; 


■I  •-•;!. 


■;pueily  paeilieatmn  of  t!ic  provinces.     <-'op,v  in 


.1/.  .i,/i 


I 


oiiinsoii,  II. 


1  I !)-•_'!),  refuses  to   lielievo   it 


autiii'iitie,  mill  ilcclares 
iMihv.ain,  at  Los  Uemeil 


tluit 


jte  about  tiiis  time  a  letter  to  hi 


s  coinrailo 


OS.  exhortinji  iiini  to  pursue  a  eourse  inarhed  hy  honor 
ami  eonsisieiiev.      Ilustainante,  Ciinil.    ///.>/.,  i    .  445  (i    insists,  iiowever,  that 


he  has  sut^n  tlie  a,utoL;rap!i  lette 


il  adds,  that  aeti 


le  viei'i'ov  for  iiistriietioiis  whether  to  spare  Miuaornot. 


tl 

the  olh 


ir4Upon  it  Lilian  u  rote  to 


r  ot  aih  lee  valuele. 


and  ordired  ids  exeeiitiou. 


M 


Ap. 


dei'lared 


ma  eertaiiilv  was 


lewhat  disLfUsted  with  the  revolutionists  as  he  had  fouiiil  them,  and  Spani^ll 


;.).),  anioni'  otiiei 


^et 


lu'ido  was  sti'ciiig;  so  argiU's  Ward,  M<.c.,  i. 
know  tli.it  tlio  authorities  inado  it  a  rule  to  issue  declarations  oxir  tin'  iiaiiio 
of  aliiKist  every  prominent  captive,  many  of  vhichare  admitted  t"  lpe(|oii)it- 
ful  or  spurious;  and  we  have  royalist  lestiiiiony  to  the  fact  that  Mina  refused 
to  make  any  revelations.  A  iiumher  <jf  men  at  Los  Kemedios  oli'ered  to  at- 
tempt a  rescue,  hut  Torres  oiijccted  to  it  as  a  waste  of  life,   lluhhisijit,  ii.  l;53; 


iKiuta  Ck'ii.,  a. 


1U4. 


.f: 


682 


MINA'S  EXPEDITIOX. 


peated  the  order  for  his  execution,  and  with  a  view  to 
make  an  inipi-es.sion  on  the  garrison  of  Los  lleniedi  )s, 
tlie  coniniandino-  hill  of  Bellaco  was  selected  for  the 
scene.  As  he  was  led  forth  on  the  afternoon  of  No- 
vember 1  Ith,  a  hush  fell  upon  the  battle,  and  the  com- 
batants turned  to  gaze  in  mute  sympathy,  one  side 
upon  a  champion  and  martyr,  the  other  upon  an  he- 
roic countryman.  "Do  not  let  me  suifer,"  said  Mina, 
with  resigned  tranquillity,  as  he  turned  his  back  to 
receive  the  whizzinir  bullets.''' 


i 


And  so  closed  a  brief  though  brilliant  career. 
Mina's  o^enius  is  reflected  in  the  tlarinu*  natui'o  of  his 
undertaking,  with  its  victories  over  the  armies  led  bv 
Armihan,  Ordonez,  and  Castanon,  and  in  nobility  of 
minil  he  shines  conspicuously  by  the  side  of  men  like 
Nicolas  Bravo,  to  relieve  with  bright  humanity  a 
blood-stained  period,^  With  a  few  more  followers 
such  OS  he  brouo'ht,  the  invasion  might  have  achieved 
succes^s,  by  a  prompt  advance  against  the  yet  scattered 
royalists,  and  by  threatening  Mexico  itself;  thus  giv- 
ing time  for  a  more  effective  coo[)eration,  i)erliaps  for 
a  wide  uprising.'*  He  certainly  came  at  an  unfortu- 
nate moment,  when  the  overthrow  of  Teran,  Victoria, 
and  other  leaders  had  dampened  the  ardor  of  revolu- 
l.ionists,  confined  their  struggle  to  narrow  limits, 
clos'njx  the  gates  against  foreign  connnunication,  and 
left  royalist  armies  at  liberty  to  combine  in  large  force. 
Unacquainted  with  the  country  and  the  people,  and 

*'-  After  examination  by  numerous  witnesses  to  place  the  decil  beyond  dis- 
pute, the  body  was  buried  in  the  field  near  by.  For  testimony,  see  Unz.  dii 
Mcx.,  1817,  viii.  1334-0.  Later  it  was  placed  by  the  side  of  Hiilulgo  and  other 
heroes,  in  the  pantheon  at  Mexico.  Bnstamantc  describes  the  ecremoi)'''-. 
Cnud.  lliM.,  iv.  407-00.  By  decree  of  July  19,  I823,  Mina  and  Moreno  ■"•i 
declared  beneuiiJritos  with  Hidalgo,  etc.    ilex.,  Col.  l)c<'.  y  <Jnl.,  ii.  I.IO. 

"  True,  ho  yielded  for  a  moment  at  Bizcoeho  to  clamoring  followers  and 
deep  sorrow;  and  the  seizure  of  property  at  Jaral  was  regrettable,  in  the  man- 
ner rather  than  the  net. 

^*  Robinson,  ii.  1'28,  14.3,  thinks  that  with  1,000  foreigners  he  might  have 
done  as  ho  pleased;  or  had  Torres  proved  loyal,  all  might  have  gone  well. 
Alaman  admits  that  '2,000  invaders  eould  have  achieved  their  aim.  American 
merchants  gave  far  less  aid  than  the  English.  The  delay  at  Soto  la  Marina 
Was  unwise,  and  sonic  think  Mina  should  have  taken  all  his  f  '\f    along. 


THE  INVASION  A  FAILURE. 


CSS 


without  plans,  Mina  had  moreover  to  strugi^lc  with 
the  dithderice  growing  out  of  a  comparison  between 
his  sniaH  party  and  the  imposing  armies  of  a  rich 
government. 

He  also  suffered  from  lack  of  discipline  among  the 
Mexicans,  and  from  being  subjected  to  a  jealousy  and 
distrust,  due  greatly  to  his  character  as  a  Spaniard, 
The  revolutionists  were  divided  with  recjard  to  his  true 
intention;  but  there  is  no  doubt  that,  while  he  may 
secretly  have  desired  to  maintain  the  connection  be- 
tween the  mother  country'- and  the  colonies,  he  worked 
faithiully  for  the  independence.^^  Whether  the  time 
was  ri[ie  or  not,  Mina  evidently  failed  to  strike  the 
key-note;  yet  his  efforts  were  by  no  means  in  vain, 
for  they  served  to  expose  the  weakness  of  the  govei'ii- 
nient,  and  demonstrate  what  a  band  of  determined  men 
might  accomplish.  They  served  also  to  sustain  the  rev 
olutionary  spirit,  and  pave  the  way  for  emancipation. 


513 


All  this  time  the  siege  of  Fort  Los  Remedios  contin- 
ued without  interruption,  varied  alone  by  two  brilliant 

'■' His  utterances  to  Spanish  soldiers  in  favor  of  the  constitution  of  ISI'2 
can  bo  counted  only  as  ell'orts  to  pt'omotc  the  cause.  When  otl'ered  the  niili- 
tary  coniniand  in  New  Spain,  before  liis  ilight  from  Spain,  ho  is  said  to  have 
letiised  it  partly  on  tlie  ground  that  it  Wiis  iiupo-isilile  and  inadvisable  to  sub- 
jii'^ato  the  country,  as  Mcndiljil,  licsumcn  Uhit.,  31(i-l7,  also  points  out. 
IT'S  different  proclamations  arc  clearly  enough  lor  independence,  and  ho 
lands  under  'Aw  title  of  a  general  of  the  Mexican  republic.  Liccaga,  Ad'ir.  y 
11  -lijic..  'M(i-2,  is  ready  to  accept  him,  with  Alanian,  HiM.  Mi}.,  iv.  (WS,  as 
a  chi  mpion  of  independence;  Torrentc,  HUt..  I'cv.,  ii.  3()8,  .S9+-.J,  stamps  him 
!\s  a  reptd>lican  who  seeks  to  'arrel'atar  de  las  nianos  de  su  Soberano  i  Senor 
los  doniinios,'  etc.,  and  15az  so  receives  him,  Gullo  Ilombrc.t  Ilitxtrcn.,  iv. 
'J' si-U'Jo;  and  Robinson  never  questions  his  motives.  Yet  IJustnmanto  assumes 
him  to  be  a  Spaniard  at  heart,  intent  only  on  reestablishiu'.;  tlio  constitution 
of  ISl'J,  and  is  tlierefore  glad  that  he  failed.  'Yo  teugo  para  mi  (pie  fue  una 
cN'traordinaria  provideneia  del  eiclo  que  no  lograra  su  empresa.'  L'nail.  llixt., 
iv.  4."i.").  Ward,  Mcc,  i.  •J.')(j-7,  sides  rather  with  Jiu.-(tani;uitc.  Americans 
would  no  doubt  accept  tlie  enrolment  of  troops,  mainly  in  the  United  States, 
as  an  argument  that  Mina  aimed  at  a  separate  repnltlie.  JIc  In-ndy  re- 
jected the  tempting  oiler  to  l)egin  with  freebooter  schcnicH  at  Tensaeola. 

'"^  Despite  his  jirejudioes,  IJustamantc  accords  glowing  tribute  to  Mina,  as 
rivalling  Napoleon  in  glory  Ahltim,  \.',"!.  Alaman,  ///v^  J/(|/.,  i v.  (ivJH,  re- 
fers to  this  episode  '.v.',  the  "i.ias  brilhuitc'  of  the  I'cvolution;  'as  full  of  lustro 
as  ariy  of  the  same  duration,' add-i  I'l'.jir.sou,  Mt:)ii.  Mr.c.  h\r.,  ii.  I'JO-T.  If 
Bome  con<lemn  the  undertaking  as  ras'i,  tiicy  must  consider  tliat  Mina  s'arted 
it  while  'i'eran,  Victoria,  and  others  still  iloui'ished.  Whcu  he  heard  of 
their  downfall,  it  was  too  la  o  to  recede.  Torrentc,  ///V.  h'<r.,  ii.  .'!!•.'),  esti- 
mates the  cost  of  till  expedition  at  over  §2,000,000,  expended  on  I  l,OUO  uui- 
foniis,  !J,UOO  tirc-arius,  30  c.umun,  etc.,  but  the  figures  arc  very  duibtful. 


684 


MIXA'S  EXPEDITION. 


sallies  and  disastrous  assaults/'"  ]\Iina  had  so  cffeet- 
ually  harassed  the  royalists  as  to  reduce  them  to 
^"I'eat  stress  both  for  food  and  ammunition,  hut  after 
his  ea[)ture  I'eenforcements  as  well  as  sujjplies  eanic 
llowing  in,  and  the  batteries  soon  made  sad  havoc  with 
the  exterior  works  of  the  fortress,'''*  raking  also  a  vast 
extent  of  ground.  All  this,  however,  would  not  have 
availed  much  against  a  place  so  well  manned  and  pro- 
visioned, at  least  for  some  time  longer,  had  not  the 
anununition  beuun  to  I'ail.  The  ol)]-  ct  of  the  last 
sally  had  been  to  supply  the  defi  lei!»  ■'  and  this  fail- 
iiio',  it  was  resolved  to  evacuate  t^  >•  stv'  ^holdon  the 
night  of  January  1 ,  1818,  by  tiie  htlifult  patliway 
ironi  the  Panzacola,  but  the  least  guarded  and  there- 
fore the  only  available  exit.  As  at  Sombrero,  the 
men  chivalrously  encumbered  themselves  with  the 
women  and  children,  who  woultl  probably  meet  v.ith 
no  worse  fate  than  lenient  imprisonment  if  they  re- 
mained behind,  l)ut  the  sick  and  wt)un(led  were  aljan- 
doned  to  the  well  known  mercies  of  a  ruthless  foe. 

Unfortunately,  the  mistake  had  been  made  to  stop 
the  usual  call  of  the  sentinels,  and  this  intended  pre- 
caution served  only  to  apprise  the  royalist,  that  iiight 
was  intended.  Hence,  before  half  the  garrisitii  Jiad 
passed  the  gate  the  movement  was  discovered,  ai^'l  in 
a  twinkli')L>',  the  si<>'nal  beinuj  uiven,  beacons  ')!.•>/.<(!  'i]) 
along  the  passes  and  hillto])s,  illuminating  i'je  xholu 
route.  And  now  were  repeated  the  terrible  sr- .\  . 
presented  at  Sombrero,  of  scattering  fugitives  seeking 
the  dark  rece.-^ses  of  the  woods  ami  gidches;  of  a  ])anii- 
stricken  throng  at  the  ravine  pass,  struggling  in  chilcr- 
cnt  directions,  some  to  escape  the  onslaught  of  the 

^' The  former  curly  ii\  Oct.  ami  ut  close  of  Dec,  against  the  Tigrc  battery, 
wliicli  had  opened  a  lirpiich  in  the  l)rca.st\v(n'kH  of  Santa  llosali.i  On  the  first 
(iciasion  enptains  Crocker  and  Kanisiy  carried  tlie  hattcry  v,  -  ';  '.i.")()  men, 
and  destroyed  it,  tlie  det'enderH  l)elieving  that  Mina  was  v.  c  t'tiii.  'J'he 
second  sally  was  only  partially  suceessl'nl,  for  tlie  ).<attery  had  i  ■  tiiinj;iy 
rcconstnicted.  Tiie  assaults  in  the  ndddle  of  Sept.  imd  Nov.  «...  icpni^'l 
vitli  heavy  loss,  i^specially  on  the  latter  occasion,  when  nearly  -VM  royalists 
wei'e  killeil  or  wounded. 

'"  .Vtleniiits  had  also  been  made  to  uudcr;iiiao  tlio  chief  bastion,  but  so  uii- 
ekilfuUy  a;i  to  be  of  no  avail. 


R? 


FALL  OF  LOS  REMEDIOS. 


fiSj 


soldiers,  gatliorinjjj  witli  sword  and  pike  and  ninsl^i-t; 
otliL-rs  to  avoid  bciiij^  pushed  headlong  over  the  jireci- 
piee,  already  red  with  gore,  and  resounding  Vvith  the 
groans  of  the  bruised  and  dving.  Large  numbers 
grasj)ed  at  temporary  relief  within  the  ibrtress,  oidy 
to  lind  it  entered  i'roni  the  rear,  while  tlani'^'s  l)urst 
fortli  in  every  direetinn,  enfolding  also  the  lios})ital, 
and  i-oastinsj:  alive  the  inmates,  a  few  crawlii  _  forth  to 
liU'et  a  speediei'  death  on  royalist  bayonets.  And  so 
the  sliiughter  and  the  luuit  eontinued  throughout  the 
niLiht,  till  mornin<>'  came  to  add  fresh  zest.  Toi'res  e.s- 
ci\\)cd  with  only  a  handfu.l,  his  traek  marked  by  bodies 
of  the  slain,  which  by  this  time  had  swollen  to  about  ^)0{). 
Over  400  })risoners  had  been  taken,  besich-s  as  many 
women  and  a  host  of  ehihh'en;  but  in  this  instance  the 
e.\.am[)le  set  by  ^[ina  succeeded  in  exem[)ting  at  least 
tlu;  rank  and  tile'  Ironi  the  death  awarded  to  tlie  chiefs. 
They  were  consigned  to  ]).Iescala  jnvsidio;  the  women 
were  sent  home,  with  lieads  ignominiously  ^h•lven,  to 
nurse  with  the  gr'owing  locks  a  deep  thirst  for  wii- 
goance.     The  bulwark  of  tiie  inde})endence  was  ra;';etl.  '•' 


knuvi 

Litul 


Aihoiil;  tin;  (.'xeuutcil  (■.•ii)tivi 
1 


Col  XdIidh  mill  l-ii>iit-'.;i'!i.  Mufii.', 


11  .'IS  tliii  ^'iiiinor,  tniiu  Ills  |i:oililci;tiiiii  tur  uiiu  U'li 


ly 


illcrv.     JK'hail 


.•[itL'tl  iianloii,  liut  u.is  iiUTil  liy  .Miiiii'n  taiiic  tii  join  tlio  o.uisc  ;il 


AriMSi)  WHS  1i:ivii!icli,'i1.      Lifiiiii  drives  a  list  of  l."i  lTUiis  takoi,  ami  soiiio  iiiatu- 


ri.il  lor  aiiniiiiiiitioii,  and  iiiaiii's  no  allusion  to  llio  si-iitini'l  call.     'I'liC  lm 


ill. 
p/MpLi-  liail  ilwmi 


Ik'il  t^ 


)  alioii 


t  l.U.l!)  null.      Dolails  in  (.'ir:.  il<-  .V. 


inisoii 
fsi.s,  i\. 


ICd   .Ml, 


Sue  also  jii'cufiliii^  parts  for  it'imrts  on  tlio  j 


iroi'i'css  <) 


f  tl 


itc,  //;.-'.  /,'. 


I   L 


;!»;;  I,  \>\ 


tliu  total  royalist  loss  at  171  killi'd  a;iil 


is  to  CON  or  it  l)y  pi 
garrison,  and  dwoliinixiii  tin'  strcn;.'tli  of  Los  IJoiiu'dii 


iraisini,'  tin;  valoi-  o 
'I'lio  lii'sit'L 


f  t!h 
forci 


qipfars  to  have  HwcUcd  to  fully  11,0  li)  iiii'ii.     liustaniantc,  Ci/'ul.  IHs'.,  i, 
;")0J,  states  that  '2'.)  incii  won.'  sent  to  .NK'sim' 


Jt  iliinson,  ii.  Kii 


(,  who  (|i  UK'S 


that  any  aminunitioii  was  left,  iiitimatcs  that  tliu  woiiu'ii  wtro  ()iitra'.,'(.'d.      A 


niliur  of  decorations  and  proniotious  were  giycii  to  the  victors,  with 


I's  to  a 


II  th 


S>'C  a 


Is;)  AV 


ll'IO.il)  I  il  II. 


'I'lii'  larliest  and  most  conr.ilete  a 


ISL'i)  I. 


r 
ly  an   Aiiienraii   liieiclian 


itot  Mi 


,  Oct.  1S17  to.lan.  ISIH,  jiassiui. 


t,  WiUi^iin   Davis   iti 
t  th 


na's  expedition  was  issn'.'d  i;i 


iimisim. 


I  fe  riislied  in  to 


)>;int  nuiinly  to  vi'iitilatc  his  ill-feeliii'^'  a'.'ainst  the  S|iaiiis!i  ;.,'iiveriinient  for 
liiiancial  wron^js  and  iinprisoiiuient  iullicted   upon  him.     'J'lio  former  e.iino 


ith  A 


niei'ica  sun 


o  I7!)!»,  the  lattc-  from 


froiu  iiiereantik;  o]ieratioiis  with  S 

joiiiiii',,'  in  the  eAi>edition  to(loa»icoaleo  in  IS  id,  under  Teran,  to  whom  he  sold 


1.1 


if   arms. 


F 


his  transaction  lu^  was  carried  to  Spain  a.  prisonei 


ill  the  spring  of  I  Mi),  v.liile  under  paiole, 


luit 


on   heai'in:. 


that  lie  was 


ahoiit  to  he  transported  to  the  dtiii'^'eons  <if  ( 'cuta.      I  le  modestly  cousi  ,'ns  his 
own  iidvcntiires  and   nllairs  to  an   introduction  and  an  appiinlix,  di'votin  ^ 


the  te\t  mainly  to  .Miu:i';;  evpeiliiiiai,  for  its  iuteresi  an 


1  tl 


ipt  l!lnsir,itl;):i 


it  alioids  to  L';;pijsij  Spanish  iii.jrulc  and  wcaliiic-id.     Tiie  story  ij  preceded  hy 


II 


C80 


MINA'S  EXPEDITIOX. 


a  review  of  the  colonial  iV'gitnc  anil  an  outline  of  opnntions  prior  to  1S17,  and 
followed  liy  a  special  cliapter  on  Spanisli  cruelty,  and  another  on  the  prolyl  ni 
of  interoceanic  coniniunication,  with  observations  on  trade  prospects,  tlio 
■wholo  pieasinf,dy  intcrs|icrscd  with  sk(aches  and  rellections  on  customs  and  in- 
stitutions in  New  Spain,  as  a  rule  favoral)!e  to  the  Creoles,  althoui^h  abusivo 
against  peninsular  connections.  The  accniint  is  woven  from  dill'ercut  material, 
tlic  story  of  Mina  being  drawn  from  the  journal  of  J.  A.  Urush,  who  accom- 
])anied  the  hero  from  Em^dand,  and  served  a  while  as  commissary -general. 
Itobinsou's  knowledge  of  the  lield  adds  value  to  his  work.  The  fresh  interest 
roused  by  Itui'liide's  levolution  extended  also  to  this  work,  issucl  at  I'hila- 
delphia  in  I8J0,  IVX>  pp.,  and  in  tiie  following  year  it  was  reprinted  at  Loudon 
in  two  volumes,  with  a  portrait  of  Mina.  Three  years  later  ap[)eared  a  Span- 
isli  translation,  somewliat  faulty,  and  with  suppression  of  many  facts  a  i  dis- 
agreeable and  needless.  ]5ustam;inte  makes  it  a  task  to  combat  and  correct 
many  of  Roljinson's  statements,  while  praising  his  al)ility  an<l  claiming  to  have 
furinslicil  most  of  his  information — see  Cuad.  Hint.,  iii.  .S77,  iv,  30(5-7 — and 
he  certainly  adds  many  new  points  from  ditlerent  sources,  toning  his  narrative 
somewhat  to  suit  his  conception  of  Mina  as  a  Spaniard  intent  mainly  on  restor- 
ing tlie  <'i)nstitution  of  ISl"-'.  Briefer  forms  of  his  versions  are  given  in  i'aco, 
Tn.<  Shjl-ri,  iv.  l.'kS-GO,  and  Mcmlibil,  llc^iimcn  Hi-it.,  I]lt-.".'].  I  have  l)eeii 
a!)le  to  throw  additional  liglit  with  aid  of  such  recent  collections  as  ]h  rnnn- 
fl'zy  J)aralo.i,  Col.  Dor.,  \\.  G47-948  ]iassiin,  contidning  among  other  piipers 
t!ie  testimony  of  Doctor  Mier  Ijeforo  the  inciuisition,  DecJamcion,  some' 'hat 
vaguo  and  distorted  by  fear,  yet  valuable;  and  I  have  found  interesting  de- 
taUs  in  J//'  /-,  Vid(t;  Mina,  Unce  L'.vlrarlo  da  (i  Vida,  Londres  1S"2.");  in  scat- 
tered documents  in  iS'oc.  Mc.v.  Geo;/.,  ep.  2,  iii.  l.'iO,  14o-G0;  Pnj).  Var.,  .xlii. 
pt  viii.,  cxlix.  ]it  vi.,  etc.,  and  I  have  made  a  clo.se  examination  of  royalist 
rc]iorts  in  Oaz.  do.  J/c.r.,  lS17dS,  and  other  sources.  Alamaii's  very  accept- 
able version,  /li-:f.  M<J.,  iv.  0-17  et  se<i.,  rests  on  Jiohiiinoii,  BustaiiKudc,  and 
tlio  (IdZitux,  and  he  is  closely  followcil  by  Zamacois,  Hist.  M<j.,  x.  '243  et  seep, 
v>ith  a  few  currectious,  ami  still  closer  liy  Arrangoiz,  M<j.,  i.  34.'>-OS,  M"iio 
nevertheless  adds  a  point  or  two.  The  article  iu  l>lrc.  Univ.,  v.  3S1-40.'),  is 
by  Alaman.  Liceaga.  Adic.  .'/  llcrtijic.,  •27.")-;'>07,  contributes  a  personal  stury 
of  the  raid  on  (luanajnato.  On  Itobinson  rest  mainly  the  accounts  in  Wnril'-i 
.V,:r.,  i.  •j;!,",-,-.<);  Yoini.f.-^  Jlisf.  .1/r.r.,  l-JO-O'.);  Kmnoli/'-i  7' .m.<,  •J!)l-30l),  ro- 
hiiiug  mainly  to  tlii^  stay  at  (laheston;  Gni/ort/'s  Hid.  2[<.r,-\'2,  etc.;  M<ii/r/3 
J/'..-.'  .\zlir.,  i.  '2'.)r>-7.  In  Zanda,  Ucv.  Mc.c.\  GS-73;  l!vvi.<ta  Chn.,  ii.  blO- 
70;  111  I' rami,  J/V.y.,  i.  S2-l(il,  351-73,  are  some  observations,  the  latter  show- 
ing little  regard  for  facts,  however.  Rivera,  Hi-it.  Jalap'i,  ii.  (J.")  et  sen., 
bases  his  account  mainly  on  roj'alist  reports,  while  favoring  the  re])nblic. 
Vi'^'neaux,  Sour.  Mr.v.,  4;>(!,  compares  Mina  to  Raousset  JJoulbou,  of  later 
Souora  fame.  In  Oullo,  Hondire-t  Itn.-itn:-),  iv.  '2S3-'d.'>,  is  a  eulogy  on  Mina; 
(J.'a.nirr'a  //  Ferrari,  (.'ondc  dil  Vcnadito,  1-lGO,  is  mainly  dcvotcil  to  him.  and 
his  story  has  been  specially  elaborated  for  youths  in  Mina,  IJioij.,  Paris,  bs7-', 
1-17").  l'"or  additional  authorities  on  this  and  four  prccediiiij  chapters,  seo 
Cnrtci,  Diario,  ISl.'i,  xviii.  433;  1S13,  xxi.  ITd;  1820,  ix.  lo;  1821,  ii.  2;  1821, 
xiii.  lo;  Ci'irivH,  J)i(irio  Conijrr.-io,  i.  10.");  Cortrti,  Act.  Ord.,  1S14,  i.  4."i3,  4.")7, 
4'J3-4,  4S9-1K);  ii.  1  1,  10,  2t',  !).">,  IGO,  187.  2110,  202,  331,  .34."),  3-1;),  ;r.3;  C'fu- 
hiiio,  MS.,  iv.  34,  38;  On-.,  d.-  Met:,  1S13,  iv.  SG.")-!»,  %l-3,  1082-4,  10S8, 
]01K)-1,  10!i;)-l  lO'?,  I,3."i0-1 ;  1814,  v.  passim;  1815,  vi.  passim;  ISIG,  vii.  passim; 
1817,  viii.  passim;  1818,  ix.  5!M34,  134,  257-Gl;  JI<  rnni'd.c.  y  Ddrnlas,  Col. 
Hoc,  i.  777-814,  v.  45-01,  1215-30,  1(57-75,  238-5:).  27.3-83,  2;i2-335,  ;'.7.")-(513, 
G.-iO,  (5(52-775,  810,  DIS,  vi.  20-100,  215-74,  31.3-414,  4G0-5I4,  529-SG2,  02.".- 
48,  1012-40;  Alaman,  HiM.  M<j.,  iii.  42.5-7,  5S0,  5S:!,  iv.  1-.30!),  328-500,  5:50- 
(538,  721-S,  ap.  11-17,  27-40,  4.5-7.  .52-8,  10(5-7.  v.  95S,  0(50;  nn.-ilamanto, 
Ciiad.  Hi^t.,  i.  40-5!,  103,  110,  325-7,  ii.  110,  240-58,  271,  288-05,  407-2S, 
iii.  3  87,  07  .309,  422-4,  iv.  23-4.  1(50-7,  171 -.502,  .5.33-4,  511-7,  v.  4,  21-;n, 
4'i-53;  /./.,  Lloqio  MorrloK,  S,  20-8:  Id.,  ('ampa,'ia.<i  df  ('(dlrjn.  0-13,  18,  21, 
Od,  1(5(5,  178,  supl.  1-18;/,/.,  Xotic.  Ilioif.,  18-10,22-4;/,'.,  Marti rolofio,  10- 
20;  /(/.,  Moa.  Hint.  Mi'X.,  MS.,  iii.  41-3;  Aidjn',  Hint.  Conip.  Jn.ms,  iii.  300- 


Bir.LIOGRArilY. 


687 


8;  Lhrwid,  ,!'/;■.  //  n'rHjic,  •2rA~?,(}';  Hrn-a,  Ili.<t.  J'lhiprt,  i.  -JOO-T.^,  .WI-'U, 
t,4i-'J,  .■)4S-.")1,  r)-!.';!);  Cttro,  Trm  SUih^.  iv.  lll-liii;  Tnrri  iiti\  ll<i\il.  //i^/). 
Am.,  i.  4;U-'J,  41.">-(i,  ii.  87-110,  l6()-'2()4,  'J7;{-!)4,  'M^,  .'iT-J  !),'!;  Mni'Ubil, 
/,'r.<t'i.;!i,i.  lli-f.,  jil]  .'!liO,  .■;!)7-4-J;;;  Carrh'iln,  K.4ii<l.  <i<ij.,  I  I -!,->,  'J.l-d,  L';)-;!!), 
ll.VK);  J:olj;„so,rs  M<.,:  J;,r.,  i.  Gt),  no  17,  140-:VJ0,  ii.  .'>-:-2,  77-!)-',  !)li-l-.U, 
mi-O,  l.-M  ()L';  Wdpi:.,  J/,..r,,  i.  17;!~4,  ISS,  l'Jl--2,  ID!),  liOo  T.  •J|-_'-14,  •JI7, 
'220,  222-r,,  •J:M-(;1,  Jipp.  r)0'J--'.j;  Xinn'tc,  Uhscrr.  Curia.  10;  Xilr^'  S.  Am. 
and  M(X.,  1  14-."),">;  yHii'  lie;/.,  v.  43(i,  viiii.  4;i(!,  ix.  pussiin,  x.  'JS(>,  :iS(i,  41.")- 
1(),  xi.  iKis^im,  xii.  ](as.>iin,  xiii.  jias.siiii,  xiv.  jiiissiiii,  xvi.  ■J;)7,  •iOli,  xi\.  ',i'M~ 


7;  Xi>/ir/(i,<o  (h'ii.,   Ks1')-1S,  jmssiin;  Abkiici  di'  ('hit., 


.Miini.% 


Ji[(.i:  /.iislniide.  tS-10;  Atir/n  a  lui  M(j.;  I'tn-z,  /'«■<?.  dd  Ohls/io,  1  47;  Jlndeiia 
y  M'UiiKdi,,  Mail,  de  In  L'cpn.'i.,  l-l-J;  Ctdciul.  Man.  0  (In'ia,  1814,  4!)  78, 
100-71,  17-'-'207:  Am.  Slate  I'ap.,  iv.  1,  4-J-_'-fi-J(;;  Cou'^l.  Ajialz.,  1-8S;  Aran. 

3"  y^-' 


Kh 


rop. 


J;i 


iiini,  Ii/ipni/ii.,  i.-vi.  r>l)-(j(i;  Ariz/ic,  Idea  (iiii.,  4-\0;  Arr'dkiija, 
June,  18;}0,  50-04,  '2'M-2;  Allitu,  Feb.  4,  IS;!0,  KSr)-(i;  liar.cra. 


nijiii  J^diicra.  j)iiH>iiii: 


lidi.  Aiiur.,  400-10;  Ikllr 


M< 


i.  82-8,  110-18, 


i:.0-01,  :{41- 


niu 


iJi'-Tiirsi  Vie.,  0  0;  /!oiiiiiims;li'.'<  Spin.  Am.,  47-i), 
5.5-0,  ()_';(,  SA-\')S;  Cfii/iioinlh'.-t  Max.,  1'2-14;  Condi r'.i  Jftx.  and  ditaf.,  llo, 
117,  1-4  (i;  liomiiKxh',  lll^t.  Mix.,  ii.  il-.W;  Bii^lamaidf,  Mmrh-  Murrlo-=, 
MS.,  1-4;  J)iario  Ikh.,  10  Cong,  ii.  "ir.O-;!;  Jh'riiilio,  lidvr.  J/cx-.,  .'id  pt,  470- 
O;!;  Diihlnn  >i  /.ir.rnio,  Loj.  J/cr.,  i.  4-J7-S,  4:!3-.">l ;  Jji^po.^.  Vnr.,  ii.  18-|;»,  ;|,"); 
L'M.  M'lij.  (drill.  Kj,  !•.,  !-'_';  E'Cidi'ra II  Liana,  M<J.  hl.-<l.-de<crip.,  10-1"J;  I'irri/, 

•lilt  I'Jf.,  Pn'rilo--'.  |);i.-slni;  I'lriiando  VII., 


nivoi.  Ml- 


J>o<- 


!l-'-14. 


100;   li'arlinp, 


07-1;. 

40;  FoK.tiij,  I.I'  Miy'iip, 


")02- 


IIUI.   Mr 


Ell  rnit  Me 


1-4;  Hud',,  Hoinh.  lln 


!)7 


•JJl- 


(,'ri'l(ii\i/\i  lli^l.  Mi'.r.,  4ll-l!;  (t'onxaliz,  Ili4.  Aaimsral,^  S'i-r-i;  //((•.■,<(/,  Mix: 


vnd  (I'liat.,  l; 
I'mhidr,  11 


t'.snda^  en 


Mc 


4:  111, 


Mr 


ii.  ;{s8-'.ll,  iv.  -Ji: 


hisrilo,  l-lO;  .ln/isro,  Xiili 


J9.  7--';  A' 


'///'.,•  7V 


!)l-,'iOO;  A'l  r'.-i  7'rari  li,  '200~'JS;  KoUmilanip,  Uiitddiai'iin'rjb  dKbimpf,  177, 


S.iO-0;  i.anriisirr  duncK,  Or.  Cir.,  o;  Lrdo,  Alocn 


1-8;  /.. 


Mix.,  4-'4-,1 
J/(.«;.,  /A 


'.?v7o 


Mi 


M.S.,  .v.);  ilA 


iiipricrr 


rrl 


CoiLflil.,  1814,  l-OS;  JA'.-'.,  Z>'o.sry 


ijiro,  JiOsqiK  /o    Iji'jrr. 


Xd'r 


HI  JO  . 


COi 


/.,  oS;  Mix.  Cut.  ])i 


y  Ord.,  H(l;  Sor..  Mor.  Cwj.  Bohl.,  2'^  ('■p.,  iii.  144A-(iO;  M,x.,  El  I'ini/  d,-  \. 
E<p.,  2~\  I,  18;  Mil  r  11  Trraii,  Sniunda  Mani/i'.it.,  1-1J7;  Miir,   I'ida,  .'J-IIl'; 


M.,d,ln  dr  ln<!  Crist.,  1-pJS:  .1/. 


i.'.c.  an 


d  Gnat.,  IIO-'JO;  Mi.ra,  Jl 


8_';!-4.  4;;0,  A\?,-\;  Mnsvo  M,x.,  ii.  121-;}1;  Vku-nrr 
I'cnadilo,  1-100;  ()ri~avi,  Ornrir:nria.>-,  41-lL*7;  <?'' 
Ii.,'inr,c-inn,  l-;t.">;  I'liin,  Aritni/a  Cir.,  2\-\\;  Pidr 


V  1'^ 


r.   Mr 
El  <  v 


'.,  IV. 

d,j  dii 


JJiKrnr>'0  Kolirr  I't, 
drurton,  8;  Mrndi:  dud. 


Carta  Ed i lie;  '1\ 


n. 


k'seinjano  a 


hi  nib.,  70.J-1S;  /', 


V 


r.,  Ixvi.  pt  ii. 


Clnmliini,  Car'n  Eiidrrai,  1-40;  Vindirac.  E-^rrilrirm,  -'-O;  Ex/io^i-.  'II, 
Cvrlr.i,  8;  Jliri/o.ifi  if  Jordan,  Citrhi  I'a.ilorad,  l-'JO;  Pi.arrn,  /!' ili xiom .i,  1-11 
Apnnlr.i  jiara  Hid.,  4-8;  I'ap.   Var.,  clviii.  pt  Ivi. ;   ilaticrrvz.  Due,  ,"i-l  1; 


Prdr 


iioii.  Caui 


i; 


170-88;   I' 
;  Qnart.   I 


y 


lido 

( 'oMiiio,  Hi 


p 


Di 


OrOif.,    i. 


:i-40,  iii.  Oll.-)-74, 


ii  nnr,  xvil. 


■•.4S-.-.:(;  Id. 


'It.,  \2-\r,,  18--J1),  'jn-:;!;  roiyn 


177-9;  I,'. 


Mrx.,    184.',   1.' 


Ciria  Pad.:  y,V  c.  Sp.  Ai 


il  4-2;  liiiL-i^la  dcnl.  Lit.  Mrj.,  ii.  i:,0- 


7>);  Ii'orlcirili'ii  Span,  ai 


il   Mix.   Li 


;0S-404;  ,S'r(,(.  Salrab 


iii.  i:i!i-7,  145-0,  l.")l,  1J7-S,  li) 


ur,  i^n-crip. 


VI. 


.pis'". 


Mr 


P'  rod.  Ml- 


214- 


■-',".0-40;  Snarc'^  y  Xararro,  lli-^t.  Mi.j.,  (i;   Tim 


■1,1 


\\iio<;  \'i;piean.i'.  Sour,  ,1/c.r. ,  4.'{0;  }'< 


'ip"i)ii  .< 
iini/'.i 


Ili-'t.  Mix.,   1U8-10,    114-17,  120-07;  Po^a  (L.  dc.  li),  Discnr.io.  l.-.-lf),  ;!1 ;  A7 


Libi: 


los  lliijii.i  Eirrilnr,  -I,  07-f^;  Milbr,  Prjlrxi 


1-8;   1' 


'/. 


Ili'<l.;  Minii/ii'slo  li  Todas  las  Xi 


M, 


ll(;-2.{.  101   4,  212,  2J:i 


141 


Jib  i.  l-().0,  pt  ii.  02-(i;  /^' 
2(i'.t  71,205  {i,:i\IS;Zara'a, 


,,  P 
M,. 


57.  (;s-7:],  74-110,  l!»4-5,  ;;r2-l7;  /'/"•.  Unlr.  Hist.  f;r»'/.,i.  741-5,  ii.  12ii-;iO, 
4.".i;-(i2,  v_;58l    lO;?,  viii.  085,  ix.  20-0,  :!1S,  741,  750-8l)J  847,  x.  luissini.  up.  i. 

,f,    Ilist,  Mix.,   ii.   72.'!,   vii.   x.  ]).'is.sini,  xi.  ;ill, 


.'0- 

:'.iio-!;  a, 

ll  Was.  ;i 
21SS.;A, 


■4.  42(1-7;  Za 


l!> 


ni'iroi 


X.  E 


l.'i7~S,  ;C.2-4,  401-2;  May<r.t  .!/. 


Ma>irr\i  Mrx.  A:t.,  i.  20l-;!00:  Intrrt'.  Pril.  (i 


>'-t. 


voj. 


Mi- 


il, 214-0;  J/ 


•njo 


M- 


il.i 
-11;  .\liiiirr'.i 

;;.;4,  ;u;j-os. 


/ 


CIIAPTEK  XXIX. 


PLAN'   Ul'  1(;UALA. 


]SI7-ls_'l. 


' 


CvPTfiiF.  OF  TN>trnnENT  ClIIF,^"s— Foiit  of  JAr.nr-i.A — Di>;rKr.sio\-  of  tiif 
■Irsrv  I'ardmn  A'cr.i'rr.D  uv  XrMKitoi.s  Lkahkus  —  A  l'i,i('v;i;uiNi: 
LiiWiT  -Ai  !Ai!;s  IN  Stain  — 'I'liK  Stanisii  CiiNSTiTriiuN  I'linci.  mmi;:) 
IN  Mr.xic.i  IJ.KcTKiN  oi'  Ukittik-; — TiiorunTs  m-  Indkti'.nuknck — 
rnitiiiiii-:    liKAi'i'KAUs— DivKKsiTV   iiK  Political   Oimmuns  — I'L'its  to 

()VLKTIll;ii\V      MIL     { 'liN'-TlTriKiN     -  IlT  K :'.!  1 M:     IN    CoM.MANli    -\Vr.LL-I)lS- 

{;ri.-.i.i)    J)i;.si(;Ns     -OvKiiTiUKS    tu    ( ;ri-,i;ui;i;o  "-IniiKj'K.ndk.nci:    Pko- 
CLAiMEu — TiiK  Plan  oi  Icji'ala — Measckls  of  tmk  Viokrov. 


Sov>N  after  the  iinfoi'tuiiate  ^liiia  liatl  met  liis  doatli 
ill  iVoiit  oi'  J^os  iteiiu'dios,  another  cHsaster  was  .sus- 
taiiietl    hv   the  I'cvoliitionists   at    the   famous  hill    of 


{)]  II  ii'i ». 


e 


repair 


Hravo  hatl  r('(>;('upi(.';l  tliai  stroiiL^iioM,  an;l 

till!  (h'ti'iicfs,   had   hojird    to    maintain    his 

position.      At  first  his  uiioi'ts  wcro  sueeL'ssful,  and  two 

Igiiacio 
I  scNci'e 


assaults,  coiKhlftiul   ]vsjn'cti\"('ly    hy   coloiie 


31 


ora  aiu 


I  d 


( )SC 


] 


larrauas,  were  reimlsei 


I  witl 


loss  t:)  IIk'  I'ovalists.  Coloiud  Mar(|ue;',  _v  I  )onal!o  was 
then  x'lit  (roin  ]\rL'\ico  with  an  overwhclmiiiu;-  lorci', 
accompanied    hv    Itamon     ]Ja\'on,    whose    tlioroU'>'h 


I 


cnowle( 


;e   o 


r  the  Lii'tiuiid   Would   be  of  ''I'l'at  service 


t;)  till'  ht'sieu'er: 


^r 


hlace  was  now  c 


losel 


y  in\-('<te(l 


In  vain  (luerrero  tried  to  throw  in  sunnlies.      J 


liet 


o 


ope/,  Willie 


em 


V 
aL!'ed  in  such  an   altemiit,  w. 


ca[)tnred  with  all  his  train;  and  this  true  jiatriot.  who  i;; 
one  of  the  darkest  hours  of  the  cause  had  ulveii  it  le- 


lieWiM 


Mi 


hv  JUS  NK'i orv  o\'er  l one  a 


it  Zit 


iciiai-o,  wa 


shot  hy  order  of  the  \  iceroy.      <.)n  the  1st  of  J  )t'ee  :i- 
ber,  18 1  7,  the  place  was  carried  l)y  assault,  many  of  th 


IXSURCENT  DISASTERS. 


cso 


besIoq;o(.l  being  slain,  or  i)crisliing  in  tlu'ir  attoni[)t  to 
e.sca[)o  clown  thu  precipici'.  Jjiavo,  thongli  (li'radiuUv' 
bruised  in  the  descent,  managed  to  conceal  Linisell", 
and  eventually  n)ade  bis  way  to  ]Iui''tanio.* 

Further  calamities  now  ra[iidly  followed,  and  a  tide 
tif  adversity  overwhelmed  the  r^nmant  lel't  ol'  the  first 
great  leadeis  of  the  cause.  Ignacio  llayon,  persecuted 
l)y  the  present  junta,  had  fallen  into  its  hands,  and 
been  sent  a  prisoner  to  Patambo,  there  to  await  his 
trial.  Verdusco,  after  nairowly  escajting  ea[)ture  in 
Novend»er  1810,  had  been  ap[)ointed  in  IS17,  by  the 
junta  at  .lanjilla,  comandante  general  first  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Mexico,  and  tlien  of  the  south.  In  neither 
region  did  he  acconi[)lish  anything,  and  he  retired  to 
Purechucho,  about  half  a  league  I'rom  Huc'tamo,  Tlie 
captuie  of  these  two  chiefs  was  determined  u[)on,  and 
the  execution  of  it  intrusted  to  Captain  de  la  Cueva 
and  l*adre  Salazar.  Their  undertaking  was  iKjt  an 
easy  onv,  but  by  falsely  representing  that  they  were 
going  to  join  Ijra\'o,  they  ai'rived  with  a  small  foi'cc 
near  lluctamo  without  encountering  any  obstacle,  and 
arrested  Verdusco  at  Purechucho.  ]]iavo,  who  had 
reached  Huc'tamo  two  days  before,  on  his  tlight  fnua 
C('>poro,  unl)roken  in  s[)irit  by  suffering  or  disastei', 
gathered  what  force  he  could  and  attempted  a  rescm* 
His  elfort  was  unavailing,  however,  and  Cueva  ami 
Salazar,  having  beaten  him  off,  pushed  forward  witli 
all  speed  to  Patambo,  where  they  sui'prised  and  cap- 
tured llayon  and  his  family  on  the  night  of  the  I  uh 
of  ]3cceml)er.  Bravo  was,  however,  still  intent  on 
rescuiu'i'  tlu;  iirisoners,  and  havinLi'  collected  about  :5()0 
men,  would  probably  have  succeeded  had  not  Colonel 
Armijo,  the  royalist  commander  in  the  south,  being 
instructed  to  aid  Cueva  and  Salazar,  arrived  with  a 

'Report  of  Marqucz,  in  Gm.  <!,•  M<x..  1S17.  viii.  KWi-T,  l.",84-00;  liic^la- 
via)ifi\  Cimil.  Hit.,  V.  7.  Rayon  was  rcwanlcil  for  lii.s  sir  •ices  ly  liciiig 
mailo  liuut-uol.  Bravo'.s  account,  as  rcc^jnlod  in  I  L.  iv.  'JJil-.'W,  contiiin:j  lliin 
statcuiont,  though  Tiustaniauto  ui;ik.  i  tin;  a:-scrtion  tliat  he  luul  nsocrtainc  I 
that  Rauion  Rayon,  at  groat  ii>lv  to  hhnsi  If,  did  not  kci'p  faitli  witli  tlio  roy- 
alists, and  was  of  no  groat  service  to  thcni. 
Hist.  Mex.,  Vol.  IV.    U 


-..iak  >>*mt 


690 


PL  AX  OF  IGUALA. 


I 


strong  rcuiiForc'cniont.  Joined  by  Guorroro,  Bravo 
unsuccessfully  eiuleavorod  to  oppose  Arniijo's  advance, 
and  exhausted  by  sufferin;^',  retired  to  a  secluded 
I'ancho  in  the  sierra,  there  to  attend  t(j  his  grievous 
bodily  injuries.  But  Ids  ill-luck  pursued  hin».  Ar- 
niijo,  havinj^  discovered  the  [)lacG  of  his  retreat  from 
a  prisoner  whom  he  ca[)turod  a  few  days  afterward, 
suddenly  surrounded  the  place  on  the  22d;  and  liravo. 
Padre  Talavcra,  Colonel  A^azquez,  and  some  others 
fell  into  his  power." 

The  prisoners  were  conducted  to  Cuernavaca.  The 
lives  of  the  ecclesiastics  were  not  in  immediate  dan- 
ger, as  formal  proceedings  were  ordered  to  be  insti- 
tuted against  them;  but  Dravoand  the  other  captives 
were  sunmiarily  condenmed  by  the  viceroy  to  be  put 
to  death  pursuant  to  the  edicts  of  Vcncgas  and  Calleja.^ 
Arniijo's  son,  however,  hastened  to  Mexico  with  a 
petition,  signed  by  his  father  and  brother  officers,  that 
Bravo's  life  might  bo  spared;  and  Apodaca,  inclined 
to  mercy,  and  considering  the  revolution  virtually 
ended,  revoked  the  death  sentence,  and  issued  another 
order  connnanding  the  secular  prisoners  also  to  be  i)ut 
on  their  trial.  As  the  viceroy  placed  the  reprieve  in 
Arniijo's  hands,  he  told  him  tliat  Bravo's  life  now  de- 
pended on  his  speed,  and  at  Ijreakneck  pace,  i-egard- 
less  of  self  or  horse,  Armijo  sped  on  his  return.  lie 
arrived  at  Cuernavaca  only  just  in  time  to  stop  the 
execution.  In  the  proceedings  which,  followed,  every 
effort  was  made  to  spare  the  lives  of  the  prisoners; 
and  though  Bayon  was  condemned  to  death  on  July 
2,  1818,  Apodaca  suspended  the  execution  of  the  sen- 
tence by  decree  of  September  30th,  in  the  hope  that 
some  loop-hole  of  escape  might  be  found.  When  a 
general  pardon  was  ]3roclaimed  on  the  occasion  of  the 
king's  marriage  with  a  princess  of  Saxony,  the  viceroy 
was  not  slow  to  avail  himself  of  it.     xVccordingly,  in 

^Arniijo's  reports  in  Gaz.  d<-  Mcx.,  1818,  ix.  49,  217-23;  Dmtamante,  Ciiad, 
Hist,  V.  7-8. 

3  Tlio  order  is  produced  in  the  proceedings  of  Rayou's  trial,  Ilemaiid'-  ij 
DdvcUon,  Cot.  Doc,  vi.  931-1074. 


ki:lease  of  nuAvo. 


091 


April,  1820,  furtlu'i-  prncoc  diiio-s  aoaiiist  tlie  prisoinu's 
More  stayed;  and  when  during  the  .same  year  the 
S[)anis]i  constitution  was  restored  and  the  king  decreed 
the  rele'ase  of  all  political  prisoni'rs,  Apodaca,  in  f^j)ito 
of  (loul)ts  raised  as  to  the  ap])lication  of  the  edict  to 
persons  on  ti-ial  in  ^Fexico,  liherated  on  his  own  re- 
sponsibility all  such  cajjiives  hy  order  of  October  1  'Mh.* 
Ih'avo  on  his  release  was  treated  with  much  consider- 
ation by  the  viceroy,  who  restored  his  estate  to  him. 
lie  retired  to  Iziicar,  where  ho  lived  in  seclusion,  while 
liavon  and  Verdusco  went  respectively  to  Tacubaya 
and  Zaniora, 

After  the  fall  of  Coporo  the  viceregal  government 
diiected  its  attention  to  the  destruction  of  the  junta 
de  Juujilla,  with  the  object  of  l>lotting  out  the  ollicial 
existence  of  the  revolution.  This  junta  now  consisted 
of  Igntc.io  Ayala,  Doctor  San  ]\[artin,  a  canon  of 
Oajaca,  and  Antonio  Cumplido,''  The  fort  to  which 
they  had  withdrawn  was  situated  on  an  isolated  rock 
in  tlie  lake  of  Zacapo,  the  only  access  to  it  being  by 
means  of  a  narrow  neck  connecting  it  with  the  main 
land.  They  had  also  rendered  their  position  still 
more  unassailable  by  diverting  the  current  of  a  neigh- 
boring river,  and  thereby  flooding  the  country  adja- 
cent to  the  lake.  Aguirrc  was  accordingly  onh'red 
to  proceed  from  Valladolid  and  reduce  this  stronghold. 
On  the  '20ih  of  December,  1817,  he  appeared  before  it; 
and  though  his  ofl'er  of  pardon  to  the  authorities  and 

*Xo  scntcnco  was  rofordeil  arrainst  .-xiiy  other  prisoner  than  Rayon.  They 
had  lieeii  rcuiovod  from  (Jucrnavafa  to  '  'xico.  IJravo  wa.s  Lonlined  lor 
nuarly  three  years  heavily  ironed,  and  !)()re  Jii.s  (•apti\  ity  with  (liL'uilii'il  res- 
ignation, lie  was  IVequcntly  visitcil  by  tlie  viceroy,  vviio  oxpresseil  Ida  adini- 
ratiou  at  Ids  noble  demeanor,  by  aayiny  that  he  seemed  likea  detlimned  nioii- 
nreli.  Bravo  eniphjyed  a  jiortion  of  Ins  time  in  making  eigar-cases,  l)y  the 
sale  of  whieh  he  procui'ed  tlio  Inxuries  of  a  little  tobacco  and  ehocolato.  Ala- 
Man,  Hist.  Ml  J.,  iv.  Ot)7-8.  Fuller  partieuhirs  of  the  tiials  will  be  found  in 
/(/.,  iv.  004-7;  Xotieiono  Oi'ii.,  ISH),  JSIarch  to  July,  passim,  Doe.  1.'),  ISilO, 
Jan.  *2Ist,  and  April  5th;  Giiz.  dc  Mex.,  1820,  -xi.  88;{;  Diayoxk.  Vnr.,  ii.  4.'i; 
Curl,->f  Art.  Pub.,  i.  IS'20,  July  11th,  10th,  Aug.  2Uh;  UuMamunte,  i'mul. 
Jli'<t.,  V.  207. 

'  The  two  last-named  had  succeeded  Mariano  Tcrcero  and  I'edro  Villa- 
8cuor.  Mendibil,  liedumtii  Hid,  Ikv,,  307< 


.•ilU^lWlMI 


CK 


PLAN  01'  lOUALA. 


p^niiisoti  if  they  surroiulerLMl  witlioat  resistance  v. a; 
received  \vith  c()iitein[)t,  the  iiieinhcrs  of  the  jiiiit.i 
(K'cined  it  j))'ii<leiit  to  consider  their  own  sai'ety,  and 
eftected  their  escai)e  a  i'uw  days  afterward,  takinij,' 
witli  tlieni  the  printinj^-[)ress  and  archi\es.  Siege 
A\as  now  retxnlarlv  laid  to  the  place,  Aiiiiirre  heiii:;- 
strongly  reiint'orced  hy  IJai'radas,  and  hy  troo[is  and 
artillei'y  sent  l)y  Crnz.  For  two  months  ()j>eratioii.s 
w'vvv  vigorously  carried  on,"  the  position  of  the  1k.- 
sit^ged  heconiing  daily  more  des[)erate.  An  uttenij)t 
made  by  Father  Torres  to  relieve  the  garriscni  failed; 
sallies  made  from   the  beleaguered   fort  were  equally 


Vjx-, 


'~:W 


;:i],-.4!g^5j,. 


-•,....  *-^'\   \ "^  ..  . .;. M-^s-- 

Voiiv  Jacjilla. 


unsuccessful,  and  on  March  (Uh  the  defenders  capitu- 
lated on  the  condition  that  their  lives  should  bo  spared.' 

*  A  detailed  account  of  the  siege  is  given  in  Agiiirrc's  report  of  Miirc'i 
7,  1818,  ill  <Jaz.  tic  Mex:,  ISlS,  ix.  57;J  ot  soq. 

'  The  coiiunaiid  of  the  fort,  owing  to  the  absence  of  Xicliolson,  had  de- 
volved on  Antonio  Lopez  do  Lara,  assisted  hy  captains  (,'hristiu  and  Janus 
l)ever.s,  who  with  Nicholson  had  uecDiiipaiiied  Miiia  from  thu  United  Stales. 
Christie  aii<l  Devers  were  opposed  to  tlio  surrender,  and  being  ti'eachernii:;Iy 
seizeil  were  delivered  bound  to  Aguirre,  who,  detesting  sneh  perfidy,  not  tuily 
declined  to  bring  them  l)eforc  a  court-martial,  according  to  viceregal  orders, 
but  succeeded  in  saving  their  lives.  Aguirre  attributed  the  whole  merit  of 
tlio  tlelence  to  their  tlniiiiess  and  gallantly.  /(/. ,  577.  He  also  used  his  en- 
deavors to  oljtaiii  their  return  to  the  U.  S.,  but  they  were  sent  to  Spain. 
Aguirre  was  from  Xavarre,  a  ielati\e  of  Miiia,  and  a  man  of  liljiial  ideas, 
generous  as  well  as  brave.  Jlimldinan/r,  Ciiad.  l/isl.,  iv.  .">((j-0;  /(/,,  tS:i/ii. 
to  C'((."(»,  7'/'c's  iSi<j!ui,  iv.  lOli-7;  his  gcnerosily  and  galluiitry  arc  also  corro'o- 


V.  a  • 


THE  FU(4ITIVE  JUNTA, 


093 


!^rcantimu  ill  luck  (Inn-Mcd  the  I'ootstcps  of  the  Ai^'i- 
tivu  junta.  Ayala  and  Doctor  Sail  Martin  were  ca[)- 
turcil;^  and  tlioui^h  another  junta  was  formed  in  tlio 
neighborhood  of  J  luetaino,  it  was  similarly  dispersed  in 
June,  and  its  jnesident,  Jose  ^laria  l^igola,  and  secre- 
tai'v,  Pedro  liermeo,  shot  in  the  cemetery  of  that 
town.-'  The  year  1818  was  otherwise  latal  to  the  cause 
of  indei)endence  and  its  chief  supjiorters.  ]?adro 
Toires,  alter  his  unsuccessful  attempt  to  relieve  .Jau- 
iilla,  made  his  name  execrated  1)V  his  tvrannv  and 
violence.  Seizing  private  })roi)ertv,  and  hiiriiing  aII- 
lages  and  haciendas,  under  the  pretext  of  cutting  olf 


SUDD 


Pi 


ilies   i 


rom 


tl 


le  eiieii; 


y 


h 


le  soon   ijecaiiK!  a  scourge 


in  the  land.  His  own  olHcers  began  t(»  hate  him,  and 
revolting  against  his  tyranny,  appointed  Colonel  Juan 
AraL'o  as  their  commander-in-chief  in  his  stead. ^"     lie- 


oiiitcil  liy  Robinson,  Mvm.  M<:.i-.  IknA.,  ii.  170   1,  ISO.     In  lS'20 


10  was  sai 


iiiilante  general  of  Miuhouciiu,   ami  lieinLC  av 


)f  t 


le  roval  ami 


:-,ty 


tlecreeil  March  Stli  of  that  year,  on  the  l•ee^stal)lishnlellt  of  the  constit; 
though  iliivcteil  liy  the  viceroy  to  await  a  decision  i)f  the  aiidilor  i!e  gucrra 
on  th(!  .subject,  ho  at  once  set  free  all  the  political  piisonern  held  in  Valla- 
dolid,  and  re[)orted  haviug  done  so.  AIhiikiii,  lllxt.  M(j.,  iv.  700-1. 

''Tiiey  lintilly  received  thu  Ijcuelit  of  the  kind's  paidon  in  IS'JO.  j'nr  an 
account  of  the  capture  of  San  .M;irtin  anil  the  dispersal  of  tliu  junta,  con.sult 
(j>.iintanar's  report  to  Cruz  in  O'er.,  dc  Mi\r.,  KSlS,  ix.  4\\)  '2'.);   Torrdifc,  iirv. 

'  LiiKii/a,  Adic.  1/ 
,11     ' 


A, 


471--;  J>aif(i)iiuiifi',<'ii(i'/.  ///•-.'.,  iv 


'>07 


S;anii 


Jtrdiji,:,  :n;!-10.    Mr, 


Ton- 


■III,' 


IIUi„ 


lie  Id  Iiir:j/li 


I'-jKlll,) 


Ai 


.Mail.  IS.'IO;  "J  vol.  8vo,  1st,  llli  and  -117  ])p.;  -d,  'u'l  pp.     Thi.i  autnur 


had  written  before  a  work  entitled  (\ 


iij'ji;,Jii  C  ii,i'(  r.-iii 


I.     In  the  introili 


part  of  his  history  he  gives  important  niininir,  agricuUur.il,  connueicial 


:ry 
uid 


Ot-lier 


statistical  data,  toi'ethcr  witii  a  1 


on^  essay  on 


the  .state  ot  sucietv  in 


Spain.     The  main  portion  of  the  work  u'wvn  in  chrijnological  order  th 


lead- 


ing events  tif  the  Sj)anish  colonies  in  A 


merica 


rom 


1S07  to  ISli).     The 


his- 


torical facts  are   mostly  taken  from  .Spanish  oliicial  re[)oris,  tiiougli  for  tl 


Ulnst    pal 


t  deiUKletl  of  tlio  sea 


.OILS  exaggerations  ap[)eanng  in  those  re- 


ports; they  appear  in  concise  '."'"■  \  hx  gtod  ordt.'r,  and  in  soiiiewliat  elegant 
language.  But  the  bitter  expi.-,i.;is  ami  marked  partiality  of  the  autir^r 
for  .Spanish  domination  ri^nder  his  statements  suspicious.  He  is  a  streniin'.is 
del'eiuler  of  the  .Spanish  king's  divine  riglit  to  rule  both  iii  l-^uropeand  Anur- 


ica,   the  interests  and   riglits   of  c-'iamunities  I 


King  igiiorci 


1.     .\. 


his  "loctrine,  the  people  who  were  lighting  in  America  for  their  iiulrpendi 


coi-iiiii::  to 


eiicc 


were  rcljcls,  iiigrate.! 


iRt  mtamous:  iiu 


k'C'l,  his  vocaliul.uy  hardly  h 


d 


epithets  suihciently  strong  to  ajiply  to  them.  However,  in  tin;  midst  of  all 
this,  lie  throws  light  upon  many  dark  points  that  might  have  remained  so 
forever. 


'On:.  ,h'  Mvx.,  KSIS,  ix.G:!.")-G;  MnwUhlh  Jt^mi 


irist.'M\--{).     I'.i-'ola 


was  a  resident  of  Salvatierra  in  (Jnanajuato,  of  which  town  he  liad  been  a 
icgidor.  Uerineo  v.as  formerly  a  notary  of  .Sultepcc,  and  secretary  of  thu 
co;i^i  CSS  before  its  dissolution  at  Tehuacan.    Li,;;,;/',,  .Ulir,  ij  J,',rt;/ic.,  .'!1.'). 

'"  Arago  was  a  Frenijhman  who  had  accompanied  .Mina,  and  was  said  to  be 
a  brother  of  the  celebrated  astronomer  ol  tliuc  name.    /'(/.,  'So'J. 


C04 


TLAX  OF  KITALA. 


i! 


fiisliij^  ()1)0(lienco  to  the  junta  cstahlislied  at  iruL'taiiio. 
lu;  was  at  last  (Icscrti'd  Ity  most  of  liis  followers,  ainl 
soiiL^lit  reCu^e  alike  iVctiu  the  royalists  and  revolution- 
ists in  the  sierra  of  (hianajuato,  where  one  Zannua 
j)ut  an  end  to  his  hrutal  life  hy  thrusting-  his  lanci; 
throu'di  hiin.'^  Jose  ^Mari'a  de  LiceaL'a,  i'ornier  luem- 
her  of  the  junta  de  Zitaeuaro,  was  also  umrdercd 
at  the  latter  end  ol'  this  year.'^ 

Zaeatula,  whither  the  royalist  arms  had  never  yet 
])enrtrated,  was  taken  hy  Arinijo  in  ^May,  and  ^loii- 
tesdeoea  and  P.  Galeana  were  driven  in  tliu'lit  I'rom  tlu; 
district.  Cuyusquihuy,  the  last  rebel  stronghold  iii 
the  ]  [uasteca,  was  captured  \)y  Colonel  ]^uvian  in  Se[)- 
teniber,  and  the  plains  of  A[)am  were  pacitled.  Durliin' 
this  and  the  two  Ibllowini^  years,  in  the  encounters 
Vvhicli  were  numeror  md  only  t)f  minor  iin[)ortant'e, 
the  royalist  ai'uis  ah  everywhere  ])revailed.     Brail- 

burn  was  deleated  ai  Chucandiro;'"'  Nicholson  and 
Yurtis  Avere  ca[)tured  by  Ixirragan  at  Puruaran,  and 
shot;"  the  Pachones  were  ceaselessly  ])ursued,  and 
tiually  accepted  the  pardon;  Parrabas  hill,  which  had 
been  lortiHed  by  Guerrero,  was  taken,  and  that  chiil' 
driven  across  the  ]\Iescala  into  Michoacan,  where  he 
sustained  a  serious  defeat  at  the  Aguazan^a,  at  the 
hands  of  liuiz;'^  and  the  harassed  insurgents,  driven 

"Ho  liad  won  at  the  hneienila  of  Tultitan  1  .'230  pesos  from  Zamora  at  cards, 
and  having  icccivoil  from  the  hitter  a  f.ivorito  horse  as  pledge  for  t ho  pay- 
ment, refused  to  sni. wilder  it  next  day  when  Zamora  produeed  the  niuney. 
Zanidra  was  instantly  slain  by  a  brother  of  Torres  and  others  who  were  on 
the  road  with  him.    Alamaii,  I J  int.  MrJ.,  iv.  US8-9. 

'- After  narrowly  escaping  eapturc  with  Mina  at  Venadito,  lie  retired  to 
the  haei(  ntla  La  Luja  near  Ouaimjuato  and  belonging  to  his  family.  Depre- 
dations ha\ing  been  committed  by  Miguel  Borja  on  a  neighboring  estate  also 
lielonging  to  the  f  miily,  Lieeaga  proceeded  thither  to  call  him  to  account. 
]5orja  in  alarm  caused  him  to  be  intercepted  by  one  Juau  llios,  a  known  ml'- 
bcr,  who,  on  his  attempting  to  escape,  ordered  his  men  to  lire  upon  him.  I.i- 
an'ja,  Adii-.  y  Heclijic,  Iil7-lt).  The  author  states  that  there  are  discrepan- 
cies in  the  accounts  he  received  of  the  alTair. 

'■■Aguirre's  report  in  O'az.  de  MiX.,  ISIS,  ix.  0154-5.  Bradburn  juincl 
(luerrero  some  time  afterward,  lie  obtained  his  pardon  on  the  arrival  ul' 
Itarbide  on  the  scene,  who  made  him  his  aide-de-camp.  Liciuju,  Adk.  i/  K(C- 
tijic,  o'J7. 

"June  10,  1818.  Nicholson  was  converted  to  Catholicism  two  days  before 
his  death.    Gaz.  de  ^I(x:,  1818.  ix.  104-2-5. 

'-•Ou  the  nth  of  Nov.  181II.  Chivilini  vnd  Urbizu  were  taken  and  oxeciit(  d. 
See  Ruiz's  report  in  Ouz.  d<:  iUt.i',,  ISID,  x.  1-11-lli,  1209-7o,  in  which  ho 


VICTORIA  A  FUCITIVi:. 


893 


from  [flacM!  to  pl;u'(>,  sou^'lit  llic  l)(ji:i>!lt  of  lln>  jiai'don  in 
}4'roat  mnnlnTs,  anions;  wlioiu  were  llaiusey,  tlu!  Iiravo 
(lefonder  of  Fort  Jios  KeiiUMlios,  Torcuro,  cx-iiicm- 
l)or  of*  the  junta,  I'ablo  Anaya,  fatlicrs  Navanvto 
and  Carhajal,  lliicrta,  Boija,  Arago,  Erdozain,'*^  and 
otlier  leadi'rs. 

Ani<)ii<;  tliu  few  insurufent.s  who  scorned  to  aslc  f  »r 
royal  cleinenc^y  was  (jluadalu[)e  A'ietoria,  wliom  the 
•government  vaiidy  endeavored  to  ea[)tiire.  A  reward 
liaving  been  oifered  for  his  arrest,  lie  lied  to  th(>  re- 
cesses of  the  woods  and  mountains,  and  thoUL;li  eliased 
for  six  months  like  a  wild  beast,  he  alwavs  sueeeecU-d 
in  baHliii'^  his  pursuers.  For  mori?  than  thirty  months, 
without  a  companion,  he  lived  in  tlie  fastnesses  ot 
the  mountains,  undergoin-L^  incredible  sull'erlngs  IVoni 
hunger  and  exposure,  ])urini^  this  j)eriod  he  never 
.saw  a  human  being;  his  clothes  were  torn  to  shreds 
and  reduced  to  a  single  cotton  wrapper,  and  frequently 
for  I'our  and  live  days  at  a  time  no  food  jiassed  hi.-» 
mouth.  Uut  with  indomitable  will  he  endured  to  the 
end.'"  By  1820  the  paciiication  of  nearly  the  wlujle 
of  New  S[)ain  had  been  consummated,  and  the  revo- 
lution was  coniined  to  the  narrow  limits  of  the  cerro 
de  la  (loleta,  where  Pedro  Asceiisio  still  held  out,  and 
a  [)ortion  of  the  district  on  the  banks  of  the  ^Meseala, 
to  which  Guerrero  had  retired  after  his  defeat  at  the 
Airuazarca. 


s;iy3  tliat  of  CTiierrcro's  COO  men,  400  were  killed,  and  tlic  other  200  flc^d 
(lay  and  night  withoiit  )'<\st  ov  food  till  thuy  wore  l)cyi)nd  tho  l)iasi!;ii-, 
v.Iierc  the  pursuit  could  iiu  longer  ))e  continued.  'Jurnnlc,  lUcvl.  ll'isp.  A.n., 
ii.  i").')"!;  J'lnz,  Di'-r.  (,'<o(/.  Kslml.,  i.  ITS. 

'"  Anigo  and  J'h'dozaiii  liadeonie  with  Mina.  In  tlieirh'tter.s  to  tln^  vireroy 
tlicy  .spoke  (f  tlie  otiier  party  in  most  oU'eiisivo  terms.  Ha':.  </<■  Mir.,  Isl'.t, 
X.  707-9.  Zamacois  takes  them  to  task  f(jr  tlieir  conduct,  justly  layin;,'  ni'iro 
lilamo  on  Arayo.  J/isf.  M'j.,  x.  449-r)0.  Ar.igo  later  took  part  in  al!  rev<ilti- 
tionary  plana  in  ^Mexico,  from  tliat  of  Iturbiilo  till  18;{7,  when  he  died  a  gen- 
eral. Krdozaiu  at  the  end  of  the  war  of  indi.'pendence  was  a  colonel,  and 
retired  to  ])rivatc  life,  never  taking  part  in  revoluliouH. 

"  Wtird,  Mix.  in  IS. .'7,  i.  '2-i)-'M.  Alaman  would  persuade  us  to  helievo 
tliat  tiicsc  were  mere  tales,  and  that  Victoria  had  his  hiding-place  in  tlie 
li:;cienda  I'aso  do  Ovejas  of  I'ranciseo  do  Arrillaga.  lli'-t.  M'J.,  iv,  (J40  1. 
Ward  assures  us,  however,  that  ho  lieard  t!ie  Htory  of  Mctoria/s  suH'eringa 
from  lunisulf,  and  it  was  coniirincd  by  the  unanimous  evidence  of  his  country- 
men. 


606 


I':.a:>'  (»:■  icuala. 


Thus  after  ciglit  yuai'-;  of  a  dosolating  war,  flic  coun- 
try, raised  I'rom  ruin,  was  Ix.-i^i lining  to  taste  tlie  pleas- 
ures of  peace.  The  revohition  in  its  fh'st  period  liad 
terminated.  The  etlorts  of  Hidalgo,  ^[orclos,  IJravo, 
and  others  had  apparently  been  in  vain;  the  saeriHcts 
of  blood  and  treasure,  the  heroic  sufferings,  the  great 
examples  of  pure  and  exalted  character  and  high 
courage,  the  prowess  of  men  like  Victoria,  ^[ata- 
nioros,  Trujano,  f  jJaleana,  !Mina,  and  hundreds  of  others 
had  availed  nauglit;  the  noble  spirit  sliown  in  the 
defence  of  Cuautla,  Izi'icar,  Huajuai)an,  Coporo,  Som- 
brero, Los  Ivenicdios,  aud  other  places  had  been  bar- 
ren of  Ijenefit  to  the  cause.  And  this  result  was 
due  mainly  to  the  absence  of  union  among  a  numbvjr 
of  the  [)rominent  chiefs;  to  rivalries  and  jealousies  on 
the  part  t)f  others;  and,  generally  y[)eaking,  to  tho 
lack  of  discij)line  shown  by  so  many  leaders,  who,  in- 
stead of  lending  a  joint  cooperation  under  a  cential 
authority  that  might  have  been  made  veiy  useful, 
had  become  a  scourge  to  the  country  by  their  dep- 
redations and  crimes.  The  Indian  masses  had  become 
uncontrollable  and  dangerous  to  the  n^spectable  \)uv- 
tion  of  society;  this  drove  many  to  seek  the  viceregal 
])rotection,  aud  restrained  for  a  time  the  general  desire 
i'or  indejjeudence  which  had  pervaded  even  the  royal- 
ist ranks.  This  will  be  made  evident  l)y  coming 
events. 

The  revolutioii  iiov/ had  but  one  faint  YvAit  buimiur 


mountains  in  the 


f.ir  away  in  a  rouijh  conier  of  the 
south,  kept  alive  by  the  indomitable  patriot,  Vicente 
Guerr.'ro.  It  was  a  '^iying  ilame,  apparently,  that 
neither  caused  the  government  fear  nt)r  ins[)ired  hope 
in  the  ])atriot  heart;  yet  (luerrero  would  not  let  it 
die;  he  hoped  and  ])rayed  and  labored  that  the  day 
might  come  when  new  men  and  new  leaders  would 
rally  round  the  banner  of  liberty.  I]ut  after  the  old 
way  there  was  to  be  no  such  happy  consunnnation. 
All  the  same  it  was  to  be,  however,  but  as  the  work 
of  dill'erent  men  and  unexpected  combinations,  as  the 


AFFAIRS  IN  SPAIX. 


GOT 


ofTcct  of  uiildokod-ror  cansos.  TiKlcpondcnco  Avas  to 
l>e  lu'duj^lit  al)()ut  l)y  a  cluvn^'o  of"  front  v\'  tlu'  aniiy, 
directed  l)y  a  liiorarcliy/"^  ai'd  under  the  leader.sliip  of 
a  late  enemy  to  the  cause. 

B(>forc  continuino'  the  narrative  of  affairs  in  Xe\v 
Si);iin,  let  us  glance  once  more  at  doings  in  the  niotlu;r 
country,  inasnuich  as  thov  had  a  direct  connection 
Avith  the  events  leading  to  the  final  se[)araLion  of 
jNlexico. 

A  triumphant  uiilitary  revolt  restored,  early  in 
]March  I S"JO,  the  constitution  of  18f2,  and  compelled 
the  king  on  the  night  of  the  7th  to  accept  it,  und  to 
])l('dgo  himself  to  its  su[)port.  'j'he  oath  \v;is  wi'ung 
from  the  I'eluctant  Fernando  on  the  Dth  l)y  the  ayun- 
tamiento  of  Madrid,  hacked  hy  the  peojili-;'''  al'ttr 
which  he  appointed,  as  was  also  re(piii'ed  of  liim,  a 
"junta  })rovisional  consultiva,"  ])resided  over  hy  Car- 
dinal Jjuis  de  JjorJjon,  ai'chbisho[>  of  Toledo,  and  gen- 
erally composed  of  men  who  used  moderately  the 
al'solute  powers  placed  in  their  hands. "•^'^ 

Early  in  April,  18-0,  the  first  news  of  the  revolu- 
tionary movements  in  8[)ain  reai-hed  ]Me.\ico,  aixl, 
Avhen  continued,  caused  nuich  excitement  among  tlu; 
SjKiniards,  some  hailing  the  change  enthusiastically, 
while  othei's  de[)recated  it.  Among  th<.'  latter  were 
the  U[)[>er  clei'gy,  wlio  feai'ed  that  the  liberals  woull 
])usji  on  the  refoi'ms  to  their  prejudice,  and  therefore 
awaite'tl  with  anxit'ty  tlu;  installation  of  the  c(')rtes. 
T\\c  friends  of  independence,  on  the  contrary,  wcmv 
hopeful  that  the  new  oi'der  of  l!ongs  would  allbrd 
them  means  to  attain  some  of  their  desires,  such  as  a 

"*'riio  iiii('!!*;\o  <>f  tlu;  iijipcr  rlcr^jy  was  tlioii"  hiitrod  of  llio  Si)iiiii>li  cdii- 
Ptitutiiin.  AI.'iiiiuH,  llitt.  Mij.,  iv.  7--'>. 

'"•'I'lio  voyiil  onler  f(Ji'  tlio  iii'DiiiulL'atlnn  of  t\w  cnnstitutioii  in  :ill  tlic  Sp;ni- 
isli  (loiniiiiiiiis  is  yivoii  in  CIt..  iIc  -l/i.c. ,  IS'JO,  xi.  (171    -. 

^"'I'lio  iiii'ii  tliiit  liu'iirfil  ill  ISl'J,  aiKi  sullrriMl  in  I  SI  1  fur  tlicir  lilicral  I'liu- 
ciiilus,  nou  I'laiuK'd  tluii'  irwnnl  in  tlu'  f'liMi  nf  liiuh  iiliiw.  I'lio  Mcxicin 
driiutics,  says  .Manian,  diil  imt  nfijlcrt  tlu'niHclvcs;  lifni'c  .Inannin  Maniau 
siMirtd  for  liiniM'lf  tlit^  ])iisi*.inn  uf  chief  of  the  toliaci')  liui'ciui  in  M' xii'.i; 
LluM',  Coutn,  (ia.stafiota,  and  Itauids  Ari/.i  o  olHainud  (.•annurii-.s  in  New  S^uiia. 
llisi.  M,j.,  V.  11- la. 


PLAN  OF  IGUALA. 


free  press,  popular  elections,  and  constitutional  aynn- 
taniientos.  At  first  the  viceroy  resolved  to  make  no 
alteration  till  lie  received  orders  (Voni  the  court,  witli- 
holdin<Tf  the  news  received  from  time  to  time  as  umcli 
as  possible  from  the  public.  But  a  vessel  which 
sailed  from  Cadiz  on  the  5th  of  April  brought  the  in- 
I'ormation  that  a  brig  of  war  had  sailed  on  the  24tli  (if 
March,  bringing  orders  to  establish  in  New  S[)ain  the 
constitutional  system;  whereupon  the  merchants  of 
Vera  Cruz  com[)elled  Governor  J Javila,  who  could  not 
count  on  the  support  of  the  garrison,  to  ])roclaim  the 
constitution  in  that  city  on  the  2Gth  of  ^lay."^  The 
same  w\s  done  at  Jalai)a  on  the  28th.  Fearing  now 
that  the  European  portion  of  the  gari'ison  at  the  caj)i- 
tal  wt)uld  folhjw  the  example  of  their  comi'ades  in 
Spain,  the  viceroy,  in  accord  with  the  real  acui'rdo, 
promulgated  the  constitution  on  the  3 1st,  after  its 
adoption  by  the  sovereign  had  been  made  known  in 
an  edict.  That  resolve  was  hastened  by  Apodaca's 
knowledije  of  the  influence  freemasonry  was  alreatly 
exercising  in  INIexico.  There  were  Init  few  masons 
in  the  country  before  the  comini;  of  the  crpcditionaiv 
forces,  and  these  had  [)reserved  strict  secrecy  iVom 
dread  of  the  incjuisition."  The  field  and  nearly  all 
the  company  ofllt'ers  of  those  troops,  as  well  as  of  the 
navy,  were  members  of  the  order,  and  it  was  whis- 
peretl  that  Apodaca  was  one  of  them,  though  this  w.".s 
not  divulged.  He  was,  however,  sure  that  the  masons 
had  effected  the  revolution  in  8[)ain,  and  feared  tliat 
those  in  the  army  of  ]\[exi<'o  had  bt'on  directed  to 
promote  one  in  the  colony.  The  instructions  received 
from  the  court  were  theref)re  rigidly  carried  out. 
The  viceroy,  audienc' ;  and  other  authorities  took  the 

-'  D.ivila  said  that  tlie  next  proclamation  wouM  lio  that  of  iudcpcnilcucc, 
Vint  was  not  liocnlod;  his  prcdictiunH  hcing  troated  as  tlic  '  ti'MUiii'S  ridieidos 
d(!  nn  aiR'iiino  sorvii.'  Santa  .Vnna,  whu  stoud  by  him  when  hu  uttt'i'td  tiuiii, 
infornii'd  Ahinian. 

'■'-Tlio  first  to  biing  tliom  togotlior  -vvas  the  oidor  of  ?iIexico,  Felipe  ^lar- 
tintv  do  Aragon.  The  cliitf  masons  were  I'austD  do  lOliuiyar,  the  iiiinorah);:i-t, 
two  Fiancisoanr!,  and  a  low  oUicrs,  all  of  them  Spaniardj,  who  belonged  to 
the  order.  Liaai/it,  Adic.  y  L'cctijic,  3S7. 


CONSTITUTIONAL  FLECTIONS. 


oal.li  In  form -"^  on  tlio  ITtli  of  Juno,  i]>Q  rousfaMisb- 
mcnt  of  freedom  of  tlic  pi-ess  was  [>ubrHho(l,  and  the 
junta  do  censura  was  constituted,  tlio  same  persons 
mIk)  were  appointed  in  1813  beimj^  elected;**  tlie  aoor- 
dada,  incjuisition,  and  other  privilcL'X'd  jurisdictions 
were  su[)[)ressed,  the  administration  of  justice  being 
established  in  ac(.'ordance  with  the  decree  of  the  cortes 
of  that  year;  and  the  cor[)orations  and  authorities  pro- 
scribed by  the  constitution  were  op'-anized  as  soon  as 
possible.  The  election  of  menibei's  to  form  the  con- 
stitutional ayuntamiento  of  the  capital  took  effect  on 
the  18th  of  June,  a  few  S|)aniards  being  chosen.'" 

On  the  18th  of  September  the  election  of  de[)uties 
to  the  ordinary  session  fir  1820-21,  of  the  national 
congress,  and  to  th(^  di[)utacion  provincial'-"  took  place 
v\ii.h  no  little  disord('r,  but  with  less  enthusiasm  tliau 
tliat  sIk^vu  in  the  i'oriner  constitutional  epoch.  The 
choice  fell  almost  exclusively  on  ecclesiastics  and  law- 
yei's,  with  a  s]))'inklingof  soldiers,  merchants,  and  nu.'U 
ol'  no  [)articular  calling,  among  whom  were  three  na- 
tives of  S[)ain,  namely,  (^olonel  ^latias  !^^artin  y 
Aguirre,  comandaute  of  ]\Iichoacan,  chosen  Ibr  Sau 
Luis  l\)tosi',  Tom:is  ^Furphy,  and  Andres  del  liio  f  )r 
I\Lexico.'^^  These  de[)utit's  ai'i'ived  at  ^dadrid  after  the 
second  session  of  the  cortes  had  ()cgun. 

-''  The  arolibisliop  junl  his  chupU'r  (in  Juno  Ist,  Mini  Inter,  from  <l;iy  to  day, 
t!ie  eoiirts,  iillli-ials,  rii:iii)ratiiiiin,  reli.nious  eoinniuiiitics  <t(  l)iitli  srxcs,  rte. 
'J'lie  Kth  of  that  mouth  was  uppointnl  tor  the  .sulemn  in'oinuluation.  (It:.  <//>. 
.^^.(■.,  KSL>!t,  xi.  .j-17,  .'lo.i-o,  (i77-S;  A'(i/('7'ci.so  I!', I.,  1S21,  Feb^  1(!;  Art  Cniz, 
\ii.   .TIS. 

-'  Tlie  junta  fonsulliva  nf  Madiiil  on  the  IDth  of  Mareh,  ami  Ajioilaea  iu 
Lis  cdiet  of  .June  lOth,  Uf.^rnlly  I'eeonunend  writers  to  u-^i:  tiie  lilieil  y 'ii'antcd 
v.ilii  moderation,  in  eiiliuiitening  the  govorinneiit  an<l  in  prouioting  nationrd 
veltare.   G'nz.  <l,'  .l/..r.,  i\2i),  xi.  iVJI-f,  U!)7-71 1. 

-'The  election  took  place  pursuant  to  the  siei'i'oy's  decree  of  .luiio  l-ttli. 
J)in/iiu.  I'ai'.,  ii.  42  '\. 

-''The  territory  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  junta  ))reparatoria,  did  not  in- 
clude Yucatan  or  Nuevo  J^eon,  which  were  to  iiare  juntas  of  theii'  own.  'J"ho 
di.stiictof  that  junta  couipriseil  tlie  fijllowing  [imvinces;  Mexiro,  ruclila,  Oaja- 
ta,  (iuanajuato,  \'alladoliil,  \'cra(.'ru/.,  and  San  Ijuis  I'otosi;  'ria--cala  was  eon- 
.s'.iUitt'il  together  witli  Iluejociugo  as  a.  proviuce  detached  finui  I'ueMa,  ancl 
(Jai  ii'taro  unothei',  se[)arate  from  ^Mexico.  'J'lii'  total  populalimi  to  lie  r<'prc- 
Milted  was  .set  down  at  ■J,NS(i,'J.">S  .souls;  at  tlie  rate  of  one  de|iilly  fot  every 
7  *,(li)J,  there  wore  awarded  to  said  district  41  deiiutics.  (I'lc:,  dc  .l/ii.,  ISllt), 
xi.  (i.iii-S. 

•'  i\\\  the  iiLstuUaliou  of  the  curies  oil  the  Oth  of  July,  New  Spain  was  rep- 


700 


PLAN  OF  IGUALA. 


Spain  since  the  recistablisluncnt  of  the  constitu- 
tional ren'inie  had  been  suhjeet  to  continual  tlistuih- 
ances.  The  leforujs  and  innovations  introduced  dur- 
ing' the  first  ses.-ion  of  the  congress  were  vigorously 
niaintaintid  and  extende*!  in  the  second,  the  American 
deputies  cooperating  with  the  I'adicals  in  the  Imp.' 
that  the  inde[)endence  of  Spanish  America  might  he 
achieved.  The  upsetting  of  the  government  pi)li;-y 
in  the  metro[)olis  was  not  without  etfeet  in  the   ultra- 


2S 


niarnie  provnices/'  In  Xew  S[)ainthe  desire  foi'  inde- 
pendence, though  restrained,  was  not  dead.  Visions 
of  its  consummation  without  the  terrilde  disorihr 
whit'Ii  had  hitlierto  marked  the  r'evolution  began  to 
pres(,'nt  themselves,  and  a  radical  change  in  public 
o[>inion  was  taking  j)lace.  The  troo})s,  the  ecclesias- 
tics, government  officials,  property  owners,  and  oth<-'r 
iiiHuential  classes  were  no  longer  disposed  to  aid  iii 
])utting  down  the  revolt  that  seemed  impending. 
Even  th(.  Spaniards  were  not  animated  by  the  same 

resented  l)y  snpleiites  choaeu  in  tlio  same  manner  as  those  to  tlie  ei'irtes  of 
ISIO,  namely,  ^Miguel  Ranioi  Arizpe  ami  Jose  Mariano  Miclielena,  liotli  of 
\slioiii  had  liueu  lutive  uoiiperators  of  tlie  late  revolution,  the  former  in  Va- 
leneia  anil  the  latter  in  Cornria.  Arizjie  had  lieen  eonlinrd  aincr.  IS!  t  in 
the  Cartlinsian  converit  near  V'aleneia,  wlienee  he  had  luun  removeil  Ijy 
(liMi.  J'llio,  for  his  eoiineclion  witli  that  revolution,  to  a  more  rigorous  prison 
f.>rti'ial;  tint  the  revolution  having,'  triumphed,  un  the  10th  of  .Slareii  Ari/pe 
was  I'clcascd,  and  was  instrumental  in  saving  I'^lio  from  heing  torn  to  ])ieee.s 
))y  the  infuriated  pojiulaee,  Tho  other  meniltcrs  were  .lose  M.  tJouto,  Manuel 
Cortazar,  l'"raneisro  Fagoaga,  .lost'  M.  Montoya,  and  Juan  de  Oios  ("ai'i  do. 
^Vith  the  exeei)tion  of  the  last  named,  tiiose  .snplentes,  like  the  (  iliers  of 
the  S])aiiish  ulti'amariue  provinces,  took  part  only  in  sueli  diseussions  ad 
interested  their  own  party,  which  was  the  r.m/linhi,  or  radical.  Only  -u- 
plentes  repi'e.seuted  .\nieriea  in  the  eortes  of  IS'JO.  They  urged  the  law  of 
Sept.  'JTth  for  a  comjilete  forgetfulnessof  the  ])ast  in  the  American  provinces, 
whether  ■wholly  or  jiartly  jiaeitied,  to  su<di  inhabitants  as  should  have  recog- 
nized and  sworn  to  support  the  constitution;  all  political  prisoners  were  to 
receixe  unconditional  amnesty.  'J'iu!  same  deputies,  the  most  active  of  theni 
Icing  Arizpe,  in  a  print"(l  letter  of  .Ian.  '22,  ]S2\,  to  the  ininistei- of  war, 
called  for  the  renu>val  from  oliice  of  viceroys  IV/.uela  and  A))odaea,  generals 
Morillo,  Cruz,  and  all  other  inllitary  oliicers  who  had  distinguished  tluin- 
.sclves  in  the  insurrection,  for  which  reason  they  wei'e  represented  as  hostile 
to  the  constitutional  system.  The  same  de])uties  brought  their  inliuenee  to 
Ixai' in  favor  of  .luaii  O'l  )onojii's  ap|)ointui.  nt  to  sucei^ed  .Apodaca.  Ari./"', 
Idea  ti'i  II.  Koliri'  rtiDtlnrln,  10  '_'0;  A/aiii'tii,  Ili4.  M<j.,  v.  L'.'i.  .'!.'<  ."). 

'""  Among  the  measures  adopteil  by  the  ministers,  with  the  forced  sanction 
of  the  king  and  the  n]ipidval  of  the  c.rtcs,  were  many  iu\olving  ladical 
changes,  inchnling  rcli.,'ious  reformation,  namely,  supjin  ssiou  of  the  .lesuiU, 
abolition  uf  ecclesiastical  fucios,  seijuestratioa  of  church  property,  etc. 


RKVOLUTIOXARY  M KA'^URES. 


701 


it 


sentiments 


t. 


A 


fnci'ai  consitira* 


[tiracy  aii" 


mis 


t  tl 


Hi     LfOV 


iTiiiiiciit  wiis  soon  inauLi'Uivittjd,  aLTt'iits  l)ciiii»' scattei'tnl 
throughout  the  provinees  to  luulce  proselytes.  'I'ho 
ehiff  autliority  was  derided;  the  (^overnnieiit  ri<h- 
culed  and  attacked  t>u  all  sides  hy  the  press,  at  jtuhlic 
lueetiiii^s,  and  1)\'  coi'porations  elainiinj^'  powers  which 


le  e>:aini)le  nresen 


ited 


by  law  they  did  not  possess.  Tl 
at  the  capital  was  readily  followed  in  the  province: 
and  erelong  the  iiii[tression  prevailed  that  hel'ore  the 
end  of  the  3'ear  another  I'evolution  would  l)ieak  out, 
headed  hy  one  or  more  of  the  partloiied  leaders,  or 
iironioted  l»v  the  cleri-v  under  the  wiii''"  of  the  hisho]> 
of  l^iehla,  who  was  strongly  opposed  to  the  new 
princi[)les.  Some  even  conjectured  that  the  Ignited 
States  would  revolutionize  the  c-ountrv  if  the  l^loi'idas 
V\cre  not  at  once  sui'reiidered  under  the  treaty  of 
rel)i-uarv,  18  li).  Such  being  the  bent  of  the  public 
mind,  ( )doardo,  the  fiscal  of  the  real  audieticia,  recom- 
mended the  temporary  suspension  of  the  constitu- 
tional svstcm,  and  nro'josed  that  the  countrv  sliould 
be  ruled  under  the  laws  of  the  lutlies  l»y  a  \ieer(y' 
clothed  with  absolute  powers.  Ihit  it  is  easy  to  ])ei'- 
eeivi'  that  the  reniedv  su<>''iestei!  was  im!)racti<-ahle, 


v/lieii 


th^ 
the  only 
mode  of  eifectinir  it. 


u 
ilf 


nivcrsal   ti'iidency   was   to    iiid<;|)endence, 
f  oi)iuiou   beiii'''  as   to   the   best 


(lilrerenci'  o 


Prior  to  the  promulgation  of  the  constitution,  con- 
feren(.'es  were  held  at  the  rooms  of  1  )octor  ^NFatias 
]\[onteagiido,'"  in  the  oratory  of  San  l^\'li[)e  Xei'i,  and 
atteiuh'd  l)v  men  of  hi'>h  olHcial  and  social  standiii''", 

■"  AliiiiKin  furnishes  oDpiuus  cxti'jiL'ts  from  the  importiint  report  inailc  by 
tlif  liscal  ol  thi'  aiuliLiici.i  mi  tho '_'4th  of  Oct,  IS'JO,  to  th(;  .sujiiciiii'  govcrii- 
iiu'iit  ill  M.uli'iil,  foiiliriiiiii;^  l!u'  facts  as  Htatuil  in  tho  text.  'I'lu'  lisoai,  .lost' 
]ii])(')Iit()  Odoaido,  was  a  man  of  uxteusivu  infurnuition,  and  iuul  loii^  ivsiiloil 
in  Mexico.   Iliit.  M<j.,  v.  i\i  !>. 

^^  A  canon  of  the  metropolitan  ehuivli,  wlio  played  .1  im)nnneiit  part  in  tin' 
deposal  of  Viceroy  Itnrrigaray,  and  tliereliy  won  a  lii,L;li  staudin,:^  among  the 
Spaniards.  Alamaii  say.*  liiat  he  obtained  parlicnlars  of  tliese  meetings  from 
tlie  li.eal  Oiloardo,  w  iiicli  were  afterward  eoiilirmed  liy  Liei'nlir.te  Zo/aya,  wlio 
\va)  ltarl)ide's  attorney  in  some  personal  matters,  and  had  many  conversations 
Willi  him  oil  palilic  all'aiis.    //('o'.  M  J.,  v.  oO. 


f 


PLAN  OF  IGUALA. 


wiK)  (IctcrstcHi  the  princii)les  advanced  in  the  Spanish 
cortes  on  religious  matters,  and  were  resolved  to  op- 
pose the  estabhslmuMit  of  the  constitution  in  ^lexieo. 
AnionLir  them  were  the  rcjjente  dataller,  tlie  liiuli  ec- 
clesiastics,  the  ex  inquisitor  Tirado,  and  several  other 
Spaniards  who  disliked  for  their  own  private  reasons 
a  (jonstitutional  regime.  But  in  order  to  carrv  out 
their  [)]ans  a  military  kader  of  re[)ute  on  whom  they 
could  rely  was  needetl,  and  they  l)uthou;^ht  them- 
selves of  Colonel  Au^ustiii  de  Iturbide  as  the  riiiht 
man  for  their  purpose. 

I  have  in  former  chapters  laid  before  the  reader 
the  brilliant  services  of  this  officer  in  the  fleld,^^  and 
his  recall  to  Mexico  in  18IG  to  meet  charges  Ijnni'dit 
of  illegal  proceedings  in  securing  wealth.  Iturbide's 
relations  with  Monteau'udo  be^•an  at  that  time,  an;l  it 
Avas  saidtliat,  ail'ecting  [>iety,  he  joined  in  the  religious 
ju'actices  of  t!ie  (xMigregation  of  San  Felipe  Xeri  for 
the  pur[)ose  of  winning  the  doctor's  good-will  and  cun- 
secpient  iniluence  in  his  favor  with  ]>ataller,  tluMi 
auditor  de  guerra,  and  as  such  Iturbide's  judge.  Ho 
this  as  it  may,  he  was  accpiitted,'"' but  was  not  restored 
to  his  connnand,  nor  was  he  again  called  into  active 
service  till  1820.  The  government,  however,  gave 
him  the  profitable  lease  of  an  hacienda  near  Chalco, 
formerly  in  charge  of  the  society  of  Jesus.  Iturbide 
was  at  this  time  in  the  prime  of  life.  Handsome  in 
person,  elegant  in  n.ien,  and  attractive  in  manners 
and  speech,  he  soon  became  a  i'avorite  in  society. 
Durinu'  his  retirement  Lj  surrendered  himself  to  the 


"  ItmbiilciV,  reputation  is  inavrcil  l)y  many  .acts  of  cruelty  and  other  ofToiicos 
of  wliifli  lio  was  accused  Ijy  piil>lic  opinion;  some  of  tiic  ci'uelties  a;;('vi))ed  ti) 
liini  aro  indeed  too  iiorrilile  for  belief,  and  as  they  liavo  not  heen  fully  au- 
thenticate.1,  it  is  to  1)e  hoped  that  tlie  accusations  were  not  founih  d  on  fact. 
Tiio  (let  lils  appear  in  Lirim/n,  Ad!c.  y  lirrlific,  '21^  Q,  'JGO-l,  .'{8(1;  UitsUt- 
VKiiilc,  Jlca.  Hint.  Mix.,  MS.,  V.  l.'i;  Id.,  Oar~.a  Vindlcado,  U;  Wuiil'-'  Mrr., 
i.  'J(!'>.  Beltrami  says  tliat  his  horril)lo  acta  shocked  both  Llauo  and  Calh^ja. 
Mix.,  ii.  '21. 

'-'Tile  inquiry  into  his  conduct  was  stifled;  in  fact,  tlie  malvcrs,ations  lio 
was  accused  of  extended  more  or  less  to  tlio  whole  army,  wliich  sliowed  .a  dij- 
positiou  to  niuke  coniniou  cause  with  him.  Ward's  Mcx.,  i.  20j-i>;  Arruaiz, 
nioj.  Mc.c,  i.  200. 


ITURBIDE'S  PROJECTS. 


703 


(]issi|i;iti<»iis  f)f  tluj  capital,  which  caused  serious  dis- 
sonsiou  ill  his  i'ainily,  resulting  in  frequfMit  ehnllitions 
of  his  imperious  temper.  lie  had  already  s([uaii(lered 
most  of  liis  ill-gotten  fortune  before  the  constitution 
was  [(romulgatcid  in  ]Mexico;  and  his  inipovcrislu'd  con- 
dition was  the  very  one  which  might  be  expected  to  in- 
fluence a  man  of  his  character  to  accept  proposals  that 
ofl'ered  him  an  op])ortunity  of  winning  I'ank,  honors, 
glory,  and  wealth.'"  Overtures  were  therefore  made 
to  him;  and  in  order  to  further  his  own  ])rojects,  ho 
pretended  to  enter  into  the  plans  of  the  nialecontent 
party,  and  offered  his  services  to  the  viceroy,  who  at 
this  time  was  himself  inclined  to  ignore  the  constitu- 
tion, and  contemplated  maintainiu'f  the  form  of  u'ov- 
crnment  as  established  by  the  laws  of  the  Indies. 
Ituibide  was  aware  that  the  object  ibr  which  he  was 
wanted  was  impracticable;  but  his  a'm  was  to  secure 
a  command,  and  to  give  the  first  impulse  to  a  revolu- 
tion v/hich  he  hoped  afterward  to  control  as  suited 
himself.  The  [)lan  came  to  naught,  however,  througli 
A[H)daca  being  obliged  to  proclaim  the  constitution; 
but  Iturbide  did  not  fail  to  perceive  that  the  very 
])romulgation  of  the  new  S3'steni  made  a  revolution  in- 
eN'itable,  and  accordingly  formed  his  [)lans  to  direct  it. 
Clandestine  meetings  of  different  political  parties 
were  held  in  numerous  jjlaces,  and  a  great  variety  of 
opinions  was  expressed.  The  Spaniards  mostly  I'avored 
tlie  constitutional  system,  or  a  modilied  form  of  it 
adapted  to  the  conditions  of  the  country.  Among' 
the  jMexicans  more  diversitied  views  ])revailed;  and 
tliough  all  wished  for  independence,  th(y' were  divided 
both  as  to  the  mode  of  securing  it  and  tlu;  Ibnii  of 
government  to  b(>  ado[)teil.  With  regard  to  the  tirst 
point,  the  extermination  of  the  Spaniards,  their  ex- 
P'ul.sion  from  the  country,  and  the  more  modt'iate  pro- 

^^  It  is  saul  that  Itiii'l)i(lo  bad  been  in  favor  of  his  country "h  iiidopoiuk'nco, 
I)iit  was  <)p[)osc'i.l  to  the  plain  of  the  insurgents  whom  ho  fou^'ht  with  .so  nuich 
vigor,  llo  iiiailo  his  ideas  known  to  Filisula,  then  a  captain  und  hiter  a  gen- 
eral of  thu  Me.\ieau  army,  us  well  as  to  his  lawyer,  Zozaya.  Alaniau,  lHat. 
M<J.,  V.  50-7. 


704 


PLAX  OF  KIUALA. 


j)()sal  that  tlioy  sliould  be  only  cxcIlkIl;!!  iVom  public 
office  Were  severally  advocated  as  means  of  attaining; 
it.  As  to  the  fbini  of  government,  absolute  mon- 
archy, a  limited  monarchy  with  the  Spanish  constitu- 
tion, or  with  t>ne  expressly  framed  lor  ]\Ie\ico,  a  fed- 
eral republic,  and  a  central  i't!])ublic  were  the  various 
systems  discussed,  each  of  whicli  i'ouiid  su[)porters. 
Iturbide   I'l'om   the   iirst   manifested    his    rc]»ugnanco 


to  d 


>fc 


emocracy  in  any  lorm,  and  his  preierenri-  lor  n 
moderate  mcmarchy.  Jlis  first  intention  was  to  make 
himself  master  of  the  ca[)ital;"*  but  it  was  finally  con- 
cluded by  his  party  that  it  would  be  safer  to  begin 
oj)erations  in  the  provinces,  witli  the  ca[)ital  as  the 
ol)jettive  point.  Accordingly  he  apj)lieil  to  the  vice- 
roy I'or  a  military  command,  and  was  apjjointed  to  suc- 
ceed Colonel  Armijo  as  comandante  general  in  the 
south."''  <  )n  this  occasion  he  had  a  long  private  con- 
ference with  Apodaca,  but  what  was  said  has  never 
transpii-ed.  All  that  the  public  knew  was  that  Itur- 
biile  was  o-oing  south  to  extinguish  the  last  embers  of 
rebellion,  with  instructions,  delivered  verbally,  to  in- 
duce if  p(^ssible  Guerrero  to  accej)t  the  indulto.  .Hav- 
ing asked  for  the  Celaya  regiment,  of  which  he  was 
colonel,  he  started  f  tr  his  post,  })rovided  ^\ith  short 
notes  for  Parrcs,  Ecluivarri,  Anastasio  Bustamante, 
llomau   of   Teloloapan,   and   Arce    of  the   plains    of 


A})ai 


n. 
Tlie  jilan  formed  was,  that  the  deputies  then  about 
to  leave  for  Spain  should  constitute  themselves  into  a 
national  independent  congress  at  Vera  Cruz,  while 
Iturbide  simultaneously  [iroclaimed  independence  in 
the  south.  With  this  understandin;'",  Iturbide  had 
startetl  for  Cuernavaca,  and  the  tle[)uties  (romez  Pe- 
draza,  ]\Iolinos  del  Campo,  and  Gonzalez  Angulo  for 
Puebla;  but  nothing  was  accomplished  by  thorn  or 

"IX'tnils  of  liis  pl.an  are  givt'ii  iu  PnJi-aza,  Mniiif.,  7-S. 

•''Aiiuijo  luul  iL'[ioat('illy  as!c('(l  ti)  lie  ivlievcil.  Ituiljiilo's  appoiiitmont 
was  uuiilu  on  tlio  9tli  (if  \()V.,anil  lie  left  fm- the  .south  uii  tliu  lUih.  Mix, 
Col.  L< ij.  Fund.,  i.  1;  JIcx.  Uo'^qiujo  Iln\,  40-0. 


ITUIiniDF/S  I'RKl'AIIATIONS. 


70.-. 


tlioir  L'()llea^;iics,  and  ln'coiniiiij^  alanned,  tlio  (lf])UtiL'S, 
to  the  iiuinbcr  nf  thirty-seven,  iinally  einbarl^ed. 


Tl 


le  eonunand  jjiven   Iturbide    was   not    thr    most 


suitable  for  carryiii!^  out   liis   [)ui'[)oses,  and   ho   evi'U 
accepted  it  with  some  rehietanee.'''      It  eouu'riscd  tho 


rei^'ion  exteudiu''"    Ironi    the    distrii-ts    ol'   Tasi 
luuala  to  the  coast,  and  was  (hvided  iVoiu  oi 


an< 


le   end   to 

the  other  by  the  river  ^Mescala,  which  se[)aiated  the 
Goleta  r.ange,  occupied  by  Asccnsio  Ahpiisli'as  as  a 
.subordinate  of  Guerrero,  from  the  Sierra  Ma(h'c:  on 
the  south,  where  (Guerrero  liad  establislied  liis  lieatb 
(juarters,  in  the  vicinity  of  Ajuchitlan  and  the  Coro- 
nilla  ]\[ountains. 

Iturbide  endeavored  to  prevail  on  tlu;  viceroy  to 
place  at  his  eonunand  the  largest  possible  force  and 

)lot< 


d  1 


pecuniary  means;  and  lus  correspouuence    rs  replete 

of  devotion, 


with  flattering  promises   and 


couc 


bed 


in  pui'aseoio 


meanuiL!'. 


Th 


dl 


0' 


how 


assurances 
evei 


) 


le  call  lor  an  mcreasetl  torce  was  ai)- 


I  f( 


lUiC  a  < 


loubl 


e 


})arently  well  grounded.     The  troo[)s  hitherto  servii 


■""'Tlic  (li'piitit's  w.intt'il  iniU'pt'iKlcnco  providcil  it  ili'opppcl  fn)in  luavcn. 
At  (iiu;  tiiiiu  tlu'y  thouu'lit  of  jniiiiii;;  Ituiliiilr,  Imt  wci't^  dflcrrt'il  \>y  the  fear 
tli;it  tln' vifcniy  iiii:,'lit  l)c  ulaniiLil  iiiitl  tVustnito  Iturhiilc's  plans.  I'ljcy  ac'- 
furiliiiL.'ly  ciiilj.irkuil  f'lr  Culia.  I'l ilrfr.tt,  Maui/.,  it  10.  Jii  thi.-i  coiuu'ctinii 
Alaiiiaii".s  liiiigiaplii.'r  .says  that  Alaii);'.!'.  aiid  ullii'i' ilcputii'.s  wcio  infniiiicil  in 
.laii.  \X2\,  iiydiuMjf  thi.'ir  iiuiiiof),  .luaii  ( Ionic/ Xaxai'i'i'tc,  (if  It.urliick'".s  [ihili 
f.ir  inilipcndciK'c,  and  a.slcud  no.".  Co  end)aik,  Imt  to  mutt  in  coii'jjrcssiit  tlifup- 
portiuio  time.  'I'huio  liuing  good  ivason,  liowcvcr,  to  fear  the  goxiTiini.ut 
Iiail  now  suspicions,  tlicy  dcparti'il  ou  the  l.'ith  of  I'Vlirtiary.  Mvcn  those  who 
had  no  intention  of  going  to  Spain  diil  ,so,  Imt  tarried  at  llaliana  to  await 
eoniing  events.  Alauiuii,  A/nmlii  /lie;/.,  I'J-ll!;  /(/.,  //^s^  J/',/.,  V.  87-!l;  Li- 
iiuH'i,  Adi'-.  y  I'cr/iju'.,  40:)-4;  ^V;-.  d'c  Mu:,  ISl'I,  xii.  'JS,")-7. 

^^  Ou  ueeonnt  of  the  insahdirity  of  tiic  climate.  In  ISII  lie  had  hc'ii 
twice  at  tho  point  of  death  from  disease  in  the  tieri.i  t'aliente.  The  vicer-iy 
verlally  promised  to  relieve  liinisoon.  I'.'ior  tohis  <lepartm-e,  donhtless  with 
the  view  of  hetter  concealing  his  intent,  he  aildiessed  a  petition  thioULrh  the 
A'iccroy  to  the  king  for  promotion  to  a  lirig;'.iliership,  and  in  a  private  nnU\  to 
.Secretary  ISadiilo  asked  his  good  ollices  ^\  ith  the  viceroy  to  forward  his  u  i.dies. 
I.ii'Ki'jn,  Aili<\  1/  J'lr/iji''.,  ."s;*  90.  Alanian  declares  that  he  saw  the  note  in 
Badillo's  possessii     .   Ills'.  J/'./.,  v.  (iS. 

^"lu  a  letter  '/i  Xov.  '9,  1S20,  he  pledges  himself  to  cniliody  in  his  future 
statements  only  such  facts  as  hehoijved  an  honoralile  man,  declaring  at  th:; 
same  time  that  liis  pur[iose  was  to  restore  order  and  to  operate  to  the  viceroy's 
glory  liy  luinging  peace  to  the  wliole  country,  lie  assures  Apodaci  that 
after  striking  the  Mow  he  has  jilaniied,  the  troops  may  go  hack  to  their  re- 
.siiuctivo  stations,  and  'if  in  the  mean  time  the  capital  (which  Ood  forfindj 
.■:h(;uld  demand  i.ttciition,'  he  would  ru^li  to  its  succor,  as  wcil  as  to  any  c ..iier 
[ilacc  that  might  need  it.  rtiiMnmuHtc,  ('latd.  llUt.,  \.  1)3— t. 
Ilisr.  iltx.,  Vol.  IV.    io 


■ 


706 


PLAN'  OF  IGUALA. 


iindor  Armijo  were  scattered  in  detacliinonts  stationed 
at  long  distances  from  one  another,  and  could  ill  with- 
stand the  continual  attacks  of  the  insurufents.  Giier- 
ren/s  forces,  which  numbered  about  2,000  men  well 
armed  and  disciplined,  were  in  the  heart  of  the  dis- 
trict, and  tlic  rough  nature  of  the  country  enabled 
him  not  onl}'  to  stand  successfully  on  the  defensive, 
but  at  times  to  strike  heavy  blows.^'' 

Iturbide  established  his  hea(l<]uartcrs  in  Teloloapan, 
the  most  central  point  in  the  district.  On  the  arrival 
of  the  Celaya  regiment,  without  waste  of  time  he  drew 
aside  Francisco  Quintanilla,  captain  of  the  third  com- 
pany, apprised  him  of  his  scheme,  and  asked  it' he  could 
rely  on  his  support  and  that  of  his  brother  officeis. 
Quintanilla  could  hardly  believe  his  ears;  but  his 
commander  that  same  afternoon  ])laced  in  his  hands 
for  perusal  the  famous  plan  that  was  proclaimed  some 
weeks  later  in  Iguala,  and  correspondence  with  resi- 
dents of  the  hi<j"hest  standinu^  in  the  cai)ital.  The 
signatures  were  convincing,  and  the  captain  unhesitat- 
ingly assured  Iturbide  that  he  might  safely  count  on 
the  recjiment,  then  517  strong. 

Continuing  his  correspondence  with  the  viceroy, 
Iturbide  ke|)t  asking  for  more  troops  and  m-mey, 
while  repeating  his  assurances  of  loyalty.'*'^  As  far  as 
jay  in  his  power,  Apodaca  acceded  to  Iturbide's  re- 
quests; and  his  disposition  to  do  so  gave  rise  afterward 
to  a  supposition  that  he  was  also  in  accord  with  the 
revolutionary  plan  then  being  concocted,  an  idea  appar- 
ently corroborated  by  the  ill  success  of  the  subsequent 

""His  army  of  the  south  wull  descrveil  the  naiiip.  It  was  ns  efficient  a3 
that  uf  the  voyalists,  ami  its  piustigo  was  great.  The  coast  of  Acapulcn,  ami 
a  large  portion  of  the  pi'oviuce.s  of  Valkulolitl  ami  CTiiailalajai'a,  were  its  licUl 
of  action.  /'/.,  (»2. 

■"'In  a  lutter  of  T)cc.  10th  from  Teloloapan,  n.sin_i^  remarks  open  to  sus- 
picion, he  .'speaks  of  tliecxiiciliency  of  applying  10,000  or  12,000  to  the  fiirtlscr- 
ance  of  his  plan,  as  it  would  save  one  year's  operations,  and  perhaps  '250,003 
Of  ■'?00,000  pesos.  In  another  of  Jan.  1,  IS'Jl,  ho  says  that  tiic  hishop  of 
(luadalajara  had  lent  him,  'do  persona  a  pcr.>iona,'  12."), 000  pesos,  borrowed  on 
interest  upon  his  own  estates.  On  the  lijth  of  Dec.  the  treasury  olhcials  of 
Mexico  weie  directed  to  place  12.000  pesos  in  Ciiernavaea,  subject  to  Itnr- 
liides  oriler.  TwC'  large  remittances  of  war  material  were  also  scut  him.  Jd., 
t)d-(i. 


ROYALIST  RF.VERSKS. 


707 


inilitarv  <)|»i'rati<)iis.     ]>iit,  fat-ts  all  tend  !>  [)rHVO  tliat 
the  viceroy  liad  ii<>  sus])ici()ii  ol"  Iturbide's  n-al  i)in| 


)( )S(' 


Ajxnlaca  was  a  laitlilul  subject  of  Fenuindo,  and  his 
loyalty  would  not  pcniiit  a  project  to  detach  ^Mexico 
from  tlu>  Spanish  crown 


Itmhid 


e  s  l() 


rco  on  tin;  21st  of  De(MMnl)er  aniountetl 


to  2,479  men/-  scattered  tlirou;_^hout  his  district;  and 
on  the  22(1  ho  started  from  Teloloapaii  for  tho  pur- 
pose of  concentratin;^  them,  with  tlu;  douhle  object  of 
assuminijf  the  offensive  aii'ainst  the  iiisur<_rents  and 
jtlacin';^  himself  in  a  position  to  effect  the  meditated 
revolution  which,  according,''  to  the  plans  formed,  was 
to  take  [ilace  in  ^larch  followinjj^.  Disposition*)  were 
at  once  made  to  open  the  campaii^n.  The  troops  were 
brought  together  and  formed  into  strong  divisions, 
and  active  operations  opened.  But  sanguine  as  had 
been  Iturbide's  expectations  of  immediate  success,  a 
series  of  reverses  followed.  Both  he  and  his  oflicers 
v.ere  signally  discomfited,  both  by  (iuerrero  and 
Ascensio,^''  and  the  ])lau  which  he  had  formed  of  con- 
lining  the    former    in  the    sierra    lying  between  the 

^*  Licpaga  says  tli;it  Ap'xlaca's  ikjIiIciios.h  of  chariictor  inailo  liim  an  vn-y 
dupe,  and  lio  cuuld  nut  Hiisipcct  in  otlii-'ia  a  pcTlidy  In;  was  liinisoll  inuapahlo 
of.  And  yut  lio  leans  to  tho  liclief  tliat  lie  wa.i  in  acooid  wilii  Jtiuhidc.  -1'/.  ■. 
)/  I'lc/ijic. ,'.]'.)('),  -11  I,  ■V20.  'J'liu  viceroy  lias  Ih'!Mi  acL'uscd  liy  .some  of  liavinL,', 
tir,'ctlioi'  with  till)  t'iK'iiiies  of  constitutional  i^overniiK'nt,  cniiiloyed  Iturhidf  to 
npsct  the  new  system  and  rest.nc  the  old  one.  Wanl'.i  M'X.,  i.  "JiiJ.  It  was 
even  asserted  that  Kin^'  Fornaudo  had  a  iiaiid  in  tlic  ]i!:iii;  and  in  proijf  of 
it  a  letter  to  that  etleet  was  published  as  eoinin;.;  from  tlu^  kin;,',  which  Ikh 
Vieeu  subsequently  pronounced  apocryphal.  Apodaca  himself  afterward  eo:i- 
tradicted  the  whole  slory.  His  son,  .luau  Kui/,  do  Apoilaea,  vindicated  iiis 
memory  from  the  aspersions  tlirown  upon  it  by  a  writer  named  Rivcro,  Nov. 
1S17,  in  JJl  Es/Ktj'tiil  (if  Madiid,  whicii  led  to  a  correspondence  between  them. 

*'•  According  to  his  reiiort  to  tiie  viceroy.    Llfcct'/n,  Adic.  ;/  Hf/'/ir.,  .'!lHi. 

"On  the  27th  of  Dee.  Licut-eol  I'.erdejo  was  defeated  nearC'hicliihualco  at 
the  Cueva  del  Diablo,  and  on  tlie  'JStli  Ituvbide  himself  \\as  ivaited  by  A:;cea- 
sio  near  San  Martin  do  los  l^ubianos.  In  his  reprirt  of  the  iilst  ho  maile  tliiir.^'i 
appear  as  well  as  possiljle;  but  the  fact  is,  that  he  met  with  a  very  serious  set- 
back. On  the  'JOtli  (if  .Ian.  IS'JI,  Licut-col  .Moya  sullercd  severely  at  Ouer- 
rero's  hands,  the  grenadiers  of  the  south  bciii;^  cut  to  pieces,  and  his  line  of 
coinmuniration  iuLerruptod  by  tho  occupation  of  Sapatepcc  by  (Inerrero. 
Iturbide's  irritation  at  thi  ■>  disaster  was  great,  and  his  rci)'jrt  to  the  ^  iceriiy 
was  exceedinjdy  unfavorabl(3  to  Moya,  v.  horn  he  also  adtlressod  in  a  very  aeri- 
nionious  despatch.  Again,  on  Jan.  '_V)th,  Lieut-col  Torres  was  a', taekdl  near 
S:iu  Pablo.  /</.,  ;!',)7-4'()0;  liiislumniiio^  Ciiwl.  Hist.,  v.  !17-!>.  'I'he  fact  that 
tlio  oilicial  reports  do  lajt  appear  iu  the  j^oveniment  gazette  is  proof  uf  the 
seriuusncsa  of  these  defeats. 


7(IS 


T'L.W  OF  T(;r.\I.A. 


coast  mill  tlio  ^Fcscalii,  niid  llic  latJrr  to  tli"  i\i'i'(»  do 
la  (uilita,  and  llicii  dcsl roviii''"  tlioiii  in  turn,  inovrd 
aWiirtlvc.  In  vi(!W  of  this  slul»l)orn  i-csistancc,  lltir- 
Itidc,  who  iV'aivd  that  a  jn'oti'aetcd  strunn'l*'  woidd 
tVustiatc  his  own  project,  ojx'iit'd  ('oinniunicati(»ns  with 
( iutTicro,  with  ihr  ohjcct  of  in(hirin^'  tliat  chict"  to  aid 
Idm  in  his  sr-ln'iiic  Uc  had  ])i't'viou->ly  t^ntiTi'd  into 
s:i!iii'  ni'n'otiations  with  (inoiTcro,  to  wlioni  most  lavm'- 
aMo  ofli-Ts  wci'c  made  if  I  ■  would  |)la<H'  him^ell"  and 
his  I'oiro  under  tin.' Si)ani  di  ^'ovcrnment;^'  hut  the  i,i- 
dcpoudcnt  h'adur  scorid'ully  ret'iised  to  arccOL  pro- 
jiosals  which  were  taidamount  to  the  oiler  of  a  pardon 
so  re[)eatedly  ]'<'jected  hy  him.*''' 

]turl)ide'.s  leal  ohject  had  heen  to  open  secret  rela- 
tions with  Guerrero,  and  he  did  not  allow  this  rehuit'  to 
discourai^e  him.  On  tlie  4th  of  Fehruary  he  a^^aln 
V.  i-ote,  inviting;'  him  to  a  pi'i  oi.al  inter\-le\v  at  or  ne.U' 
( 'hilpanciir^'o,  and  apprisin.^^  h',n  V(.'rhally  of  his  dosi;^n 
hy  tJK!  moutli  of  a  trusty  inessen^'er.  Half  an  hour's 
conversation,  he  said,  would  hrin^'  them  to  an  iindei'- 
standin^'.  But  instances  of  royalist  perlidy  were  too 
numerous,  and  (:ruerrei'o  would  not  ti'Ust  him;  he, 
however,  sent  Colonel  -Jose  FiLi^ueroa  to  arrange  the 
tiM'ins  pr(»[)osed  hy  Iturhide,  which  W(;reconsunuMated. 
'^riicy  were  to  the  effect  that  (jiuerrero  with  all  lii-^ 
forces  sh<»uld  aid  the  fornier  in  carrying;'  out  his  ] 
ject.  This  most  important  j^oint  gained,  Iturhide 
continued  to  deal  out  in   liheral  doses  his  du[)licity. 

■"  Ik'  iiilili'cssfd  (lucTfcri)  I  in  tlio  lOlli  of  .I;ill.,  iiiiil  promised  that  lie  shoiiM 
lie  rct.'iiiH'il  ill  liis  t'omiiKUKl  ainl  lie  alloweil  means  fur  liis  supiiort.  He 
gi'(Hiii(Ioil  his  priimises  on  thi;  [iupposition  tliat  the  deputies  to  Spain  would 
(il)taiii  eousiiK  raUoii  for. Mexican  iiiterc^sts,  and  that  tiio  Icing  or  some  niemlier 
of  liis  family  would  eoiiie  to  reiitn  in  Mexico;  even  if  t!ii.<  ilid  not  come  to  )iass, 
lie  deehired  and  pledged  himself  to  ho  tlio  lirst  to  (Icfciid  with  his  sword  and 
fovtuiic  the  righl.j  of  all  Mexicans.  The  whole  eorrespoudeiicc  may  he  found 
in  .l/r.c,  Cnr/i-^  ill'  fn.-i  Sfitoni  (!< m rdlc.i,  1-S;  I/nrliid  ,  LI.,  T-S;  l'<r<z,  /'.■''•. 
<■/""/.  '/  K<t'iil.,  i.  .'iS-li;  Mix.  Jlu-<qa(jo  HirJ.,  -ri-G^:  liKslaiiiuiitc,  CikkI. 
y/;.-'/.,'v.  <)!)-10(J;  jrm'ra,  I/!.-.f.  J<d.ij,ii,  ii.  -Jll-i:!;  J/».c.  Col.  Lnj.  Fund.,  l-t; 
Zi'rrrrro,  Dl-icur.fO  Cic,  .14-41. 

*•'  This  answer,  dated  .Ian.  "JOth,  is  an  alily  written  one,  and  the  author-hip 
is  attrihuted  to  ( 'ol  .lose  I'i^'ueioa,  who  v  as  \\ith  (luerrero,  and  acted  in  the 
ner;otiations  as  his  trusty  a.n'cnt.  LicrifjK,  Adi'\  v/  Ji'c/ilir.,  101.  I'"i;,^'ueroa 
he-anie  later  a  general  of  liiigade,  and  died  at  Monterey,  Califuruia,  lilting  the 
oliices  of  yefo  politico  and  coiuandante  gcucrul. 


li'O- 


iTunni])!:  axd  (iri;i;!;i:i:o. 


llf  iiilonniMl  till'  vicv'i'iiy  lliat  (  Iiu'ito'm  had  plarcil  Iiin)- 
sfir  with  I  ,•_'<)()  I'lniicd  iiicii  iiiidci'  thf  \  iccroy's  <^nivcrii- 
i;H'iit,()ii  the  cdiiditiDii  i>\'  their  iKit  hriiiM-  it-^-ardcd  as 
|)aidi)ncd   iiisiu'i^'ciits,   and    had    I'lii'l  hi  riiK-ri^    pli'd^^'i-d 


sccilslK, 


Mont 


csdroca,  ami  <  lU/iiiaii 


K 


iiiiii^cir  to  iiichu 

t>)  do  lik«'\\  isc.      Thi'  wlioK'  ninuhi'i'  of  men  tliiis  [thici'd 

at  his  disposal  would  l»c  ;),r)()().*'^ 

Itui'liiilf  h;id  nicaiiliiiic  adopted  otliei'  iiieasni'es  I' )r 
the  success  of  his  I'litei'pfise  in  \ue\a  dalicia.  M  iehoa- 


el'e 


'I 


WO  lactol's  weri 


•I 

can,  ( rUan;tjuato,  and    e'.sewh 

still  wanting',  iiauiely,  a  jn'intin'^'-jifess  and  money. 
The  lurnier  was  supplied  liy  secui'in^'  a  pi'fss  at  I'u'- 
Ma  owned  hy  ddaip.iin  l''ui  Lui'^'.  To  meet  the  latfT 
necessity,  Itui'hide  hrou'^'ht  hisijiploniatic  pnweis  into 
jilay.  'I'lie  conducta  lot'  Acapulco  had  heen  detained 
in  the  capital  owin^'  to  its  I'isk  of  capture,  Init  Itur- 
hitle   could  now  answer    I'oi'  its   safety  and   o'l'ered   to 


con\-ey  it  to  the  poi't.      At'Cfjrdin'^'ly  it  was  despatcht  d 


with   the   ( 


onsen 


t  of  the  a'jfuiits  of  the  Manilla  ni 


el- 


chants,  who  lorwai'dcd  tlierewitli  the  proceeds  of  their 
last   ii'ceived   ^Vslatic    L;'oods,   aniountinn"  to    frJa, OOi) 


1 


)esos, 


which  Iturhi 


Je  of 


course  ap[iro])nated 


All  was  now  i)ie[iared,  and  with  no  furthei'  delay,  on 
the  I'Uh  of  l'\  hiuary,  I  S'J  1 ,  Iturl)ide,  mIio  was  at 
]euala,'*  issued  a  printed  proclamation  to  the  inhalii- 
tants  of  Xew  Spain,  settin-^"  forth  the  iic-cessity  of 
independence,  and  inlormin;^'  them  tliat  he  had  de- 
.sii^iied  autl  framed  a  [ilan  for  the  formation  of  national 


i 


iiitdi  of  I'll..  1^,  is-ji.  r;,n.  <!■  .1/ 


1S--M.  xii.  is; 


.V'.r.   Jl 


q'lij  I  Hi  I-  ,1.,  (;,"). 

'■('a;)t;iiM  J 'i:iz  dc  la  Minliiil  went  to  arraiiifJ  iiiatttTs  %\  itii   Xi'!_'|-ctr,  \\\v) 


tliouyh  a  Spani  inl  liail  liberal  iilia,-:.  ami  v.a.i  I'MuviiK' 
iiiiiii<iii.-i  ill  Amcrira  (.unM  no  lonu'i-'r  I"'  Ik-M  ascoloiiir 
\\a-i  I'o 
rairaii,  ami   1', 


till',  il't  S|iaiii-li  .|o- 
Ci'ilaiii  I  laiii'taiiin.i 


iiiiiiissioiifil  to  iiia!v(-  tin'  noci'ssary  arraiiu'i'iiR'Hts  with  <,'iii.itaiiai', 


J! 


aii'l   with   l)!i>tani:iiitt' aiiil  ( 'ort. 


i/ai'  111  til' 


I'.ajioof  (luanajuato.      In  iluo  ti'.nc  lie  aloo  oljtaineil  tiic  as^uut  of  i^iuut-col 
'J'ol  iTS.     JJci'li/d,  Ailir.   >i  I'lr/ilii-,,  4'l- 


'i'lio  airmitri,  liciii''  frifml:<of  ]tuil 


of] 


iilc,  Were  sn]ijio< 


li.s  intention.    /-/.,  HIS-!),  IKI.     On  th" -Jlth  of  !■' 


I'll  to  liavflii'i'li  aware 
111!  wrot(!  t hi'ni  to  tl'o 


t'HiH't  that  lie  liail  dctainid  tiie  famls,  hat  that  if  tho   viceroy  ac(i'(lc(l   to  a 
certain  ]ii'oposal  made   liini  that  very  day,  tiiey  would  he  forwarded  to  their 
destination.    JJii4(t)iriiiti',  ('iircl.  1114.,  v.  107. 
*'■'  Where  he  had  iletuiued  tho  cuuducta. 


\  I 


710 


FLAX  OF  KiUALA. 


l)iint'i|)los  nnd  llio  establisliuiont  of  a  futun^  o-overn- 
iiiont.  This  was  the  celebrated  Tlau  de  Iguulu,  wliith 
I  epitomize  in  a  note.^" 

The  ti'f^ops  at  Iguala  i)led!L>vd  tlioiuselves  to  sup- 
port the  proclaimed  plan,  and  the  following  day  was 
lixed  for  the  administration  of  the  prescribed  oath  to 
the  oific(;rs  and  men,  which  was  solemnly  carried  out."' 

No  time  was  lost  in  laying  the  proceedings  belore 
the  viceroy,  and  Iturbide  addressed  two  letters  to  him, 
(-)ne  official,  and   the   other   conlideutial,  in   which  he 


^"Art.  1.  The  religion  of  Xew  Spain  is  and  shall  ho  tlic  Roman  Catholic 
ApostDlio,  withont  tolerating  any  other.  '2.  Xcw  Spain  is  iiulcpendent  of  the 
old,  and  of  every  other  power,  evoaof  tliis  continent.  ',].  lliirgovernuient  .shall 
lie  a  nioilerate  nionarehy,  under  a  constitntiou  rpeeiaily  adapted  for  it.  4. 
The  emperor  shall  bo  Fernando  VII. ;  and  sliould  ho  not  pre.sent  liimsclf  with- 
i;i  tiie  time  the  e('irte.'3  shall  li\",  to  take  tiic  oath,  then  the  infante  Cfu'Io.-;, 
I'rinee  Franciseo  do  I'aula,  the  archdulvo  CVudos,  or  any  other  meiuher  of  tin; 
I'oigiiing  family  that  tlic  eortes  may  designate,  shall  lie  called  to  oecupy  the 
t!;i'(ino.  5.  Pending  the  meeting  of  the  eoi'tes,  a  junta  shall  provide  for  euii- 
veniiig  them,  and  for  the  fultilment  of  this  plan.  (i.  The  junta  gul)ernaliva 
must  ho  composed  of  the  meinbcr.s  named  in  the  oHicial  letter  to  tlie  viceroy. 
7.  Till  I'Y'rnando  VII.  eomei  and  taki's  the  oath,  the  junta  shall  govern  in  his 
name;  all  orders  lie  maj'  is.snc  .«hall  ho  hehl  in  suspense  till  ho  has  taken  the 
oath.  8.  Should  Feniandonot  come  out,  the  jiuitasludl  govern  in  the  nation's 
uanio  till  there  he  an  emperor.  9.  Tliis  government  will  Ik-  sustained  li^^  ilii' 
army  of  the  three  guaranties,  of  uhieh  more  hereafter.  10.  The  ei'irtes  sliall 
ies(jlvo  to  continue  the  junta,  or  substitute  a  regency  till  the  emperor's 
arrival.  11.  The  ci'irtcs  shall  frame  at  once  the  constitution  of  tin'  empire. 
I"-'.  All  inhabitants,  whether  white,  African,  or  Indian,  are  (pialilicd  to  hoM 
o'.'.ice.  l;{.  I'crsons  and  property  shall  bo  respected  ami  protected.  I  h 
Secular  anil  I'cgular  elei'gy  shall  be  upheld  in  their  fueros,  ]ir<vuiinences,  and 
estates,  lo.  All  ollices  and  ]iublic  cuiployi's  shall  be  eonlinned  as  heretofore: 
only  such  o'iieials  as  oppose  this  plan  l)euig  removed.  Id.  A  protecting 
ai'iuy,  to  bo  called  l\ji'rcito  do  las  tres  garantias,  shall  ho  created  to  jirewnt 
at  all  hazards  any  violation  of  ,-iuch  guaranties.  17,  IS,  and  I!)  refer  to  tlie 
organization,  privileges,  and  duties  of  the  army.  '2d.  Ollices  shall  be  bestow  el 
])rovi.>-'iona!ly  in  (ho  nation's  name  on  the  most  mei-itorious.  21.  In  crinriial 
trials  the  Spanish  constitution  shall  bo  observed  till  a  Mexican  one  has  been 
prouudgatcd.  '22  and  ■_'.'$  provide  against  consiiiracies,  and  for  the  treatment 
of  c  inspirators.  '21.  The  Ci'irtes  sliall  bo  couSLitueiit;  and  the  deputies  be 
chosen  with  that  view;  the  junta  ti.xiug  rules  and  time.  U<iz.  fiiip.  Jfi:c.,  i. 
id— I;  BiiH  iiitaiilr.  i'lKul.  //(',^■^,  V.  1I()-IS;  L(ri'i\;(i,  Ad'ic.  y  It'crliiic,  ■I'.U-'; 
Mcx.  Col.  Lci/.  Fiiiiif.,  4-0;  Xotirhm  Ooi.,  IS-.'l,  v)i't.  a,  supl.  l~'2;  GdC.  ./■ 
(;i«td.,  IS-Jl,  July  '2\,  ;W-4;  1822,  ^lay  2!),  402-.S;  Ilurlml,-,  Jin  re  I,',s,r,  i, 
11- !7;  A/ammi,  Ifisf.  Mij.,  v.  app.  8-1.'!;  Ward,  .l.'(.f.  la  IS..'^,  i.  app.  .-rj.")- 
7;  Mcx.  Diurio  ('oh;/.  < 'oii.it ll inf.,  ii.  4!IS-.")l)2. 

•'''  AuKjng  the  ollicers  were  several  Spaniards,  Itu'-bidc  had  made  known 
that  the  step  taken  by  him  hail  been  with  the  assured  cooperation  of  (iuer- 
rero.  The  troops  .it  Sultepec,  under  Lieutcid  Torres,  adhered  to  tlu!  ]ilan, 
and  tiic  example  wiiS  followed  liy  L'uiltiat  Zacuali)an.  Uut  the  iMiropenii  forcj 
at  Temascaltcpec  or  Tejupilco,  and  the  two  companies  stationed  at  Ala- 
liuitl.in,  retired  to  Tolucu.  Llrauja,  Adi'\  i/  liC'lijic,  441;  A/uiiiaii,  Uh'.  M<'J., 
v.  ap.  l;i-lo. 


mmm 


THE  VICEROY'S  ACTS. 


ni 


SU{)- 


tendurccl  lihii  tlic  presidency  (jf  the  future  junta  gube)'- 
nativa,  enclosing  a  list  of  proposed  members.'''  Let- 
ters were  also  addressed  to  the  archbishop  and  others 
in  !^[exieo.  Whether  or  not  Apodaca  was  im[)licated 
in  Iturbitle's  project,  as  soon  as  he  heard  of  the  publi- 
cation of  the  plan  de  Iguala,  he  took  steps  to  oppose  it, 
and  issued  a  proclamation  to  the  people  warning  tiiem 
aiijainst  revolutionary  schemes,  and  advising  them  to 
])ay  no  heed  to  papers  intended  to  support  them.''' 
He  also  concentrated  a  force  at  the  hacienda  of  San 
Antonio,  nine  miles  south  of  Mexico,  for  the  protec- 
tion of  the  capital;  made  preparations  for  the  organi- 
zation of  an  army  of  4,000  or  5,000  men,  to  bo  called 
Ejercito  del  Sur,  the  command  of  whicli  was  given  to 
General  Linan;  and  rea]>pointed  Armijo  to  the  com- 
mand in  the  south."'*  Xor  were  measures  of  policy 
neglected.  A  general  jvardon  was  proclaimed  to  all 
officers  and  men  who  should  abandon  Iturbide's  stand- 
ard.''' His  family  was  i)revailed  on  to  urge  him  to  de- 
sist fr(jm  his  [)ur})ose,  while  at  the  same  time  he  was 
])r()claimed  an  outlaw,  which  was  an  act  foreign  to  tlu; 
constitution  now  in  force. 

^- They  wore:  Migiiol  Jo  Batiillcr  for  vice-prcsiilent,  Dr  Miguel  GuriiH  y 
AlcoL'LT,  coiuli!  (le  la  Cortina,  Jiiaii  U.  Loho,  I)r  Matias  ^^llllteagU(lo,  Oidur 
Isiilro  YafiL'Z,  .Toso  Maria  Faioaita,  Juan  .T()s(5  ]']spin()sa  do  los  Mmitoros,  .Inaii 
Fran  isoo  A/x':irato,  J)r  JLifaol  Suaroz  I'ercda,  Suplcntcs — Francisco  Sancluz 
du  Ta^lo,  Oidor  Itanioii  Osi's,  Juan  Josio  Patstor  Moi'alos,  and  Col  l,L;iini'ii) 
A.Linirrovoni^oa.  Anion;:;  tlicin  ■wore  sovoii  Spaniards.  Jln<(ni)iii)iti\  Cit'id. 
Jiist.,  V.  llS-'J(i;  J/<x\  itotujiiijo  JlcvuL,  00-71,  104-0;  LicKti/n,  Adir.  y  lire- 
tijlc,  41-J. 

'''  I'roclamation  of  .March  .^d.  seconded  the  same  day  by  the  ayuutaniionto 
of  Mexico.    (,'(tz.  ilcM'.r.,  IS:U,  xii.  '_'-'l-8. 

■>*(/(>:.  -A  Mix-.,  IS.M,  xii    '2:U-i),  '211  4. 

''"Edict  of  March  Stli;  iottei  to  Liuan  of  the  13th;  proclamation  of  tho 
14th.    hi,  •24-2,  'JOo-7. 


11 


CIIAPTErt  XXX. 

TRrUMFH  OP  THE  llEVOLUTIOX. 
Ls-.M. 

DlSCOrRAlilNO    PnOSPlX'TS — IxnEPKNDr.NrK    Tj;OCL.\nrEI»    at   OCANAJrATO — 

Vai.ladului  Cai'ITUlates — 'J'lii-;  I'kon  r.\t'iAW  Inti'.unas  IIevolitiox- 
iZEii— iTriMiiMK  at  QiT.i;i;rAK()— Ai'odaca's  Dki'osai.  -His  (.'oNi.nT 
DiscrssEii — His  Si'ccessou — I'ltvvu  .Ichns  tiik  ItiAni.i  tiomsts di'- 
EUATioNS  i\  I'rEr.LA  AM)  \'ei;a  ('lit  z — Santa  Anna  ISeitlshu  at 
Vera  C'lirz— -\'ic'iokia's  i;i:\L'i'K\i!AX('E — iTruDiUE  ]]n"tei!s  Puebla^ 
Arrival  oe  (yDuNoji— HI^•  Antecedents— Tukatv  of  Ci>ri>ii1',A"- 
XnvELLA  Hesitates  to  Rixocinize  O'Donojl— iTiRiiiuE  Knters  the 
Cai'ital— End  of  the  Revolltion. 


Thk  events  iiuinediately  sueoeedini^  Tturbide's  de- 
fection were  not  I'avonible  to  his  aims;  the  vicei'oy, 
on  th"  other  liand,  received  i'roni  all  sides  r\['ressions 
',>t'  lovaltv.  ]']\'<'n  the  troo])S  that  liad  seconded  tlio 
moveiticnt  did  not  sliow  the  resohition  n''i'ded  tor 
siuii  an  enti'i'[)i'is(';  dt'sertions  daily  occnrred,  owiii'i 
to  the  inthience  of  tlie  masonic  ordt'r,  wliieli  Iiad  taken 
a  dicv-idt'd  stand  in  favor  of  the  constitnti(tiial  system, 
and  the  ejercito  trigarante  was  soon  rednced  to  K'ss 
tlian  onr  liah'  of  its  oiiginal  nnmher.  Iturbide,  I'ear- 
ing  that  he  miglit  be  attaclvcd  by  an  overwhelming 
force.  .ihandoiK'il  Jguala,  and  placing  tlie  money  of 
the  ^[anila  conducta  nnder  a  strong  guard  on  the  JJar- 
rab;Is  liill,  went  on  thL-  TJth  of  ]\lai'ch  to  'fololoa[tan, 


contnmallv    losnii"'  men 


bv   d 


I'Sl 


rti 


on. 


Jli 


b 


•t-ame    penlou 


»(»> 


ition 


and  had    Jjinan   marchi.'d    in   for 


(•(' 


against  him,  as  tlie  vieei'oy  wished,  the  revolte<l  ai'my 
would  have  been  conn)elled  to  disperse  and   iturbide 


liave  been  driven  to  seek  safety  with  Gueri'ei 


o  on 


tlu 


(  Tl'2  ) 


GROWTH  OF  INSURllECTION". 


TI.S 


otlu.'i'  side  of  tlie  ^NFcscala.  Tlie  I'cvDiuiioii  won]  I 
iiuleud  liave  \wvn  sinotlu'i'cd  at  tlif  start.  But  Linuii 
tailed  to  ohey  the  vieeroy's  orders,  alli'Li'iiii;'  various 
roasons.^  As  it  was.  (I'.ierrero  was  allowc'd  to  ioiii 
Ituil'ide  at  Teloloa})aii  without  interruption.'- 

The  two  ehiet's  soon  came  to  an  luiderstaniHuL;'  as 
to  the  ])lans  of  tlie  campaii^'n.  Guerrero,  \\ith  liis 
subordinates  Ascensio,  Juan  del  C;irnien,  and  othors, 
was  to  keep  the  governuK'nt's  attention  di\'('i'ted, 
A\hile  Iturbide,  who  had  di'eided  to  elian^;*'  his  haso 
of  o[)erations,  [)roeeoded  to  the  baji'o  of  ( iuaiiajuato.' 
^i'akin^-  with  him  the  money  at  iJarrahi'is  hill,  \\c 
marehed  hy  way  of  'riaeha}>a  and  C*nt/.amala  toward 
Zit;i"Ua7'o,  and  theiict.' to  the  haji'o  thi'oUL;]i  Ac.tmhai'o 
and  Salvatierra.  This  movement,  whieh  w  as  (Trtainly 
a  \\ise  one  on  tlie  part  of  Iturhidi',  ouj^'ht  to  lia\  r  Ix'eii 
fiiresoen  and  proNeiited  hy  the  goverimicnt.  .Vs  so'*":i 
as  the  news  I'eached  (Juanajuato  that  h(>  was  on  his 
march  thither,  the  indei>endenee  was  at  once  ])ro- 
claimed  in  scn'eral  localities  hy  inlhieiitial  oiliceis  of 
llie  royal  army,' and  on  ]\[arch  2ath  .Vnastasio  Ihis- 
tamunte,  who  had  immediately  espoused  the  cause, 
entered  the  ('ai)ital  of  the  pro\ince  amidst   the  plau- 

'Onoiif  tliciii  iii;iy  liavo  licrii  will  finiiuKMl;  iiaincly,  tluit  nut  iniicli  ii'.i- 
,'iurc  ciiulil  Iji"  liliK'cd  (111  Uic  luyiilty  <il'  the  tl'oojis. 

-  At  this  tiiin' t  liicrri  To  wa.s  .'!:)  yearn  of  a^^c  Ili-i  cnniinexiim  was  very 
ila;-k  aiiil  his  hair  Ioiil',  lihuU,  coarse,  and  eiii'ly.  In  his  early  lile  he  t' illnw  -l 
ihi' (H'eu|iatioii  iif  a  iniih'teer.  Aeednliiiy;  ti»  Iiis  lia|itisnial  veuistiy  lie  \\;;-i 
Imin  ill  'I'ixihi,  in  Aiimist  17v_';  his  |iarents  liein^'.lnan  IVilri)  (iiieneni  an  I 
Maria  ( luailaliipe  Sahhina,  Indiau  tillers  of  the  snil.  /j<i,iiH'iii<,  /Ji<f.  Mj., 
x.  (ids-!). 

•'  IJefore  Itui'liiile  dejiaiti'il  fur  the  liajio  lie  addressed  a  eoiiiiiiiiiiieatidM  to 
the  \ieeniy,  I'epiirting  all  that  had  (irciirreil,  plaeiii;^'  his  own  eundiiet  in 
the  best  ^lossihU^  lin'ht,  and  assiiriiii;  him  that  the  sentiment  oF  iiuhiiendi'neii 
]ire\ailed  tliiouuliout  the  e'Hintrv;  he  also  sent  adilresses  to  the  kiiiLj  and  to 
the  coites  to  the  same  olleet.  NVIu'tliur  those  doounient.s  rea<hed  their  de.-ti- 
iiation  is  not  known;  at  anv  rate,  they  reeeiveil  no  eonsideration.  /.ifi'nja, 
.!'/;.'.  ;/  A''./;//,'.,  417  S;  liiislniwmfr,  Cimi/.  //;..'.,  v.  ]•_':»  ;u. 

'  Corta.'jirat  Amoles,  Maivli  Kith,  and  at  S:d\alierra  on  the  17th.  IV'ijaiiio 
and  other  immediate  [ilaees  followed  the  examj'le  on  the  ISih.  .\iiasta~i.> 
r.iistamante  imjelaimed  at  Pantojii  the  I'.lth.  ("elaya  was  imniediali'ly  ea[)- 
tiiri'd;  and  the  eomuiulante  <.'eneral  Antonio  lanares,  u  ho  refused  to  J  liii 
tlie  ii\olution,  was  L;i\eii  a  sate  eondnet  to  .Mexieo.  Liriiifjir,  Ai/ic.  //  i'lC'i/ir., 
■Hi  !i;  Mr.c.  Dor.  /{ilnlh;,.^,  cte.,  no.  I ;  Tos,  AV'(-//.s/  S:''io,  in  .l/«  r.  'Sur.  ij,,,,,. 
IS  lil'ni,  'Jd  ep.,  iv.  TtC)!  Xtifiriusn  Urn.,  iSi'l,  ap.  'J.'i— !■;  ('ii<riifi,  l'urvr.!r 
.'/.,<;.,  y,\,  tL'-;j;  Ouz.  ilc  JA.i\,  IS'-'l,  .\ii.  lUO  L';  Alaiwni,  UUf.  J/../.,  v.  l.d- 
(JJ. 


i 


II 


714 


TRIUMPH  OF  THE  REVOLUTIOX. 


dits  of  the  people,  the  tlirco  guaranties  of  the  plan  of 
Iguala — religion,  independence,  and  inru)n— being  en- 
thusiastically proclaimed.^  Under tliese  ftivorablecii- 
cunistances  Iturbidc  advanced  uninterruptedly  to  the 
city  of  Guanajuato,  which  he  entered  about  the  iniddlj 
of  April. 

]lnstamante's  defection  completely  changed  the 
aspect  of  the  revolution.  It  increased  the  indepen- 
dent forces  by  about  G,000  n)en,  and  gave  it  all  the 
resources  of  the  province  of  Guanajuato,  still  one  of 
the  wealthiest  in  New  Spain.  The  viceroy  to  no 
j>ur[)ose  tried  to  awaken  in  these  troops  their  former 
l()\-alty.  Proclamations  were  no  longer  of  avail."  The 
army,  composed  mostly  of  Creoles,  as  the  reader  is 
aware,  was  no  lonuer  imbued  with  the  sentini'^nts 
which  for  so  long  had  kept  it  faithful  to  the  oppres- 
sor's cause.  A  multitude  of  insurgents  who  had  re- 
ceivcd  the  benefit  of  the  pardon  had,  dui'ing  the  last 
two  years,  associated  wif  a  the  troops,  and  these  learned, 
at  last,  that  tliey  alone  hail  prevented  the  achievement 
of  their  country's  freedom  3'ears  ago,  and  that  it  was 
to  them  that  she  still  looked  for  aid.  The  exami)le  of 
(Guanajuato  was  speedily  followed  elsewhere;  the  re- 
sistance opposed  to  tlie  triumphant  progress  of  the 
I'evolution  was  insignificant  and  for  the  most  part  a 
mere  show — terminatetl  without  active  hostility.  At 
Valladolid,  before  which  city  Iturbide  a[)peared  on  the 
12th  of  May,  the  comandante  C^uintanar,  after  sjK-nd- 
ini^  a  week  in  neijrotiations  and  protestintjr  that  his 
honor  would  not  allow  him  to  listen  to  any  proposals 
for  the  capitulation  of  the  city,  adt)pted  the  self-dece[)- 
tive  course  of  deserting  to  the  enemy  on  the  19th. 
This  ho  did  to  reconcile  his  tender  conscience — for  he 
was  in  favor  of  independence — with  his  notions  of 
honor  as  a  royalist  officer.     On  the  following  day  the 

*  Olio  of  tlio  first  acts  was  to  rcmovi!  from  the  .alliniiiliga  the  heads  of 
ni(lulL,'o,  AUciule,  Aldiiiiiu,  and  Jimenez,  and  yivc  thoiii  Christian  Imrial  witli 
Uii!  utmost  solemnity. 

«'J'li(-y  appear  in  the  Gk:.  dc  J/o-.,  lS-21,  xii.  HlVi  0,  ."{IT  0,  .•?!),")-(J,  -t.T). 
I'romutiou  and  decorations  were  offered  to  liustainante,  and  rejected. 


IX  NUEVA  GALICIA. 


71. ■ 


garrison,  reduced  bjMlesertioii  to  GOO  men,  capitulated, 
and  was  allowed  to  depart  to  Tacubaya,"  and  Iturhide 
in  triumph  entered  the  [)lace  of  his  birth  on  ^lay  22d. 
Previously  to  his  occupation  of  \'^alladolid  he  had  an 
interview  with  Cruz,  in  the  hope  of  inducing  him  to 
join  in  his  plans.  The  conference  was  arrang<xl  by 
Xegretc:  and  althouii'h  Iturbide  did  not  fully  u'ain  his 
object,  he  succeeded  in  the  essential  point,  being  as- 
sured that  Cruz  would  remain  inactive;  and  relying 
on  Xegrete's  cooperation,  he  now  was  certain  that 
Nueva  Galicia  and  the  internal  provinces  would  not 
need  his  individual  attention.'* 

On  the  i-eturn  of  Cruz  to  Guadalajara  things  for  a 
brief  interval  remained  quiet.  Although  many  otH- 
curs  of  the  garrison  were  anxious  to  j(.*u  the  revolu- 
tion at  once,  both  Iturbide  and  Negrete  considered 
the  time  hartlly  ri})e,  as  Cruz  had  at  his  conunand  the 
force  under  llermenegildo  Revueltas,  On  the  loth 
of  June,  however,  it  was  known  in  the  city  that  the 
troops  at  San  Pedro  had  takiMi  the  oath  to  support 
the  [)lan  of  Iguala;  whereu[)on  Laris  took  possession 
of  the  artillery  and  munitions  of  war,  tlie  garrison 
})roclainied  the  independence,  and  Cruz'  authoi'ity 
was  set  aside.  On  the  IGth  Xegrete  entei-etl  the 
town,  and  the  oath  was  solenudy  taken  on  the  20d. 
The  wliole  of  Xueva  Galicia  followed  the  exam[)le, 
except  San  Bias,  and  that  port  was  soon  made  to  sul)- 
iiiit.  Cruz  proceeded  to  Zacatecas  with  Kevueltas' 
lbrc(,',  whence,  with  the  royalist  authorities  and  ])ub- 
lic  funds,  he  pushed  on  to  Durango,  where  he  arrived 
on  the  4th  of  Julv.  ]\lanv  of  his  trooi)s  deserted  on 
the  way  and  returned  to  Zacatecas,  which  |)roclaiiued 
the  independence  forthwith.^     Negrete  now  went  in 


Vure 


A  part  of  the  Xucva  Espafia  regiment  renuiincd  hcliiml.     TIk;  di'sorters 
(jifiaiiizcil  into  a  I)altali(in  oallcil  tiic  '  Union.'  /Ji'fK'in,  ^lilii-.  >i  llorfillr 


4i'iS-~',);  Jiiititdmaiitr,  Ciuul.  Ili'<t.,  v.  l'>4-S;  Id.,  ^'iiipleni.  to  Cam,  Trr.'i  SiyloK 

v.  -JOl-T. 

.  tilt'  Sill  of  May.  fico  Bnxlamniiii>,  CnruK  Ills/. 


iv.  -JJO-l:  AlaiiKin,  llUt.  M, 


'  Tlic  interview  took 


V.  I,")0-;!;  Licittijii,  Aill'.  1/  Ui'riijic,  4,'>.")-7;  Alamai),  ll/s/.  Mij.,  v.  l.V,)-()4. 

'••Xaniely,  on  tiie  4l.li  of  .luly.     Nogreto  wrote  Itiirbiilo  .hily  Oth  that  the 
desert  iou  of  royalist  troops  had  h' 


I 


'enei'al.     All  the  faets  eonneeted  with 


710 


TrJU.MPII  OF  TITK  IIEVOLUTIOX. 


jMirsuit  of  Cru:',,  an-ixiiii^'  in  front  of  Diirango  oii  the 
4lh  of  August.  l\'ii('<j  negotiations  having  failrcl, 
liostilities  beu'an,  and  for  tlirt^o  weeks  a  brisk  tire  was 
maintained  on  Ijolh  sides.'"  On  tlic  ;5Ist  ot  August, 
liowever,  the  town  (Hsplayed  a  "\\hite  fLig,  and  on  the 
^td  of  Si>pte)nhor  a  cajiitulatlon  was  signed,  by  whie'.i 
Cru/  and  Ihi;  ox[)editionary  troo[)s  were  granted  the 
lionor.i  of  wai',  and  peruiitted  to  depart  ibr  Wra  Cru/, 
to  enil)ark  for  Spain.  The  besiegers  took  pfjssessiou 
of  the  city  on  the  (Itli  of  Sei)teniber,  and  the  reco^iii- 
tion  of  the  [)lan  of  Fgnala  tlu'ougliout  Xueva  A'izcay.i 
i;inne(Hatelv  followed.  The  eastern  provinoias  internas 
h:id  meanwhile  also  yielded  to  the  popular  iV-eling. 
Arredoudo  in  vain  ti'ied  to  suppress  manifestations 
hostile  to  the  govermnent.  The  indi'pendence  was 
jtroclainied  on  the  1st  of  duly,  and  being  deposed  from 
liis  eomn)and,  he  eudvirkedat  Tanipico  for  Ilabana. 

!Meantim(>  Iturbidi;  had  marched  from  Valladolid 
against  (^Hierctaro.  The  possession  of  this  c\i\  as  a 
centre  of  o'oeratio'.is  was  e(|ually  im[)ortantto  tluMoy- 
;dists  and  indeivndents,  and  tln>  sicorov  was  already 
e  )!iceiitr;'J iiig  troops  at  San  Juan  del  ]{i()  for  its  >up- 
jioit.  .iris  design  was,  howevt'r,  I'rustrated  by  th'j 
I'apiil  movements  of  -Ioa([uin  Parres,  Colonel  Husta- 
mante,  and  (,)uintanar,  who  eoni])elled  Colonel  Xovoa, 
the  coniandante  of  San  duan  del  llio,  to  c:ij)itu]ate 
on  the  7th  of  June.'^     Other  operations  conducive  to 


t!ic  alFaira  of  .r;ili,scfi  and  /^iioatecas  .appear  in  Lii-o'tija,  Adir.  tf  Uert'ijic,  4<)')- 
•J;  .)/(.(•.,  J)<)c.  l'tl!iliro<.  III).  "J:  (.'iiiCiK,  I'uriiiiir  .l/t.r.,  SD-'J;  Oar.  (/,•  Ua-i  I., 
IS.'I,  .huio  -JTtli  to  Dl'l'.  -J.M,  ]ia.s.iiiii;  X<(in't<\  Olimrr.  Cnr/u,  lO-I.S;  d'rir.  ,!,■ 
(litifL,  IS-21,  ,luiio  :>:)tli,  ill  Vit'lij),  Cut.  ]>iii\,  i.  iw.  1,  I;  JiuKinnuciti',  CikuI. 
J/i<l.,  V.  '21-2;  Aliuwci,  ir,'<l.  M'j..  V.  '.'OT-ir). 

"'Ni';j;ri'ti.'  was  slniuk  in  the  iiimitli  by  a  luillut,  wliii'li  Uinn'Ue.l  mit  t'.irco 
iippcr  tuetli  anil  a  piruu  (if  tlu'  luiuc,  ami  twn  lowiT  tcrlli.    Lirvtui't,  Ailh-.    / 

y.v.v ;/;-•.,  -liic-;!. 

"  Tliat  Ninu;  ilay  Ituiliiile  was  in  pmil  uf  lusinL;  bis  lif',' nr  bbti-ty  nuir 
QiuMviai'i).  On  iiassin,;,'  Arrnyoliuiuli),  \\)~)  I'oyalisls  attaclit'.l  biiii  wlii'u  !ij 
b:il  witb  biin  only  r>i'liassoiiis  ami  8;)lioi'.soini.ni,  bis  army  bi'in:;tbrci;  k',i:.;u'4 
b.'luiiil.  'J'liiriy  of  bis  men  wiio  were  in  advanco,  I'unuiuniib'.l  by  t'apiain 
Mariano  I'ari.'dos,  fouLjht  so  ib'speratuly  (bat  tbcy  ilrovo  tlio  enemy  baek  \vi'.!i 
a  los.s  of  4')  nuM.  Iturbiilo  rewanloil  tbeir  bravery  with  a  nieilal  bavini:  o.i 
i!  the  legend  'oD  eontra  4;)0.'  Tbi;i  aetiou  was  ever  after  known  a-i  tba.  uf 
tlie  :!'.)  against  400.  Buda,nunt<-,  Cuail.  U'tM.,  v.  lUJ-IJ;  Lk\a<jn,  Ad'c.  j  AV;- 
/ovV. ,  47ii-U. 


MUTINY  AT  TIIK  CAPITAL. 


(lie  capture  of  Qiicrctaio  (juickly  I')]1()\v(m1.  A  fdivo 
of  uioi'e  than  1,000  iiK'ii  si'iil  to  its  ii'lid"  under  tlu; 
coiuniaiul  of  (\)n('lia  was  intei'cc[)tiul  and  I'cturncd  to 
till'  capital;  IJi'aclio  aiul  Sau  Julian,  wliowiM'e  escort- 
iuj;'  a  eonduL'ta  tVoni  Duranj^o  with  SOO  of  tlu;  t-xjx'di- 
tionary  tioops,  were  conqjelled  to  lay  down  tlieii' arms 
on  the  l22d;  and  tlu>  city  was  siu'rounded  hv  the  con- 
centra  ted  forces  of  Jturhido,  ainountIn;j;- to  10,000  men. 
The  [)ositiou  of  tlie  comandante  I  iUaces  was  liopeless, 
and  uu  the  28th  of  June  he  surrendered.'' 


Willie  these  events  wei'e  occurriuL;'  in  tlu^  interior, 
mutiny  hi'oke  out  in  the  cajtital.  The  discontent  ot 
tin;  expeditionary  forces  grew  apace  as  rejtorts  of  the 
uninterrupted  mai'ch  of  the  revolution  followed  each 
other  in  (piick  suc<'ession.  Apodaca's  lukewarm  ef- 
fats  to  supi)ress  it  weru  regarded  with  suspicion,  and 
it  was  I'csolved  to  de[)ose  him.      At  a  nieetiiuj'  of  tlu; 


masonic  order  the  cons[)iratois  decided  to  cany  their 
design  into  eiK'ct  on  tlie  night  of  .fuly  atli,  and  ])i'ep- 
arations  were  matle  in  the  several  harracks  with  well- 
eiiarde<l  secrecy.      On  the  eventful  eveninyf  Aitodaca 


was 


hold 


niLT  a  cou! 


icil  of  war,  and  amonuf  the  olH 


ce 


jireseiit  were  the  major-generals  Lihan  and  Xo\ella, 
and  Ih'igadiei'  .lvsj»inosa.  Ahout  tiMi  o'clock  a  ho,ly 
troops  entered  the  jialace  wliile  others  suri'ounded 


ii,"  and  their  lead 


ers,  o 


f  whom  ( 'oloiiel  I'h'ai 


■;co  \^\\- 


ce 


1  was  chief,  preseiitiii!'"  themselves  hefore  the  \i( 


roy,  informed  him  that  the  dis(,'ontent  of  the   t 


( )l'ces 
''I'eat 


and  tlieii'  distrust  in  his  loyall}'  had  heeome  so 
that  it  was  decided   to  remove   him    from   power  and 


V.ll   .1. 

iia'tarlc 


■  UiuliT  terms  of  i-apitalatioii  griuitiiig  tliu  liiiiiors  of  ward)  lluilii 


.1   to 
for  J[al)aiiiiat  tlie  cailk'st  pn.ssiliiiMlay.      Mraiiwliilo  tliuy  wfi-oallii\vril 


.1    tlKlUSelvi-'S  ll'lt    to    SI.TV< 


;aiint  .Ale 


;uaii  iiKicpciK 


t)  iciiiaiu  111 


( Vl.i 


J/.- 


!    SO;   I. 


liD^rinijO    Hi  I 


!)1»-I0l';  <' 


1\ 


Ml 


Ui-iam-iiiti',   Ciiii'l.    I/lsf.,   V.    l(it-7S,   'J(!l;  Al'i 


111^'.     MrJ.,    V. 


:  \vu  iSiiz 


i!,- Me.c,  1S1>1,  xii. -2:17-0,  4;r),.V2;i-S,(il5;  (rVif.  di.Giuu/.,  1821, 


.filly  t,  7;  L'iCi (cjn. 


A'/h 


[^'■'ijn 


47  i-s:i 


III  iiumliur  from  SDO  to  l,0:K)  iiuai  lirloiiiiiii''  to  t!i;'  r('''iiurnt.s  Onlcnus 


luilitaivs,   Casiilla, 


id   Infante   I)ou   Carlos.     The   niaiiuo   luuiiiiciit   tiiat 


li.ill 


ICl'll 


Cil!(d.  Jiisf. 


Apoila 


iH  yiiard  u"  tlie  palace,  was  in  the  uuitiiiy 


BnHtniiiaiiU] 


2oo-S. 


jJill 


718 


TRIUMPH  OF  THE  REVOLUTION. 


install  one  of  the  sub-inspectors  in  his  place,  designiit- 
ing  Linan.  The  viceroy  with  much  dignity  asserted 
his  loyalty,  and  claimed  that  he  was  free  from  blame 
in  the  matter  of  the  losses  sustained." 

Lilian,  and  also  Novella,  refused  to  accept  com- 
mands thus  mutinously  offered  to  them ;  but  the  troo[)s 
were  obdurate,  and  threatened  to  make  Buceli  viceroy. 
In  fact,  Apodaca's  life  was  in  danger  if  he  did  nut 
comply,  and  Novella,  to  avert  greater  evils,  assumed 
the  responsibility.  Apodaca  saw  the  uselessness  of 
resistance,  but  when  Buceli  laid  before  him  for  his 
signature  a  paper  in  which  his  resignation  was  attrib- 
uted to  ill  health,  he  tore  it  in  pieces,  declining  to 
subscribe  to  such  a  lic.^^  He  then  wrote  out  his  res- 
ignation with  his  own  hand,  stating  that  he  freely  and 
voluntarily  surrendered  to  Novella  the  civil  and  mih- 
tary  commands,  at  the  respectful  request  of  the  offi- 
cers of  the  expeditionary  forces,  on  condition  of  his 
j)erson  and  family  being  safely  conducted  to  Vera 
Cruz.'"  On  the  followed  morniutif  he  retired  with  his 
family  to  the  villa  de  Guadalupe,  but  on  the  approach 
of  the  independents  he  returned  to  the  city  and  re- 
sided in  the  Franciscan  convent  of  San  Fernando 
until  an  opportunity  was  afforded  him  to  depart  fV»r 
Spain. 


"The  loss  of  the  internal  provinces  ho  attributcil  to  Cruz'  inaclion;  tho 
surrender  of  Viilladoliil  had  been  entirely  unexpected  by  him  in  vie\i'  of  tlio 
assurances  he  had  received  from  Quiutanar;  aa  to  (Jiieretaro,  ho  had  done  all 
he  could  to  aid  it,  ordering  Castillo's  and  Concha's  forces  to  march  there;  iii 
I'cgard  to  Pucbla,  which  was  then  in  danger,  Brigadier  Llano  had  repeatedly 
said  that  he  was  not  in  need  of  more  troops.  Moreover,  Concha  liad  iKjt 
marched  to  tiic  support  of  Pnebla  because  he  had  no  conlideuco  in  his  men. 
Alaman,  JUkI.  Mcj.,  v.  '249-50. 

'^IIo  indignantly  added,  that  under  tho  existing  circumstances,  it  was 
grateful  to  give  up  tho  command,  as  it  aflbrded  liim  a  silver  bi'idgc  to  cro.ss 
out  of  so  many  ditficultics,  but  ho  would  not  leave  it  dishonorably.   Id.,  Sol. 

'"During  the  preliminaries  LiSuu  had  used  hnrsh  langnago  to  tho  ollicers, 
and  challenged  tliem  'uno  a  uno  6  conio  quisiesen,  tratanilolos  como  mere- 
cian.'  Tlie  soldiers  repaid  Apodaca's  constant  benefits  with  ingratitude.  It 
is  siiid  that  four  days  l)eforc,  Buceli  represented  to  Apodaca  that  lio  had  lost 
3,000  pesos  from  the  funds  of  his  regiment,  and  wa-i  in  great  distress.  Tlio 
viceroy  relieved  liim  from  the  predicament  by  leading  liini  that  sum  without 
asking  for  security.  His  surprise  was  great  on  seeing  Buceli  at  the  head  (if 
the  mutineers.  BuKfamaiiti',  Cuad.  Hid.,  v.  'Jli.");  hi.,  Garza  Vindlcado,  '; 
Gaz.de  Mex.,  18-21,  xii.  700;  Alaman,  Ukt.  JIij.,  v.  •2iS-o'2. 


DOV.'NFALL  OF  APODACA. 


719 


Apodaca's  rule  lasted  nearly  five  years,  and  may  bo 
divided  into  three  epochs.  Lariiig  the  lirst,  namely, 
Croui  September  1810  to  INIiiui's  arrival,  his  policy 
was  so  wise  that  within  a  lew  months  ho  succeeded 
in  restoring  peace,  a  result  the  more  remarkable  from 
the  fact  that  ho  could  have  no  perfect  knowledge  of 
the  men  he  had  to  rely  on  or  of  the  resources  at  his 
connnand.  By  the  possession  of  a  high  order  of 
talent,  quick  insight,  and  a  most  extraordinary  activ- 
ity and  cncrg}',  all  of  Mhicli  ho  brought  into  play, 
admirable  results  were  obtained.  The  insur-gents 
wore  everywhere  del'eated  and  their  strongholds 
taken.  Still  more  worthy  of  admiration,  in  a  royalist 
point  of  view,  was  his  conduct  during  the  second 
epoch,  in  connection  with  Mina's  invasi(jn.  The  oper- 
ations of  that  campaign  were  marked  by  vigor  and 
activity.  The  blows  struck  by  the  royalist  troops 
were  decisive,  and  after  Mina's  destruction,  the  work 
of  eliminating  from  the  revolution  any  elements  still 
in  the  field  was  a  comparatively  easy  one.  Indeed, 
the  revolution  M'as  almost  dead  in  the  middle  i)art  of 
1820.  The  third  epoch  presents  a  strong  contrast 
with  the  preceding  ones.  It  was  one  of  inaction  and 
apathy  in  military  affairs,  at  the  very  time  when  the 
utmost  energy  was  demanded  by  the  newly  developed 
circumstances.  In  the  cases  of  Mina  and  Iturbide, 
both  of  whom  had  independence  in  view,  the  viceroy's 
course  was  exactly  opposite.  In  the  former  it  was 
one  of  relentless  war,  and  when  the  leader  was  secured 
death  was  at  once  awarded  him;  whereas  toward  the 
latter  he  displayed  a  conciliatory  s[)irit  and  a  want  of 
polemical  action,  w^.ich  looked  much  like  intentional 
neu'loct.  So  marked  a  difference  in  his  lino  of  con- 
duct  laid  him  open  to  the  suspicion  that  he  had  be- 
come faithless  to  his  trust;  a  suspicion  strengthened 
by  the  fact  that  he  regarded  the  constitutional  regime 
as  extremely  prejudicial  to  the  country,  while  it  was 
an  undeniable  fact  that  no  change  could  be  effected 
so  long  as  Mexico  remained  an  appendage  of  Spain. 


720 


TRIUMPH  OF  THE  HKVOLUTION. 


It  is  not  bt'lioved,  liowover,  tluit  Apodaoa  directly  <^»r 
insidiously  ])r()in()tL'd  ^Ecxico's  iMdL'[)i;iuleiioc;  but  tlio 
I'act  sttuids  lliut  ho  did  littlo  or  uotliiiii,^  to  provfiit 
its  jux'ouiplislununt  by  Iturbido;  and  indfcd,  ho  can 
hardly  bo  blamed.  Cireuuistanoes  had  ehaugod;  tluj 
inoii  ho  had  before  at  his  call  had  beou  carried  away 
by  the  feelinj^  that  the  daughter  should  assume  a 
])ositiou  e(|ual  to  the  mother  iu  the  family  of  nations. 
The  harsh  opinion  formed  by  those  who  tried  to 
dishonor  him  hatl  no  weight  with  his  sovereign.  In 
8e})tendjer  of  1822  he  returned  U)  8})ain  and  was 
jtlaced  en  ctiartcl,  or  waiting  orders,  in  which  situa- 
tion he  remained  till  called  to  the  discharge  of  several 
high  oflices  of  trust,  and  to  be  otherwise  hontu'ed." 
Tiie  conde  del  A'enadito  died  at  the  a<>e  of  eii^'hty- 
one,  full  of  honors,  on  the  11th  of  January,  18;jo. 
By  his  marriage  he  had  seven  children. 

The  conde  del  Venadito's  successor  in  Mexico  by 
virtue  of  this  military  enieute,  Francisco  Xovella, 
Azdbal,  Perez  y  Sicardo,  was  a  mariscal  do  campo  of 
the  Spanish  army,  sub-inspector  and  comandante  gen- 
oral  of  the  artillery  corps  in  New  S[)ain,  decorated 
with  the  cross  of  honor  of  Talavera,  and  was  a  knight 
of  the  military  (n-der  of  Sau  llermenegildo.^"^  Jle 
officially  counuunicated  to  the  several  authorities  his 
accession  to  the  viceregal  office,  the  diputacion  [)ro- 
vincial  being  the  only  one  which  for  a  while  refused 
to  recon'nizo  him,  but  which  finally,  to  avert  anarchv, 
yielded,  and  administered  to  him  the  oath  of  office. 
He  then  published  an  address  to  the  people,  explain- 
ing the  situation,  and  another  to  the  soldiers.     In 

'^lu  March  IS'24  he  M'as  made  cominaiuLuit-gencral  of  naval  engincors: 
Nov.  'J.l,  \'6'17t,  viceroy  of  Xavarre;  next  inoiith  the  grand  cross  of  the  order 
ot  Isabel  la  Catolica  was  conferred  oa  him.  The  .same  ycai',  l)cc.  COtli,  lie 
was  appointed  a  nicmher  of  the  royal  council.  Dec.  1,  ISu'O,  he  received  tlio 
giauil  cross  of  the  order  of  Carlos  III.  May  1,  18.30,  he  became  captain- 
general  or  admiral  of  the  navy,  and  director-general  of  the  same,  holding 
this  last-named  otiice  till  IS.'Jt,  \\  lieu  it  was  .'suppressed,  and  lie  was  ehoseii  a 
jJCoi'C/' iu  the  Cortes  of  the  kingdom.   J)'iri'.  Uiur.  1 1  hi.  Gio'/.,  i.  'J"i8. 

"*A11  tliese  uauica  and  honors  headed  his  edicts  at  that  time.  D'fpos. 
\'ur,,  iii.  47. 


TIIK  XKW  MCKROV. 


721 


tlic  foniici'  ]io  nia(l(,'  ]aif)\vn  tliat  lie  liad  ;ijipf)inio(l  a 
uiixt'd  hoard  of  fi\iliaiis  and  military  ollivfrs  to  aid 
liiiii  in  devising  means  to  establish  unirormity  ui 
opinion  in  doh'noc  of  Spanish  I'ights.^'  J»ut  what- 
ever liis  -wislns  miglit  he,  Ids  oidy  recourse  was  t(» 
pursiu!  the  same  ])olieyas  his  ]ii'cde'ei'ssor.  The  audi- 
encia  had  declined  to  administer  the  oath,  on  the 
!>round  that  under  the  new  order  of  thiniis  it  was  no 
longer  a  royal  council.  Several  of  the  most  distin- 
guished military  officers,  such  an  colonels  Llano  and 
J^una,  threw  up  their  connnands  on  various  pretexts, 
and  otluNS,  who  were  not  at  the  ca[)ital  when  the 
change  took  place,  expressed  their  disa[)[)roval.  Tlu;se 
circumstances  tended  to  augment  the  confusion  and 
the  dilHculties  that  the  govermncnt  was  laboring 
under.  Novella  called  the  former  goveinor  of  'I'las- 
cala,  l']stevan  (Gonzalez  del  (Jampillo,  to  be  militaiy 
governor  of  Mexico,  and  himself  su[)erintended  the 
work  on  the  fortifications  that  were  beinu:  erected  for 
the  defeuce  <jf  the  capital. 

Since  his  release  from  j)rison,  January  1821,  Xico- 
las  Bravo  had  been  leading  a  retired  life  at  Cuautla, 
where  he  was  visited  by  Antonio  do  Mier,  Iturbide's 
agent,  inviting  him  to  join  in  the  meditated  move- 
ment. An  interview  between  ]3ravo  and  [turl)ide  at 
Jguala  followed,  which  resulted  in  the  former  ai)prov- 
ing  the  plan  and  acce[)tiiig  a  colonel's  commission, 
l^ravo,  raising  a  considerable  ibrcc,  went  to  Izucar  and 
Atlixco.  J  )eing  joined  by  Osorno  and  other  chiefs  of 
the  plains  of  ^Vpani,  he  established  his  headcjuarters 
at  llui\jotzinco.  About  the  middle  of  A[)ril  Tlascaia 
fell  into  his  hands.  There  he  obtained  twelve  pieces 
of  artillery,  besides  being  joined  by  a  number  of  the 
rovalist  garrison.  lie  next  went  to  Iluamantla,  ami 
spread  the  revolution  throughout  the  valleys.-'^ 

"The  two  (locnmcnts  .appear  in  Gaz.  <Ie  J/ca'.,  1S21,  xii.  71.J-1S;  0"r.  de 
Gunil.,  Is-Jl,  .Tiilyj,-).  -JS. 

""* Details  of  liiH  iiiDVoinents  are  given  uillevia'a  ami  Couclia'b  reports,  ciii- 
ilxsT.  Mkx.,  Vol..  IV.    4tj 


';J 


722  TllIUMril  OF  THE  RKVO'^UTIOX, 

Meaiitimo  occinTcMict's  of  no  less  iiiiportaiici!  liad 
l)(.'('ii  tiikiii<^  pi  ICO  In  Vera  ( 'i-u/,  wliurc  tlio  pronuili^a- 
tion  of  thu  L'ojistitntioii  had  caused  <i[rc>at  n'jltation. 
The  nowH  of  Itnrbidc's  revolt,  and  of  the  adoption  nf 
th(^  [)lan  of  Ij^nala,  caus(^l  the  utmost  sensation  holh 
ainoni^  the  people  at  larj^e  and  the  tr()oj)s.  A  poi-- 
tioii  of  the  latti.T  prc.clainied  the  ])lan  on  the  1  .'jth  of 
^larch  at  La  I'anderilla,  a  short  distance  from  tlir 
port,  and  marched  ai^ainst  Pisrote,  hopinuf  to  tak(;  il 
by  surprise.  '^rhoUL,di  Win  pi'oject  failed,  the  revolted 
I'orco  under  Iruela  was  joined  l»v  the  Dra'jjones  du 
]"]spana  from  .lalapa  and  other  hotliea.  (jlreat  enthu- 
siasm was  now  manifested  in  favor  of  inde[)endence. 
"^riie  chief  conunand  was  t(Midered  to  and  accepteil  hy 
]jiinitcnant-colonel  Jose  Joacjuin  dollerrera,  who  h.id 
servi'd  with  distinction  uncK'r  ArmijO  in  tlu;  south, 
and  had  retired  from  the  service  after  the  I'all  of  Jau- 
jilla.'-*  The  revolution  havinjjf  at  the  same  time  spread 
toward  the  villas.  Governor  Diivila  of  Vera  Ciaiz;  re- 
enfoi'c(>d  Orizaba  and  Cordoba.  To  the  former  ])laco 
Santa  Anna,  then  a  brevet  cajitain,  was  sent  with  some 
infantry  and  lancers.  On  the  "JOth  of  ]\Iarch  he  drf)ve 
olf  an  insurii'cnt  partv;  but  I"Ic;rrera  havini;  ariivt  d 
the  same  day,  h(>  acceptcnl  the  i)Ian  of  in'uala.-^  Th(5 
occu[)ation  of  C*i'>rtlol)a  by  llerrera  on  April  1st  fol- 
lowed. Santa  Anna  now  started  for  the  coast,  whei-e 
ho  had  inliucMice,  and  cai)turt.'d  the  town  of  Alvarad'*, 
whose  garrison  abandoned  the  comandante  Juan  To- 
j)cte.-"  Meantime  Ileri'era  stationed  himself  in  the 
pi'ovinco  of  Puebla,  cutting  olf  any  assistance  that 
might  be  sent  to  the  city. 

Jhigadier  Llano, connnanding at  Puebla,  despatched 

brnciii'!;  Uio  pmiod  from  .Tiui.  to  Mny,  in  Oit~..  dc  ^fr.v.,  1821,  xii.  DO.')-"', 
327-0,  .•(7S-S0,  :VM. 

''  His  t'i,''co\v;i3  now  of  (iSO  infantry  .'uul  (iOilra^^oons.  Iturbiilo  on  .Maic!i 
2'Uh  approvuil  the  nauirs  tlioso  trooii.s  asnnicd,  naiiuly,  ( ii'anaileros  iiincii- 
ak's,  anil  Diagoncs  dc  Anu'iiLii.  Ilerri'ra  and  Iruela  wcro  liy  liini  connijis- 
sionc(l  as  lieutiniant-coloiiuLs. 

2- Xotwitlistandin'C  v.liicli  lio  took  the  lioiit-coloui'lcy  yivou  liini  hy  (1m' 
viceroy.     Siibscqiiontlj'  Itnrliidc  niado  him  a  coloui  I. 

'■'''  Sauta  Anna  treated  liiui  eoiirtcoui^ly,  giving  liiiu  a  pusisport  for  Vera 
Cruz. 


S.WTA  ANNAS  KFFORTS 


723 


fi  lai'ffo  foroi'  under  Tjiciitcnant-ndoncl  Zarzosn,  to  w- 


(•<)Vc;r 


tl 


1(3   \ill;is    ( 


it"  ('(')r(l<>l»a  iiiid  ( )i'i/.;il)ii,  win  re  tin 


"rovcrmnunt  liad  (lO.OOO  baits  ort.ohacro,  l»iit  two  tliiicK 


(»f  his  tr()<)[)s  (K'st'i'tcd  tf)  tlio  ('iiciny.'''  Jlrrrcra  was 
ii(»\v  joined  at  To|>oat'a  by  Bravo,  at^^aiiist  whom  tjic 
viceroy  had  sent  llevia  with  a  stroni,^  division.  Hero 
they  wore  attaeked  hy  1  fevia,  and  aftei-  a  severt^  en 
uaL;('inent,  in  which  the  loss  on  both  sides  was  serious, 
I  lerrera  abandoned  Tepeaca,  and  followed  by  llevia, 
rt'treatod  throUL^h  San  Andivs  ( 'halchiconiula  on 
Ai)ril  29th ^■'  1o  Orizaba  and  ('('n'doba,  while  Ih-avo 
went  to  the  plains  of  Apani  and  occupied  Zacatlan. 
Ift'via,  in  atteniptini^  to  capture  (\'ti'doba,  lost  his  life, 
and  the  assailants,  on  the  arrival  of  reenfoi'ceinents  to 
the  besieu'cd  under  Santa  Anna,  and  a  bodv  of  do- 
sertors  from  Jalapa,  beat  a  hasty  retreat  to  L^iieljla.''*' 
Santa  Aima  entered  Jalapa  almost  withont  op»;)siLion 
on  the  2!)th  of  ^[ay,  theri'by  obtaining'  a  vahiable  sup- 
[>ly  of  arms  and  ammunition.'-' 

Perote  was  also  for  a  time  in  great  danger  of  cap- 
ture, but  was  relieved  by  Samaniego  on  the  llth  of 
June,  notwithstiuiding  Santa  Anna's  eiforts  to  ]>revent 
him.-''  The  hitter's  next  ste[)  was  to  attack  X^ni 
Cruz,  the  only  otlu'r  [)lace  in  the  })roviuce  still  held  by 
the  government.  Previ(jus  to  his  march  iVom  dalai)a 
he  issued  a  grandiloquent  proclamation,'"'  which,  though 
little  understood  by  the  troops,  greatly  animated  them. 

"Ilevia's  last  rep.  in  Oaz.  if>'  }f/'.v.,  IS-Jl,  xii.  ■l,Sf)-no.  Aiii'iii;'  tlio  proiiii- 
liuiit  odiuors  %vlio  jiiiiiO'l  JfciTcni  wcni  two  smis  (if  tlio  comlu  du  l;i  (Jadciia,  ii 
son  of  the  iiiarqiu's  do  Sii'rra  Xevad:!,  and  Licut-col  Miota. 

'--' Iloriera'fl  report  in  llii^fniiian/c,  ('ii'nL  llt.'tt.,  v.  1!)l'-4;  Ilcvia'.s  in  Oaz. 
(Ir  M,x.,  1S21,  xii.  419--r);  />hr.  L'ulr.  IlUf.  (7'0;i.,  x.  MO. 

•'^  A  diary  of  tlic  opiTations  was  imltlishcd  in  J.-dapa  liy  T^a.ssi,  whicli  was 
copied  l)y /->"•>'■'«'»'■(»''',  Cnud.  Ili^i.,  v.  iltt-'J;  h!.,  Snj,/.  to  C/iro.  Trr-<  Si  itan, 
W.  '2i;i-iS;  Vd.i/ilh  ij  Lniin'.-i  II' p.,  in  <l<r:.  dr.  Mcx.,  hsJl,  xii.  ,").-).")-(j.S;  J/<  .<;. 
liij.<q)i(jo  lifvoL,  9J;  Orizurrt,  (trin-r..  1 1!)  5."). 

'■'■'' Several  cauuon and  upwards  of  1 ,000  niuslicts.  Bushimante,  Cnad.  Hist., 
V.  H)l)-'_';)0. 

"  Viua.s  rep.  in  Cnz.  d,'  JA.r.,  IS-Jl,  xii.  017,  T'JT  HO. 

■"Drawn  up  tiy  ('.  M.  IJustaniantc,  wiio  had  joined  iiini.  It  waa  a  unir[UO 
document,  in  which  tiie  idea  was  for  tlie  lirst  time  iid\anecd  that  Mc  xico  \va>i 
thi!  liiir  of  tlie  rights  and  ^'I'icvanees  of  .Montezuina':!  suhjeets,  ainl  her  soldiers 
wore  ealled  upon  to  avenge  the  .Mexii-an  e,igl<',  wliieli  was  traniph;d  under  foot 
three  centuries  ago  on  the  plains  of  OUunba.  L'uad,  Hist.,  v.  •JOO-1. 


T-M 


TPvIUMPII  OF  TIIK  Ri:\'()LUTIOX. 


On  tlifi  "J<1  of  July  he  nssaiilteil  the  tcwii,  and  sus- 
tained so  sci-ious  a  re|)uls(;  tliat  he  retreated  to  Cur- 
dol)a,  where  in  his  nun'tidcatioii  he  lulniinatud  a  vow 
of  destruction  a^^ainst  \'era  Cruz.  Wo  will  tluie 
leave  him  i'or  the  pi'esent,  to  take  up  jJravo's  o})(.:ra- 
tions. 

'{"his  chief',  after  the  disaster  at  Tepea(?a,  had  moved 
from  Zaeatlan  against  Tulaneingo,  whence  Concha,  wlio 
had  hcen  sent  to  the  support  of  Queretaro,  prcci[>i- 
tately  lied.  At  Tulancingo  ]>ravo  was  j(/med  hy  (Jua- 
dahi[)e  A^ictoria,  who  had  (Mnei'gcd  Ironi  his  conceal- 
ment in  the  mountains  of  \"ei'a  Cruz,  and  had  issutnl  a 
])roclamation  at  Santa  Fe  on  the  20th  of  April,  exhoit- 
in-'-  liis  countrvmcn  to  maintain  union  and  constancy 
in  su])])ort  of  the  new  nioveuient.''"  His  appeal  was 
respi)n<led  to  with  alacrity,  old  insurgents  ralhcfl 
roumi  him,  and  lie  soon  induced  the  gi'oater  poilion 
of  the  province  to  declare  for  independence.  Jhavo 
now  ioined  Herrera  and  laid  sies^e  to  l*uel>la.  The 
attempts  on  the  pai't  of  the  vicei'oy  to  relieve  tlu) 
beleaguered  city  were  fcehle  and  inelfective.  Concha, 
though  sent  witli  a  large  iorce,  afttsr  executing  a  num- 
ber (jf  ridiculous  movements,^^  i-eturned  to  the  capital, 
and  on  tlu'  17th  of  duly  Llano,  who  refused  to  sur- 
rjiidei'  the  city  to  any  other  than  the  chief  of  the 
revolution,  agreed  to  an  armistice.  .^Feantinu^  Jtur- 
1)ide,  after  the  capture  of  Queretaro,  Iiad  moved  I'li'- 
wai'd  against  ^Nfexico,  enterinu'  Cuernavaca  on  the  l!:!d 
<»f  Ju)ie.  Tl'..  ncc  ho  turned  his  course  to  Puebla,  and 
on  ]\\<  arrival  at  Cholula,  IJano  (■apltulated.'"'"'     Itur- 

•''']'>iistnni;iiit.' IS-  ,iplies  a  copy  of  liis  prorlainiitioii.  Ciiad.  ///'<,  v.  184-."). 
^^'-.:  i  V  liitcs  lluit  ic  ncWM  "f  nnrljiiK'".s  do  laraUDii  was  coiivoycJ  to  Vii-tmia 
liy  twdiiiitlifiil  liiili  .'s.  wlioliail  liccii  tlio  last  lo  leave  liiiu.  TlK'Voin[liiyL'il  six 
v.fiks  iiiUi<irsi>arcli  roi'liini.aiiil  uhciiat  last\  ietoriatHscuvcrcil  liiiiisi  It'tDiiin- 
nf  tiiciii,  the  Indian  Ma.s  so  '  tiTiifii'il  at  scoiiig  a  iiliaiitoni  coviTcd  «  itii  liai.', 
ciiiai  latL'd,  and  clotiicd  only  witli  a  cotton  Wfappcr,  advancing  upi  u  liii:i  \\\{}\ 
a  hword  ill  liis  iiand,'  that  In'  look  tt>  liiglit.  It  \\as  only  on  luarinij  liimsrit' 
lallcd  f('pi'ati'(lly  liy  ids  iiainc  that  he  iccovcrcd  his  couiposuro  .suUicif  ntly  to 
locomiizL'  his  old  j;iMu  ral.    irfuv/'s  Mi.v.,  i.  •J.'{l-4. 

■"  In  derision,  tiio  picknanu'  of  '  la  trajincia'  was  given  him;  a,  term  appli'd 
to  the  eanoes  wliiih  tr;  tlii  ked  l)et\\een  tile  \  illages  on  the  niargin.s  (jf  tlie  laki  s 
ear  the  capital.   AIhiikdi,  II'i^i.  Mi/.,  v.  '2'>{. 

''•'The  teiiiisof  the  capitulation  Were  agreed  upon  1>J' colonels  llorlx'gosoand 


OCCUrATIOX  OF  OAIACA. 


725 


bide  ontcivd  tlu'  (•ity  on  tlu;  '2(1  of  .Vii^-iist,  and  wns 
rL'cciv'jd  with   tin.'  i^Tcatost  entliiisiasiu.      ()ii  tlu-  ath 


tlic  (k'cJai'alioM  of  national  Indt'pi'ncK'n 


ICC  was 


Icinnlv 


1' 


■(  K 


lai'.Mcd,  I)isliop  i?cr''Z  dclivciiii'''  a  di^ 


course  winch 


Idled  Itui'bidu's  soul  with  and>itious  proji'cts.  Tiic 
utmost  niiirorinity  of  ideas  existed  lictwecn  tli  ■  two, 
and  from  thist.inic  the  l)isho[)'.s  inlhience  with  liie  chitd' 
v.as  <-ons|)i:'i:ously  nianil'est.  I''rv'(iut'nt  coid'crences 
Were  ludd  In  them,  and  the  liishoj)  has  heen  ie;.;'ai'ded 
l»y  many  as  having  ins])iivd  Iturhide  with  tln'  idea  ot 


IUll<'' 


the  [)lan  ol'  rguala  to  his  own  advantagi 


.N  o 


'i'lie   I'all  (;t"  I'uebla  was  comjileniented    l»y  the  r»e- 
ijaca,  which   occurred  Himultancously. 


cui)ation   ol    ( )i 


le   of   the    royalist  commanders   in  that  jiro\inc 


c> 


IK  red  anv  st.'rious  resistance  to  I'evo 


luti 


)narv  mov 


]nent^ 


an< 


I    tl 


le    mdeiH'iKli 


■ut 


connnaiKtei 


Anti 


)mo 


iCon,  having  eiitered  the  city  of  Oajaca  on  the  ."iOth 
duly,  the    in(K.)end(,'ncu   was    ,sj)ee<lily  ])roclainied 


In  th(}  Costa,  Chica  the  ii 


scs. 


caiuilcit,  wnei'i.' 


thi'ou''hout  the  territoi'v. 

dependents  sustained  some  rexi't 

the  plan  of  ln'uala  had  l)een  proclaimed  Fehi'uarv  -Tih, 

A\as  restored  to  ohedienct.'  on  the  1  ath  of  ^rarcli,'''  and 

on  the  l)d  (jf  June  ^Vsecnsio,  having  faiK^l  in  an  attack 

on  Tetecalathe  [)revious  day,  was  slain  at  n  place  called 


S:mi:uHc 
llurbiilu 
aiul  iiicii  us  v.i.-lici 


ro  fcir  Lluno,  ami  Cort.-iz:ir  iiiiil  tlio  oomU'  (l.'.Saii  i'dli 


■1  A! 


Tli^ 


■urrisoii  was  tn  l'o  out  witli  iiiintafv  li 


Diiofs,  aim  siiuii  (itlKUTi 


1  t:,  j'lin  the  trigaiaiito  army  wi-rc  tu 


it  lil)' 


^y  to 


tlio  rest  to  ix'tiii'  ti>  L  jatopoe,  to  Liu  aftorw  ii'il  tiaiisffrreil  to  Habuua  at  tlio 
cxjiuiiai!  of  tliu  Ml''  'oaii  nation.  Saiiiapii"^o  peisuaiU.'il  tlio  Mi'xicaiis  ulio 
wautL'tl  to    follow  tlio  fiite  of  the  SjiaiiKirJs  to  join   their  coiiiitrj'"s 


ivanco  rotircil  to  his  wife's  hacicnihi  near  Te;:cneo 


Ullsf,, 


<lt,\  Cirn/.  ilist. 


•J! i: )-!.-.;  /./. 


Sii 


iL  tl 


,0    <  (ICO. 


T,-( 


H    lillj'i 


IV. 


i;{(i-7:   <!iir.   i/r  <;,i,iil.,   lv_'l. 


Au^'.  11,  .IH-O;  I'lfim,  Jlis'.  .Mapn,  ii.  lHI-(i;  Ahi 


IIUI.  .1/. 


\. 


M 


til. 

""  Some  expressions  in  the  hisliop's  iliseoursc  eondiiced  to  that  end.  I'"roiii 
this  lime  all  IturliiiU's  operations  soenieil  to  aim  at  seeiiriii'^  the  tiii'unc  !nr 
hini'-'elf,  in  spite  of  tin;  olistiicles  that  he  had  himself  [ilaei'd  in  thi;  plan  of 
lynala.   I',  rr-.,  J)isi'itrM>,  in  i'(ij>.    !'«/•.,  e\xiv.  no.  51. 

''I)etailsof  the  caniii:ii'^'n  apiicir  in  lUistumitnti ,  CinuL  IIUI..  v.  'Jl.'i-lI'J; 
Aliiiii'lK,  JJisl.  M'j'.,  V.  '.'(il  (i;  (Jr!:ii,r(i,  Oriirr.,  Iiil.  Celso  Iniela  was  seia 
liy  ItiU'ludeas  governor  of  Oajaea;  hi?  proved  a  de-ipot,  and  linally  hid  to 
leave  liie  pi'o\  iiice  iu'iiiimiiiiniisly.    <''(irr!"lo,   /■'■i!iiil/ii}i  //i.-f.,  ii.  •_'!),  ;i7. 

''The  arrixai  of  the  fi'i','ates  Priuhn  and   ]'t  injanvi,  and  tlieir  eoiiperatiou 
with  Mai'i|Uez  y  Poiiallo's  li.'nti'iiant,    Kionda.  liroiii,dit  on  the  resloratinn 
^^^:.  (/(•  M<,\,hi-2L  xii.   'JoT-S,   ;jlJl,   31U-J;!,   IO!)--l_';  yolir}<,-o  OVm.,  l^.M, 
Miiroh  lis,  oU. 


i 


iU 


dtSMk 


I 


720 


TRIUMPII  OF  THE  REVOLUTIOX. 


]\ri][)illas  ill  an  entj^niTjiMiicnt  witli  Trril)or,  who  was  com- 
]\]'j;  to  the  ,sui)[)()rt  of  Ti'ttK-ahi.""^  Xovcrtht'lcss,  the 
whole  territory  was  soon  lo.st  to  tlie  royahst  goveni- 
iiieiit,  Aeapulco,  isolated  and  unsupported,  bein<^'  its 
only  [)os.sfssion  left  on  the  .st^ithei'n  seaboard. 

Iturhide  after  takinij;'  possession  of  Puebla  de- 
spatched his  forces  to  lay  siei^e  to  IMexico,  i  i  co- 
oj)eration  with  troops  which  were  on  the  march  from 
(^ueretaro.      When  on  tlu^  point  of  pi'oceedin'L;- thitlK^r 


innsc 


If, 


news 


I'eached    him    of  the    arrival    at    the 


])ort  of  Vera  Cruz,  July  30th,  of  Juan  O'Donoju,  who 
liad  been  appe<inted  l)y  the  S[)anisli  •^•overmnent  to  l)e 
the  gefe  su|)erior  politico  and  captain-Lfeneral  of  Xew 
S[)ain.^''  O'Donoju  was  received  at  A'era  Cruz  with 
the  hio'h  lionors  due  his  rank,  and  as  ;!"•  road  to  the 
ca[)ital  was  intt>rcepted,  ho  at  once  as;-nni'd  his  otiicial 
authoritv,  the  leLi'al  oath  beinii  udmimsiere'd  to  him 
by  (Jovernor  Davila. 

Lieutenant-i^eneral  O'Donoju,  hni^'ht  grand  ei'oss  (jf 


tlu 


e  orders  o 


f( 


lOS 


111. 


tl 


11 


\ua  ^yA.n  iiermeneu'ilUo,  was 


Idc 


of  li'i.sh  extraction,  as  his  name  thougli  son)ewhat 
changed  indicates.^'  lie  had  been  captain-general  of 
Andahisia,  and  had  even  held  the  highest  [lositioii  the 
nation  could  bestow  below  the  throne.^''  His  record  had 
been  that  of  a  truly  patriotic  Spaniard  and  irre[)roaeh- 
able  soldier,  and  in  [)olitieal  pi'incli)les  a  lover  of  lib- 


>rtv 


It 


IS  UUf 


lerstood  that  he  was  of  hiLi'h  dcji 


e'C 


in  the  masonic  fraternity.      His  ap[)ointinent  to  ]\Iex- 
ico  has  been  attributed  to  the  iniluence  of  the   Mex- 

^''Ilubt'r  sent  his  licail  to  Arinijo  at  Cuornavaca,  whoru  it  was  exposed  to 
l)ul)!ic  \  iv'W.  'riiii  [Kiti'iol'.s  iiu'iimry  li.is  iiovcr  hofU  liouoreil  l>y  the  .Mexican 
f.;.ivenmiei\t.    Alniwin,  ll'iM.  M'j.,  v.  1!).')  7. 

■"Ho  sailcil  from  Cadi/  the  lilKh  of  May.  on  the  A^ia.  a  ship  of  the  liiir, 
and  liis  htwj.  voyage  was  beiMUse  liie  vl-at  had  to  eoiivny  a  eoii.sideialile  riuii- 
lier  of  mere  liantiiien,  iiiid  to  toneli  at  I'lievto  Cahello.  'J'n  Vera  ( 'riiz  .she  <  s- 
e  iitid  eleven  ve^.sels.  hi,  v.  'JOG;  ilaz.  ile  Mtu:,  18J1,  xii.  ti41-L',  bM;  M< r. 
Col.   I.ri/.  Fllllil.,  t). 

•'"ire  has  also  lieen  .supposed  to  li.ivo  heen  of  Irisli  nativity.  Li'fi'jn, 
Jill'.  !/ L'rrtil!,:,  4!)!). 

•'*•  Aeeordiii;;  to  his  lii'st  ]ii'oelaniation.  (•'■-..  (>''  M'.r.,  ISJI.  Nii.  8.5. 1  liJ; 
(I'lic.  <ii'  ^[  I'Iriil,  in  Sdnnmirii  f'ah/..  i.  |0;{. 

*'' i''or  wiu'h  lie  wa^j  o;icc  inipri;io;ie,l  and  tortured,  bearin^'  the  evidence 
of  it  ill  iiis  hand.s. 


VKEPtOY  O'DOXOJU, 


lean  dcputu  s,  cspL'Cially  Aiiz| 


J[ 


727 


I'tic;'  llic  sujtposi- 


tioii  on  the  pai't  ol"  jsoidc  thai  lic  liati  coim;  to 
accniujilisli  tlic  country's  inik'pentlnici',  Imt  cviTy  stcj) 
]u'  took  ul'tfi'  liis  arrival  at  Vui'a  C'ruztcnckd  toslmw 
tliat  lic!  had  broui^lit  with  him  no  s[)c('ial  [)lan,  and 
that  he  awaitud  tlio  resohitions  ot"  tlic  S[)anish  ('('n'tc-;. 
C)'JJonoji'i  lias  boon  calK'd  a  ti'ait<->»'  for  scrvinL;'  his 
couiilry  as  iaithruhy  as  cii'dinistanci's  pci'mittcd.  J  lo 
.^aw  at  onco  how  absurd  it  would  be  to  uttcnij)t  to  uj)- 


-luso,  as  ( 


lid 


many  in 


:\L 


cxu'o   and 


n 


iviJ;i 


»o  ex  pot 


1' 


•ted 


hold  a  lost,  e 

in  \v\u  C''uz,  when   im   assistance   eould   I 

lioni  the  .supreme  'jov crnment  tluit  liaidlvhad  nutans 

I')   sustain   itself.      lie  therefore   resolved,    now    that 

]\Ie\ico  was  irremedia]>ly  lost  t<)  8[)ain,  to  secui'e  I'or  tlie 

reigning'  family  of  his  country  the  throne  about  lobi; 

ei'ected  in  the  new  nation,  and  to  })reservo  the  I'riendly 


es. 


n  Jus  i)roeiama- 


rdations  between  the  two  peo[il 
tion  on  the  od  of  Au^'ust  at  Yvvii  Ci'u/.,'^  he  tried, 
howcvei',  t(j  induce  them  to  await  tlie  ailion  of  tlie 
cortes,  assuring'  tliem  that  the  di'sire(l  autonomy 
M'ould  be  ecjnceded.  To  the  military  he  s[)oke  in  a 
dilfereiit  tone,  thankiirj'  them  tor  their  loval  servici-to 
till!  government  in  tht'ir  defence  of  the  city  aL;ain.->t 
outside  an'i^'ii'ssion,  and  ending"  with  the  lio|);'  tliat 
friendship  between  the  antagonistic  bands,  after  the 
a'jijressors  had  been  reduced  and  undeceived,  wi)uld  be 
restoi'ed,   and    the   })ast   for^'otteu.'-     lieini,''   conlincvl 


withni  tlie  wa 


uid  unal)le  to  a.dva!i(H"  a  snii 


Avitliout,  comin;^'   in   contact   with    the   ind(.'pendent,- 


■i;i 


()J)< 


lloju    opened     ri'latlolis    Wl 


h    Santa    Amia. 


and 


made    friendly  overtures  to  Jtui'bid','"  who   v;iant( 


*u,',tz.  <!>•  ^^, 


is-j 


xii.  S.V.)-(J-2;  (,'ar.  ,!<■  (/loiil.,    IS'J!     Ai 


Ilns/: 


•hintc,    (  'iKIil.    Hist. 

lis  WdiiLs  well'; 


■J' 


('n;4(j  i's|i(i'iiliz;is  d> 


\i^  (I no  riiliiridon  y  (li,',si;li,i;;i Mil 


(IciitiK  (U!  jioio,  volvcroino.-i  ;i  ht  r  tuuns  iimigds. 


•tu.   /./. 


-(i, 


'I'ln^  ]iii.--iti(iii  \\;is  a  paiiitill  ouo  tor  tlio  )H'sii';,'cMl;  yt'llnw  I'cvor  was  fa'.'- 
iii;^'  lit  till'  fiurt,  and  ill  a  kw  days  iiiniid  oil'  btv.  ii  i>f  O'J  tuiiojii's  siiiu",  nil  I 
a  iU'i)iii'W  and  nieco,  who  dit'd  Milliiii  tua  iind  a  liidf  hours  of  oiio  iinothtr 


find  wove  hiiiici 


d  tl 


10  Slime  aitrrnooli. 


A  noil 


icr   lurfc    w 


;i3  at   (Iciitl 


dL 


\\li(ii  III'  lift  till!  city  (III  till!  null.     Olio  hiiiidiiil  suldior-i  and  aailoi.s  ui'  lliusu 


ul 


lo  I'.UIIl'   V 


ilh  h 


.1  als 


.urisli.il.    /7.,  ■_•_>: 


'In  l«o  k'ttois,  one  oliicial  and  one  piiva.e;  in  l!iu  luriiKi' 


It 


irhiilu  wui 


'I  I 


I 


728 


TRIUMril  OF  Tin:  REVOLUTIOX. 


]iim  poiMnissioii  to  a(l\'anco  ns  far  as  (Nuvloba  for  tlio 
j)uriK)so  of  h()]<liiiL^  a  coiirctvncc  with  liiiii,  and  'k-- 
.spjitcliod  the  coirIc  do  San  Pedro  del  Alamo  and  Juan 
(\'l)a]1os,  a  son  of  the  niar([UL's  de  (j!uar(Uola,  to  re- 
ceive and  entertain  General  ( )'JJ)onoju  tliere.  !Mean- 
timo  Iturbide  went  to  the  vicinity  ol'  ^Mexico,  and 
established  his  liead(|uarters  at  the  luK-ienda  of  Zo- 
(juiajja,  near  Tezcnco,  whence  he  a])pi'ised  Novella 
of  O'Donoju's  ari'ival.  Xovelhi,  however,  resolv(.'d 
to  etTect  no  chani>-e  in  affairs  till  the  new  ruler 
should  reach  the  ca})ital. 

Alter  adoptinn"  some  necessary  militar}^  measures, 
Iturl)i(le  jtroceeded  to  Cordoba,  which  jilacehe  reached 
on  the  2od  of  Au^^'ust.  General  (J'JJonoJu  ari'i\'ed 
the  same  day,  havini^  been  escorted  by  Santa  Anna 
with  every  nuirk  of  respect  as  far  as  Jalapa.  The 
chief  paid  a  friendly  visit  to  the  o'i'noral  and  his  wif  j 
that  same  eveninu;',  and  on  th(!  Ibllowing"  day  official 
conl'erences  were  held.*''  Iturbide  jiroposed  that  by  a 
treaty  the  })]an  of  Iguala  should  be  ado])ted  as  the 
only  means  to  secure  tlio  lives  and  property  of  S[ian- 
iards  residing;'  in  the  country,  and  the  ]\Iexican  throne 
to  the  house  of  BcHU'bon.  O'l  )onoju  assented,  ;uid  in 
his  sovereig'ii's  name  recognized  the  inde[)en(lence  of 
]\[exico,  and  agreed  to  surrender  the  t;ity  of  INFexico 
to  th(^  ai'iiiv  of  tlu;  thi'ee  guaranties.  This  celebrated 
treaty  consisted  of  seventeen  articles,  which  conlirmed 
the  plan  of  Iguala  with  a  slight  dilference  in  the 
third  article.  1  give  in  a  note  an  e[)itome  of  the  in- 
strument.'"' 

aililn'!>.sL'd  US  'gcfi' siiporii)!' <l('l  cji'iTito  iriijioiiiil  do  las  Tirs  (!:u'aiiti,is.' jiinl 
ill  tlid  latter  wait  uallvcl  ;i  fiii'iid  wlmse  c'slcciu  ho  wislii'd  to  mciit.  linsl'i- 
nifiiilc,  (')i(t'l.  llUl.,  V.  '_'2S-.'I1;  A/(iiwni,  /li-if.  JI'J.,  v.  'Jli;);  Lici(!;/fi,  .lil!-\ 
?/ AV.v;//,-.,  IS't. 

*'llnrl)ido  Maid:  '( ivanli'ii;  iho  yiind  faith  aii<l  haniHiuy  \\  ith  wliiih  Vi- 
ciiiidurt  ()iirs('lv(  s  iu  tiiir'  iiiattcr,  I  supposo  it  Mill  In'  easy  tot-  u.s  to  Hnd'i 
this  knot  without  paitiii;,'  it.'   Jlnffinnanir-,  Cuiul.  JJinl.,  v.  I'lil. 

Art.  1.  This  Anu'iica,  sjiall  lie  roi/(i','nizod  as  a  sovcnvi.;n   iiidryktiilcnt 


nation,  f.illcd  tho]\IcNican  K 


iro. 


'2.  Tl 


ic<;ovoininL'ii 


t..f  t 


in  onipil'v 


lallh. 


a  niudrrato  iDiistitiitioual  inniiari'liy.  It.  The  tiath  pivscrilicd  in  art.  4  of  tJijf 
plan  hc'in'.t  previously  taUcii.  the  following  shall  lie  eiillrd  to  rci,_'ii  over  life? 
Mexican  eni[/iie.  In  the  lirst  place  IVrnaiido  \'(I..  Catliolie  kint.' "f  Sjiiiin; 
by  his  remiuciation  or  nuii-udinission,  his  brother  Carlos:  for  the  same  Jva- 


0  DOXOJU  SUBMITS. 


:20 


N()\'cl!n,  on  l)ciii;.;-  iiironiicd  l-v  ( )'I)oni)ji'i  on  the  i2r)tli 


() 


f  tl] 


IS  ai'ranL;('ni"'iit,  lu'ld  a  '-oui! 


ol  wai 


and 


was 


resolved  to  (,'orit'nnu!  tlu'  liolicy  of  adopting;"  no  rcso- 


lut 


ion  iiJ 


(J'j) 


onoiu  s 


lioidd 


conu' 


to  ^Li'xii-o,  and  this 


was    conununicatcd    to    liiiu   in   letter   of  the    ;!lst.*^ 
D.hila,   the  u'overnor  of  A'era  C^ruz,  also  n 'fused  to 


(let 


I'r- 


olx.'y   t!ie    eaiitain-i^'encral's    orde^r,   and    luii. 

miiietl  to  defend  hinisidf  at  all  hazard^  ahandi  n«  il  the 

citv,  and  retired  to  San  Juan  de  Ulna.      In  fht 


i-aiii 


tnl, 


as 


th 


e    indi'jH'Mde 


nts   AVer 


e   conunu'    un    ni 


ariio 


SODS,  noxr,  niter  liiiii,  his  otluT  \>ri 


.'V  FiiiiK'isi'o  (Ic  I'iiiihi;  next  (  ailiis  Liiii, 


lii 


f  S. 


wiii.  loiiiicr  liL'ir  ( 


>f   l';t 


niiia  ami   luiw  < 


.f   I 


uri'a;  ami  in  caHf  (it 


s  I'fMijimcin^  ov  '.)ot  aeecjitiiiL,',  thi  u  such  jn  rsoii  ua  the  iiii|iL'rial  ciitcs  iiiny 


iiatc.     4.  Tl 


u  oiiineicji-  .-^liall  rcsiik;  in  Moxiro,  as  tin-  eaiiital  ot    tliu  ciii 


j)irc'.     5.  (Ion.  O'Dmiojii  si 


lal 


qipoint  two    r.)iiiniissiiiiier> 


rovision 


iilly  to 


make  thin  arraiji,'('nn;iit  Utiowii  ti)  tlic  (joiirt  of  Spain,  pcndiiiu;  the  formal  ton- 
(icr  of  llio 'M'own  by  tlio  imperial  cortus.  (i.  A  sullicicutly  niinuTini-  juntii 
shall  l.iu  C'lustitnted,  compc.ici.1  of  mcnihoM  promiiiciit  for  th<ir  \  irtiR  '  olli- 


fortii 


'junta  provismn; 


W!i,  I'l'prcscntation. 


anil 


churactor. 


il  L'ul 


(iinativa.      S.   e'en, 


OT). 


1. 


'J.  Tl 


10    JIU 


sh.iU  cK'ot 


imijii 


10  junta  shall  liu  ii,.i 


itlwl 


shall  1. 


.f  Ih. 


a  pre 


■iiilcnt  <'hosen  it 


(lui  anion'. 


it 


s  iiit>ii]l)ors 

I, 


10.   The  junta",;  lirst  art  shall  ajiprise  the  puMio  (jf  its  installation,  fihjcct.s 
anil    such   other 


th 


IS  it  may  deem  expcilicnt.  11.  The  junta,  aiter 
choosing'  its  presiiltnt.  shall  ele<t  a  regoney  of  three  pei'sous  to  constitute  tlio 
exeeutive,  ami  piovorn  in  the  iiiouan.'irs  name  till  he  shall  assume  the  sceptre. 
12.  The  junta  shaU  rule  aceonliuj,'  to  existing  laws,  not  clashing  with  the 
plan  de  Igirda,  till  the  eortcs  form  the  national  constitution,      l.'i.  The  re- 


j^encia  shall  convo 


jko  til 


rtes,  in   conformity  with  art.  "J-tth  of   the  pl;i 


11.  The  cvccntive  sh  ill  reside  in  the  n.'gency;  the  legislative  in  the  cort' 
and,  till  the  latter  arc  installed,  in  the  junta  ])rovisionul  guliernativa  actirn^ 
in  concert  ^\itll  tlu?  regency,  l.j.  Under  the  new  onler  of  things,  Kui.ip'iaiis 
i:i  Mexico  may  continue  to  he  such,  or  liecoine  Mexicans,  remain  in  the  cnuii- 
try,  or  go  away  ;is  they  may  choose.     The  same  privilege  is  granted  .Mexicans 


resiiliiig  in 


Spain.      Iti.  Th 


livilcgo  shall  not  lii 


(1  to  civ  il  or 


military  eniploye-i.  or  to  oliic?ors  notoriously  hostile  to  Mexican  iiidcpcndcnci 


talc 


ich  must  leave  the  country  wi 


itliin  the  timi;  the   r 


(".'ciicv  may  iicsicna^o, 


icing  away  their  .gooil.s  on  pay 


oju  promises  ■ 
out  further  I) 


iiducc  the  c: 
Islu'd.    (I'lZ.   1. 


cpedit 


it  fif  the  i-egular  export  di 


lonary  forces 


to  Ic 


tl 


17.  ()']>on 
le  count rv  wi;li- 


,il>. 


Mi 


i.  cS."i-0;  M<.c.  Ih'ircliii  lul, 


l[st 


pt,,  :IS1  !)0;  Uac.   (A-  Omul,   KSJI,Sc]it.  12,  07- 100;   Mir..  l\<l.l.',,.   Fu.M.. 
!l-i:{;    WiU-och^i'  Ih'  ],al,-h  in  .\  in.^ili  o/( 'nii;/..  IS'JI-J,  'JODO  21 14:  yi/<.<'  X^;/.. 


xxi.   (i4,  SO,  !Ki;  A/<i 
'nM'uiiuiitc,    CintiL    /Ji-if. 


lli>l.    MrJ. 


0;  A 


!;)2   I;  III.,    a 


rrdmjiir. 


M 


J- 


II.  (i. 


Vinilhntlo,  8-1);    A, 


Alii".  II  lyrtUir.,  VV.--2.     On  the  '.Wi'l  of  .\ug.  O'Doiiojii  fi-.>m  fiTdoha  v.  rot 


th 


le  Siianish  government,  det:nling  the  situation  and  the  reasons  that  lorce 


.1 


him  to  adopt  tile  course 
J'i'!j.,  xxii.  7  S. 


he  had  ta 


Mniolor   Uli 


ri.imi'.niiu. 


X,/' 


notli 
of  (' 


'  Lifiau  deemed  it  important  to  kii'iw  first  what  were  O'Donojii's  powers; 
ing  could  lie  resolved,  as  lie  had  signed  '  esos  pain  h  s,'  iiuaniug  tlic  treaty 


■  l'"l" 
ndoli.-i,  within  a  region  occupied  liy  the  eiK'iny.     Colonel  .Sociat 


iM 

dL'.l 

spoiidence.  both  oilicial  and  private,  m.iy  be  seen  ia  liii.-iUd/iant', 


not  see  that  O'Oonojn  hail  any  special  authority  to  sign  away  wlni 
the  '  logitima  dependencia  dc  1].  [lafia.'     lie  was  for  lighting  till  il 
whole  correspondence.  I 
Cnuil.  lH-<t.,  V.  211-5.5. 


all 


ill 


ii 
t 

\ 

\ 

1 

1 

i 


730 


TRIUMPH  OF  THE  UEVOLUTIOX. 


iiuni1)i'i's  to  lay  sio^'o,  Xovcllji,  made  every  prepara- 
tion i'or  defence.  The  forces  elio.^en  to  oj)erate  tigaiiist 
the  besiegers  were  placed  under  Conclia's  command, 
and  General  Linan  was  made  chief  of  the  siafl'.  The 
royalist  line  extended  from  GuadaliH)e  hy  Taciiha, 
Tacuhaya,  ^lixcoac,  and  Coyoacan,  closing  by  tlie 
IV'hon  at  Guadalupe,  llo^'alists  were  constantly  de- 
serting to  the  enen)y's  lines;  while  on  the  other  hand, 
rejieated  skirmishes  occurred,  one  of  which  jn'ecijii- 
tated  a  bloody  action  at  Atzcapotzalco  (^n  the  10th  of 
August.*"*  Al'ter  this  engagement  the  Spaniards  con- 
cent ratt-'d  their  forces  still  more,  abanchaiing  Tacubaya, 
which  tli(!  independents  occupied. 

AVhcn  tlie  treaty  of  Cordoba  had  been  signed, 
Iturbide  and  O'Donoju  approached  the  cajjital,  and 
Novella,  to  whom  a  copy  of  the  instrument  had  been 
ibrwarded,  asked  ibr  an  armistice,  which  was  accedc'd 
to  by  the  besiegers  on  the  7th  of  September.  lie 
then  convoked  a  junta  of  rejtrescntatives,  at  whicli 
till'  li'(>aty  and  accomj)anying  correspt>ndence  were  read 
and  dist'ussed.  The  resolution  to  adopt  no  lino  of 
action  until  the  arrival  of  O'Donoju  being  adhered 
to,  two  messengers  were  despatched  to  conununicate 
tlie  decision  to  hiu»,  and  were  reev^i\ed  by  liim  at 
Puebla. 

On  the  ].")th  of  September  Iturbide  arrived  at 
At/-ea[>ot/,ah'//,  wiiei'e  he  establislunl  his  headijiiai- 
ters.*"    Fro.'))  ffiis  [)lacu  ho  addressed  a  stirring  procla- 


^''Tlio  Spaniiiifls  clniincd  it  \ictory,  wliicli  rjiuitaniaritc  rtfu'^es  to  colic-  '!<•. 
Ci'dil.  J/isf.,  V.  ;/;).V7;  Arn'f'Kjn,  ]}.•(, ,,.,  IvJi), 'JTij;  Fnno,  JI>m.,  !SI.  Tlic 
tr.itli  is  tliat  iiuitln  f  niilc  tiiiiiniilicil,  lliu  hisi*  htiiig  t()Ualiy  suvcre.  Among 
the  ki'.lcil  on  the  imK'|)(  nd'iits'  side  was  Kiivaniacion  Oniz,  alias  1^1  I'.uiliun. 

'"'J'lic  army  nii\\  united  fir  the  m(\^v  of  Mexico  luinibercd  !),0O;->  iitUtu- 
try  and  7."()0  cavalry,  divided  into  three  (■oi-j)s.  Tin'  van  was  undc  r  V'ivancn, 
v.ho  hud  lately  joined  the  eauM.',  with  (luerirrn  as  liis  socon<i.  Tlie  oentic 
was  CDnniiamled  liy  iainces,  wlmse  Mceond  was  Aiia'<tasio  Ciistaniante.  Tiio 
rear  was  in  eliaijic  of  (^uintanar,  with  Mari'agiin  lor  iiis  second.  Xegrete  was 
eoiiiandanto  gi  iierrd  of  tho  troojis  of  Nueva  (ialicia,  and  Andrado  the  next 
oliieti'  in  command,  lli'igadier  Melchor  Alvarez  ^^  a.^  chief  if  the  stair.  'I'lio 
t\V(;  I'aiic's  and  ihailhurn  weie  tho  adjuta;its.  Iturlii.ii  ".s  aidc.-i-di'-cami)  wil'o 
t!i(' condes  (if  Kcgla  and  I'l  fiasco,  .Mari[Ucs  ilo  SaKiiticira  aal  I'aiuciiio  < 'or- 
ti's.  Aldiitaii,  Jli-/.  M'J.,  V.  'JUG-T  ap.  lU-'.i-l;  Li'iwju,  AiUc.  n  litcliin'., 
500  7. 


OCCUPATION  OF  MKXICO. 


731 


ni.'itlcin  to  tlio  iiiliabltaiitsof  the  capital,  calling''  on  tlu'in 


uo    I'ucoivo   witli   open,    arms 


tl 


lO     ( 


ici'cito    li'iL-ai'anti 


vhicli  would  assuredly  comijlote  tin;  task  it  had  uii- 
dcrlakeii  of  niakiuy;  ^fcxico  a  live  and   inch  pendent 


nation. 


0'D( 


onoiu  now 


•J 


hastened  to  ^lexieo,  ha\in!. 


in  his  corrosponduncc  witli  Novella  tinully  assumed  a 
t!ireafenin<»'  tone  on  account  of  his  refusal  to  recoL!- 
ni/e  his  legitimate  authority.  The  result  was  that 
Xoxx'Ua  held  a  conference  with  ODonoju,  and  ex- 
])ressiiiM'  himself  satisfied  with  the  hitter's  powers  as 
ca]itain-L;eneral  and  gefe  superior  [)olitico,  sui/rendered 
the  eonunand.'^ 

eoi-'uized  as  the  chief  roval 


0'D( 


onoju,  \n  lU'j;  now  re 
authorit\-,  went  with  Iturhide  to  Taeuljaya,  where  he 
received  the  conu'ratulations  of  the  civil,  militarv,  and 


ecclesiastical   authoriti 


es. 


The  only  question  which 
remained  to  he  settled  was  the  reuKn'al  of  the  royal- 
ist troo])s  from  the  caj)ital.  It  was  finally  arranj^'ed 
that  without  any  form  of  capitulation,  and  simply  l>y 
virtue  of  D'Donoju's  orders  as  ca})tain-L(eneral,  they 
(should  march  out,  and  be  quartered  in  Tezt'uco  and 
Toluca  till  opportunity  offered  for  their  embarkation; 
aiul  that  the  trii4'arante  Ibrccs  should  oc('U[>y  tlie  posi- 
tions evacuated  by  them. 


Thi 


V 


an    was 


carried    into   c;tfcct    on    ihe   morn- 


ing of  the  2."]d  of  Se[)teniber,  and  the  same  day  t!u 
grenadi'i-s.  under  Colonel  Jose   Joa(|iiin   de  llcri 


era. 


occu|)i  'd    the    f  )rtre^ 


and 


I    pal; 


ice    ol 


Cli 


ia!»u 


)CC 


'J'he.-^e  arrangements  being  completed,  Iturbidc  and 
the  ejercito  trigaranto,  on  the  'J7th  of  Se[)teinb(>i',  cn- 
ten.'d  the  ca[»i'tal  in  triumph.      The  (.'hicf,  mounted  on 


a 


black  ch;:-  'vr. 


was   surroun( 


It.'d   bv   his   aides  and 


'^"OeK.  d"  J^.f.,  1S:21,  xii.  1003-4;  I)<^<\  in  Pinorf  ''nL,  MS.,  i.  no.  CO. 

•'' Till  O'Douoju'.'i  entry  ill  tlio  eaj)it;il  Liaan  lieM  the  iiiiiitary  (-■ciuiiiiMinl, 
mill  liiiniiii  ( lulii'ii'i'iMk'l  Mazo,  whuni  O'Doimju  had  appaiii^c'il  nii  tin-  l.");li 
of  Sij  li'iuhur  inciiulfiito,  tin.'  civil  rule.  <•'"-..  </"  J/i.r,,  |s21,  xii.  07'i  7; 
Lircroia,  A''i('.  y  Uccfijl'-.,  Md;  Xarurro,  llHi-bUlc,  110 Hi;  AhtiiMii,  Uiyl. 
MfJ.,  V.  'iOJ-ni-J. 

■'-'I'lic  iiei  ,'lili!iriiig  fop'-'-it  liecaine  tlironc^'il  witli  ii'-Tijile  from  t'.iccity  witli 
out  iiitei'fciviieu  fnHii  the  'iidependc'iits.     Otliei'  jii).-,ii.ioii.;  were  evacuated  tiic 
Buiiic  day  by  tiic  royalists.  BtintainaiUt,  L'aad.  U'ut.,  v.  3'J4. 


'II 


732 


TRIUMril  OF  THE  REVOLUTION 


stniF,  tlio  roprosoiitativcs  of  tlu?  Iiuliau  towns,  tlio 
c'liicl'  titled  iit'iitlciiKMi,  and  a  lai'L,'^  number  of  othi.T 
citizens.  The  manilestations  of  enthusiasm  and  j(»y 
were  ^'enoral  and  unhounded.  \t  the  convent  (»t' 
San  Francisco,  Iturhide  was  met  hy  tlie  ayuntamiento, 
and  aliifhtiuLj  from  liis  horse  received  the  connratulu- 
tiuns  of  tlio  municipahty. 

Then  foll(»wed  the  ceremony  of  dcliverini:^  to  liim 
the  keys  of  the  city.  Golden  kej's  on  a  silver  jilatdr 
were  jtresonted  to  him  hy  the  liands  of  I^'nacio  ()\- 
inaechea,  tlie  first  alcalde  and  spokesman  for  the  ])eo 
ple.  With  words  appropriate  to  the  occasion,  Itur- 
Lido  returned  the  emblems,^'  and  remounting  ])roceeded 
to  the  plaza  mayor,  where  he  was  greeted  l)y  the 
j)laudits  of  an  immense  concourse  of  people.  At  the 
jialace  he  was  received  hy  O'Donoji'i,  who  had  entered 
the  cit}'  on  the  preceding  day,  and  the  dilfei'ent  cor- 
)orations.  A  religious  ceremony  was  thou  celebrated 
)y  the  archbishop  under  the  [)all,  with  all  the  ini[)os- 
ing  obsej'vances  of  the  Roman  ritual."* 

'Phus  ]\[exico  was  free  at  last,  and  naught  remained 
to  S[)ain  of  her  vast  colony,  this  richest  jewel  of  her 
crown,  but  Vera  Cruz,  Perote,  and  Acajudco.  Her 
inde[)cndence,  which  ten  years  of  sanguinary  strife  and 
horrcH's  had  iailed  to  achi(!ve,  was  won  I'or  her  by  aid 
of  her  former  foe  in  fewer  mouths,  ahnost  without 
bloodshed.  And  in  all  the  glory  of  liis  trium[»h  her 
liberator  aflected  humility  and  abnegation.  In  the 
midst  of  the  wild  enthusiasm,  when  thousands  of  voices 
shouted  his  name  for  joy,  the  only  reward  ho  o])enly 
sought  was  permission  to  retire  to  private  life  with 

^^  '  ]']stas  lliivos-'  III!  sail],  'quo  lo  son  do  las  puortas  r[\io  uiiicamoiito  dolion 
estai'  corrailas  jrira  la  iri-oliyion.  la  closiiniim  y  ol  dospntismo,  cmiio  aliiortas  ;i 
toilo  lo  .juo  pilodi;  liai.'or  la  folioldad  oomuii,  las  do\  uoIvd  a  V.  \\.  liaiido  de  sii 
j;oli>,  (juc  proouraiii  ol  bleu   dol  publico  a  quiou  i-epi'o.scnta. '  Alainaii,  1114. 

mj..  V.  .s;{2. 

■''Tlii.-i  was  the  first  possossory  act  Itnrbidc  exorcised  in  tho  nation's  nama 
n"  protector  of  tiie  olmrcii,  and  nocding  no  special  dci'laratioii  from  Jlonio. 
T!ic  roar  of  artillery  and  ringing  of  iicll.s  tliroughout  the  day  woi'e  deaf- 
ening, ni(.,niiiaii/i-,  Cifid.  Ili.4.,' X.  n;2!l;  vi.  1.')  'JO;  XU<s'  /,'<;/.,  xxi.  '2H; 
X.,'^'!i,.!o  (!r,i.,  ISiM,  Oct.  1,  l-:i;  .1/r.f.  C',7.  /.,//.  /•'((/('/.,  13;  Alainuii,  Ili^it. 
JJJ.,  V.  ;;:y-;!:.;  J/f..-.  Cul.  Die.  yOol,  Introd.'i. 


ITURBIDE'S  AMBITION". 


r33 


tlic  loviiijv  roinciiil)miico  of  tlie  people  on  wlioin  lie 
liad  Itestowed  freedom. ''■''  But  the  fliiiiie  of  :iiiil>itioii 
was  buniiiig  in  his  heart.""  A  [)rojeet  had  heen 
foi-med  to  proelalin  liiiii  einpeior  tliut  very  dav,"  and 
visions  of  a  scei)tre  were  ah'i'ady  flashin,i;' On  Ids 
tlioughts.  But  lie  knew  that  the  time  was  not  yet 
lipe. 

■■■'ScL-  liis  iiddivss  of  the  same  day,  in  wliiili,  after  oxliortiiii;  thorn  to  lay 
aside  all  animosity  nf  rauu,  and  pnicluini  union  and  closo  friend.^liip,  he  fon- 
cludf.-!  wiih  tht'S(.'  words:  '  Concfih'dnio  solo  viu'.-itra  sumision  ,i  las  k'vi's,  de- 
jad  ijU(!  vuclvaal  Hcno  do  mi  tiiTna  y  aniada  tamilia,  y  dv  ticmpo  un'tic'!n|)o 
liacc'd  una  mcmoiia  do  viicstri)  amijio.'  <,'ir:.  ih-  Mix.,  ISiii,  \ii.  101!)  lM- 
i\?/>.s"  J'kj.,  xxi.  'I'X;  Mi.r.  Dor.  /', /tif/ro-i,  no.  ;i. 

■"""■'I'lio  words  of  Aliad  y  (^)^u■i^)o,  uiitiu>,'  to  tin;  viceroy  in  ISIS  in  rcfcrenco 
to  Itnrhiilc,  were  iiroiihetio:  'That  yonng  man  is  full'  of  amliition,  and  it 
vould  not  li(^  Strang!!  if  in  tlio  conrsu  ;  tinu,'  lie  should  lie  the  very  one  to 
etieet  the  inde})endenee  of  his  eountry.'  ArraiKjijh,  Mij.,  i.  ■2'M. 

•'"See  the  account  given  in  JlrJ.  IJu<qfJij  Ii'ci:,  IKi-lo. 


CTTAPTETl   XXXr. 


THE  SOVKUKKIX  I'ltUVISIOXAL  JUNTA. 
1S-21-]8'J'2. 

IXSIAI.LATION  flF    I'lli;   .TiNTA— ArroiNTMKNT  dl"  A  liKCKNCY— Irs  CaISINKT — 

0'Don(.i,jl',">   |)i:  ai  II  - IrinBiDr.'s  IIkwauhs — Arniv   ruoMoTioNs— Scrt- 

lUiNUKIl   OF   I'KllOTK,  ACAITLCO,  AMi  VlilJA  (^IirZ— MritDKU  OK  ('(Pl.i  iN  i;r, 

(IiiNcuA— Fluiht  of  Krnoi'EANs— Tiik  Pukss— Pomtical  Factidns— 
!Mi;\siRi;.s  von  Cosvokino  C'o.sGiiKss — iTi'nutDK's  Intekfkuknck— 
CoN.si'iiJACV— Its  FAiLrui;— Conkition  of  tiiio  Cor.NTiiv — Tin;  l;i;v- 
KNii:— Tiik  Mininu  Indi-sthv-A  FoitcKu  Loan'  and  Aup.iruAnv 
AlFAsruKS — I'i;oR(}ANiZArinN  (ii-'riii-:  Akmy^Union  of  Ckntkai,  Amki:- 

lOA  WITH  TIIF,  KmI'IIU;  — -MkasIIIKS  for  lis  JtFPRKSFNTATION— Iti:- 
FM'.CIIONS  OX   TIIK   ADMINISTRATION    OF   TIIK  JlNTA. 

At  lialf-pnst  I'iijflit  on  the  followiii'^'  mornlnu;  tlio 
uoiiiinoc'S  selected  Uy  Iturbide  lor  the  t'orniatioii  oftlie 
junta  [)i'(nisi()nal  ^'ulxTnaliva,  which  was  to  he  in- 
vested with  the  leo'islativo  ])ower,  assemhled  in  the 
])riiici|)al  hall  of  the  ])alaco,  O'Douoju  being  present. 
Jturbide  brielly  laid  before  them  an  outline  of  the 
]»rinci])al  matters  to  which  they  would  have  to  give 
their  attention,  expressed  his  own  obedience  to  their 
direction,  and  oil'ered  his  services  and  those  of  the 
army  i'or  the  maintenance  of  their  authority.  ][e 
then  pronounced  the  junta  formally  installed,  and  the 
members  thei'eupon  proceeded  to  the  athedral,  where 
tlu.!  form  of  oath  which  had  been  agreed  U])on  was 
administered,  each  individual  swearing  faithfully  to 
observe  the  plan  of  Iguala  and  the  treaty  of  Cordoba, 
and  honorably  discharge  the  duties  he  had  been 
called  upon  to  perform.  Tlu^  junta  then  withdrew  t(j 
the  chapter-hall  and  proceeded  to  a})point  a  ])resid(3nt, 

(731) 


di:c'lai;ati()X  of  indkitin'dexce. 


7'tio 


Ttiii!)i(l('   IxMiiuf  uiiaiiiniously   elected.     Tlie  fe  deiiin 
luiviiiL;'  been  ehanled,  tlie  junta  adJoliriKd  until  e\-en- 

The  first  act  of  tlie  junta  wlieii  it  roassoinMe  I  was 
ti)  issue  the  declaration  of  independence,  l)y  wliicli 
i\lexico  was  declared  to  l)e  a  so\erei^n  nati(tn,  inde- 
pendent of  tSi)ain,  with  wliicli  it  would  maintain  for 
tlie  future  no  otliei'  union  than  that  of  friendship,  on 
terms  to  he  i)rescribed  hv  treatv.  Fi'iendl\-  relations 
Avith  other  powers  would  also  he  estahlishcd.  'J'he 
act  was  siijued  hy  thirty-six  mend»ei's,  tho  si^iiatui'c 
of  lturl)i(h!  heini;'  first  on  the  list/  The  m.'xt  pi-o- 
ceedini^'  was  the  nomination  of  a  reu^eucy  as  i-epresi'ii- 
tative  of  the  ahseiit  monai'cli,  and  constituting'' the  ex- 
ecutive power.      It  consisted  of  five  members." 

Those  elected  were:  Ituihide,  president  ;  O'Donojil; 
Doctor  ]\[anuel  de  la  Ixircena,  <>'o\ernor  of  the  hish- 


'  Tlie  signatures  ai'o  as  fullows;  A^^ustin  de  lUiiliiilo,  Aiifniiii)  oliispo  do  la 
I'licbla,  .liiaii  ()'|)(moiu,  Manuel  de  la  ]j:irceiia,  Matias  .Miint('.iL;iidi>,  Jusij 
Yarn/,  I.ic.  .luaii  J''rarii'i.-ieci(l,!  Azei'irate,  .luaii  .losi''  lv-i]iiiii>sa  (h^  Ins  MdiiteroH, 
Jcisi'i  .Maria  I'^ijiua^ua,,  .liis(i  .Mi,L;iiel  (iiiiidi  y  Aleoeer,  I'll  ma  nines  de  Sahatii  rra, 
J'll  eoiide  de  Casa  de  I leras  Sutii,  il uau  liaiitista  Liilio,  T'laneiseo  Manuel  San- 
clie/,  (le 'i"aL;te,  Anionic  d<!(!aina  y  ('■irddha,  ilose  Aianuil  Sartoiio,  Manuel 
A'e'azijue/,  de  Leon,  Mannel  Meiites  Aru'iielks,  Manuel  <le  la  SntaJIiva,  111 
niaii(M -sde  San.)  nan  de  llayas,  .lose  r'^'iiacioliareialllueea,  .Tose  Maria  de  I  Jus- 
tainaiue,  Jose  Mai'ia  Cervantes  y 'I'elaseo,  .luan  (.'ei'vaiites  y  I'adilla,  .U:-m'> 
Mainiel  V(  laziinez  de  laCadena,  .luan  de  ]lijrl)e'.'(iso,  jSienlas  ('^ni|iero,  Ml 
eonde  <le  Jala  y  de  Iteqla,  Jos.'i  Maria,  <le  Midievei-sy  ValdivieKn),  Manuid  Mar- 
ti ue/,  Mansiila.  Juan  llautistaJIaz  y  (iuzniaii,  Jose  .\lariade  .hiuregui,  Jo.-ie  Ra- 
fael .'•'.iiaiez  I'ereda,  Anastasio  llustauiante,  Isidro  Ij^nacio  de  Icaza;  Juan  Josi5 
Ks|iino.^a  dc  Icjs  Mouteios,  voeal  srio.  Two  copies  of  this  act  were  en- 
grossed, one  for  the  f,'ovcrninent  and  the  other  for  the  junta,  the  latter  of 
wiiicli  is  pi'eservi'il  in  the  Kessi<jns-hall  of  the  chamljer  of  deputies.  In  tliis 
copy  the  .si;,'naturo  of  O'Donoji'i  docs  not  appear,  aa  lie  was  [iroslrated  witli 
sickness,  the  space  where  his  name  oULdit  to  i)0  signed  lieing  left  in  hlank. 
Ill  the  printed  co|)ies  which  were  ]iublislied  it  was,  howevei-,  inserted,  as  ho 
hail  signed  the  draft.  O'ltr.  Imp.  ^h'.c.,i.  ;")•_'-.■>;  Mr.v.  Col.  I.i  ijos  I'ini'l.,  IJ-U; 
J).r(r/io  Jiilcni.  J/(U\,  3d  pt.,  4<j;i-4;  Voz.  (('■  JIc.v.,  Set.  'JT,  l.SSl;  Iliisfn- 
iiKiiitc,  Cund.  Hist.,  iv.  ap.  "JO-oO.  The  other  engrossed  copy  was  sold  hy  a 
faithless  oliieial  to  a  virtuoso.  Al;inian,  wliilo  minister  f(jr  fonign  tiiiairs, 
li'ariH'd  that  it  was  in  France,  and  oO'eied  a  large  sum  of  money  for  it,  but  to 
nopui}K)se.     liiM.  Mrj.,  v.  ,3)iS. 

-  Aiiliough  by  tlio  treaty  of  C'l'irdoba  it  was  stipulated  that  the  regency 
should  be  composed  <if  only  three  nieiiibers,  Itmbido  and  O'Donoji'i aftei'uard 
agreed  that  live  would  be  a  more  desirable  nunilier.  1'heir  opinion  ^^as  o[)- 
jiosed  by  Fagoa^'a  and  tlu;  bisimp  of  I'uelda,  both  of  wIkhii  maintained  that 
the  smaller  number  would  transact  business  more  e.\i>editioiisly,  the  latter 
CNcIaiming:  '(Jjalal  que  solo  fuesi;  uiio  el  regente,  y  (pie  tuvicse  dos  colegas 
6  asociadus  coiuo  cunsultores.'   LI.,  v.  3IJ5-'J. 


•J>. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


/ 


1.0 


I.I 


':'m  IIIIIM 

i^   1 2.2 


1.8 


1.25      1.4      1 6 

-* 

6" 

• 

V] 


<^ 


/J 


VI 


>> 


o 


/ 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY    14S80 

(716)  873-4&03 


ij.. 


738 


THE  SOVEREION  TROVISIOXAL  JUNIA. 


oprlc  of  ^ric'lioaran;  tlio  oidor  Jf)sc  Isidro  Yailcz; 
and  IManucI  Vt  lazqiu'z  do  J^ooii,  (nnuerly  socrutary 
of  tlio  viceregal  frovei-iiiiK'nt.''  As  this  appointment 
of  Itui'bido  as  president  of  the  reiifencv  would  intei- 
fei'c  with  liis  similar  j>osition  in  the  junta,  tlu'  hisliop 
of  Puehla  was  elected  president  of  the  lattei-  assem- 
l)lv.  On  the  4tli  of  Oetoher  the  retjfencv  I'ormed  its 
cal/niet,  Manuel  Ilerrera*  beinij^  ap|)ointe(l  minister 
of  foreii^n  and  internal  affairs;  Jose  D(jmii)'_^ui'/,  Man- 
zo,  of  justiee  and  i-eclesiastieal  matters;  Antonio  Me- 
dina, seeretarv  of  war  and  marine;  and  Kafacl  JVrez 
!Maldonado,  minister  of  the  treasury.  To  eaeh  minis- 
tor  a  yearly  salary  of  8,000  pesos  was  assin'ned/' 

Ilai'dly  had  the  regency  entered  U[)ou  its  j'unetions 
M'hen  a.  vacancy  occurred  hy  the  unexj>ecte(l  death  of 
0'J)onoju.  yVlmost  immediately  on  his  arrival  at  the 
capital  he  had  been  attacked  with  pleurisy,  and  al- 
tliou«.di  th"  malady  had  at  lirst  taken  a  favorable^  turn 
vud  he  was  considered  out  of  danu'er,  a  relaj)si'  set  in, 
to  which  ho  ra[)idly  succumbi  '  )n  the  7th  of  Octo- 
ber the  solenui  rites  of  the  via  in  were  administei'ed, 
and  on  the  evening  of  the  8th  ho  brt-athed  his  last. 
lie  was  interred  on  the  10th  in  the  chajx'l  of  l^os 
lleyes  in  the  cathedral,  with  all  the  honors  and  cere- 
monies observed  at  the  sepulture  of  the  viceroys. 
A\'ith  the  celel)ration  of  these  funeral  lites  the  last 
shadow  of  viceregal  presence  in  New  S[iain  jtas^ed 
away.^  The  Mexican  people  n>tain  the  name  of 
O'Donoju  in  grateful  memory,  and  his  act  in  signing 
the  treaty  of  Cordoba  is  considered  as  a  proof  of  an 


' /)(.«;>o.-.7V.  Vn.-iiiF,  ii.  f.  47;  Xotic.  Oni.,  1st  Oct.  IS'Jl,  1  \;  <;,k.  Imp. 
Mi'.r.,  i.  7  H.  Till'  iiifiiilicrs  took  tlic  o.-itli  tm  tlio  follow  in;,'  <l.iy.  In  its  ilc- 
cri'i's  tlio  rt't,'riicy  julopti'd  tlic  litloof  'Lii  Ki'gciicifulol  lijiiitrin,  (Jolxi'iunluia 
iiitciiiia  .'i  fiilta  '111  Kiii|iciail()r.' 

*'rii(^  ^*ulll(!  I'fcli'siiistio  w  li(t  liiiil  been  sent  by  Morclos  to  r'jiotiato  w  itli 
the  >iiiviTimniit  (if  tliu  I'liitt'tl  States. 

•''riiii  iiu'iuliciH  of  the  I'l'j^'i'iicy  IiikI  a  salary  of  10,0(10  jicsos  each.  Dulilini 
niicl  Ld-.inio,  J.iij.  .1/f.r..  i.  .'■>.")H. 

"A  full  acfoiint  of  lii.s  olisi'iiuica  vill  In-  foninl  in  dd'-.  Im/i.  .l/(.r.,  i.  ,'!.">- 
40.  ( ('l>()iioju  was  lioiit-^'i'ii.  ot  the  Sjiauisli  aniiii's,  iiiiil  il' >  ir.itiil  « itii  tlio 
L'r.'iiid  ci'oN.s  of  the  orilera  of  Cailo»  111.  anil  Sail  llt'riiiiin.'^'il(lo.  JJi.-/iu/fic, 
I'ltiiati,  ii.  f.  17. 


O'DOXOJL'.S  CIIAH.\(T.':R. 


737 


earnest  <lesirc  to  save  tlie  eountiy  from  furtlicr  Iilood- 
tfhed.  It  is  true  that  tin-  positittii  in  which  lir  I'ound 
liinisrlt"  OH  his  arrival  as  viceroy  was  such  as  to  |»rc- 
ehide  any  other  system  of  jtohtical  action.  J  ndeed,  lie 
liad  no  alternative  but  to  return  to  S[)ain,  and  thereby 
compromise  the  advantages  wliich  the  Mi-xicans  were 
still  inclin(;d  to  coneeile  to  tlu;  Spaiiish  goxernmeiit. 
]  [e  recoLfiiized  the  importance  at  so  critical  a  |>oint  in 
aflairs  of  securing  n(»t  only  the  lives  and  property  ot' 
Spaniards  in  New  Sj)ain,  hut  the  right  of  tiu'  Jnui.^i!  (tf 
jjourhon  to  the  Mexican  throne.  Jle  was,  more(t\ei', 
of  liberal  ])rincii)les,  and,  not  blind  to  the  justice  oi"  the 
c(»l(>ny's  cause,  had  the  courage  not  to  shirk  grave;  re- 
sponsibilitv  bv  unmanly  deiiartur*;;  nor  can  lu'  by  so 
doing  ever  be  rei^arded  as  havin*';  betravcd  the  inier- 
ests  of  Spain.  O'Doiioju  was  circumspect,  and  bon- 
a  i'e[)utation  Ibr  exacting  strict  obedience  to  or«Krs. 
At  a  later  date,  vague  and  unjustiliablc  im|)utatii»ns 
against  Iturbide  relative  to  tlu;  cause  ol'  O'DonoJiVs 
death  were  rumored.  Although  his  <lemisi'  removed 
from  the  former's  course  the  })ossibility  of  future  op- 
j»osition,  no  credence  whatc^ver  can  be  given  t(»  such 
malii'ious  ivports.  In  recognition  oi'  the  services 
rendered  by  his  conciliatory  line  «if  action,  the  junta 
decreed  a  yearly  pension  of  81 -,000  to  O'DonojiVs 
widow,"  and  recorded  that  })ositions  should  be  gi\t"n 
Avith  })i'eference  to  such  members  of  his  household  as 
might  wish  to  remain  in  the  si-rvice  of  Xew  Spain. 
The  electittn  of  a  new  member  to  till  the  vacancy 
caused  by  O'Donoju's  death  i'ell  upon  tlie  bish.ip  of 
Puebla;  and  to  supply  his  place  as  president  of  the 
junta  Arciibishop  l*\»nti'  was  app)inted  to  that  j)osi- 
tittn.  I*^^nte  was,  h(»wevei-,  of  too  cautious  and  unam- 
bitious a  nature  to  acce[it  a  (list  iut-t  ion  whicli  entailed  a 
com|>romisi'd  course  of  action;  he  therefore  dv'clined 
the  honor  on  the  plea  of  failing  health,  an<l  Doctor  Jose 
!Mi<4Uel  (luridi  y  Alcocer  was  elected  in  his  stead."* 


I 


'  As  liinir  •1'^  «Iic  residfil  in  Xew  Siiain,  O'ac,  Imv.  M'  .f,,  i.  ."il 


J)i 


'V" 


iirin.<,  11. 


f.  .Vj-;(. 


llisr.  Mtx.,  Vol.  IV.    47 


TFii:  s(;vi:::::i<;?;  piiovisioNAi,  .unta. 


( )ii  llic  IJlli  tlic  JMiita,'  ill  |i!tnir  (if  til.'  iiiifi(iii'>! 
I^falitmli'  to  hiirliidi',  .'ipitoiiitctl  liim  a  vcarly  -alary 
of  .i>l*JO,0()(),  liavili;;-  pftN  imislv  rdlii'cin'il  U|ii»il  llilil 
till.!  rank  <•!'  L;ciicralis>iiiio  lA'  the  army  ami  lii'^Ii  ail- 
iiiiial.'"     TIic  title  also  of  '  Ili-^  im)>t  .sin-m'  Iii^liiicss' 


w 


<  )SO 


as   l»('sti)\Vfil    U[)(>ii    liiiii,"  and    ti»  his    lather,  J 
J()a(|iiiii,  welt;  t^'raiitivl   the  hoiior.s  and  .salary  iierUiiii- 
iiiLj  ti»  a  imiiiher  ol'tlu-  re^'em-y. 

While  his  own  a'^'L;r;iiidizeiiient  was  tlius  scoured, 
Itinhide  iiat.tM'ally  took  eai'e  thai  tin-  army  should 
meet  with  ;i  eorres|)niidin>^'  reenoiiition  of  its  serviei-, 
and,  as  j^eiieralissimo,  laid  hel'ore  tin;  re;^-eney  ;i  lit 
of  promotions  which  h  •  eon<ldi'led  desil'ahle.  'rii.' 
reLi'eiiey  approved   his  proposal   and   deci'ee,!    the   ap- 


)0 


Intnieiits  without  hesitation. 


At     his    ;ai<_"'estioli 


also,  two  ni( 


dah 


we 


w  struek    o|K  and   di:-ti'il)Uted   t 


the  army;   hut  as  a  distinction  in  merit  was  ohscrve  1 
hv    the    dillei'cnee    of    Ilietals,    and    tilt;    colors    of  the 


rioI)ons  With  v.hit 


■h   tl 


lev  We|\'  worn 


i:i 


I    le.iloUsV  V.a- 


•  Jt  liiiH'  r.tylcil  itself  1^1  »i)licr;iii;i  jiiiit:i  {irovisiiolial  guboriuitivu  ili  I  Iiii|),ii.) 
.Mf;ii  :iU'>.  (i(ir.  Iiiij),  Ml  '■,,  i.  71. 

'tH'iu'r.ili'siiiin  ilo  la^l  .\riiiiH  del  Iiiiiicrii)  dr  iimr  y  tiiTr.-i.'     His  H.il.ny 


was  t  >  i!  ;.,!  I'iMiii  III' 


ll  (if   l\Iiiil;irv,    llio  (lay  oil   \,iii,li   lie    lilDclailll.- I 


till!  plan  I  if  ["uala.     Willi  lii'i'ciiiiiii;riiii»l(  .<(  y,  IliiiliiiK',  in  ti.';iik'!iti,L,'lii  i  t'ia;ilia, 
(li.'cl.iiiiR'il  all  till(!  til  till!  Siiliiiy  i'on'i's[ii)iiiliii'^  ti>  tin-  pci'loil  fnmi  that  ilii 


t  >  tin-  J  ii.li  of  Scjil'iiil 


•cr,  iiiiiiiiia 


iir;  t  •  .>;7l,"'t>l,  ■■iml  ic-i;jiuil  it  f  ir  tii  •  li,i  v- 


lit  of  l!i..  army.     'I'Ih-  ic  'nwy  oiiliiril  t'lis  .'iit  t'>  I"'  piililislu'.l,  in  onlcr  that 
tlu!  oiipiio  ini;;lit  liavo  uilditional  proof  of  tlio  'cli  v.iii'il  p,itii.)iis:ii  and  i  uli- 


VI, 


ai  .(  Ill  i; 


ll 

81 

rii'il  iiiti)  elibct. 


Ill 


Kr,iti.r.'  i;  u 


I 


iii/i. 


Mr 


I     J. 


S'Ui  \v 


lialli 


.IT  l.H! 


Ml  of  !~!|.0  )  (.OOi)  was  f;ninl;'(l  him,  and  "J.)  ltM,'uis  .•<ipiaro  of  tho  govrrnmv.it 
inil.<  i;i  Ti'Mis.     Owin^  to  lliu  loiirHO  ol  I'vonts,  tlicic  gruiiis  v.iru  nuvLP  c.ir- 


II 


I  •.•IV 


»  en  Ins  oscritin  niio  sii 


hiT\ai'  ta^a  i 


li,t 


led 


iiii'ioii  a  la  ri'i'i'iu'ia. 


iriian  .so  om 


'(.(  am 


D.i'.l, 


fir:i  l.i  aiifcli 


run  nam  r  m- 


He  wa  I  <;)ns."|aL'al!y  addic.icd  in  nlIiL'i  il  d  I'anii'iitH  '  .Si 


n,  L  :i.  M. 
iv:ii  iai>  :•: 


'•' lVdr'»  < ' -icslini)  Ncu'i'i'tc  was  iiiade   lirat-'icii. ;  .\iia:tasio  liiistaniantc 


I 


uis  <  I  iluiaii.'ir, 


1 ;  la 
M 


!  1 


MlIlM 


v'liU'  (Jucnvri 
I  d"  l.iii'cis,  niaj.-\'!MnTi! 
di!   Viv.iiu-i).   aii'l    M.inii 


•1  ll-  l:i  Sotarrivi,  and   l).iiiiia 


.1-  Alv: 
'I'l 


.1 


111'  ila  1   l>i'av(i, 


.!< 


J, 


.1. 


(."  .:•( 


'I'l 


I', 


a<|Ulll    lie 
■I,  a  1.1  .ll 


Ma 
!■;  M 
III  Mil 
HrrriTa,   .lose   Aii'.nuii)   1'] 


Ai 


Aad: 


I'.s  ^^^ldi^i  I,  full   Iiri  .'ndi 


II 


I'.hi";.!-!  I,  lir.'vc 


ll 


!i  .v.ini, 
die 


Mi'; 
111.1  I. 


a.rir, 


A''a  ilin  lliialilliH,  ll 


1(1  eoiiiii'  I 


le  San  I'e.lrxlel  AI  iM'..  and  i: 


.Saiirlie/.  ea 


linels 


l" 


Mill  I'lions  lit  .siilialiiTiH  III! 


ll  I. 


ill' 


pi; 


ouirer.J   we:*o 


t'l  III'  eli'e  'te  I    later  on    the  lei'iinimeild..tiiill  of  the  silpi  liiir  ciliif",    (I'ir.  In 


Mr 


i.  !);i-7;  i: 


Tl 


;<)/) 


«leili;il    IV 


I  ll 


pit 


■leiile  1   two  worlds  disimiti'd,   tile  ehaili   with  wliii'i 


I  previ  msly  j  niie  I  ocin 


1 1  I'll!; 


Tiie  me  Id  lor  ^    t'l"   le 


Oi'li.'iii  all  orlie  "alvit.      t)ne  med  il  \'.iu  lie>t  iv.ed  up  i!i  iho  o  wlio  Iwitl  ad'i"(K.'  1 
tlic  plan  of  l^iiahi  during  t!iu  piriod  from  Maivli 'Jil  to  .liiiiu  I.h!i,  the  other 


.snii;i:Mt::::  or  p;:ij(»ii:  \ni»  A'AM-i.co. 


)i  I »\'<»i;i 


.1  ul 


111    It     Ili'lK 


lii'-i'(l  li  il  r  v^ul! 


!■ 


•  r  till 


|>iir- 


itsr  111"  sfcuriii2  ilw  Iraiiniu 


•I"  i!i''  I'l'.iMtrv,  aiiil 


ill.'  ismtii:.!  supjinrt  tif  l!if  |ii»lit i;'.il  ami  military  |i(»v.- 
ci'-,  llurliiili;  im  l!ii'  I7l1i  ilivulcl  ihr  coiiutry  iiit.i 
li\i'  <•  n>{aiii-i:jcii('ralfi(S,  wliicii  \\<-  jtlai-cd  mi  It  tlf« 
ilir.  I'lioiis  ol"  Anastasii*  lln-^t.viiiaiit-f,  Pi'lio  ( '.Ic  t  iaa 
X('i(ivt.e,  Maiiui  1  Si;t  irriva,  !  )i>miii;4ii  11  t.uilslai 
Liiaccs,  .'iml  \'ic;  iilc  ( (iniTiiM." 


'i'!ii'  (lissdliit'uMi  i»r  (lie  \  ifii-c'^'al  ;;(»\cniiiiriit  v.a; 
I"  •!!  tv.i<l  l»y  l!ii'  aiii'iiidi  I'  nl'tlic  I'"- v  ri'iiiaiiiiiiL;'  placi'.; 
V.  Iiicli  lia.l  Ih'I  I  iiiii  Id  th*'  la.-^l.  TIh'  only  cxci  jitinn 
\va>  tin'  ca^lli'  «>r  San  .liiaii  tli-  I  li'ia,  wliidi  liy  t!u! 
I  iii|  (tf  ()c;i)Inr  \\n<  Spain's  >.ilil;iiy  jiMs-^cs-^inn  jn  iln» 
•  tiaili'y.  ()ii  llir  'Jill  ol"  (li:il  m<>ii(h  tin-  I'liiic^-;  (if 
iVr«.!.'  w 


as  suriTmlcicd  l»y  Captain  Patii'iM  'l'<;j'>l 


or 


till'  ol'ijci'i'  ill  CMiiimaiiil.  to  Siiiita  Anna,  wlio  (iccnpii-d 
t'l"  tou  II  tlic  saiiii'  da\  ;  and  on  t  hr   i  atli  the  '''oNi'Mior 


r  A. 


I 


4» 


i-a|Mil<'o  capit  ulatt'd,  tlic  iiideiK-iidcnt  coniniaiidi  i 


lol'o 


Moiif.i 


a    takni'. 


1' 


^••ssioii  on  t  ln'  I  (itii. 


Al  \'>ra  Cruz  tin-  dimaN  in  all'airs  liad  w  roii-^'Iit  ii 
rliaiioe  ill  till'  opinions  of  tin'  coii-^ulado  ami  ayuiitu- 
iiii.'nlo,  and  those  corporations  were  no  iiiiMcr  ea'^er 
to  oppo>e  the  hattaiioiis  of  the  indepeiideiils  as  they 
had  heeii  a  fewnionlhs  hefore.''      Awai'ethat  ;i  Spaii- 


.h  I 


oive  had  heeii  ()!•( 


lered 


to  tile  port,  t  he  <'oii 


'-nlad 


<> 


addressed  a   I'tler  to   the  ayuntamient<i    on    (  )('tolh  r 
•  itll,  settill.;'  forlh  the  impossiltilily  of  slleeessfill  resist- 


ance, and   the  de>lrMction   and  disast 


ei's  W 


liich  Would 


follow  if  hostilities  wen 


r 


Tsisteil  in.      The  avmit,a- 


t  1  those-  who  h.'nl  tloiK!  likewise  after  the?  latter  ihito  V>  Stpt.  '.'•l.   *.'•'.■.  /;///». 
.1/.  •.,  i.  !i  i;  .llisi,t,nn,h\  riuKl.  Ilisi.,  vi.  •_';». 

"  I'h  •  proviliiM's  under  till'  eoiniiiail<l  "f  tlii'se  eaptaifi  ..'ei.rriih  \Mie   re- 
Bliectively:  the  iirov  iiu-iin  iiiU'niasof  the  Oii 'iite  a  nil  lK-i.i>leiiti';  Niieva  (iaii- 


A 


'■i><,   ami   San    iiiiin   l''pt.(-i;  M 


t^iieiV'tari,    Valla.li.li  I, 


an 


I 


II!  jurisiiii'Uoai 


•  Jiiaiiajiiato;  X'eriiCni/,  I'lielila,  Oajaea,  ami 'i'alia-io;  ini'l  tl 
of  Tlajia,  ('hila|ia,  'I'lxlla,  Ajaehiilall,  Oiiietrpre,  'I'liiiaii,  .l.iniiitr|ni-,  ami 
TeiiDicoliiJi.  'I'liese  litlir  ilistric;!<  were  se^rejjateil  from  the  ea[italii-.;eiii  r- 
iiL-ie:!  of  Mrxiei)  mill  I'liehla,  ainl  conferreil  u|i  ai  (Jtierrero  iii  eoii.-iiih  ration 
of  hi-i  .•<erviee.s.   <l(u\  ilc  (inal.,  Ilist  Oi,t.   ISJI,  sup.  ii. 

'Ill  .Inne  tiny  Iwel  united  i:i  H'udin;;  to  Sp.ain  n  petition  fur  aMisi>taiu';'. 
Ol•der^  had  i''>nsei|iieutly  liei'U  niven    for  t!ie  li^lit  li.iltalioii  of  < '.it.iluiia   t^Ux 


tioneil  at  llahana  to  eiiiliark  at 


wilh    lot  artilhivMieii   for\'ii.i  i\-.\£. 


V. 


ilad  I  of  Cidi.'.  iiirorniid  l!ie  corM  ir.it  i'>ii  a 


t  V. 


r.i  t'vw/.  ot  ihc-it'  ili3- 


pijsiiiona  liy  letter  of  Aui,Miit  11th.    .l/'tnutii,  llii.  MJ.,  v.  :tll   '_•. 


1 


MO 


Tin:  s()vki:ki(;\  riiovisioNAi,  .itn'ta. 


iiiiciito  was,  llicrclnrt'.  iiii|ini-f micd  in  ohtaiii  from 
(JciHial  l);ivila  an  assurance  tliat  his  riitiirc  I'lHiisi- 
Would  l»r  so  iiMriilatcd  as  not  to  rxposr  llic  lives  and 
property  ol' tlif  inliahitants  todan'^er.'"  I);i\  la,  li  >\v- 
evei',  paid  no  attention  to  tlie  lepr-esentations  made 
to  liiin,  and  in  pnrsiianee  ofliis  pre\  ions  j»lan  retireil  on 

1  lie  \\\[f\\l  of  the  'JOtll  with  the  jeW  t  foops  he  had  to  the 
e;istli',  takiiii;  with  hiin  the  heavy  aitiller\-,  annnuni- 
tion,  and  st<»res,  as  w«'ll  as  the  I'unds  in  the  troasui-y, 
amounting;  to  ><!)(),()()().  At  the  same  lime  he  aMth<»i-- 
i/ed  till!  aynntamiento  to  tfeat  with  Santa  Anna, 
who  was  now  a|»pioaehin'4.  '^I'he  aynntamiento  at 
<ineo  appointed  ( "ttlonel  Maninl  liineon  ji^overnor  ad 
intti'im  to  aiTanij^e  for  the  eapitnlation  ol'  the  town. 
Santa  Anna  entei-ed  \'<'ra  ( 'rii/  on  the  'J7th,  and  on 
the  same  (lav  the  avnntamiento  passed  an  act  i-eco'>- 


iii/inL;'   tiie   mdi-pendene* 


I 


{in<-on  was   i-i'taiiied   in 


his  j)osition  as  ;^'overnor.  A  few  days  previous  to 
this  event  Itnrhide  had  received  the  Ljratir\in;j  news 
that  the  Yucatan  [uMiinsuIa  liad  declared  for  inde- 
pendence, the  oath   havin^•  heen   taken  in  ^[ei'ida  on 

the    I  jth  of  Septenihel'. 

As  yet  the  oath  had  not  Keen  administered  to  the 
ayuntamiento,  trilauials,  and  corporati<»ns  of  the  city  i  if 
Mexico,  and  the  "JTth  of  ( )ctol>er  liavinii^  heen  appointed 
foi'  the  occasion,  the  ceremony  took  place  with  uiiu- 
stial  solemnity.  'I'he  form  «»f  oath  exacted  not  oidy 
ohservance  of  the  jilan  of  iLjuala  and  tin?  tr«'aty  <»l' 
( '(')rdol»a,  hut  also  the  i-eco^-iiition  of  the  soherana 
junta  and  ohedii-nce  to  its  decri 


H 


Tl 


K'  same  cere- 


'  Fur  cii|)y  of  till' fi)ii.suluili)'.s  rt'jiriijonUitioii,  Hf(>  (I'dc.  /iii^i.  .l/u. ,  i,  I  l."i 


ri. 


i_»o 


Sautiv   Aiiiia   Hcrtni  to  luivo  liei'ii  Hoiiujwlmt  outri'iicln  ■! 


Iiy  n.'ivila.  Ariiiriliiij^  to  a  ilrsimli  li  ,>!'  Iiis  h,  Itiirliiclc,  (Liicil  Oct.  Istli.  ln' 
hi'lil  ii  i'(iiifri'ciii-(!  nil  tliiit  (l.iy  t!i  \'i'i;i  Cruz  u  itii  iKivilii,  w  Im  ii.sxurcil  liiiii 
timt  ho  wiiiilil  iMpitul.iti'.  SiK'onfiiliiit  was  Saiila  .Anna  that  lii'  writes:  '.\si'- 
g;iritii\'.  v..  ijiii- (Ifiitrit  <1<>  ticliK  n  ilic/ ilias   tniiuilara  el  iialnlliiii   .Mcxiiaim 


la  l>l 


l>la/a,  y  i' 


istillcxlf  V 


/./..  !IJ. 


'"  I  I'Kiiy  till'  form  vcrliatiiii  fioiii  tlio  liaii.lu  puMiMJii'iI  on  the  \'Mh:   ',;l!i'- 
coiiiii'i'is  la  SoliiMMiii.i  ill!  I'sti!  liii]Mriii  rt'iircMi  iitaija  ]M>r  sii  .luiitii   |irovi-ioiial 


j;iil>rriiat  jval 


iiiais  tiln'ijcccr  mis  (li'iictu-i.  i 


iliHcr* 


r  I  IS  piraiitian  |iioclari.i 


iln  I  n  I  _'iiat  I  ]>>ir  rl   Kj.iiifo  (1.  !   Iiiijicim   Mi  Nicaim   c  ii   sii  iiriimr  <!('fi',  li's 
tratuilos  ci.-leliru>liii4  I'll  lu  X'lllii  ilo  Corduba  y  ilL'si'iii^n'i'iar  iicliiicalo  vui':itrui'n- 


ri.i  ;nT  of  spaxiards. 


11 


liK'Hy  was  (.nlcf.'d  to  Iif  ohsrrvcd  willilll  Mlic  lllniidi 
I'lMiii  l!iat  (latf  ill  all  cities  ami  towns  where;  the  <iatU 
had  in»t  yd  hi'cii  taken. 

Tliiis  far  Itiuhidt's  plans  Mcrr  crowned  witli  success, 
aii(|    the    sepaiatioM    IVoni    Sjiain    was    acconi|tn>hed. 


I    iider   the   n 


ew   I) 


rdiT  of  atl'airs  hut  I 


ew 


!•: 


uroiie;:ns 


eontinileil  in  jmhhc  olliee,  even  stleli  as  the  i^oNcni- 
nieiit  was  anxious  to  retain  deeliniiin'  to  sei-ve  under 
tile  ehaiii^ed  regime,  \otahle  ainoll^'  those  who  left 
the  countrv  was  iJataiier,  the  re;;;ent  ol' t he  audieneja, 


to  v.iioni  Jturhide  ni  vani  e\|ii'e>sed  Ins  earnest  di  sir.; 
that  he  woidd  remain.  I  )es|iite,  moreover,  the  e:i- 
couraLjement  j^iven  to  S|>aniards  to  re>ide  in  \ew 
Spain  hy  tin;  l.'jth  article  of  the  treaty  ot"  ('lU'doha, 
llii'V  hei^an  to  eiiii'^ratc  in  ;^reat  numhers,  inljiieneid, 
perhaps,  moi'e  hy  dread  of  private  \ciii4;eanee  than  di>- 
e-ilst   at   the    independeliee.      Their    fears,  indeed,  Ii;id 


hi-ell  acU 


tel 


V  ai-oUse( 


1  i»v  the  murdi-r  of  Manuel  de  l;i, 


( 'oiiclia  on  ()ctol><r  .Hh,  while  endi/avoiiiiLj  ti>  make 
his  way  out  of  tlu'  eountry.  ('onelia  had  made  hiiii- 
self  an  oltject  of  lien-f  ji.-itnil  hy  his  luthless  execu- 
tion of  j»risoners,''and  his  tieath  was  determined  ujioii. 
When  thcMirmy  of  Las  'I'res  ( iaraiitfas  enteii'd  the 
e;ipital  he  hastily  tlcpai'ted  i'or   \'era  i'vw/..      At    .la- 


ijta  Santa  Anna   warned   him  that    he- 


had 


ri'ceiNei 


information  that    his  life  was  in  danger,  and   sup|ilied 


!, 


iim  with  a  sma 


II 


ort.      ('oiieha,   h 


o\Ve\  t  r 


h.l 


iVed 


that  ho  <'ould  escape  hy  disM-uisiiiL;'  himselt',  and  at 
dawn  on  the  ,')lh  left  .laia|)a  in  the  dress  of  the  com- 
iiion  peo|)le.      His  preeauti«»n   was   useless.      Ill'   wa  i 


killed  at  a  >hort  di>tan<'(,'  outside-  tin*  town, 


Tl 


h!  el 


)S  0«  IlVIUll 


y  M 


1. 


i;iru''>  fM  Hfr\  i(ii>  i\v  l.i  XaciidiT    Si  asi  Id  liiiicrcis  I)ii 
.I.iii.hhU'.'  a/.,  i.   10-.'. 

'"  lie  ki'|)l  11  ri';,'i.HtL'r  iif  till'  iiiiiiiIkts  ho  put  to  lU-atli,  wliirli  lie  oiillcil  liin 
'  licciiiM  lie  iMiRTti'.'  l''i)ur  yt:ir>t-iin'viiiiis  t'l  hi*  il<iil!i,  at  tin-  lAfciitiuii  nf 
K'>iiii' iiiif>ii'tiiiiiitiM-a|>tivi'.s  at  liiialiiaiitl.'i,  in-  jivcmIiui'iI  lliis  liivailtiil  lut'iinl, 


iiii'iun 


tr.l  t. 


MIC  than  I.StKC     Sri>  ii.itf  iuSuiil'i  .1; 


il  till'  nuiiilHT  tllCM 
Mil'  fir  ill  Sfl'inr  (  'nlirlin. 

•"  His  iiiurilfrcrM  ivtcaiiiil,  ili'inilf  tin'  l■l^n|■t^  iiiadi'  tDaiirst  tiurii.     'i'liis 
^'a\-c  rino  ti)  tliu  8U»i)iciiiii  tliat   tlic  aullmiiiics  lia"l  im  jiai  tiiiihir  wisiituap- 


1" 


L'lictul  tlii'tn 


7«  Tin:  s()vi:i:i:i(;n  im;iivis|i)N.\i,  .iiata. 

feci  of  tliis  MssMssiiialioii  upon  Ihc  resident  Spaiilirds 
was  .stai'tlin'L,',  and  llie  iiunil)er  <•!'  dejKutni'eM  ineit-i-^ed. 
I*«irti.»ns  (if  tlie  jMess,  loo,  wliieli  now  enjoyed  i'nll 
lil»ert\,  a  Ided  to  the  alarm,  eertain  writers  niakin-'  it, 
llieir  aim  to  keep  alive  tin;  old  enmitv  a<'ainsl  the 
]]iw»)|iean  interlopers,  ami  nn|»n<^Miin;^  the  {guaranty  of 
the  plan  ol"  l^niala.  To  a  nest  this  dan^jcrous  inlliienee, 
the  r^'^^'eliey,  I »y  decree  ;»l' (  )etol»er 'J'Jd,  |ironouneed  all 
ant  hois  of  Mieh  inali'Mianl  leaehin'rs  y-uiltv  <»!'  treason 


n-^ainst  the  nation,  am!  swl'jeet  to  eorrespondiii'Lj  pnii- 
i-hmeiit.'"'  'I'he  edict  had  little  cllect.  The  LjMaran- 
ties  oj'  the  jti;in  of  I;^iiala  and  of  the  treaty  of  ' '('»r- 
doha  were  still  atta<l<ed.  and  on  the  Nth  ot'  I  )ecemi,er 


a  slice 


■t  api 


)earci 


in    which 


ll 


e   author 


I- 


raiicisc(> 


Lat^'ianda,  exhorted  the  Spaniards  to  sell  their  pri>p- 
erty  and  leave  the  country,  as  the  detestation  in  w  hi  -h 
they  Were  held  was  so  ^n-at  that  even  Itnrhide*  could 
not  pi'otect  t  hem,  however  williiiLj  ho  mi'^ht  he.  The 
alarm  created  l>y  tlii^  puhlication  amounted  to  a  panic, 
and  e\t  laordinaiy  ell'irts  to  c(Minteract  theellect  weii' 
made  hy  the  ^-overmiieiit.  The  dei)artur<' of  t  he  mail 
was  postp(»ned  till  the  lollowiii;^^  day,  in  order  that  the 
condemnation  of  the  sheet  mii;ht  he  >i  mult  a  neons  with 

ils  i-irculalion  in  th untry,  and  that  the  niterated 

a->suranc(!  on  the  jiart  of  the  Junta  and  re^-ency  of 
their  <1< •term illation  to  sustain  the  security  ol"  the  lives 
and  jtroperly  ol'  iv.iropeans  minht  he  pnnnuln'ated. 
La'_,rranda  was  arrested  and  coiidi'inui'd  to  six  yt'ars' 
i.ii|ii'isonment ,  with  the  loss  ol'  his  lii^hts  as  a  citi/en, 
and  an  a<'t  was  jiassed  relormin'n' the  law  rei;'ardiii_n"  t In' 
liherty  of  the  press.-^     Jiut  this  decisive  action  failed 


■I  a 


/„ 


7' 


.1/. 


v.vi  .-.. 


'•■  MnUllf.l  <• 


insi J.)  /ii'ii 


lr,,tr 


ill-  hit  a  ir^niUn*.  til.,  i.  .'111. 


M'niisnU  /'/..  i.  ;UI.'i   l(i,  all    <.  ."IT'!  so.      In  (ho  .Icito-  |>ass<d   I  Kmiilur 


i(:il  l>; 


>f  til 


'J  )Mi  tlio  junta  ilrliiii'l  cUnily  t'lt!  f  im 

\Mit<!  a;,'ain.st  (ir  Hiitiii/i'  wliiiji  \\i\*  ili'i'iaii;i|  illcv'al.     Owin.i;  tn  tin-  iirdi 

duties  of  tlic  iilcililis  in  tlir  rajiital,  pirliriilarly  uitli  iiMjici't  to  tiiiir 


on'titnli  Ml,  to 


lolH 


M'tiiiM'  t')  alnim's  of  til"  lilw  riy  "f  tii-  i'i'« 


th. 


It'll'  iiiiuiiicr  ua-i  III 


i.'.':iHiil  to  Kiv.      In    Mi'xiiMi  t  ily,  iili'l  rvcry  otlnr  rajiitiil  towiiwli  it  Ihi  iv 
wi—c  iiion-  tha:i  two  |)iiii;iii.'-(iit-<-i-',  two  li-cals  wcl'o  \)  lie  ajijioinli'il  whii.o 


.1 


:v  i!  v.M! 


il  1  ll  •  to  i'\anii:H'i'.'.l  pillilirali 


>li 


WU 


I.I' 


noinn'c  mk- 


[| 


a.s  contaiiii  <l   inu'ili''Oii<  lil-i  if  tia    lau  lo  t. 


ihal.l. 


I. 


<la 


I  'i.iiiiui  was 


f'>l'iU- 


TIIK  M!:Xir\N  riilNS. 


;«! 


lo    ri  stoic    (•nliliiUllcr.       So    '•rc'lt    Vvil>    ill-      IllHMlnf    t»l' 
S|»:ini;ir<ls  \vlii»  lr»|i|rstr  I  llu-ir  J •;«>>! xTis  t  l;Ul    huilt'nl« 
nil   (lie    I.Mli    l;iii|    ,'i    iiiutioii    )m  ImI'i'   tin*  JmiiI:!    tli.il    tlic 

l.'itli  ;»rticli'  ol"  (he  tirjilv  "I"  ('(>(!( (Ill,  wliirli  Miaiitrd 
]liii<ijic:nis  lull  lih'i'tv  ol'  rrtiiiii!Lj  wiili  (Inlr  InrliiiH's 
I'lMiii  till'  f.iiiiitrv,  >1imu1(|  1m'  (^ir-|iiii(lu  I  I'T  niiuty 
iliiv^;  iiiid  nil  till'  Dtli  ol' .I.iijiijirv,  I'il'J.  it  \»;is  <I.cr«'r(l 

ill;  it  III)  llinr.'  ]i,|SS|((t|'t  -i  nI  loll  1(1  lie  i-iSlI'.  I  11  III  11  tin'  <'o|l- 
^I'l'SS  wllich    V..IS    to    Itc    i'o||\(||i  (I     |i;i>'<i!     it  ^    (lici.sioll 

on  tlu'  iii.it.il  r.  Tims  tin-  .S|t;iiii,ii(l>  wtic  (It|)iivri| 
(if  till'  ojitioii  of  iituniiu^'  to  S|i.iiii.  imd  of  tlir  li^lit 
«\iii  ti>  willi'ii'.iw  llh  11'  capital.  \ii  ."-till  (lie  |iri's.s 
siicri'oilril  ill  a';;^l;t\  atili'4'  ;iiiiiiio -it y  a'^ailist  tlii'iii. 
I  Uliiii'/  tlii-  jifiiod  it  not  mily  tiiad<  tin'  ^iiaiaiity  of 
tilt'  union  tin-  niaik  lor  its  .sjiaits,  l»iit  at-  >  tlio  rmni 
of  i;d\cninii'nt,  the  poinjt  dis|»lay*'d  l)y  \vliirli,  iindor 
t!i<'  cii-cuuisiaiiccs  of  a  sraiity  Iroastiry,  was  ridifiili'd 
ami    iiKMiy   of    its    pioxiMoiis  (■.•n-Uicd,  '      'i'lu-   pai'ty 

li.'c  <'li'>u;:h  to  isiMiic  w  iili  oiilv  .1  fiw  iiinlitlo'  iiiiiiii-miiiiic'it,  I"  in;  iiUdwiiI 
tlu!  li;'lii.';i;  of  till'  liidiilto  (;(  iiiTiil  j,'ni!itril  wluii  iMiuj^'rons  \v:i.i  iiirtiulli'il  in 
Miiit'li  I'lilliiwiii;.',   .!/'(, //'(/',  i/!i/.  M'j.,  V.  .il'J. 

■•'At  llii.stiiiio  I'ii.!t;im:'.iit(!  i>iil'Ii  .Iir(l;i  wci  kly  iiiTiintiial,  styji'l  f.'t  Alih/'U 
ilr  ('!i'lii(u:rl)iiji>,  .V  few  coiiicM  (,('  wliiili  (  \iHt  ill  ill"  MuMtyi't  Mmliiil.  Hi- 
('.■ilii-alcd  ittiitlic  iiK'iiiorv  nf  .MonloH,  iiii>l  <'ai'!i  iiuuiliir  in  parliralar  t  >  sunio 
iiiMiii-;;riit  chit  f.  'i'lii «  v.'.is  .snlliiuMit  to  ;;aiii  for  liim  tlic  i  iimiiy  <'f  Itiiiliiili'. 
till  1  w  III  II  i.\  i\w  lil'iii  issue  in;  inlil  up  to  i  iilii'iili'  t!ic  iiii|i(  rtiiii.i  ily  of  tlio  iin- 
ji  lial  ("ivciiitiii'iit,  lu"  wii.i  urii'.-iti  il  ainl  iiniiri.-ioiicd.  Hi « iMilinciiuiit,  how- 
I  vtT,  oiilv   lanleil  !i  f  w  Inmr/i.   .\lu,iii(ii,  ///'<'.   .'/'/.,  v.  -107  S.      iMiriii;'  tliJH 


y(ar  lif  iil  <»  )vulili.^lii  il  \\\a  <lili rm  >)>'  I'mfi/ii  <  .Ui 


'/'ill'    CM  >/   .t'lll- 


li.iit-.  I'  ii:iiii<'il  I'li'iii  Miiiiio  ui.iiiii -iTJiitM  of  IJo'.nriiii  {'.fiiri'lticii,  timl  Ih-'mii  t( 


i.-.<i:c 


111  o  ■,..,,/,•)  //;  !■. 


•Il  III  111  roliiriitii  Ml  ,h-ii,i  I,  a.i  1  (iiul  a  iiolioe  ol  l!n'-<ii 


\orl;  <  on  jiairo  lii!)  I'f  tlio  <!<ti'i  Ui  Imjn  nil  (/■■  Mi  xlm,  toin.  i.     'I'lio  |i  rioilicalH 


|iuii1i-!k'(1  III  111 '  im; 


lilal  Wi'Yii  ;\l  liist.  liinitcil  t'l  tlio  la.tt-liaincd  ;::i/.i' 


w  ;iii  II 


v.a-i  l!i''  jrovi  ruui'  lit  or;;aii,  ai 


.1   /•;'  Siitl 


iins)  'Hill  rill,  wlii'li  cxiiroM-i'i 


>1  til 


(pjiiiii  iM  1  o[  ji)  j)'ili,io:il  iiai'ty,  l>;it  \va  i  lonlimil  to  tlic  jiuliliiMliou  of  (U'crcfi 
of  till'  ,i  1111  la,  rcMoluiioiMof  tlio  ^'oviTiiiiu  lit,  iiinl  111V..1  from  S|iiiii.  On  l!ii'  olli 
of  |)i'i'.,  iiowtvc!',  llm  iltinln  ill!  .V  y  iiiailo  its  a;iiitaraii(''.  'I'liis  was  an  iiii- 
ji  wlaiiL  lioli'.ifal  orLt.iii  osialili-^lu'il  liy  the  iiiai:)iiio  oiiKi-,  'I'Jh-  arii'..'l  of 
(fllonoja  hid  i;i\i  ii  a  ;.'roat  i!ii|iiil<i'  to  this  soiirty,  the  |i<r.soiM  \\\v)  liad  a.'- 
joiiiiMJ  cxistiii:;  1  pil^'is  an  I  i'.;talili.;|i!  d  otiiiis.     Oiif  of 


c  ):ii]ia!H"il  liiiii  liaviii,' 


tliiv  (•  litter  wai  iiaiiieil  '  III  l<i,'ia  i\A  Sol,'  wwA  to  it  the  periodieal  ot  the  haiiio 
lonieowes  itsori^iti.  It  waii  ediinl  liy  Maiiinl  ('oduiniii,a  iiliv-iiiiaii  w  Im 
lad  at'Ooiii[ianieil  O'l'oiiojii  fi-oni  Sjiaia.  'I'he  oljnl  of  it  wa.s  to  !.M.<tain  t 
l)hili  of  l;ii.ila,  t  >  liroiia'-'ate  tin-  lilier.d  leiiieilil'-i  v,  liii-li  '.-.(i.;  L;ai;ii.i,' 

«^.  *  11.1  I  !•  .  .'".I  1  1-  r.i 


nil  I 


l:i  Sp 


;iili,  lo  eselil 


and  to  foment  the  l.aiieastrian  s'.'.sti 


lie  the  elerjiy  from  interventi'ili  ill  til'  cdiieatioii  of  iheyoi-n. 


em  of  nrliools,  Oil', 


.f  \vl 


lirh  wan  es'...liit  .'i.  I 


.1 


ill  the  capital,  also  tindi  r  the  name  '  d.l  Sol.'  From  thi-<  time  t!ie  i.iiha  are  if 
til"  iiia.Hoiiic  ort'.vis  uuxcd  utroiij,  and  .souli  liefulne  ii  jiolilieal  powi;-  iii  tiic 
luiul. 


744 


Till-:  SOVKUKICN   riiOVIsloNAI,  .MNTA. 


spirit,  also,  wliidi  was  Itfiiii,' <1('ViIo|hm|,  now  ln';/aii  t< 
Im-  |»iil»lir|y  rshiliitril,  ami   I  wo  o|i|iositt'  f;uli<ni.s  w«'i'( 


iv>i 


M-cliNC 


\y  ii'i 


nc.sriil(  »|   l»v  writt's  wlio  ailvorjitt'tl 


|f|ii|li|ir;ill    I'olin    ol'   i^ovniiliunt    on    tlir   oil*'    siilr.  .-Hul 

tin  elevation  of  ItiirltitJL'  to  tju?  innieriai  tliroiie  on  the 

olliel'. 

The  aetioii  of  the  LTfiieralissiino  had  not  iijiven  that 
;;eneral  safislaction  whieh  was  neeessaiT  to  seein'- 
harnionv  hetween  th<'  two  i^M-eat  paities  that  had 
lor  so  lonj^  u  time  opposed  eaeh  other.  lie  had  al- 
most ij'nored  the  services  of  (he  militarv  chii'l's  who 
had  roUL,dit  niwler  the  insniLC'iit  l)a!iners,  and  with 
CJie  e\eeJ»tion  oj"  (  !  niTlero.  Iha\(>,  and  a  tew  others, 
the  names  of  i-evohitionaiv  hudirs  were  not  tonn<l  oii 
the  list  of  ri'ei|>i(,'nts  of  rewanis  and  prcunotioiis.  Ar- 
roj^MtiiiLj  to  himself  the  e;'e<ht  of  the  eonsnmniation 
ol'  indepeiidene(>,  he  h'l't  entirely  ont  of  NiL,dd  the 
merits  of  those  who  had  pn'\ions|y  striven  s<i  har<l  to 
attain  it,  and  instea<l  ot' di>p!ayin;,f  an  iin|tartial  appre- 
(•iiition  aiiUe  of  rovalists  and  insur'j:ents  — denomina- 


tlol 


)S 


u 


hieh    indeed    had    \irtiial!v    ceased    t 


O      ( 


\ist 


when  the  two  sides  eoalesced  as  independents  —his 
marked  pi'eferen<-e  for  the  former  caused  just  olfenc' 
to  the  latter.^"'  The  ill  feeling"  thus  early  created 
soon  assunicfl  a  practical  form. 

First  amoiiL^  the  impoi-tant.  duties  of  the  jimta  was 
tin;  formation  of  a  plan  for  the  assenihliiiLf  of  the  na- 
tional compress;  and  in  this  matter  Itiu'hide  nMi.>t  us,' 
all  his  cunniuL,'  to  further  the  amhitious  views  he  se- 
cretly chei'ished.  The  systtMii  to  hv  purstKMl  in  con- 
ductin;^  the  elections  was,  accordinix  to  the  treaty  of 
( '«'»rduha,  that  of  the  Snaiiish  constitution:  hut   this 


wo 


uld   not   sectiri 


sue 


simo  iKM'eil  to  see  t 


It. 


a    couL^re^s  a' 


tl 


le  e-enelMll>- 


••tahlished.       lie  wisht'd  it  to  he  as 
suhservieiit  to  himself  as  he  had  found  the  niemhers 


"Tliii  ^vas  iwrticuluily  'il.Hrrvaldc  in  Itiiiliiili's  iiiixirty  to  rctiiin  Span- 
ianls  ill  ollici.'.  In  his  iiii'iiii>rial,  wriltiii  at  l.c^lioni  in  .S'-pt.  ISJ.'l.  lie  sa\  i: 
''i'liiliiH  Ills  curnpro.*  (jiu' (luiiii'i'KU  hfi^'iiir  la  smi'ti'  iltl  |)ais,  coiiscfvaroii  ins 
cmplcos  (pio  i>)»tvMiia!i,  y  liurmi  asivadidus  HUfHcsivaiui  iitc  a  oipuiioH  a  <iuo 
U-iiiaii  ik'n.c!ii>  pa'  hu»  bci'viciy.'f  y  iiu'iitaj. '   Carnm,  Mil.  1/  J'ul.,  1.1. 


PACKINt;  A  rON'CRKSS. 


T4.-. 


<»r  the  ni^fciicy.  If  i(.  could  Im;  <'mim|m)S('(1  iiiMiiily  <»t' 
icprcsciitaiivi's  not  Lrirt('<l  witli  n-iiiarkal'Ii'  iiit(lliLj<'iM'i', 
and  at  (In-  saJiif  wfll  packi^d  ^^itll  more  sat^acioiis  ad- 
li(Pi'rit«i  of  Ills  own.  liis  aim  would  1»»>  wclliii^di  afi-om- 
liliNJicd.  A<'<  (U'dini^ly,  lu'lorc;  tlic  junta  had  iv-ad  tliu 
i'lini  (»r  convocation  which  had  hfcn  drawn  ii!>  hy  tho 
••oinniission  appointed  I'oi-  that  purpose,  v'hc  r(L,^»ncy 
ui'Ljc(l  it  not  to  conu'  to  any  resolution  hd'orc  it  had 
In.ird  certain  sui/'^est ions  which  wouM  sjioi-lly  he  laid 
hel'ore  it.  'i'his  l<d  to  joULf  <lelii»erati<»ns  as  to  whether 
the  junta  could  make  aiiv  chau'^e  in  the  mode  of  con- 
\olun<r  con<'ress  as  laid  down  in  the  Spanish  constitu- 
tion  without.  inlVinLriiiLT  tl"'  tn-atv  of  C'tM'iloha  and 
jtlaii  of  |;^uala;  hut  it  linally  jiass«'d  a  resoliilion  that 
it  had  that  power.  ( )n  tlie  C.th  of  Xoveml»ei-,  there- 
foi'c,  the  rej^ency  suiLT.L^iJsted  that  the  futun;  cou'^ress 
should  b(!  <livided  into  t.wo  cjiamhers,  th<'  one  com- 
posed of  deputies  el(!ctod  hy  the  ccclesia  it ics  and  the 
military  respectively,  a  |»r(»curator  I'or  ihe  ayunta- 
mieiito  «»f  each  citv,  and  an  attornev  tor  each  audieii- 


cia;  th 


e  .so'o 


nd  chamiier,  from  whieh  the  ahove  cla 


sses 


W( 


re  to  !»(,'  (.'Xcluded,  to  consist  of  representatives 
c!iosen  hy  the  people  at  the;  rate  of  one  foi'  eveiy 
r>n, ()()()  iiihahitants.'^'  The  prop(»sal  was  a|»pro\cd  hy 
the  junta,  and  as  Ilurhide  maiidy  relied  upon  the 
army  and  cleri»'y,  he  therelty  sceuri'd  to  his  intei-fsts 
at  Last  one  halt'  of  the  future  coiitrrcss.  J>iU  this 
was  not  all:  (»n  the  Sth  he  laid  Uefore  the  junta  a 
plan  for  the  election  desii^ned  hy  himself,  the  hasi<  of 
which  was  that  each  jn'ofession  and  class  should  he 
repr«'sen(ed  hy  deputies  chosen  hy  itself.'''     This  caused 


Xol 


inniii  If'  IK  I' 


'il.  nth  Xov.  Is-Jl,  '2-i. 


■■' 'I'll""  iiuiiilicr  of  ili|piiti.  s  fi)  lit;  clntcil  liy  I'acli  class  was  not  to  lie  ilc- 
ciili'il  liy  till!  iiiiinl>i'r  wliidi  coniiioscil  it,  liiit  liy  it''  iiiipnrtaiK'i'  ;ini|  iiitilli- 
gciui'.  ltuil)iiio  jiniposc't  that  thi!  coii^'rc.-is  sliouM  li>'  conipoMiMl  of  I'.M) 
imiiilii'rH  tlius  a|)i)ortioii('il:  of  thf  ooclcsiasticH,  IS  n^prc.sriit.itivfs;  ol  thu 
agriiniltiival,  iiiiuini;.  artinaii,  and  foiuini'ivial  classos,  10  each;  -.t'  the  army 
and  navy.  !•;  of  the  olliriai.s  in  the  ttovcrnnicnt  <lci)aitnM'nts  and  in  tliat  ■■f 
jiL-itici'. 'J4;  of  the  professional  facuUics,  IS;  of  titled  iioMeniiii, '_';  ami  of  i!io 
common  people, !(.  in  the  <  leetion  of  most  of  these  depulie-t  the  popular  \oio 
was  left  out  of  the  (juestion,  the  eeeli'.sia^lical  eliaptcis.  militaiy  ^jtatr-olliuera, 
tiic  consiihidua,  the  niaHtcr  urti.suns,  univurjity  fuoullii.'»,  coUeyL.-j  of  lawycra, 


740 


TiiK  .sovr.ui:i(;N'  rnovisioxAL  junta. 


fiirdirr  (li.M'iission.  A  commission,  noiiiiii;ili>;l  Ky  Ttur- 
l)i(l(i  liimscir,  was  appointrd  to  examiiio  iiiid  i(  poit 
on  his  plan,  jiiitl  on  llio  ]7tli  tlio  junta,  v>!iicli  lia<l 
\)vvn  assisted  l<v  tiio  rt'<'<'ncv  in  i*s  (klil)cia(ions,  ar- 
rivod  at  iis  decision.  Tlio  result  was  that  Ituihidu's 
I  Ian  was  a<lo[)ted  in  all  the  niain  [loints.  Ji  was 
made  oMi'^atory  in  those  provinces  which  sent  uj) 
lour  or  m«  I'e  dc[»utics  Ihat  threi;  of  these,  hut  no  more, 
f  Iiould  he  res[)tetively  a  church  man,  a  mililaiy  oilicer, 
and  a  ma;j;islrate  or  lawyer. 

It  was  also  made  compulsory  that  the  a^M-icultin-al, 
iniiiini.c,  <'omm(.'reial,  and  artisan  clas-^e-s  sliould  he 
i(^])resent''d;  the  provinces  in  which  th(>se  pursuits 
respectively  predominated  were  desi^Miated  and  th-i 
iiumher  ol'  correspond ini^'  (le[)uties  to  he  elected  as- 
si[4"ned.  "^{'h*'  total  numher  of  representatives  was 
iixcd  at  ini'.'-^  J)uring  these  proceediui;s  Iiurhido 
v.'as  very  Inunhle  and  unassumin;^  in  his  protestations 
to  the  pul)lic.  Neither  his  colleagues  in  the  r(\'4ency, 
liis  military  coiiu'ades,  nor  himself,  he  j)roclaimed, 
Were  other  than  devoted  suhjects  of  the  soverei^'n 
lieoplc.-*  The  puhlic  wcj '  was  the  loadstar  of  his 
a;  [)ir.!tioiis,  and  he  would  \ithdraw  to  tiic  retirement 
ol'  private  life  if  such  were  his  country's  v.isli.  Never- 
theless, no  one  was  deceived  hy  theso  asseverations. 

nnd  Ro  forth  l-'cing  the  electors.  /</.,  12th  Nov.  1821,  3-4.  Xn  inorc  iirbitiiuy 
jiliiii  coulil  well  liu  <lc-ic!iif.'<l. 

-'(.V(c.  ///(yi.  J/(.)-.,  i.  217-30.  Tiiu  .npportioniiient  Viri  as  f  Hows:  Tlio 
i;>tciiik!uiiif! — ?'(:;i^o.  inclmlini,'  QiicnHjuo,  28;  (Iiuidal.i j:ir;i,  17;  I'lioli!;, 
0;ij:ici,  i'.iiil  V:ill;>(l()liil,  e:ii'li  14;  Wmu  < 'ni/,  (huiliiijiu:!  i,  niiil  iS;iii  Luis 
riito,  f,  7  c:iL'li;  ^.L'liila,  11;  Z.;cat(_c;ifi,  4;  Tla.sc:ila,  1.  'J'ii'j  ]>!•  )vini.ia3  iiitt;-- 
r.i"3  (Ic  Ori;'n{;' — Xucvn  f.f.iii,  Xiicvo  .'■  aiitamli  r.  ('.Kilitiila,  aii^l  T(  :;u -.,  each  1. 
1  ho  lUMvinci.is  interna^  ile  Ot'citlcutc — Duraii,^ii,  2.'!;  Ari;:j:o,  S;  X^cw  3,Ic:iie», 
);  Upper  an. 1  l^owir  (V.liioniia,  cau',1  1.   /</.,  2;!1. 

'"•'See  hi  1  ])loclainatioii  ill  }.liij.  ISifqiiijol^r.,  l,")0-3.  Thin  work,  i.s.-'inl 
mid'.-r  the  iH'ia  do  jltiinc  '  Uii  ^'cl•(la(k^o  Ai:r,'iio:iiio,'  v,;:-i  jriddi  .hod  ia  Ihii- 
iidcl',ihia  ill  l';22,  ;.nd  nttiiliuted  ti  Jlocafiuiti'.  Ilio  v,ii;;r  uaa  (f  .sti'onj 
icpiihlicaii  toiidciicics  iind  a  dciifniiiccr  of  Iturhul'';  ho  ptales  tliat  ho  h  tt 
^loxic!)  and  retired  to  the  United  .Stales  in  ordir  that  ho  i:ii';;i'i;  not  ho  fi  uit- 
lU'fi.H  c;f  tlio  tynmny  wi'Ji  v.  hieh  ho  .';a\v  hi^  eouiit ry  v,;;s  goi;:;;  1)  lie  opprcosed. 
Hi  i  liook  contains  a  valuahle  selection  of  prinlaiaatinn;.,  {jovennne.it  i;a;:cr3, 
and  di^fonr^ea  of  the  time,  v.  Iiieli  tho  iuithor  (U'cincd  ii  ncc^ysaiy  ihaa  tJ  pro- 
8ervc  while  they  ftill  exi.vtrd,  tiinoc  it  wonld  hi'  easiy  for  tlio  i^u,.rcmo  pov.XT 
t  )  C'llloct  juid  dentmy  nieli  di.sgracciiil  (locnnients,  and  tlicrehy  hi.'e  tho 
tract  i  cf  the  path  pursued  iu  the  attainment  of  tho  most  ijhainelosa  amhiiioua 
aspirations. 


PLOTS  AOALVST  ITUKDIUK. 


747 


No  Olio  Wfis  Mind  to  tlie  fact  that  a  Mow  luul  Uww 
struck  at  tlu;  lil)crty  of  tlio  j)e()[tlt!  in  tli<ir  sovciviLi'ii 
riglit  to  select  tl'-oir  iv})resc'iitailvc  s  wltlidiit  restric- 
tion.    It  was  j^c  'rally  understood   that  tlie  limita- 


tion   of    the   nunihei 


ecclesiastical,    niilitarv,   and 


juiisti(;  re{)resentativos,  and  their  exclusion  IVom  the 
second  chandjer,  v.ero  intended  to  deprive  cou'^ress  of 
the  intellii^ence  which  particularly  heloni^^'d  to  thoso 
classes  owinij  to  tluir  suj)erior  t-dncation.  ^loreovir, 
tlie  declaration  by  the  junta  that  the  coni^rc  s  should 
bo  divided  into  two  <'hand)ers  was  an  assUini)tion  of  a 


faculty    outsido    its    uttrihut 


es. 


■(    till    ie-S.>SUIlll)LH>ll    t)i     <l 

Tha*  a  jii  "visional 
junta  should  dictate  constitution. d  laws  to  a  faUn'o 
cor.  i'  ient  asscnihly  was  ri<licul.)us.  IjuI  Ituihido 
exi)ected  to  be  made  the  [)res:deiit  wheiicvt  r  the  two 
chambers  deliberated  toj^ether,  sincv;  ()I>viously  neither 
of  the  i'especti\'0  presitleuts  could  j)reslde  on  such 
occasions.'"' 

The  conse(]ueiico  of  this  policy  was,  as  nii;^ht  b^; 
e\]>e(ted,  cons-pii-acy.  Such  an  arbitrary  j>lan  shoul  I 
not  be  carried  into  eifect  without  an  eflbrt  being  niadj 
to  prevent  it.  A  jilot  was  f(?rnied,  the  object  of 
which  was  to  secure  the  untraiinuelled  liberty  of  elec- 
tion and  the  establishuK'iit  of  a  re|)ublic.      The  ( 


•on- 


S!)irators  were  nu'ii  alreudv  eminent,  and  anioULi"  tlieiii 
were  (^uadalu])e  Victoria,  Nicolas  J]ravo,  the  briga- 
dier ]Miguel  Ijarragan,  Juan  ]\[orales,  president  of 
the  su[)reme  court  of  justice,"''  the  padres  Carbaj.d 
andJimenez,C'a[)taiii  iJoija,  and  other  ollicers.  Secret 
meetinu's  were  held  at  the  house  of  ^Jigut^l  ])omin- 
gue."! — with  whom  tlie  reader  is  already  acquainted  as 
former  corregidor  of  ()u(.'retaro — and  it  was  decided 
to  address  a  representation  to  Itui'bide;  if  this  faihsl 
to  obtain  retlress,  then  his  person  vras  to  be  s;;i,:ed, 


30 


Iturbiilo'.s  rciniirk^i  on  the  plan,  written  while  an  o\i!c  at  Le';Iioni,  ca 


not  1)2  read  without  a  :;n; 


tho  ooolne?'?  witli  whii.'i  it  •.  f  nil; 


licro 


:i  to- 


t)lho  junta.      '  La  ti>'.;\Mcat:,)ria,'  lie  cays,  'era  tlcfoL-LiiK.  ..-: 

<l;i.i  !;',13  (lcfccto3  flic  ;;[)r;)!)ada,  y  yo  no  podia  nias  quocjnocLr  cl  ni;il  y  K:;n- 

tirlo.'  Canrrci,  .Mil.  y  Pol.,  l')--2\). 

'  Mor;de;j  v,:;fi  editor  of  a  paper  slylfd  L'l  Ilombrc  li'jrc.    Uu  t'li.iauU', 


CwAil.  Ill 


•1. 


I 


71S 


TIIK  SOVEIlEIfiN  VROVISIOXAL  JUNTA. 


and  a  maiiifV'sto  j>uMisli(.'(l  sotting  forth  the  ivason. 
Tlio  liberal  ideas  of  Xe<;retu  I)ein«j;  well  known,  a 
comniunicatioii  was  sent  to  him  at  (j!iiad;daj;u'a,  hut 
he  despatehod  the  letter  to  Iturbide,  who  took  his 
measures  aecordin<y]y.^ 

On  the  nii4;l't  of  the  20th  of  Xovemher,  with  uireat 
dis[)lay  of  military  force,  seventeen  of  the  [)rin(.-i[)al 
conspirators  were  arrested,  among  whom  were  those 
alieady  mentioned.  When  the  night's  work  became 
known  Iturbide  was  surprised  at  the  murniui'ings 
which  arose.  His  act  inspired  a  fear  that  ho  would 
not  1)0  disinclined  to  reestal)lish  the  ancient  iorm 
of  despotism.  The  ailherents  of  the  prisoners  were 
numerous.  Rigorous  proceedings  against  them  would 
hardly  be  safe,  and  most  of  them  were  liberated 
shortly  afterwiird.  Victoria  and  ]\rorales,  however, 
wei'e  treated  with  more  severity,  the  latter  not  being 
released  till  the  cons»'ress  issued  its  decree  of  auniestv, 
and  the  I'ormer  only  avoidiuiij  similar  durance  bv  es- 
cai)inLL'  from  his  dunu^eon."'^ 

In  comparing  the  condition  of  Xew  8[)ain  alU'r 
eleven  years  t)f  sti'ii'e  with  that  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  century,  the  contrast  presents  a  f-^trik- 
in<j^  retroy'rossion.  The  revenue  had  be(,Mi  i'e;lu('ed 
so  low  as  to  be  (juite  inadequate  ti>  cover  the  ex- 
travagant e:v[)cnditure  of  the  now  government,  w  hic!i 
recklessly  decreed  large  incomes  and  salaries,  while 


'■Tliis  is  the  account  <^f  the  discovery  as  j,'ivoii  liy  Alainan.  7//V.  .1/'./"., 
V.  HO.  The  author  of  Mi-j.  /iu.-iqurji)  /'n:,  );!."),  i;hai;,\':j  other  poraons,  in- 
cluding^ llauioii  liavon,  with  divid.'^'iiiL,'  tlic  pint.  '  j;iioi -i.  e. ,  the  c(jus[)ira- 
t(jr.< — iUl)(ran  estar  may  agradccido;;  :i  I),  Iiauum  Itayoii,  al  tcnicuti!  1  >. 
.Tuaii  ( larcia,  y  i'l  otro.s  vilcs  ilcuuiiciautcs  (juc...hi  frnstraron  rcvchruloia  a 
Itinl.idc' 

•"  nastainanto  was  chosen  1>y  Victoria  an  liis  advocate.  This  writer  stiues 
that  Ills  escape  wai  eil'ected  liy  Doctor  ('odornin — tho  editor  of  El  Sii( — 
Manuel  (^'arrasco,  and  Juaii  do  Jlcliarto,  all  vi  wliom  were  Spaniards.  Cii'i'l. 
UiM.,  vi.  '1\.  JJravo  was  released  liy  order  of  Jturliido  dated  l).i',  liUli.  \m 
pi':iof  of  conspiracy  l)eing  fuuid  ai^ainst  liini.  (Inc.  /hi/k  J/'.c,  i.  ;U!(-."iO. 
Alliidin;^  to  this  ali'air  i:i  his  a'.itohio^j.apliical  sketch  pulilishcd  in  iNJ-i,  ho 
s-iy.):  '  Yo  crei  de  mi  ilel)er  en  eircuustaneian  tan  cntieas  dar  alt^unos  pasos 
para  secund:ir  el  espiritu  piiLlico,  y  el  i'ruto  dc  mi  tunUitivti  fuo  una  prisiun.' 

JI>Uli/('l'>^lo,  \). 


STATE  OF  THE  COUXTHY. 


7W 


at  tlio  same  time  it  (rimiiiislied  its  small  resources 
by  reduetioiis  in  tlu'  import  diitits,  excise,  and  other 
imi)o,st8  ill  order  to  make  popular-  the  independence. 
A  new  tariff  was  fornie'd  reducing  all  import  duties  to 
the  single  one  of  25  per  centum  ad  valoi'em,  and  the 
aleabala  to  8  ])er  centum.''*  The  tax  on  ])ul(|ue  was 
lowered  from  s:].  1 2}^  the  nude-load  to  4,\  reah's;  so  that 
the  proceeds  at  tiie  capital,  which  in  18 1 0  had  amounted 
to  ^^-'83,33(;,  only  reached  .$87,501  in  18l'2.  The  j.ro- 
ductiveness  ol'  the  tobacco  monopoly  was  griexously 
adected  by  heavy  debts  owed  to  the  growers  of 
tlie  plant,  who,  when  funds  wei'e  wanting  whei'ewith 
to  pay  them,  sold  tlieir  tobacco  to  contraband  (K'alei's 
and  innutMisely  lessened  the  government  sales.""'  ( 'om- 
merce  experienced  a  violent  Cf)nvulsion.  Free-trade 
Avas  o[iened  to  all  nations;  and  as  conunercial  rela- 
tions with  S[)ain  were  closed,  and  thos(.'  with  foreign 
countries  were  not  yet  established  by  treatii's,  trade 
Mas  reduced  to  the  lowest  ebb,  witli  eorres[)onding  loss 
to  tile  treasury.  X(jr  did  it  assume  any  importance 
until  revived  1)V  the  settlement  of  foreinn  merchants 
in  the  country.  The  possession  of  the  f  )rtress  of 
I'h'ia  by  the  Spaniards  w.  s  also  an  additional  cause- 
of  decrease  in  revenue.  Wssels  which  arrived  at  the 
port  of  Vera  Cruz  paid  customs  to  the  governor  of  the 
fort,  and  their  cargoes  were  snniggled  ashore,  payment 
of  the  ^Mexican  ihities  being  evaded.  All  industii<js 
had  fallen  into  decay,  lamentably  so  that  of  miiiing. 
llich  mines  had  been  abandoned,  machinery  and  re- 
duction work;-  destroyed,  and  the  funds  employed  m- 


|i  'I 


^*Tlio  ]ii'oliil)iti()!irt  ^vcro  lomovoil  from  iionily  all  .articles  i if  foreiirn  iinpor- 
tatiiiii.  The  tarill  was  fonui'il  uu  ;i  lilicral  [ihiii,  liut  .sciinu.s  mistakes  unv 
inatK'.  One  of  the  lew  proliihited  articles  was  raw  enttoii,  wliile  odttnii  qixuls, 
wcMilleii  cloths  and  t  tiiUs,  reailyiiiailo  eluthiiiu',  Kiigar,  anil  all  kimls  (jf  eata- 
liles  weio  allowoil  to  ho  imported.  Siieli  regiUatioils  allected  the  iudiistiies 
oF  the  country,  especially  the  maniiractiire  of  cittou  gooils,  which  was  tem- 
porarily I'liined.  A  copy  of  tlu^  tarilf  is  .siipiilieil  hy  Diililau  and  Lozano.  \\  iio 
lia\  «  inserted  it  in  their  /,';/.  J/i  .c. .  i.  oti7-S7,  on  acconnt  of  its  historical  intei- 
cst  as  1)1  iml;  the  liist  ^^exican  tarilV. 

"-'  In  order  to  inipro\  e  the  condition  of  this  branch  of  the  revenue,  Itnrliido 
was  authnri/ed  to  raise  a  loan  of  Sl,,")Ul).!ll);),  for  which  lica[>plied  to  the  caLlio- 


dral  eliupters,  with  hut  littU'  success.    Ik-i  n  lo  de  _'  de  i'.nc 


IS:: 


•50 


TIlC  SOVKRiaCN  PKOVISIOXAL  JUNTA. 


iiualiv  i)V  the  vict-r.'ijal  o-oveniiiuMit  Hir  the  excliaii'jfo 
of  aiiialifaiii  into  t-oiii  had  ceased  to  be  supplied,  wliicli 
caiLsed  a  j^r.at  de[)reciatioii  in  the  prii-e  obtaiiR'<l  i'or 
it.  At  the  .same  time  the  imposts  on  this  imhistry 
nere  nut  <»nly  fully  sustained,  hut  exemptions  (jn  eer- 
lain  articles  which  had  been  gi-anted  lor  the  jmritoso 
of  promoting  it  had  been  n-moved.  In  its  i-uin  it 
dragged  down  witli  it  all  other  industries  in  mining 
districts,  agriculture  an<l  mechanical  crafts  8uflering 
in  [)roportion.  To  remedy  the  evil,  a  commission  was 
appointed  to  de\ise  measures  of  relief.^"  This  j)ro- 
posetl  the  exemption  of  (quicksilver  from  all  duties, 
whether  it  was  imported  or  extracted  in  the  countiy, 
and  that  gunpowder  should  be  su})[)lied  to  mining 
oi)erators  at  prime  cost. 

These  and  other  liberal  relaxations  were  decreed  by 
the  junta  on  tlie  22il  of  Xovembei',^' and  the  resolution 
.submitted  to  the  regency,  which,  in  view  of  the  loss 
of  at  least  ."irGOOjOOO  annually  that  the  measure  would 

It  7  ^  ^ 

entail  on  the  ti'easury,  urged  that  it  should  be  inodi- 
fied.  Th(!  junta  accordingly  again  discussed  the  ques- 
tion on  the  8th  of  February  following;  but  convinced 
of  the  ne(;essity  of  the  measure,  and  j)ersuaded  that 
the  iniMjiivenience  caused  the  ufovei'umeiit  would  lio 
only  temporary,  confirmed  its  previous  decree,  whicli 
was  ]Miblishe(l  on  the  1  Sth.  The  scarcity  of  iunds 
prevailed  throughout  the  countiy,  and  the  provinces, 
instead  t)f  being  able  to  contribute  to  tlie  giiiei-.d 
treasui'y,  were  compelled  to  a[)peal  for  subsidies.  Y^t 
in  the  face  of  these  circumstances  the  new  j^overn- 
meut,  as  I  have  said,  was  anything  but  economical. 
The  grants  to  IturbicK-,  ( )'J,)on<  ji'i's  widow,  and  otlier.s 
were  heavy  items;  anil  the  ctjst  of  ceremonial  di,si)lays 
and    celeLiaiions    of  public    rejoicing,  though    these 

'"Cmiposcil  of  Fagoaqa,  Bri^adiL""  Ilorbc'joso,  mui  Jo.si5  Marfa  Lusta- 
niaiit;-.    .\/:tmuii,  I  list.  Mij.,  v.  4H)-1. 

■'"'  l)iihl(tii  awA  Lcmn,  Lrj.  Mcc,  i,  .'G.T-t.  Azcarato  even  proposed  that 
tlie  iuilii  Iry  blioiild  Ix;  fiv'cd  from  evoi-y  liiiid  of  impost  for  six  years.  <lir. 
IiiifK  Jli.c,  i.  1,11.  IJi-i  inotioa  ■\viu  not  adopted  ou  ueuouut  of  the  groat  losa 
to  Uic  revenue. 


FINANCIAL  TROUBLES. 


751 


were  not  out  <'{'  place,  was  lavisli;  while  tlie  pav-!'<»ll, 
unears,  and  clotliiiiLi' of  the  aniiv  called  lor  lai'';'e  sLnii><. 
111  the  einer;.,^'iicy,  the  iu"jf<itiati(»n  of  a  loan  was  the 
Iv  means  ot'  reliel";  but   how  to    elicet   it  was   the 


0:1 


U'- 


ditlicidty.      The  junta  was  well   aware  of  the  r"j) 
nance  with  wliicli  forced  loans  we're;  i-eLi;arded,  and  of 
the    unfaxoraMe   impression   and   injury  to   its  credit 


which  wor.ld  he  create(|  if  it  resoited  ti 


o  sucii  a  meas- 


lU'e.  It  therefoi'e  endeavored  to  eilect  its  object  hy 
an  apjx-al  to  the  cor[)orations  and  wivdthy  individuals 
for  ^()luntary  subscriptions  to  the  amount  of  s;]00, 000, 
the  monthly  deficit.  The  call,  however,  was  not  re- 
sponded to  with  that  enthusiasm  which   contributors 


liad  sh 


littk 


decadt;    bef( 


Th 


nad  shown  little  more  tliau  a  decade  oelore.  1  no 
sum  of  i}'277,0G7  was  all  that  was  raised,  and  Ihc;  junta 
fvlt  compelK  (1  to  em[)loy  the  compulsory  system  in 
order  to  cover  the  n)onthly  <leticit.  Its  pri'xious 
fears  were  now  verisied,  and  in  the  coHectio!i  of  the 
(piotas  assi'^'ned  to  individuals  all  hinds  <tf  diliiculties 
were  incurred,  numy  ])ersons  even  submittin;^'  to  im- 
prisonment in  preferenc(!  to  payinij  their  contiiiL^ent. 
This  led  to  measures  still  more  arbitrary.  In  l^\'l)ru- 
ary  an  individual  line  of  JS  1,000  was  im[>osed  upon 
those  who  did  not  pay  theii'  <|Uotas  on  th;;  appointe  I 
♦late;  and  as  coin  was  being  noticeably  witluhMwu  iVom 
circulation,  the  regency  passed  an  order  forbidding 
the  custom-houses  to   issue  the  necessary  })aj)ers   f 


tl 


le  ex 


portat 


ion  o 


f  monev  Irom  anv  town.     ]>ut  thi: 


measure  paralyzed  internal  trade  and  foreign  com- 
nu'rce;  and  tlie  junta  modided  it  by  allowing  internal  re- 
mittances to  be  made,  but  so  ti'anunelled  tlu'  conces>io;i 

I 


on 


an 


with  red-tap(>  regulations  as  to  tlie  destinati 
ein[)l()yment  of  such  funds,  and  by  the  im[>osition  of 
1  j  per  centum  depo.-its  as  security  against  slii|>ments 
of  momy  out  of  the  country,  that  dissatisfaction  was 
great;  tlio  idea,  moreover,  I)eing  convtyed  that  the 
aim  was  to  exact  this  j)ereentage  as  a  <luty  on  all 
S[)anish  capital  that  might  be  with-h'awn  in  fiitui'''. 
TlioU''"h    int.'rnal  tra«.le  was   tlius  somewhat  relieved, 


752  TiiK  s;)vr:ni:u;x  trovisioxal  .iuxta. 

forci'^rii  coiinnoivo  was  not  Kciu'fitcd,  and  the  i^ovcrn- 
iiu'iit  had  to  yic'hl  to  tho  inci'.ssaiit  representations 
made  to  it.  (Jn  the  1  (Sth  of  J'\,'l)niary,  therefore,  it 
decreed  that  money  might  be  ship])ed  ahroad,  hut 
only  for  comniereiai  purposes  and  witli  the  eoij^nizanee 
and  nermission  of  the  re<jfencv.  All  these  measures 
w<'rc  in  distinct  violation  of  article  15  of  the  treaty 
of  C(')rdoha. 

A  i'ull  statement  of  the  income  and  expenses  of  the 
ti'easury  for  the  first  four  months  of  the  indcpendiMK-e 
was  puhlished  in  January  IS-J2.  From  the  ollicial 
sheets  it  appears  that  the  total  receipts  amounted  to 
8l,'274,<J'.)o  and  the  expenditures  to  .":;>1,*J72,4jS,  leav- 
iiiiLj  a  halance  of  ^'i/ior,^'  with  which  to  commence 
the  ct)ming  year. 

After  tlie  occupation  of  the  capital,  it  was  found 
necessary  to  reorganize  the  army,  lu)  little  disorder 
liavin<>  l)een  the  consequence  of  the  change  inailairs. 
Oificers'  hadges  had  been  changed,  and  the  devices  of 
tlu^  banners  altered;  some  regiments  retained  their 
old  nanu's.  while  others  ado[)ted  new  ones;  deseition 
had  greatly  thinned  the  ranks,  and  arms  were  suirep- 
titiously  cai-riedaway ;  discipline  was  relaxed,  numbers 
abandoned  the  active  st;rvice  for  other  em|>ioyn)ents, 
and  confusion  gener'ally  prevailed.  On  the  7th  of 
November  the    generalissimo    issued   orders    for  the 

'"Thus  i',\l)il)iUcl:  Ilccciiits. 

Vv'iui  (iiiliiiiiry  sources. .SU(i(>,7_'4 

DonUii.us  .  .  .'. ;{(>,')G4 

Voluulaiy  loan '_'77,(Ki7 

•       $l,'->74,0a5 

K.xtK'nililiirc'3. 

Infiiutrv .set:'.,  107 

Ciiv;ilry 4llS,(>(j'J 

Aniiv  arrcaiN •j;i(>,!)37 

Fivi;}!it  for  army li»,:L'.> 

Iturlii.lc's.siilary lOS.lO'J 

GuviTimiciit  ilopartnients l.'ttt.OO."} 

Cuurpos  facultativod -I,!*,"!;} 

l.'J72,4.-)8 

Daliinfo i}2,'2:i7 

Gac.  Inqi.  M,.c.,  i.  IjJ-,i. 


RK;)K(;.\xiz.\n;)X  or  Tin;  ai;mv 


753 


tli!>r>)U^!i  ri'iir'4';iiii/.;it ion  of  t]ic  niilitarv  I'lirci's.  Seven 
iTniinciilN  1)1"  imjiiitiT,  (lcsi!L,''ii;itc(l  \>y  iiiiiiifiiral  (Htlcj-, 
Well'  rMi-DM'il  Mill  ol"  tilt,'  tniMps  tlicll  ill  tlic  titv.  the 
oM  iiaiiii'S  l)y  wliicli  llii.'  (lili'i'ii'Mt,  cdrps  had  hccii  liis- 
tiii!^'uislic(l  liriiit;-  siipprt'sscd;  an  eighth  iH'^-iinciif  was 
loniicil  ill  X'eia  ('ill/,,  and  pfovisiun  niadc  fui-  (he 
r.'rnialidii  i»t'  tliu  Iritops  in  Xiii'\a  (i.diila  aiid  otiirr 
]tri)\inct;s  into  li\<'  ihdi-c  iVL^iiiu'iits,  niakiiiu-  tlir  iiuiii- 


1)1  r  tliii'trrn   in  al 


TI 


lo   cava! IV 


as   (livi 


Id 


into 


il>\in  rfL;ini('nts,  also  desi^-natid  Wv  nunilt 


r\ 


lO 


iicw  svstciii,  liowcvci',  caiisi'd  n'lvat  dis-^iist:  tin-  old 
naiurr^  Wi'ff  clici'islird  li\-  till'  troops  with  \  ciii'iation 
as  records  ot"  iiiililarv  ^loi'v,  ami  the  oil'ence  takrii  at 


their  sii|ii)i'i'ssion  was  niai 


ked    1 


)V  men-asei 


Id 


e^ 


el-tion. 


\U  tlu;  I'lid  »»r  the  Year  the  nuinher  ol"  oliii-cis  of  all 
H'l'adi's  ami  that  ot"  the  soldiers  were  ridieiiloiisly  dis- 
jiroportionate.''" 

A\'lien  till-  junta  had  eoncluded  what  it  eonsi  l"red 
it  ^  most  important  duties,  it  occupied  ilseli'  in  ali'airs 
ol'  little  moment,  many  •>t'  which  did  not  hehtn;;'  to 
t!ie  province  ol"  leL;'islative  |M>wei'.  ^luch  time  ua.- 
i'littered  away  in   attention    t<>   such    mattci's 


th 


election  of  female  prelates  of  nunneries,  the  appoint- 
ments of  provincials  of  i-en'ular  orders,  and   ipi'v-tions 


I. 


arim;'  uj»<»n    unncrsily   regulation? 


I 


eliulilN- 


cu--sions,    too,   were   held    on    afl'airs   of  real    <«ra\i(\' 


without  aiiv  di'linite  r^'sult  oi'iir'-  attaine( 


It  1. 


le.'t 


moreover,   o 


f  ed 


lers    w 


as   hi<'hlv   hlamalile.      it 


i-  ,.  onceivahle  that  it  shoull  ha\e  taken  no  (.-irvM-tivi 
slejts  to  estahli^h  friendly  rel.iiions  with  forei^'ii  pow 
ers.      Almost  its  lirst  duty  oir-ht  to  ha\e  l.'een  to  ait 


Mr.v.  Xnt!r.  Ili<t.  Inf.,  .lot  soil.     Th' iiiiiK'i'inl  ;.M(ii:i(li('rM  fi)riiifil  .•iHcp- 


aratc  li.iUalinn,  wliicli  was  t'n;  <>iilv  one  \vl 


iir!i  prcscrvi'i 


I  it. 


ly  icfciriii;,'  ti»  tlio  nliii'ial  army  Hits  |)iilili  -lii'il  in  iIk'  '>'"'■.  /. 


4;!J,  lltii.  l.VJ,  I  liiiil  fi 


mil  t!n'  n'\ii'V..s  hi 


.1 


m  Oct. 


<l   Dr 


tliat  th 


■IS  iif  tlu,'  fiiri-i'S,  iiirliidiii;;  iinli-rDliill 


(i  iilliccrs,  wcru  rt'siKcUvciy 


I'i.  117,  IJ.-.'ii,  ami  II, )!)'.».     Ol'  tins  iatti  T  imiiilii  r  :i,  ll'l  wiMv  .stT'oaiits,  cor- 


])  iral 


I.V   I.SUJull 


mil  iiiiisirian.s,  n-ilnciip4  tin-  |iri\atcs  1)  S.liilS. 


U'su  wiTi'  iiiiiiiiiaiii 


n-iT.s    triiiii  tile  I'vai 


liM.t  .' il  to  tliat  i>f 


T 

-liuit. 


tlicivtiiri',  lit 


liiis  til  iiliiiiT.- 


.f  all 


loil 
III'  i)pi|niitiuu, 


irailcs  was 


K.-s  than  two  ti)  one. 


Ul.sl.  Mux.,  Vol,  IV.    18 


7,-4  TIIK  SOVKRLIGX  PRO  VISIONAL  .ILXTA. 

prise  tlio  Spanish  ^((jvc'niincnt  and  all  loreij^n  natidiis 
ol'  llic  otaNlisliiiuMit  (»r  i\n)  in'W  iiiipiic  All  it  <li(l, 
iiov.H'N  I'l',  was  to  pass  a  I'csoliilioii  lor  llu' .•ip|M)iiitiii(iit 
111' lour  envoys  to  \>r  si.'iit  rcspi'cti\  fly  1o  Soiit  li  Aiiicr- 
ii-a,  the  I'liiti'd  Slati's,  Eiii^laiid,  and  Itonic;  wliilo 
with  repaid  to  S|)ain,  which  oii<;lit  to  ha\i'  nn-t  with 
the  lii-l  consideration,  a  similar  disposition  was  with- 
held, and  I'esei'ved  (or  tlu;  lutin'e  acli<m  ol"  the  con- 
i,n"ess."  'I'iius  the  Spanish  government  was  not  >\i'\\ 
ollieially  i.ii'ornied  that  the  crown  of  the  A[(,'Aieaa 
ein[)ir(;  was  hel<l  in  reserve  lor  Fernando  il"  he  clio>u 
to  accept  it/- 

]Jin'in^'  the  last  lew  wei-ks  of  its  existenci;,  the  junta 
was  occupied  in  niakint;'  j»re[)arations  lor  the  ceremo- 
nials to  he  ohserved  at  thiMnstallat ion  of  the  conn'i'css 
on  tlie  1'  Itli  of  J'\  hruaiy.  Meantime  the  ele'i-tions  jiinl 
taken  place,^'  and  the  deputies  were  airisin.;-  at  tin; 
capital.  10\<nts,  howi'Ver,  had  occurred  in  ('eiiti'al 
.Vnu'iica  which  allV'cted  the  composition  ol'the  nat  ional 
assem!»lv.  That ct)nntrv  had  declared  its  indeitendeiice 
in  Septemhei',  ami  i'or  several  months  had  heen  di\iiled 
in  o])iiiion  on  the  (piestion  of  union  with  the  Mexican 
empire.  The  clainrs  of  dillerent  provinces  to  the 
riglit  of  individual  independence  wei't^  assei'ted  with 
such  heat  as  to   lead  to  an    outbreak  of   hostilities. 


*^S|Kiiii  \v;n  I'.ir  Iriiiii  ili-iiuliiu'il  at  lir-'t  lo  rcoognizi'  iit  iwww  \\n'  iinlipi'i- 
(lonc<' (ii  .Mi'xioii.  A  |i.iiii  ir.ii)li  dI'  a  letter  fi'./iu  Diie  <if  tlio  cli']mi.ics  t  >  tiio 
Spaiii.sh  I'luUs  was  iiul)li>lic.l  i:i  tliu  '/((■.  ///i//.  J/rr.  of  .\')V.  •_' I,  iS-JKin). 
rS(i-7;  aiiil  tlu'  wii.cr  distinctly  .states  tin^  icailim'ss  ui  S|iaiii  to  arrive  a:  .■;!i 
aiiiiealilu  agiveiiieiit  wiLlmut  llio  fiirtlier  eiiii>li)yiiieiit  ot  t'lireo.  ]>iit  tlit^  i  mso 
of  the  eolony'.s  i:iile|)eiiileiiei!  wiiiilil  liavi' t.i  1).^  tin;  seeiirity  of  tlie  |iro|ier,y 
aixl  [lersDiisof  Iviropeans;  'Salvo  esto,  el  tlerraiiiaiiiii'iitoili!  saiii^ro  y  el  aiiiiiieio 
stiijilicra  lie  itii  y.iliiersio  lilire.  el  Conj,'ruso  es[(.iflol  ki;  axiciie  li  toilo,  y  jirolo- 
juri  iligiiaiiieiiie  l.i  liuleiHiideneia.  No  hay  y:i  ainliieion  do  tesoro.s  iii  dj 
inuiidar  ;i  "J  mil  K'.Ljiias.'  'i'lio  iiiipcrial  .irovuriiiiieut,  however,  acted  on  this 
essential  jioiat  in  a  ^^ay  direetly  lioUilu  to  the  Sjianiarils  by  deprivin,^  thi  iii 
of  till'  ri,'liis  eoMee<lei|  to  (lieni  liy  the  treaty  of  Ciinloha. 

"The  •.'till  of  iK'e.  hud  lieeu  apjiointe  I  as  tlie  day  for  the  ]ioiiul.ir  eleeti  m 
(if  tlio  inenihers  of  the  new  a  viiiitanii' iilos  of  the  towns.      Ivnli  .m  vuiitaMii   nt.) 

•>  > 


then  seU 


eet.  il  one  <it  U.-;  nuuiher 


'S  distrii't  eleeti 


On  the  riih  of  .Ian.  I' 


all  t!i(!  eleetors  of  each  disliict  met  at  the  eliief  town  and  aiijiointeil  the  |iro- 
vinei.il  eleeior,  v.Iri  in  nnion  •'ilh  the  otiier  iprovinrial  i  leetors  similarly 
eliosen  ai>p.nattd  the  <K'[)ulie3  to  cun^jrcis  on  the  "JSth.  (/ic.  //»/(.  Mt.c.,  i. 


CKXTRAL  AMKIIICA. 


(.1.) 


M 


i\ 


oiooviT,    the    j)r<>viiu'('s    tlinusfivi 


th 


h 


Wt 


w   (lividcfl 


into  iaclioiis,  and  anardiv  lor  a  tunc  jnwailcd.  At 
tilt'  instance  of  ctTtain  towns  in  ( Juatiinala,  a  con- 
.si(K!i"«i)l(;  I'orcr,  under  the  connuand  <if  tlic  luinadiir 
^'i<•(•nt<•  I'ilisiila,  had  1)('«'M  sent  l»y  Ituiliidc  in  Xovctn- 
Ir'T  to  maintain  ordci-.  In  tlu*  niidst  of  the  conrusioii 
a  conimunication,  addressed  by  ]tuil)ide  on  the  I'.Mh 
of  ( JetohiT  to  (Jain/.a,  the  <'a|»tain-i4<'n('ral  of  (Juato- 
iiiala,  and  se'ttini,^  forth  th(;  ad\antaL,'es  of  anm-xation, 
was  j)rinted  and  ein-ulated  in  all  towns,  and  an  ord»r 
issued  lor  the  popular  vote  to  I )•.■  everywhere  taken  on 
the  matter.  ()n  the  Stli  of  Januai'V  the  votes  \\•vv,^ 
counted,  resultiuL,'  in  an  inuuense  niajoi'ity  in  lavor  of 
innuediate  union  with  ^Fexico.*'  When  this  fact  l)e- 
caiiie  known  to  the  imperial  i^'ovei-mnent,  it  was  nec- 
essaiy  to  provide  for  the  representation  of  Central 
America  in  the  congress,  and  as  the  proximity  of  the 
installation  would  not  admit  of  the  fui-mally  eli-cjcd 
depiilies  arriviuLT  in  time  to  bo  present  at  it,  the  <.(>v- 


V 


ernment  ado[)ted  the  j»lan  of  ap|>oinlinM-  {'mty  snltsti- 
tutes,  natives  of  Central  AnKM'iea,  residt-nt  in  New 
Spain,  to  re[)resent  those  provinces.  These  were  to 
iesi<_>n  their  seats  to  the  deiiuties  as  thev  airived. 

The  provisional  junta,  now  ahout  to  give  place  1> 
the  national  eongrt'ss,  dui'ing  thi'  live  months  of  its 
existt-nce  had  committed  many  ''lariuLT  errors.  In  the 
iirst  p]ac(!  it  had  assumed  prerogatives  which  did  not 
lielong  to  it,  and  its  ai>[)ro[>riation  (tf  the  title  'soheran  i 
junt:i,'  and  i  hat  of  '  your  maj<'sty,'  by  which  it  was  cer- 
emoniously addressed,  was  nothing  less  than  a  usur|)a- 
tion.  Xo  sooner  was  it  inst;dlcd  than  it  arrogatid 
to  itself  I'aeultii's  more  extensive^  than  those  enjoyed 
by  the  S[)anish  c(ji'tes.  While  its  diitics  \\(>y>-  dearly 
limiti'd  to  the  appointment  of  a  regency,  th"  convoca- 
tion of  congrt'ss  as  s[ieedily  as  possible,  and  to  the 
regulation  of  such  matters  only  as  admitted  (>f  nmlelay, 
it  at  oiu'i'  launched  itself  upon  a  com[)rehen>ive  ci.»urso 

«'/iVc.  Ca>t.  Arnn:,  :j-ll. 


736 


TIIK  SOVKHEIGN  I'ROVISIOXAL  JUNTA. 


of  K'LrislatioM.  AVilli  iiiiiiccussarv  liastc  it  dfcrood  .in 
iimiic'iiso  salary  lor  Iluiliult*,  and  what  was  worse, 
clcvatcil  hiiii  tosiu-h  liiu'li  rank  ast(»yivc  liiiii  ascciid- 
eiicy  over  ihf  i-('l,^'IH'v,  and  rciidcr  thu  aiitlioiity  w liit-li 
lie  attained  inediupatiMe  with  that  of  any  !L;<>veni- 
imiit.  It  <'lian^ed  tlio  custtuns  tarill",  and  made  ini- 
]iortant  alterations  in  (lie  e\eise,  maltei's  wliieh  should 
have  heen  di'lerivd  tn  the  aetion  <»|'  the  coiii^ress.  Jt 
xiolatcd  (he  treaty  of  ('(W'doha,  and  wasted  time  on 
mattii's  outside  its  j)rovinee,  instead  of  conlinint,^  itself 


lotl 


le  i>roni[»t  d<'s|iutehot  important  husnu 


M 


ore- 


ovi-r,  its  aeijiii;  seeuec  to  Iturhide,  who  was  the  }iro- 
i)oser  of  all  imiHU'tant  acts  decreed  hv  it,  sinnallv 
marked  the  fundamental  erroi-  it  committed  in  hi.s 
tle\atitin  -an  eiror  ^vhi{•h  entailed  its  own  suhservi- 


ess. 


eiicy  tt»  him  and  eonse(|Uent  weakness.  Xevei'thel 
it  must  not  he  considered  that  these  mistakes  were 
cntiit'ly  the  fault  (jf  the  individuals  who  composi-d  the 
junta.  They  proceeded  rather  from  the  political  o|)in- 
ions  which  Ix'i^an  to  prevail  after  the  installment  of 
the  c()rtes  at  Cadiz.  1'he  assumj)tion  hy  the  junta  of 
conoressional  powers  was  in  keepiii'Lf  with  the  |)rinci- 
ples  that  had  heen  practised  in  S[)ain,  and  in  \  lew  of 
the  inexperience  of  the  members  and  tlu-ir  little'  politi- 
cal knowledge,  it  is  not  to  he  wondered  that  the  junta 
mistook  the  ohject  for  whii-h  it  was  estahlishetl,  and 
imitated  the  precedents  presented  in  Spain. 


C'lIAPTEll  XXXII. 


Tiri';  I'liisT  coNcitnss  and  fiust  hmpkror. 

ISJ-J. 

The    Tnstai.i.atkin  -  Takini;    tiii.    Oatic    TNurn    Pnr.ssrr.K -Tin;    Finsr 
MwiMiKiisrAsiuNi;  — I'di.iTicAi,    l'Ai;riKs--Mr,vsri!i:s   vim    ]li;i.u;r  op 

•I  in;   TlJKASfKV-  DisAiiKKKMKNTa  ON  TIIK  AllMY  QlESTION  — A  (orNIKIl- 

i;i:v(ii,iTi(iv  -(;i:m;i:ai,    1)avii,\"s    Aition-   iTruiiini;    and    Cumiukss 
AT  OiT.s  \Vah     ruiicKK^s  or  ItKriiii.i" \N ISM     Irn:r.iiiK    l'itiici.\iMi:i) 

JvMIT.Iiuli    IlV    A     I'iM'II.Al;    I^MKrTi:— A    SlOllMV    ( 'iiS(;l;i;sSIn\  \1,  Si  S^luV 

-    AiasTis    I.    1U;io(;m/.i;i>    ,I(iv    in    iiii;    I'i;ovis<'i;s     'I'm-;   lMi'i.i;i\r, 

FaMII.V   AM)    lIcdsr.llKl.D  — DlKFK  TLTIKS  OF  TUU  TkEAmCUV  — Till;  Cm  N- 
CII,  OK   StaTK— TlIK  CoKOSAIIOS-. 


l)uuiN(i  tlic  flt'cti'nis  lt.urI»i<lo  liad  not  iTiii.iinrd 
idle.  ]£is  auffiits  had  Iktii  ^'Vcrywlici'c!  iictivr  in  tlxir 
endeavors  to  sccni'i;  the  a|>j)(»intnirnt  of  ivprcscnt;!- 
tivcs  who  Would  supjiort  his  Nicws.  They  had  only 
heen  |)ai'ti;dly  successilil,  however;  the  lihci'.ils  had 
shown  ('(jual  enei-Ljy  in  their  labors,  and  a  lar^c  num- 
her  of  truly  [latiiotie  and  enlightened  men  had  hern 
eleeted,  'rii(»U!^di  tlu;  eon^ress  would  not  he  so  laNtH'- 
al)ly  eonijioscd  as  he  had  intended,  the  Li^enei'alissiuio 
lia<l  still  a  I'esouree  left  hy  wlii<-h  he  hojicd  to  craiu]* 
the  jiroeecdiuL;'^  of  tlu:  o[)|i((siii<4  1"""^}' — nani'ly.  in- 
timidation. A  display  of  military  foree  would  clfcct 
this,  and  undci'  such  circtmistanees  a  foini  nf  ualh 
could  he  exaclfd  that  would  fetter  free  action.  11(3 
was  determined  that  tlu'  nation's  n'pi'esentatives 
should  not  decide  lor  it  its  form  of  i^osernnieiit. 
Tlu;y  should  Im  eoni])elled  to  swear  to  oi)serve  the 
jilan  of  Jn'uala.  It  was  a  monstrous  insult  to  the 
dignity  of  a  nation,  the  liberty  of  which  he  had  so 

(70T) 


Tin:  rinsT  roNniii:ss  am*  fiust  l:^^^I:no^. 


lull  ly  |>riicl;iiiiic<|,  to  prcsri'ilM'  it>  j^ovcniiiiful ,  and  iiii- 
|i(is«'  law  ii|M»ii  till-  assciiiMy  n|ij><»iiiti'(l  to  tVainc  its  cnn- 
Klitiit i«>ii.  Slioi-tly  l»'l'o|-c  the  iiiati^'iirat ion  Ifurliidc, 
limit  r  the  |inti'\l  of  ln'iii'^aMc  toatfrnd  to  liisdiitits 
wiili  less  iiitt  rnipt  ion,  withdrew  tttC  'liapulti'pi'c, wliidi, 
as  tlif  ri'adcr  will  recollect,  liad  l»eeii  convei-ted  i>y 
A'iceioy  ( lalvez  iiit(»  a  lortilicutioii.'  Tliitlier  and  ti> 
'I'acnitaya  lie  als(»  withdrew  a  i^Ti  at  jtoi'tion  ot"  the 
li'oops  with  sn|>|ilies  (»r  arninnnition  and  lunds,  secretly 
j»i'e|iared  to  Use  I'mce  it'  nee  'ssary. 

At.  dayhreak  on  the  '*llh  ol'  I'^ehi-iiary,  salvos  of 
miillery  announi-ed  to  the  inliahitants  of  the  capitid 
that  tin'  liist  Mexican  (-oiiLire^s  was  about  to  l»e  in- 
stalled. \<i  efl'oit  had  h(fen  spai'ed  hy  the  junta  to 
icndi  r  the  occasion  as  hiilliant  as  jiossiMe,  and  capti- 
\ate  (he  people  with  an  exhih'l  .on  of  uniirecedeiiled 
itjoicin'i'.  'I'lie  streets  Wert!  ca.'p'!tcd,  anil  '^ny  with 
{garlands,  lla-^s,  and  coloreil  drap.ry,  ami  tlu>  proccs- 
hion,  hy  which  tlu;  nieniheis  were  •onducted  to  thu 
cathedral,  was  imposin;^  antl  nia^i  ii-cent.  Preceded 
l>y  tho  reu'ency  and  junta,  ;nitl  a  •< DUipanietl  hy  a 
splijuditl  military  i>scort,  it  niarchec'  to  hands  of 
music  thi"t>uoh  li»ntr  Ijlcs  of  troo|)s  h  'ssed  in  their 
hrlLjhtest  uniforms.  To  tln.i  ordin;ii"v'  spectator  tho 
siuiht  was  Lirand.antl  the  unwonted  display  a  belittimjf 
honor  tt)  the  chosen  ones  of  the  nation.  Hut  the 
martial  ^litter  was  painl'ul  to  tho  oyos  and  thoughts 
of  many  <»f  tho  deiiuties,  and  llu'V  woro  not  doeoivcd 
as  to  its  siL,niilicance.^  ()[»[)ositiou  was  useless,  how- 
over,  and  the  t>hjectionablo  oath  was  taken,  tho  rop- 
rosentativi's  trusting  to  time  and  (H)[)ortunity  to 
<-orroct  matters."'' 

'  Ilisf.  JA.r.,  iii.  3!)0-7,  this  series. 

'■^ '  1,11s  ili|>utiiilii.s  tiivifron  <iiio  ccilor  A  la  fuerzn;  jiirnr  d  plan  <1o  I^jiiala  y 
tralatlo  tU,"  C(iitl(>l)a  il  ilia  do  sti  iiisUilaciori.'  .I/';/.  Ho-'qiii'ni  l!<i:,  i;!l(-l(l. 
lliistainuntu  j'.sstitM  that  tho  troops  woio  provided  with  h.dl-carti'idgos,  nwX 
tliat  tliiir  othoors  iiad  rocoivcd  instruolions  of  a  very  dooisivo  iiatiiro:  'La 
iiiiiiKM-osa  c'.Hcolta.  .  .y  tr(>[)a  tondidaon  la  carrera.  il>a  iiiunioioiiadaooii  trt'iiita 
laitiahos  iinl)alado»,  y  ii  sus  gofes  so  lex  haltian  dado  orclciics  inuy  rcsorva- 
das  y  torrihh'S  para  ohrar  al  inenor  inoviiixionto.'  Cum/.  Hisf.,  vi.  :{().  For  a 
dusoripttoii  of  tliu  procession  and  ceremonies,  sco  <»V(''.  //»/).  J/m-. ,  ii.  !-.">. 

"The  outli  administered  was:  To  defend  and  uiuintuiu  the  catholic,  apos- 


INSTALLATION  OF  f'0\i  IM'SS. 


Will  II  tlic  ocrcmniiv  was  ovrraiid  t  In' <•  m /n'>>  liad 


a-^'iiili.t-il  III  til*'  hall  a|i|)niiitci|   I'ur  il; 


<i>ii- 


It 


iw 


l»ii|i'  (ItTiMTcd  a  cnii'^ratulaloi  V  adtlrt-ss,  in  wliicli  lie 
timk  till'  n|i|iii|tllllitv  uf  )ial\nliMLrIds  (iWll  SI  i\  ices  wliilc 
e\i>r<'s<iii'4'  liis  Imiuilit y  and  iiii|>n't('iilii)iisiicss.  I  [r  as- 
siind  tin-  coiioirss  I  hat  t  raiMjuillitv  pi'fvailcd  t\\v<  .ii'^ii- 
oiit  till"  land,  imtw  it  jistaiidiii;^'  thr  aL,^italii)ii  wiii-li  a 
Irw  tmlnili'iit  spirits  ciidiaNorctl  1o  excite  l»y  iiiedium 
ot'llie  press;  that  dailL(el*s,  lieVel'tiiel('>s,  tlireatilied 
1(»  distiirh  the  even  eiirreiit — hiitdidy  threateiK-  I;  tlie 

eoli'^ress  Wnllld  lilinw   Il<»\V  t<>  eollsi  i|  idate   the  honds  dj' 

iiiiini.  ( )t!ier  s|)ecches  lujlowe'd,  and  when  the  junta 
and  reLjencv  had  retii-ed  the  assiMiiMv  eoimneiieed  its 
duties.  Jose  !  Iipi»liti(  Odoardo  was  eleeted  pii^ident, 
and  Tau'le  \  iee-]ii('sideiit.  Manuel  Ar'^'iielles  and 
(Viilos  IJiistamante  were  a|»|tnin(cd  seei'.tariis,  and 
I'esolut ion  passed  tliat  the  eonnjicss  had  l>e<-n  li"4iti- 
iiiately  installed.'  It  then  deelai'od  that  tlu'  national 
Hovereiijjnty  resided  in  itself  as  the  constituent  eon- 
j^Tess,  and  in  onU  i  that  the  three  powers  .--hould  not 
))e  united,  delegated  the  ex(!cutive  to  the  re-j^'iiey  and 
the  Ju<licial  to  the  e\istiiiL(  trihunals.  A  eoniinission 
M'as  also  sent  to  inronn  the  [)rovisional  junta  that  its 
i'uiieti(»ns  jiad  ceasetl,  and  to  cite  tlu^  reL,r(.ney  to 
apj)eai'  het'ore  coii<^ress  for  the  |tur|)osi!  of  talciiiL;'  the 
lieces.sai'V  oath.  When  the  nieinhers  of  tilt;  latter 
jireseiited  thuinsclvcs  an  incid(Mit  occurred  siL;'Milicant 
of  liiture  antagonism.      Iturbide,  to  whom  had  been 


t'llic.  T^iinan  rili'.'ion;  to  ;;uaril  rcli'.'ionsly  tlio  iiiilt.';if'Hili'iico  of  tlio  Mi'xioaii 
iiatiiiii;  anil  to  I'unii  a  ])oliti(Ml  (.'Kiislitiitioii  IklsimI  mi  tlic  plan  of  Iviiala  ami 
tlu'  treaty  of  t'  iidolia,  ustal)lisliiii.j  tliu  alisoliito  .si.'|)aratioii  of  tlio  li','i>lativ(', 
ixi'ciitivi',  ami  juilkial  |)ow('rs,  so  that  tlii'y  couM  ntviT  lif  riniti'il  in  one 
jjcrsoii  or  col  poiali  111.   Id.,  ii.  \. 

*  llii^liiiiKiiih ,  I'ntiil.  Ili.*i  .  \i.  40.  An  iiitcrrottatioii  coinposi'd  of  six 
f|Uestioii.s  was  ]iiit  to  tin-  assrinlily  by  tlio  ))icsii[i'iit.  'l'lu'.-<i'  wnc  as  f  lUow.s; 
Was  tilt'  (•iini;i(.ss  Uj^'itiiM.-itrly  installiHl?  |)iil  the  sovcici','iity  f.^sciitially 
iTsiili'  in  tlio  .Mexican  pi^ople?  Was  the  Roman  ("atiiolie  r(li;.'ioii  to  he  tii;it 
(if  the  state  to  tlie  exelilsiiiii  (if  all  others?  Was  a  inoih'iate  eonstitntional 
inonaichy  ailo]>teil  as  tiie  form  of  government  ?  Woul.l  this  monarchy  ho 
tlenoniinat<  il  th.' .Mexican  ivinpire?  Were  the  oilers  of  tiu^  tiironu  to  tlio 
princes  of  the  houses  of  l!i)iirl).»n  reoonnized  ?  /i/.,  4I-'J  'I'hese  (|uestion3 
gave  rise  to  warm  (lisciissinns,  liiit  the  ropublican  party  was  not  yi  t  strong 
euougli  tu  display  u|)pusitiun,  aud  tlicy  wcru  all  uu^iwcrcd  iu  thu  uuiniiutivc. 


mI'I 


700 


Trrr:  ftfist  con'op.ess  ant)  f'iii^t  i:Nrri:noR. 


(•(»iic!'(lc(|  the  j)n'si(|ciitial  scsat  wliciu'vci'  ln'  iitttiidLid 
tilt!  sessions  i»t'  till'  jiiiitii,  wlictlit'i'  l»v  iiijulvfi'tiiicy  i»r 
iK'si'j-ii,  scjitc'l  liiiiisclt"  ill  the  chair  in  llic  rt-iitiv, 
Icaxiii'^'  tli.tt  (»ii  its  li'l't,  to  1)('  occupit'd  l>v  tlif  |ir<'si- 
(Iciil  of  till'  coii'Ljivss.''  Tlic  l)f('acli  of  ctiijiU'ttc  ini'^ht 
lia\i'  lii'cii  jiasscd  ovcf  ill  silciicr  Imt  lor  the  J.'aloiis 
iiiti'rlV'i'ciiri'  ol"  I'aMo  (  M)r("^'oii,  a  (Irjmty  I'lr  lli.'  |iio\- 


IIICI' 


M 


rXK'O, 


and     dci'idcdlv    liostllr  to     jtlllltidi 


With  imn'c  .-^i  licit  than  caution.  In '»'iii|i]iat  icilly  il.iiincd 
ohsi'i'vaiicc  of  conventional   rules.      The  disa'^TeeaMij 


mi.'ihaii  was  adjusted  hy  the  condescension  ol"  ( )doardo; 
ItuihitU-  retained  tin-  seat,"  and  the  oath  was  duly 
taken;  hut  iioiu!  the  less  was  the  nenii  of  discord 
sown.      Thus  terminated  the  lij'st  session  of  the  tirst 


('oH'Tess  o 


f  indei»en<lent   ^^e^i 


CO.  The  two  I'olIowinLf 
days  weic  devoted  to  jtuhlic  I'estivities,  ami  to  the 
I'eceptioii  of  the  ti'ihuiials  ami  c(»i'[)orations  wliicli 
liasteiied  to  oflef  thcii'  felieitatioiis  on  th 
event. 


t!  ausnieious 


On  the  'jrth,  coil'') 


ess  connnence( 


I  its 


more  seiious 


lahors.  its  nuMubers  were  almost  immediately  divided 
into  three  distinct  parties,  namely;  the  JJourhonistn, 
who  lii^idly  sustained  in  all  its  articles  the  ])lan  of 
.I;.;u.da,  and  wi>hi'd  to  erect  a  constitutional  monarchy 
with  a  |»i'incc!  of  the  house  of  l>oui'l)on  as  kiii'^;  the 
Iturhidists,  who  likewise  adopted  the  j)lan  of  ln'uala, 
with  the  excei)ti()n  that  they  desired  to  plact;  Itui'hide 
on  the  throuij;  rud  the  republican.',  who  ijj;iiored  the 


•  •'•  The  otlior  four  nil  '  icru  of  tliu  ri'-^'cnoy  fccupicil  seats  on  tlif  ri.'lit  :inil 
U'ft  of  tliesi!  cliairs.  I>  iiii.iiitf,  who  was  suatod  lavir  h\,  stiiti's  tliiit  AIcoclt 
was  till'  oausf  of  Itiirlti  -a  takin.;  th''  lii'.st  «oat.  '  Iturliidi-  li  ijuit'ii  f,'iiialia 
AlooctT  osoili'i  sol)i'c  I'l  ([  ilcl)oi'i.'i  toiiiar:  juto  ustc  Ic  ilijo  con  vo/,  ityaTiona 
((111'  toilos  oiiiios  istf,  fs  y  1(!  iniliei  I'on  la  inano  v\  |iriiiL'i])aI.'  A/.,  vi,  44. 
'J'liis  (|UL'sti(;ii  of  otii|UL'tt  Had  already  licrn  di  iriisscd  and  d'-'iidod,  tlio  ri^'lit- 
liand  si'.it  lii'iii',' assiLtiici'  o  tlio  president  of  conjri'ess,  and  that  on  tlie  left 
to  tlie  jiresirlent  of  the  V'  ,eney.  1,'ir.  I, mi.  M( .1:,  ii.  oO  I.  Th"  reverse  ])osi- 
tioMs  w.mlil  virtually  iiiive  eeded  to  Itnrbidc  the  right  to  jn-eside  wlienever 
the  two  ))owerH  di'lil)eiiited  to^retlier. 

*  Aiaiiian  incorrectly  states  that  Itnrbide  vacated  the  seat  in  sileiiei' and 
took  the  other  one.  //(••^  M-J.,  v.  41Mi.  The  author  of  .1/''/.  rxxipnj.i  /,'ir., 
l.">;5-4.  siiys  that  no  clianj;e  was  then  made,  but  th<j  inist'die  wa.s  ree;ilieil  in 
future;  and  such  is  the  infeienee  from  llustauiante's  acount:  'Saliuso  Jol 
paso  por  la  uiuduraciou  Jul  prusiduntu  Oilourdo. '  Cuad.  II id.,  vi.  41. 


TIIK  TIirM'i:  PAKTins. 


701 


rij'lit  cf  llic  iiiiity  1(1  impost'  jiiiy  sncli  jiImii  i)|)i>ii  tlio 
iiiitiuii,  ;iii(l  v,i->|R'(|  to  e.st;il)lisli  a  frdcral  i'f|>ul»lic/ 
At  lir;  (  the  it'|>iililican  party  liad  little  power  (o  I'lir- 
tlicr  its  own  \ii\\s,  and  many  of  its  mcinltc-rs  lent 
siippoit  t(»  the  I  Joiirlionists  as  tlic  only  means  of  de- 
ieatiii^''  lliirliitit',  whose  assum|>tion  of  the  crown  they 
(•(tn><i(lero(l  a  nioi'e  innnediate  (lan;j^i'i' than  the  possihlo 
U(.'<'e[)taiiee  of  it  l»y  Fernando,  or  a  jirinee  of  his  house. 
They  arL;iied  that  dtiiin'^'the  inlt-rval  that  nnist  elapse 
hefoie  the  latter  possihiiit,  .  ould  he  reali/A'd.  a  liheral 
constitution  would  he  i'oi-nied,  which  woidd  fetlei'  tho 
i'acnitu's  o'"  the  nionaich,  and  in  case  of  no  S|ianisli 
J)rince  accuptiULi'  the  ojlei-,  the  views  of  the  people 
would  meanwhile  hecoujo  eidi^hteiied,  and  a  moiHJ 
{^x'Ui'ial  inclination  to  a  repul)liean  foi'ui  of  oovern- 
ineut  have  heen  dwveloju'd.  JOven  if  ItUlhide  e\'entu- 
ully  mounted  tlh"  tlii'one,  his  jiowfr  woidd  he  more 
restricted  than  if  he  attained  that  cL'vation  under  tho 


])resent  cireumstai 


ices. 


'I'o  the  Hotirhonists  the  Itui'- 


bidists  also    attached    lln.'mselve 


w 


ith    tl 


le    view    o 


f 


jironiotiu';'  their  own  pri\ate  schemes.  Thus  thu 
i'ormer  |iarty  was  at  lii'st  strongly  predominant.  As 
a  party,  howi'Ver-,  the  IJourhonists  soon  ceased  to  ex- 
ist. The  Spanish  c()rti,-s,  hy  dei/reo  of  Fehruai'V  i;»th, 
dechired  the  treaty  iA'  ('(irdoha  ille^'al,  null,  and  void 
in  so  far  as  the  Sjianish  L;'o\ernment  and  its  suhjects 
were  concerned,  'i'his  decision  hroke  up  the  lloui'- 
bonist  faction.  Its  i'e[)uhlican  element  joined  the 
ranks  of  the  repuhlican  party,  while  the  monarchists, 
who  Would  have  a  kini,«'  under  any  circrmstances,  and 
still  secretly  ho[)ed  to  see  some  |:rince  of  royal  hlood  ou 
the  throne,  cast  their  lot  with  the  Iturhidists.  J  lence- 
forward  the  struuj^le  was  confined  to  these  two  jjarties, 


and  the  contest  soon  heci 


:U) 


lent. 


ame 

Tlio  ]irincipiil  siipportors  of  tho  Boiirbonists'  principles  Avore:  Fasjon'/n, 


il.l 


it'i's;  tlio  rt'piiiilK'answL'ro  rt,iit'.s('n 


tud 


Tiiglc,  Odtiai'du,  llorlii'^o-iii,  I'az,  and  otln 

by  J.uniiiaido,  l^oliaitt',  Vata  y  Ortiz,  Auaya,  'Jara/D,  ami  Carlos  llustaiiiai 
Tin;  tiirci!  ]iaitics  wcio  it.spcctivcly  siipportiil  liy  the  jtrcss.  Coiispionoua 
aiiion^'  tlu' jmhlii  ations  whiili  uphclil  lturl)iiie  wus  the  Pennador  Mtxkaiio, 
written  liy  .Iom'  .1iiac[nin  I'tMiiandcz  <le  Jjizardi. 


*  Martinez,  .V 


IHOJI 


IliM.  Jitv.  Mij.:,  7i>-SC>. 


702 


Tin.  FinST  COXORESS  AND  riR!=;T  KMI'EROR. 


It  liad  liceii  supposed  that  Tturl)i(l(>,  in  coiiforinity 
M'ith  remarks  which  he  liad  made  in  the  pi'oi'hunatioii 
that  lie  issued  relative  to  the  tlcctious,  would  vesii^u 
his  position  in  the  re^'oncy  when  connress  mot;''  hut  it 
was  inmuMliatcly  evident  that  h(3  had  no  sueh  inten- 
tion, and  diseoi'd  was  soon  established.  J  [e  had 
shown  that  he  had  takiMi  unihrajjfe  at  tlu'  huniiliation 
to  which  he  had  been  subjected  iy  Obivi^on's  action 
on  the  day  of  the  installation,  and  had  atldressed  a 
letter  couched  in  harsh  terms  to  the  conn'rcss.  This 
did  not  tend  to  foster  a  friendly  s[)ii'it,  and  a  few  days 
later  when,  accompanied  bv  th(-'  u'eneials  and  chief 
military  ollicers,  he  visited  congress  for  the  purpose 
of  paying'  his  respects,  his  displeasure  was  fui-ther  in- 
ci'casf.'d  by  what  he  considered  a  slight  to  the  army. 
Without  takinu:  the  seat  assi!>'ned  to  hii.-.^"he  riMnarked 


that 


had 


come  wi 


th  1 


us  compamons  in  arm^ 


an 


I 


(observed    with    roijret    that    onlv  the   ixenerals  were 

O  I/O 

allowed  to  enter  the  hall.      '^I'his  was    evidenllv  de- 
.sio'ned  to  create  an  ill  feermLr  on  the  iiart  of  the  miii- 


tarv  aLTainst  the  meml)crs. 


:\r 


oreover. 


It 


urhKle 


had 


shown  in  a  significant  manucir  his  want  of  sympathy 
with  the  old  insurgent  leadc-rs,  and  drawn  a  bi'oad  line 
of  distinction  between  the  insurrection  inaugurated  by 
]lidalgo  and  his  own  successful  revolution,  lie  would 
liave  excluded  the  first  heroes  of  indept-ndence  from 
any  share  in  the  nation's  gratitude.  The  congress 
thought  otherwist! ;  and  the  IGth  of  September  was 
aj)pointed  as  a  day  to  be  observed  among  the  national 
festivals,  whereby  additional  offence  was  taken.'' 

J^ut  the  (piestion  ()f  most  urgent  im[)ortance,  aiul 
that  which  at  once  placed  the  (Mingress  and  Jturbide 
in  direct  antau'onism,  was  the  condition  of  the  treas- 


'  His  words  wen 


]• 


n  cunnto  ,1  iiif,  yo  .•r^'itariln  cmi  iiiipauioiRia  v\  vi  u 


tnroso  (!i:i  cii  iiiic  iiistidiido  ol  ( 'tiiigrt'so  imcidiial,  li)','ri^  jiiuscutiunic  i-diiio  .sim- 
ple ciiiiliulalii)  en  ikjiu'I  santiuirio  do  la  jiatiia,  ])ar,i  cutrogarcl  .sagrado  dcpusito 
(juo  so  ha  (jULTido  I'oiilliiniio.'  liiistamnnli',  ('itiid.  //Int.,  vi.  J,"). 

'"Tlie  (IMC  oil  tlio  loft  (if  tlio  jui'sidont,  wliicli  tlic  coii'.'i'css  insisted  that  ho 
should  occ  py,  though  his  party  used  e\x'ry  ellort  to  obtain  tliu  higher  one  for 
him. 

"0«e.  J)rj>.  Ma:,  ii.  5'J. 


FINANCIAL  AND  MILITARY  PROBLEMS. 


703 


ury.  Tlu>  iiiDiitlily  dcfu-it  had  liitlicrto  hoi'ii  C(tV(n'(.'(l 
by  oxtraoi'diiiary  n 'sources,  but  such  incaiis  were  cx- 
liaustcd,  and  moasurcs  Tor  pc'riiiancut  rcHcC  had  t(j  be; 
a(lo})te(I.  Jn  order  to  alleviate  the  strain,  the  conj^i-ess 
reduced  all  civil  and  military  salaries.'-  This  allbrded 
Ituibidc  an  opportunity  ot'  further  I'ault-iinding:  ho 
considered  that  the  measure  was  more  prejudicial  to 
the  ai'my  oHicers  than  to  thos(j  hoidin»>' civil  positions. 
On  the  IStli  of  ]\lairh  his  representations  tt»  the  re- 
gency relative  ^o  the  pay  of  the  troo])s  were  read 
befoi'i!  con!.';ress.  They  set  forth  that  desertion  had 
I'caclied  a  serious  extent  owiiit^'  to  want  of  funds,  and 
be<j:,<j^ed  Ibr  .$450,000  monthly  in  order  to  meet  the 
])ay-i'oll  of  the  forces  in  the  capital.  Jt  natui'ally 
occurred  to  the  party  ojiposed  to  Iturbide  that  so 
larL^e  an  army,  and  especi.-.iiy  its  j)r(>sence  in  the  caj)ital, 
was  unnecessary,  and  ]]ri;jja.ilier  lieri'cra,  depi'ty  for 
A'^era  Cruz,  asked  the  minister  of  wr>r  to  explain  why 
the  greater  portion  of  the  troo[)s  was  retained  in  the 
city  when  they  could  he  su[)ported  at  less  cost  in  the 
jii'ovinces.  This  questiou  was  a  direct  attack  upon 
Jturbide,  whose  main  hopes  were  centrcul  in  the  army. 
The  re<jfencv  was  forthwith  refiuesti'd  to  inform  thc^ 
congress  of  what  numhiu-  of  troops  it  would  be  desir- 
able that  the  standard  army  should  consist.  Itur- 
bide th'-reupon  held  a  council  with  his  generals,  and 
the  tiguie'  was  ^^aced  at  ;>.■), 1)00,  besides  the  reestalt- 
lishment  of  the  jn'ovincial  militia  and  formation  of 
civic  comjianies.  ]]ut  <'ongress  disallowed  an  estimate 
thus  arrive(l  ;it,  and  passed  n,  resolution  that  the  I'e- 
gency  should  .iroo'cd  aeeoi'ding  to  ride  in  the  matter, 
forming  its  estimate  in  conjunction  with  a  council 
of  the  ministers,  and  not  of  generals.  Ijong  and 
ann'ry  discussions  followeil,  invoK  in'>' also  t)ie  (luestion 


of 


P'^y 


i,-? 


and   marked    bv   irritatin-''    i>criminat 


'^  It  (Icci'ced  tliiit  the  Iiiu'lii'st  salary  sliouM  imt  he  iimri'  tli.iii  O.OIM)  ptsu^, 
A  that  ii  iliscfuuit  on  a  'K's,  .'inliiig  scale  from  I'D  [Kir  cent  to  S  jut  cent 


1(1  he  imposed  on  all  salaiics  lidm  (!,()()() 


IS  to  }<:m\). 


Th 


'ly 


ti  ins  ^^e^o  the  stiiiends  paid  to  Ituiiiide,  hi.s  hitlior,  and  0"Douoju's  widow. 
Liar.  Imp.  Mi'.r.,  ii.  I'io. 

'■'^Vs/yu  ihl  Voiiijiiico,  'I'Z  de  Marzo, 


704 


THE  FIRST  COXGRESS  AXD  FIRST  EMREROR. 


But  tlio  assoinl)l_y  M'as  not  .^'oiii^-  to  \)c  led.  l)y  i]\r  oars, 
as  liad  1)0011  tlio  junta,  and  inaiutaincd  its  resolution. 
Thus  within  a  month  lujstilitios  oonnnonccd^  Iho  ro- 
iijonoy  oliarL!'iiiL(  tlii;-  cono'ross  with  noji'loct  in  attend- 
ing  to  tho  urgont  noods  of  the'  troasurv,  with  tho  de- 
sign of  destroying  "tho  most  meritorious  part  of  tho 
community" — namely,  (ho  army — and  tho  eongross 
aocusing  tho  regency  of  wastt'ful  oxpontlituro,  and  of 
failure  to  ])ut  in  execution  tlu>  mcvisuros  adopted  ibr 
tomporaiy  relief  "  Indoed,tho  congress  was  hard  tried, 
and  whether  it  rosoi'tod  for  I'eliof  to  tho  church  and 
]'oligious  orders,  to  the  ten;poi'alitios  of  tho  Jesuits, 
or  to  tho  roostablishmont  of  aholished  duties,  its 
measures  were  more  or  less  generally  unpopular,  and 
mot  with  opposition. 


The  want  of  union  was  not  without  I'osult,  and 
General  ]);ivila  holievod  that  the  restoration  of  the 
Spanish  power  might  still  bo  etl'octod  by  a  counter- 
re\'olution.  Owing  to  the  want  of  transixn'ts,  many 
of  the  Spanish  foi'oes  which  had  ca])itulated  jiad  not 
yet  left  tho  country,  ])ut  were  stationed  at  ditleront 
jilaci's,'-'  waiting  Ibr  opportunities  to  do])art.  Those 
trooj)s,  having  boon  allowed  to  retain  their  arms, 
had  already  shown  symptt^ns  of  tho  disgust  which 
they  tbit  at  tho  termination  of  the  war,  and  at  having 
to  retire  ingloriously  from  a  land  which  had  been  kept 
ill  subjection  ibr  throe  centiuios  by  their  forrfatlu'i's. 


V   (ll'lTOC  () 


f  M: 


nth  tlio 


IkiiI  left  it  to  tho  roLTClicv  ti 


jiloy  MU'Ii  iiuMiis  lis  its    nicuitic's  alkiwuil,  until  ;i  rcirular  svf^tcm  of  liiiaiico 
iiuiinivor  (ir<lcri'(l  that  tho  aiiiouiits  which  had  licoii 


ooulil  lie  aiio|itci|. 
collortcdcf  tho  1( 


It 


.f 


500,000,  which  Iturhiilt 


<1 


iH'cii  iiuiluinzoi 


,1  by 


IIlo  juiitii  to  raise,  .shoulil   ho  applioil  to  tiu?  Hnpimrt  of  tho  tnni[iH.    l)icnlo 

(iooi't'O  tho  govormuoiit  wa.s 


il,l( 


Illl'IflsO, 


Ki  do  Maizo,  IS-_''.'.      I!v  tho  sa 


authoiizod  to  soil  jiroporty  of  tho  oxtiiiLfiiishod  .losuit  society,  hut  only  in 
ease  tho  aliovo  means  failed  to  meet  tlio  enier'.'oney.  'J'his  measure  uiet  with 
mneh  oiiposition.     'I'lu^  oxtinetiou  of  this  society  \vaHoiu'  of  tho  causes  \\  Inch 


had  h'd  to  tho  insurrection  of   I  S|(),  an 
toration  \.ould  ho  ili'octcd  hv  the  i 


I   it 


was  generally  hop 


tliat  its  ro8- 


nilcpcndeni'e. 


A  larL'o  mimiier  of 


.Ic 


iistical  and 


tlr 


GJ. 


■d. 


■i\  il  corporations  in 


\htnii 


1 1 1x1.  M>j.,  V. 


pctltlolici 


1  th 


junta  to  rccstaulis 


licro  were 


!,lli;{  soldiers  with  |S(i  olii 


it  .Ta 


liana,  am 


I  1,100  iiKiro  at 


C'uautitlaii,  Tozcuco,  and  Cucniiivacii.    lltLilunMiilc,  CiuaL  J I  Id.,  vi. 


ROYALIST  PLANS. 


7C5 


Tlicy  could  ill  rustraiu  llirir  cDutt'iuiit  fur  the  raco 
that  li:!il  liiuiii|ilii'(I  at  last,  ami  in  JaiiuaiT,  ov.  iii^-  to 
(listui'liaiiccs  which  hail  occiiri'cd  in  Toliica,  Jturhido 
ua\c  •('•(lers  to  disarm  tlinu.  Thcv  wci'c  in  no  uiood, 
liowcvcr,  to  sid)niit  to  such  a  liuniillation,  and  as- 
sunic'd  so  thrcatcnini;'  an  attitude  that  at  the  instance 
of  ( Jeiici ;d  Lihan,  who  had  hecn  sent  to  cairv  onl  ihi; 
Older,  they  were  allowed  to  retain  their  arms.  Tlie 
iirst  (Hvision  was  at  (»nce  marched  to  \'era  ( Vux  lor 
emharkation,  and  (juiet  prevailed  lor  a  time.  lUit 
.l)ii\  ila,  ohservinj^'  the  disappointment  caused  to  many 
l)y  th(;  yet  uncertain  I'e.sult  ol"  the  late  revohitlon.  and 
the  strong-  party  antag'onism  that  had  heeii  dcNcloju'd, 
communicated  to  the  oliici  rs  ot"  the  S[ianis!i  troojis 
liis  projei't ofexcitiiiL^' a  counter-revolution ;  and  (hniii;^ 
]\Iaivli  secret  meeting's  wei'e  held  in  a  cell  ol"  the  Fran- 
ciscan convent  at  Tezcuco.  Iturl)ido  was,  pi'i'haps, 
not  ignorant  of  what  was  lieing  meditated;  and  it 
was  e\en  believed  by  some  that  he  encouraged  and 
fomented  the  iiKJvemeiit  to  further  his  own  schemes. ^'^ 
]>e  this  as;  it  may,  an  outbreak  directed  against 
the  inde[)endence  of  the  country  would  enhance  liis 
own  importance,  ])rove  t!ie  nect'ssily  of  kee[)ing  on 
loot  a  largi.!  staiKhng  army,  and  allbnl  him  an  oppor- 
tunity of  attacking  those  Spanish  member-;  of  the 
congress  who  were  opposed  to  him.  When  the  dis- 
sension between  Iturhidc  and  the  assembly  ix'canie' 
serious  Davila  hoped  to  \\in  back  the  former  to  his 
allegiance  to  Spain.  <  )n  the  llod  of  ^larch  he  a(b 
dressed  a  letter  U)  Iturbide,  representing  to  him  the 
impossibility  of  his  system  being  successl'ul  on  account 
of  t he  oitpositi*!)!   of  manv  mend)ers  of  the  congress, 


iiKl  unlo 


Idi 


)'>'  iii^  own   plan,  m\it( 


him  to  ai 


in    n 


consummation,  while   promising  him  ii 
the  kill''-  not  only  for'>'etful 


he   iiae.e 


lie 


recompeii 


se 


f.r  1 


us   services. 


I  1  iliotaliU'U  lie 


J  turbi(K 

■1 


ast,  l)Ut    al>o 
I'jceived    this 


1 


iHiiilircs  pnlitu'ii-j.  I'l  inisir..!  Ill  [irdiiinviii  \y\v  ii 


(lio  <lo  si;;i  ii';(.'iitus,  omi  <)l);;oU)  ili- .s()r|ii\'iiilri'  <•!  ei m _m  i'.s(j  y  [irocliiinai   c  i  iiijicr- 
adur  I  1  (11.1  ;i  ilcl  ]ir(>|noiiljlil. '    -.'/••y.  JJosqiKJo  /i<r.,  IIG.     iifis  iiln't  JJ;;.-<'<tin(t/itc, 


Villi 


/.  //<>/.,  V 


;i. 


766 


THE  FIRST  COXGRKSS  AND  FIRST  KMrEROR. 


letter  on  tlie  2(1  of  April,  niid  on  the  same  day  Colo- 
Del  IJnceli,  wlio  was  teni])oiaii]y  in  oonnnand  of  tlic 
re!4"inicnt ofi  )rd('U('s,  ]>lac('(l  it  under  aiin^ and  niarclu'd 
iVoni  Tezcuco  to  Xuclii,  e\])ectinL;'  to  unite'  tliei'e  witli 
the    Itattalion    of   ('aslile    stationed    at    Cueniavaea. 


tl 


lelict! 


1 


)1'0('('('< 


I   to  A'ei'ii  Cruz,  accoi-din'»"  to   iiistr 


ue 


tions  i'eeeiv(>d  from  ]);ivila,  and  there  initiate  an  u[)ris- 
in_<i^.  T\n)  troojis  of  ("astile,  however,  failed  to  unite 
witli  liini,  and  their  eoinmandei',  moreover,  a|ij)risc(l 
]tuil)ide  of  the  movt'nient,  wjio  inunediately  i^ave  or- 
(k'rs  to  Anastasio  ]justan)ante  to  mareh  in  |tursuit. 
On  the  followiiin'  inornini^  IJustamante  attaeked  J^u- 
eeli's  I'orce,  wliieh,  <lislieartened  at  the  failure  of  the 
comhination,  after  a  sli'-ht  show  of  resistanec,  surren- 


dered   at    diseretion;    the  tr 


oo])S  were  eoi 


idueted 


as 


]ii'isoiici's  to  the  ca[)ital.  A  similar  attempt  was  made 
iivi'our  companies  of  the  Zaraijoza  re<'iment  stationed 
at  Noi>ahi('an,  under  the  eonnnand  of  Lieutenant-colo- 
nel Calindo;  hut  after  some  trilliuif  skirmishes   they 


were  oi) 


pose 


11 


»v  ov(n^w 


hel 


numr  munbers  and  lusarmed 


Thus  terminated  this  feeble  elfca-t;  and  the  most  brill- 
iant troo])s  ever  sent  by  Spain  to  the  colony  suil'ered 
the  humiliation   of  defeat  in  ;ui  enteri)rise  the  most 


insi^'uilicant.^' 

^Meantime  Iturbido  brought  matters  to  a  climnx  be- 
tween himself  and  the  con'jfress,  by  a  course  of  action  as 
offensive  as  it  was  weak'.  T\\r,  assembly  had  closed  its 
sessions  duriuL;'  the  holy  week;  but  on  ^Vpril  lid  the 
de[»ulies  were  hastily  sununoned  by  tln.^  j)i-esid(Mit,  who 
inibrmed  them  that  iturbide  wished  to  connnunicate  to 
them  matters  of  vital  importance  to  the  nation.  This 
announcement  was  no  sooner  heard  than  it  ^\  as  objected 


"llio  roiii:iiiiing  forces  tiif)k  noacUvo  |i;i;"t  in  t1i(^  .■liFiiir,  Imt  wciccinljatki  il 
vithout  ftirUiiT  liMuMo.  The  jni.suiier.s  \ioi-(- sulimitteil  to  trial,  Imt  ;is  tlio 
capitulation  (if  (lie  Spaiusli  ^'arrison  in  tlic  caiiital  liail  never  been  formally 
eel  ■liraled,  proeeellin^^^  were  not  iiresscil.  They  wei'c  eventnally  incluileil 
in  tin;  1^1  ni'r:il  jvirdonext^nilcil  to  jirisonirs  liy  Iturliideaftir  lieini;  proelainieil 
cnii>ero:',  r.ml  cent  lo  S[pain,  those  of  tlieni  who  wi.-lied  to  i( main  in  the  eciun- 
tiy  hein;;  allowed  to  do  so.  ]\ir  fuller  partiiular.-t  ahout  this  at  teni|it,  eonsult 
/(/.,  vi.  (il"7l,  llu'  (iHiei  il  doennients  iu  Uar.  Imp.  J/i.v.,  of  A^tril  IS'J'J; 
L'/idd,  I^.tlrdonl.  lie  Ahora,  f.  1. 


cifAi:(;i:s  agaixst  iturdide. 


767 


to.  Coll^TCss,  tlli-y  said,  coul:!  lH)t  ai^seillblc  in  llKM't 
Itiirljidf  [jcrsoiiiilly,  niid  lie  must  l)o  accDiiipauiiMl  l)y 
the  ri'L;'<'iK'v;  luit  bfloi'c  lliis  derision  could  \>o  coii- 
V(;V('(l  to  him  Ik-  suddenly  pi'csciitcd  liimsclf,  and  was 
inioriiifd  of  tlic  rc^ulatiou  hy  \vord  oC  mouth.  ]I(! 
th('r('n[ioii  stated  that  the  ail'air  was  most  ur;;'('ut .  aiiil 
that,  hciu'j'  a  i)urelv  militarv  otu'  the  rc<'"i'iic\-  ha<l  no 
iMloi'matiou  ot'it.  Xevi'i'thrlcss,  the  eon^rcs-  adhered 
to  its  ivsolution,  and  suspended  its  session  until  tin; 
nu  inhei's  ol'the  reL^cney  [)re,sentcd  theniseKes.  When 
tlie  sessiiiu  was  eont  inued,  the  re^'ent  \'ahex  staled 
that  lu;  was  unaware  ot"  the  ri'ason  why  they  had  heen 
sunuuoned,  and  that  liavini^"  ohs'Tved  eonsiderahle  t  \- 
eitement  of  tlie  jjuhlie,  he  was  o^'eatly  sui'prised  that 
tlu"  re^eiiey  had  not  heen  inloi'mefl  of  the  cause. 
Whereu|ion  Iturhide,  losing'  himself,  turne(l  1  >  ^^•llie;':, 
and  holdini;'  out  some  pa|)ei-s,  hotly  exclaimed:  "  \  ou 
know  nothiui;";  the  fact  is,  there  are  traitors  hotji  in 
tlie  regency  and  the  congress,  as  these  documents  will 
prove."  Yauez  with  e(|Ual  heat  replied:  "As  fir  trai- 
tors, it  is  you  who  iwr  the  traitor.'""  ^NFatters  mi-iit 
have  proceeded  to  lurllu'r  len'.j;Mlis  hut  for  the  iuieifer- 
ence  of  the  proideiit.  Iturhide's  L;'rave  chari:,e  caused 
ereat  aeitation,  and  for  a  time  confusion  jirexailed, 
J'resentlv  tlie  rc-'encv  retired,  and  tlu)  asseml>l\-  ino- 
ceeded  to  examine  the  ])apers  produced  hy  Jturhide. 
Nothing'  was  found  in  tlcin  to  implicate  any  of  ihe 
members,  l);L\ila's  letter  heini^'  the  oidy  one  l'rt)m  which 
the  va'jfuest  infei'ence  could  he  drawn;  in  fac't,  the  only 
suspicion  aroused  jtolnied  to  Iturhide  himself  as  liav- 
illH'  held  colM-espolidi'liee  witii  an  elieniy.^' 

When  the    contents    of   the    pa[n'rs    were    knouii, 


"''iCmiio  cs  cso  di'  trr.iilorcs  ?.  .  .Si  ('.  nt)  Li  fiu'.sc,  (|uc  kg  iiic  cmi  to  ost.'i 
Ciilic'/ii.'  llitsldinaiilc,  I'ltnil.  Jj/y'..  \  i.  7''. 

"'Tlii<Av;i3  ]ir()VC'il  on  t!io  {m-v.  of  tlu;  letter.  l>;ivil;i  wiy.s:  '  ^h  (lucriili) 
iimijjo  y  t-euor  mio.  Nd  Korproiulfia  il  \'.  cl  objcto  ilu  c-itii.  s-i  rcciKuila  1 1  quo 
lia  tciiido  vurias  (^uo  V.  in.;  Iki  diri^itlu.'  d'd''.  Iwjk  Mi\i'.,  ii.  1  llj.  Itiirliido 
li:id  l)ccn  ill  ciiri-i'Siioiidi'iii  o,  witlmiit  any  instructions  from  tlio  jj-ivi'mnicnt, 
uitli  li.ivil  I,  diiiiaudinu'  tlio  sui  lender  of  tho  fortrciss  of  San  .luaii  do  Uiiia. 
Ituihido  niilied  ou  April  Ttli.  DoUi  Icttera  were  puldislied  at  liid  request. 
Id.,  ii.  140-52. 


708 


Tin-:  ri i;>T  coxdiinss  and  fi:;st  kmpkuor. 


iiidi'^Maiit  iinii"imriii!4s  of  iT];r:)l)aliMii  at  his  coiKluct 
AV'jro  1k';U'cI  oii  nil  sides.  "j)V  wliat  aiilhorit \' ""  it 
Avas  (|i'iiiaii(K'(l,  "  had  Iturhidc  hrld  foiiiiimuicatioiis 
witli  i);L\ila  without  ihi!  kiio\vK'dL;'c  or  coiiscit  of  coii- 
i^ress  .''  "  .\iid  wIk'Ii  ( )doai-d<»  ri'pliod  with  the  ouiiiious 
words,  "  Ctusai"  lias  jtasscd  the  l»iihi<-oii,"  the  iwcile- 
iiK'iit  for  ;i  time  was  uiu'oiitrollahle.  When  (juiet  wa-; 
restored,  a  coiiiinissioii  was  sent  to  Itiii'oidi',  icijilestiii;^" 
him  ti»  siij)|tly  other  doeiimeiits  in  siippoi't  of  liis  aeeu- 
sation,  as  those  prodiiei.'d  I'ailcd  to  inculpate  any  indi- 
vidual mi  mhers.  Whereupon  he  i-eturnecl  to  the  hall 
and  designated  l»y  name  eleven  ol"  thu  de])uties,  amon^^ 
whom  were  the  presidi'iit  lIorbeL^osij,-"  J'\il;"  la^a,  Od-i- 
ardo,  Iv-harte,  and  Lond»ardo.  All  those  denounced 
■\vuro  held  in  high  esteem  hy  the  congri'ss,  and  lueir  ac- 
cusation was  heai'd  with  angry  n-seutment,  which  was 
Hot  molliiied  hy  Iturbide  onc(,'  nioi'e  repeatuig  the  ol't- 
told  narration  of  his  services,  and  the  thread-hare  pro- 
fession of  his  disinterestedness.  Ti'uly,  it  was  a  eon- 
t'jmptihle'  p;irt  lie  was  [(laying.  When  he  had  retired, 
it  was  onlv  thr(>u<>'li  tho  (pooler  renresentations  of  Fa- 
goaga  that  the  vote  was  not  jtassed  dec', irlng  him  a 
traitoi'.  ^deantime  the  ](ul)lic  agitation  was  intense, 
Avhlle  the  mend)ers  W(>r'e  in  momentary  expectation 
that  Iturliidi!  would  dissolve  the  congress  Ity  Ibrce.'-' 
( )n  the  following  day  congress,  in  secret  session,  occu- 
]iii'd  itsell'  with  the  accusation  made  hy  Iturhide,  and 
unanimously  ])assed  a  vote>  to  tho  effect  that  the  de[>u- 
ties  accused  hv  the  generalissimo  had  not  merited  anv 
want  of  conlidence,  hut,  on  the  t'ontrary,  the  assembly 
was  I'ully  satisliod  with  their  eondiu't.  This  declara- 
tion was  ])ul)hcly  annoinieed.  Thus  Iturbide  was 
beaten  at  all  points.  His  scheme  to  eidiance  his  own 
imj)()rtance  had  only  plact'd  him  in  a  humiliaiing  posi- 
tion, while  the  frivolousness  of  his  charge  against  the 
de[)uties  greatly  diminished   his  popularity.     As  for 

■'"'  ir<irlio;;(>so  liiiil  Riiccccilcd  Odoardo  as  monthly  in'csidcnt. 
-'' Unstn'iiauio,  disiilayin;;  Ml)  little  si'll'-tntt'cni,  statu.;  that  ho  '  cxhoi-tt'il  his 
colioa^'Ues  lraui|Uilly  tu  uwaiL  tliuir  death  in  thuif  ;iL'ats.'  Ciiud.  lliM.,  vi,  77. 


T;::i'rnLic.\x  rnor.nK^-'.s. 


7CD 


the  roii'^ncss,  its  li<!>tility  toward  Iiiiii  was  n.nv  ojicnly 
C'Xi.i'cssciI.  i  i  y  (Icci'cc  of  tlic  I  1th  of  April,  t'lr  rc- 
jn'iicy  was  l•(■(ll•^•alli/,l■(l,  tin.'  Itisliop  of  J'ucMa,  Maiiiiil 
<!e  la  J->;ir('e'iia,  and  W-la/.tiiuz  dc  Ijcdh,  wlio  \\v\r  (oo 
t'vidciitly  sulisi'i'viriit  to  Jtufl)idt',  Iiciii'^"  i'.'iiio\i'd  iVoiii 
till  ii-  jKi-irloiis,  and  tlii'ir  jilaccs  supplied  ly  tlic  foiido 
<!<■  ( "a -a  dc  lleras  Soto,  Doctor  ]\liL,ni(  i  X'ak'iit  in.  and 
Xi'-ol.is  l>ravo,  in  wlioni  the  coM'^'IVss  jdaccd  llic  ut- 
most coiitidciico.  \'anL'/  \vas  i-ctaincd  in  his  scat  lor 
the  reason  of  Jturl)idc's  known  enmity  to  him.  " 

AVliilc  lUirhidc  and  tlic  c'on<4'i'ess  was  thus  rcncin';^ 
at  each  i>lhci',  tlie  I'ejuihlican  parly  was  d;iiiy  ^'aininL;,' 
.>-l  relied  I.  The  decision  of  the  Spani-^li  ccn-lcs  declar- 
iu'j-  the  treats*  of  Cordoha  ntdl  was  already  known, 
and  adherence  to  the  plan  of  Je'nala  was  no  lon'.,n'r 
(hjeeted  to  in  smothered  whisjiers.  Mcmlx'rs  ol'con- 
^>;rc.-.s  raised  their  voice  against  it;  a  itoition  of  the 
ju'ess  sustained  similar  views,  and  the  army  was  he- 
coming  infected  with  republican  j>rinciplcs.  ( )n  the 
()th  of  .May  an  address  I'rom  the  1  llh  cavalry  regi- 
ment, selting  forth  that  it  had  com])lied  v.ilh  tin'  oli- 
servance  of  talcing  the  oatli  of  ohi'dieiice'  te  congress, 
was  read  in  open  session.  The  regiment,  liowevei-, 
t  lok  this  opportunitv  of  informiu'jf  the  assemldv  that 
?\le.\ico  held  nionarchs  in  abhorrence,  and  that  it 
Would  follow  llu'  example  of  the  rej)ublics  of  South 
-Viiiei'ica  in  constituting  its  go\ernment."''  This  v.-as 
startliiiLj  lan>'"ua<''e,  and  Alcocer  interrupted  the  read- 
ing  by  moving  that  the  remainder  of  the;  address 
should  not  be  read.  IJut  the  I'epublicans  wei'e  pre- 
pared; with  the  contents  of  the  documents  they  were 
well  ac(piainted,  and  the  galleries  were  [lacked   witli 


'■-fltc.  Imp.  M<.r.,  ii.  lOCi-T.  This  session  last'.'l  till  nftcr  f  mr  d'rlo.'k  in 
tlio  liiniiiiii.',  liiid  was  imt  closuil  imlil  the  new  nioniljLTS  of  tlio  rcgcni-y  hail 
liiisi'nluil  Uicniwclves  iiii'l  taUon  the  <iatli. 

-'  '  La  .Vnicrica  del  Sciitontrioii  doti'Sta  il  Ins  jniinarcas  ponino  Ins  cinnrc, 
y  ijuo  till  iinitailnra  du  lis  I'CinihliL'as.  .  .<|Uo  fniman  liny  1 1  ,\un'iica  ikl  sui',  al 
liacerso  lilircs  ilrl  yiiyo  cstian^ii'ii,  H>';4uirfi  tanil.it  n  sti  C'^'iiiiilDcn  rnn.-ttit;iir:.c.' 
M'[i.  JJ(i!"iih Jij  Hi'r.,' '2S'J.  Jt  wa.i  generally  l)ulirvi.'.l  that  IJiavn,  who  x'.a.s 
c'olnnci  (if  tliu  re  _'iaicnt,  lent  his  consent  to  these  e\i)ressiun.s,  tliou;^li  he  ilij 
iiot  siij'n  the  iloeuuient.  Alninan,  liiit.  JI'J.,  v.  oSl, 
Uisr.  II  tx..  Vol.  IV.    IJ 


770 


TIi;-:  FIRST  COXOIICS.S  AND  Fl[;ST  K.MIT.Iion. 


supportLTs.  Alcoccr's motion  was  received  witli  iimr- 
iiiius  <it'  (lisapprohalioii,  and  wlien  the  voti-  wliieli  wan 
taken  on  the  niattx  r  dec.-ided  that  the  i'ea(hni^  should 
be  continued,  the  result  was  greeted  witli  voeilei'ous 
a])i'lauso. 

IJoth  Iturbide  and  liis  party  were  well  aware  tliat 
his  jKipuhirity  was  on  the  wane.'-'  Tiu;  coii'jfress, 
moreover,  was  adopting;' measures  wliich  aimed  diredly 
at  curtailinii|;  his  [)owcr.  After  Ioiil;'  and  anu^ry  (\\^- 
cussion,  it  had  decreed  that  the  stanihnu;'  army  slmiild 
he  reduced  to  twenty  thousand;  and  was  now  ahoiit 
to  introduce  int(j  the  re^'ulations  for  the  rcji'encv 
which  VN'erc!  1)ein;^^  drawn  U[),  an  artii-le  hy  virtue  of 
whiclino  memher  of  the  executive  could  hold  military 
conunand.  This  decided  matters.'^'  11'  his  schemes 
Vvcre  to  bo  successful,  inunediato  action  must  be  taken. 
As  yet  the  j^reater  poi'tion  of  the  army  could  bo  relied 
upon;  the  clcruy  generally  v/ould  sui)port  any  plan 
.suppressive  of  the  liberal  principles  which  threatened 
tluiir  own  intensts;  and  (»f  the  ])o[)ulace  Iturbido 
v.as  the  acknowledL;'ed  favorite.  Open  foi'ci',  how- 
ever, could  not  be  thou^dit  of;  such  a  course  would 
be  actual  usurpation.  So  intriL;'ue  was  enijiloyed; 
and  measures  were  concerted  for  a  ct)mbined  military 
and  popular  acclamation.  To  effect  this,  n.'courso 
was  had  to  the  non-commissioned  officers.  On  the 
ni_i;ht  of  the  18th  of  May,  Pio  Marclia,  a  serujeant  of 
the  1st  infantry  re^'iment,  which  was  quartered  in  the 
old  convent  of   San  Hi[)6lito,  called  the  troops  to 


•"  The  mnsoiia  were  liittcr  cncmica  of  Iturbide  ni.'l  wouM  Iiave  rcporteil 
to  assjissiuutidii.  Zuv;ila  iiaiivitcLi  tli;it  at  ii  niCL'tiii ,' (if  uiie  of  the  lodi.'cs,  at 
Mliii.li  more  than  one  liuiiiliiil  iiu'inher.i  were  jjieseiit,  lie  heard  a  enhmel  olLr 
to  do  tlic  <leed:  'Si  faltaliaii  jiufiale.i  para  lil)erlar.se  dil  tiiaiio  ofiveia  mi 
l)ra/.o  viii;4ailor  ;'i  la  |iatria.'  AV  r.  Mix.,  i.  U!S.  On  another  (nea- ion  liisa-sas- 
sination  was  aetually  I'esrjlved  upon.  Iturhide  was  duly  iiiforiueil  of  tlie 
daiiL^er,  and  warded  it  oil'  by  making,'  Ihe  resolution  of  the  lodj^e  a  subject  of 
conveiNation.  The  intention  was  thin  cjuickly  known  throu^'liout  the  « ity. 
Colonel  Antonio  \'alero,  who  had  arrived  with  O'Donojii,  had  ]ireKi(kd  at 
the  lueetiuL',  and  as  ho  was  jironioted  at  tlu^  time  to  the  i  uk  of  bii^'aitii  r,  it 
was  believ(  d  that  he  iiad  divulged  llie  seeret.  He  was  oliliged  to  return  to 
Spain  to  escape  the  vengeance  of  the  order.  AI'tniKti,  Hit.  Mr}.,  v.  .■>s!»-!'0. 

'^  Lltwluinaidc,  Cuad.  Jliat.,  \''.  t)3-'J2;  Iturliidi',  Currera  JUL  y  Pol.,  'IQ, 


AOUSTIX  PRIMERO. 


771 


iHir- 

Olll 


anus,  and  sallviiiL,^    fortli   raised    the  cry   of   "Ylva 
A.L;-iistin  1.!" 

Similar  iiroceedin^jf.s  oeciirrLMl  at  tlio  other  bari'aclcs, 
while  ai^'eiits  were  hiislly  eiiLl^ai^ed  in  rousiivjf  the  city 
wards.  The  soldieiy  was  soon  joined  hy  dense  crowds 
of  the  populace,  and  innnenso  multitudes  surj^ed  from 
all  points  to  the  residence  of  the  generalissimo,  an! 
with  deafen in'jf  shouts  j)roclaime<l  him  emperor.  ( >F 
course  Iturhide  wasoverwliehned  with  the  unexpi-cte  1 
demonstration.^"  Several  times  he  adch'essed  the  crowd 
iVom  his  balcony,  affecting"  inexpressible  suri)rise,  and 
])rotestin;jf  his  unwillinu^iu'ss  to  accei)t  the  crown  held 
out  to  him.  ]M()re(>ver,  Im  sent  for  the  members  (»f 
the  reg'ency,  the  geiKn'als  of  tlie  army,  certain  (le])U- 
ties,  and  other  persons  of  consideration,  whose  adviee 
he  Iviiew  would  suit  his  (lisseinl)led  as[)irations,  and 
l)(\sou<^dit  them  to  .g'ive  him  tlieir  counscd.  They 
urij^ed  him  to  yield  to  the  general  wish,  and  with  well 
feigned  reluctance  he  returned  to  the  balcony  and 
bowetl  his  acquiescence  to  the  jiopular  will.  JJuring- 
the  remainder  of  the  night  the  wildest  commotion 
j'revailod.  Volleys  of  jnuskctry  reverberated  through 
the  streets;  the  artilleiy  was  dragged  out  and  fired 
as  fast  as  gunn(>rs  could  load  the  jiieces;  the  ehurcli 
towers  were  invaded,  and  the  [)eal  of  bells  mingled 
with  the  whiz  of  rockets  as  they  shot  forth  iVom  all 
])arts  of  the  cai)ital;  while  the  night  was  made  bright 
v.ith  bonfires  and  illuminations.  But  the  joy  was  not 
universal.  Those  who  were  opposed  to  the  preten- 
sions of  Iturhide  remained  shut  uj)  in  their  houses  iu 
fear  and  trembling;  for  tluy  kne'W  not  what  \  ioleiice 
might  not  be  resorted  to  in  such  a  tunudt.  Teri'or 
and  exultation  alike  signalized  the  acclamation  of 
Iturl>ide    as    emperor.-'      ]\leantime   he  continued  to 

^*  He  thus  flcscribcs  his  sensation:  '  \'i\:\  A<_'iistin  I.  fuc  cl  !.'iit'>  nnivorsal 
que  ino  asouibro,  sien(l(j  la  i)rinicr.i  ve/.  do  mi  viila  iiuo  e.'^[iciiinciito  o>ta  ela:3e 
do  pcnsncion.'  If). 

-' Tho  account  of  Iturbiilc's  clfvation  to  the  throne  and  coronation  i.s  de- 
rived I'Kiinly  from  .)/(.'•.  Col.  Lri/is,  Fnii'l.,  ]'t-'.H;  liitstahuml'',  (Judd.  I/isf., 
\i.   "J--lo3;  Znvula,  Ii( c.  Jit.'-.,  i.   rJ7-:)7;  Alunuut,  Hint.  Mij.,  v.  0!.)l-004, 


772         t:ii:  v:v.<t  roNrinr;3>;  and  riRST  EMprnon. 

])l;iylii>  ]»:ii'f  :  :i  sliorl:  ]ir<  xl.iiniil  ion  wa-;  is-iiicd  l)y  liiin, 
i'i'jii'fx'iillii'4'  t!i;i{  it  rested  with  the  iiiilioii  tn  coiiliiiu 
oi'  (hsalliiw  t  lie  .step  taken  Ity  the  army  ami  the  jieopli; 
()("  the  ea|)ital,  whom  lie  exhtn'ted  at  Iho  same  lime 
Hot  to  ei\-e  way  to  the  excitement  of  ]ia.s.>ion,  Imt 
])('aceal)ly  await  the  decision  of  the  nation's  roprcseii- 
talives.  ?doreo\(r,  ilie  e-eiieialsand  |>i'inci|ial  oilict'i's 
{idch'essed  a  communication  to  the  coii^-fess,  inlorniin;^ 
it  of  the  cv<Mit,  and  hci^^ing  it  to  dehheratc  on  tho 
momentous  (juestion. 

()n  the  following-  moi'iiine- at  seven  o'cloc];  conij^rcss 
jissemhled  ill  e\t  laoi'dinarv  session.  A  numlier  of 
the  memhers  wci'c  al)scnt,  anion-^  w  liom  were  Faiii'oa;;;!, 
( )doardo,Ta'4le,-' (  Milos  I Jnstamant c.and  many  others. 
At  lirst  tlie  assiMuhly  attempted  to  (hscuss  the  mat- 
ter with  elosi'd  doors;  ))ut  this  was  ini[)ossihle.  The 
upro;ir  of  llie  crow(h-;  outride  was  deafeiiini;"  and  men- 
acing", and  in  the  cmer'^eiK'V  tlie  (•onL;'ri'ss  in\!ted 
Itui'liide  toattiMid  the  session,  in  tlie  liojx;  tIiatthi'ou;^Ii 
]li^;  inlhieiice  the  tumult  would  ho  alhived,  and  iVee- 
dom  of  deliheration  in  some  de^'ree  secured.  At  first 
lie  pi'operly  enou'di  demurred  at  heine-  pivsent  at  a 
discussion  of  which  ho  M'as  himsell'  the  suhject;  hut 
iinally  yieldiu'^'  to  the  advice  of  the  ministers,  he;  pro- 
ceedi'd  to  the  house,  his  carriaij^e  heinn'  drawn  hy  the 
excitt'd  populace.  The  people  immediately  crowdetl 
into  tlu!  L;'alleriesand  hall  with  clamoi'ous  aci  lamalions 
of  "A'i\a  Aenstin  I.!"  I'he  proeeedinj^s  which  i'ol- 
lowed  were  incessantlvand  violentlv  intt'rrupted  hv  the 

V  lit 

imj)ati(Mit  multitude.  All  op[)osition  to  an  immediate 
decision  met  with  ol)sti'ei)erous  shouts  of  disa})[)rol);i- 
tion.  Tn  vain  the  l)old(\st  proposed  to  await  th(.>  ve;-- 
dict  of  the  provinces;  their  voices  were  drowned  In 
the  furious  uproar  raised,  and  they  sat  down  with  tlie 
threatenimj"  crv  of  "Cort)nation  or  death  I"  )'in'>in!J'  iu 


fv2t-r!0;  (,'iif.  Imp.  Jfrx.,  ii.  .'iOri-,")7'i,  iias>^iiii;  aii<l  Lhru'in,  AiVir.  y  Iii-<'''iii'\^ 

-'°  Tlic  jiudior  of  M'lJ.  lto.<quijo  /?<(•.,  '22S,  asscrt.s  that  Iturbido  jirixattly 
ndvisi-'il  tiR'SL'  tliroo  iiu'iiilici.s  aiul  aiiotlicr  ono  to  takt;  mca.'^urc'.^  for  their 
Bafuty,  aa  hi'  couhl  not  answer  fur  their  lives  if  tliey  aiipeareil  in  public. 


TiuuMi'ii  or  iti'udid: 


11 


K'lr  cai's. 


Tl 


ll'ci'   sc\-cr;il    tlill 


rs 


Itiirli 


.I'.h 


a 


t III'  1iii'I)uIcnt  aiidiciicc,  I)ii1  Iii^  wm-ds  failed  Id  alKiy 
tlie  li'iiijicst  ]u;  liad  Ml  d(\(fi'(»usly  ai'i>ilsrd.  'I'liii^ 
iiiidii'  ciii-i'cioii  and  iiu'iiacc  tli.-  dcjiutirs  <M>t  tlicir 
vi't's.  ()iily  cin'litv-t wo  iin'inlicrs  voted,  si\(y-sc\(ii 
ol"  wlioiii  proiKiuiiiH'd  I (iiil)idc  ('iii|icr. >r.  a'4aiii-«t  lit'lnu 


llocs. 


TliL!  decision  was  iiol,  a  valid  <tiu',  since  t  he  I, 


iw 


l'e<]uircd  tliat  loi'shiudd  lie  ]»reseiit  [n  conslitute  a 
le'^iiiiiiatt;  session;-'  hut  it,  satislicd  the  iVeii/ied  crowd. 
.\  ^  .--eou  as  the  result  was  known  the  pre.-iden)  ic- 
si^ned  his  seal   to  the   elected  en)|>eli  ir, 


'iliu-    Itai'hide   liiuinjihcd  at   last.      Dnt   it 


was  a 


ll'lUI 


I  III 


without  di''iiilv  m-   the   lu>tfe  eC  ''Teatn 


it  was  a,  triuin[>li   won   li\'  liic!<ci'\',  iln-oii'. 
(hum  of  i()U''';i  so 


tl 


c^  •. 

le    llle- 


IdiciT  and  the  hoarse  cries  of  a  ra!» 
Me.  Vet  it  cannot  lie  said  that  his  elevation  wa- 
iriiacce|italilc  to  the  nation.  The  <liIaloiy  |tl'ocoedin;4  • 
i'v>{  of  t  he  i)i'(»\isional  jiuita  and  I  lien  of  the  conL;re.'- ■ 
had  exhausted  the  jiatience  of  the  ])eo|ile.  Xini 
months  had  heen  iVittered  away  in  adju-.lint4'  ini|)osiii. 
ceremonies,  iu  trilling-  discussions,  and  in  wfau'^liu'^ 
w  hile  the  vital  allairs 


tl 


le    emi)U'e 


-ti 


le 


formation 


I  ;i  cf»nstitution  and  the  oi'siamxal  mn  of  tlie  diilerent 


1 

lined 


iraiicnes  o 


j^'overnment  w 


iih  t! 


how  el's  c|eail\'  de- 


-were   nenleeted 


J) 


iscontfiit  ami   md.'u'naf  ion 


w 


eK 


the  consecjueiices,  and  the  nation  was  ready  lor  a 
cham:('.      Xoi"  ^vas  it  unnatural  that  the  peojile  should 


Jool;  lor  ai( 


Itol 


11  111   Wllo 


had 


»een  their  lioei'utor. 


Tlicrc   is  imicli  ilisrvcjiauiy  on  tlii.s  jiniiit  mid  ms  t'>  the  iu'tiial  uuniln  r  of 


nicr.iln'iM  iircsc 


lit. 


Til 


u  siiunisli  ciiiistitiUiiiii  rcijuin 


thiit  half  , -ma 


inw  Kinr 


if  til''  t-il.il  iiuiiiIkT  (if  rt'|ii'us('iitiitivc,i  should  Ix;  jr 


L'llt. 


Ah  1 1 


ir  iiumiii.r 


.Ml 


I't'lin  si'iiliitiviH  was  Id'J  and  that  of  tiu!  < 'tntnil  Aiiirrii'.-iii 


lUU'ito  luiminr  won 


Id 


jnopeiiy  lie 


.f 
4», 

lU'J.     Iturliido,    Imwcvcr,  attciiiiitH 
that  only  "Ji)  of  tin;  laltirhad   li'i.'itinial(.i  swit.-f,  and  slati'a  that  !ii 
niriiilii  rs  were  jii-o.^mt,  t I'as  constituting  a  lura!  ,s(.'--.siiin.     llo  niorrnvcr  as- 
Furt-i  th.it  !I'J  votes  v.-<  re  cast,  niiikin'4  tiic  nunilicr  of 
Ciirrirti,  Mil.  )i  I'uL,  Di),  ',\o.     JIusianiauto  al.o  con.'^idi'iid  that  !)J  was  tl 


.3  77   in  trad  (f  li 


i;innl)cr  necessary,  and  correctly  gives  }>•_*  as  that  of  the  voters — ('iifid.  ///i'., 


!  I.      'J'i 


as  is  ]iriivol  Ky  tli 


author  i 


.f  J/- 


if  con,i,'rc.ssi(inal  acts.    Mix:  Col.  /.c;i.  Fin.d. 


:/.   J>(t.<iiuijit  Vi(  (". 


'j;!;i-4,  is  ahsii  MO  far  correct,  but  is 


it  sc;i  oil  the  other  ji'iiiit.     1'hcrc  is  no  douht   that  more  than!)) 


r.Hiiiiiera  were  present, 


liut  at  least  te 


t:iat  111  (he  account  civeii  m 


the  (1 


n  avoid<  d  vollirj-.      ]t  remains  to  add 
.'/(■  •.,  ii.,  ;ilO,  it  is  asserted  that 


/ 


Luil.id 


V.  Was 


ochiinied 


por  luiauimKl 


iiiji. 
lad  d' 


e  Vototi 


771 


Tin:  FIRST  C'OXflRKSS  AND  FIRST  r'>IPi:ROR. 


It  lu.'iy  III'  t1i;it  ill  till.'  provinces  tlio  masses,  repre- 
sented l»v  MViintaiiiieiitos  and  iJroviiicial  'jo\cnnnents 
jiresided  (ivrrl)}'  military  eliiiTs  whose  interests  wi'ru 
centred  in  Jturl/ide,  had  Httlc!  voice  in  the  mattir, 
and  wltiu'ssed  the  ehaiiLre  with  iiKhflereiK-e.  Ijiit, 
since  they  were  to  liave  a  kiiiLj,  it  was  well  that  he 
shonld  111'  of  their  own  eouiitiy  and  hlood.  When, 
tlierelore,  the'  iKtws  sj)ed  throni^h  Mexico,  it  was  re- 
(•eived  with  joy,  and  the  provinces  hastened  to  iMici- 
tate  Iturhide  and  do  honia^'e  to  him  as  their  emperor; 
while  in  many  cities  the  etiigies  of  the  Spanish  mon- 
arclis  wei'e  ]»ulled  down. 

The  ell'ect  on  the  defeated  political  jiarties  war-j 
diU'ei'ent.  ^NTany  oK  tli<;  monarchists  who  had  lin- 
<(ered  in  the  ho[)e  of  still  seeing  the  plan  of  Iguala 
cai'ried  (»ut  left  the  conntry^'  in  disgust,  and  th(,'  I'c- 
jiuhlicans,  though  cruslu'd  tor  the  time  and  void  of 
jilan,  were  none  the  less  hostile  to  Iturhide,  silently 
Avatching  for  an  o[)j)ortunity  of  dethroning  him. 
Thus  the  Jiourbonists  disajjpeared  fi'om  the  jxilitical 
arena,  and  the  contest  was  confined  to  the  Iturhidists 
and  repuhlicans. 

As  for  compress,  it  resi'nicd  itself  to  the  situation, 
and  at  lirst  showed  a  conciliatory  disposition.  A\'oid- 
ing  any  allusion  to  the  pressure  which  had  been 
jiut  U[)on  it,  it  decreed  that  the  formal  proclamation 
of  Iturljide's  elevation  sl/oidd  he;  pulilished,  and  a[)- 
juiinted  the  2 1st  as  the  d;;y  (  i  wliich  he  should  take 
the  oath  which  it  r)rescr;!)ed..  Accordiu'dv  A'>'nstin, 
'emi)eror  of  Mexico  by  divine  providence  and  ai)j)oint- 
meiit  hy  the  congress  of  the  nation's  representatives,' 
swore  to  ol)serve  and  cause  to  bo  observed  tln^  con- 
btitution  wliich  the  said  congress  should  form,  and  all 


^"Thc  i-cstriction  on  mij»ration  from  Mexico  had  been  reiuovcd  by  dccrco 
of  ^larcli  'J_M.  iliii-.  Imp.  M<j:.,  ii.  I21-2.  Amon;^' those  who  left  wore  (Jdo- 
,'11(1)1111(1  the  archbishop,  Pedro  Foiitc.  Tlio  pielato  was  waiiUn,'^'  biUi  in 
«'!i('i'L:y  of  character  and  courage.  He  f<ocrctly  was  oiiposed  to  tlie  iii(hp'a- 
dv'iico,  and  avdiilcd  taking,'  liny  active  part  in  public  all'airs.  When  Itiirliido 
v,a,j  procl'dincd  emperor  lie  withdrew  frijiii  the  capital  under  pretence  of  vis- 
iting tlu;  dioi^'se?;,  and  directiiiL;  liis  conr.sc  toward  the  coast,  embarked  ut 
Tnxj^iaii  lor  llabana.    Aluinuii,  JJist.  JIiJ.,  v.  GOO. 


ITO\Or:S  AXI)  COXCIIATULATIONS. 


I  !■> 


onlci's  and  (lorrcH's  IssirmI  hy  it;  lu-vrr  to  nlitMiat(>  or 
convey  awiiy  any  j)ortloM  of  the  tt'iritory  of  tho  fniiiirc, 
and  to  rt'spoct  tlio  [Kilitical  troiMloni  of  the  nation  and 
tlic  pciscinal  lil>i'itv  of  the  inlial)itants.  The  oath 
taken,  the  emperor  adih'i'ssed  ?i  hrief  (Hseoui'se  to 
the  eoiiLfress  and  nation  at  liiri^e,  eonehidin;^  with 
these  words:  "'11',  Mexicans,  I  do  ;int  secure  tlie 
liajijiiness  of  the  country;  if  at  any  time  I  for^^'et  my 
duties,  let  my  sovert'i<jiitv  ceasL-."  At  the  moment 
no  shadow  (hiiuned  the  hrii^htness  of  the  i^'ospcct. 
(Joniiiatulations  ilowed  in  from  (.'Verv  si(k'.  Santa 
Anna,  (Juerrero,  and  a  lios^.  of  others  sent  in  their 
protestations  of  joy  at  his  electicMi  to  the  throne,"'^ 
and  the  oifer  of  t!n;ir  hves  in  liis  servi'*e.  Verily,  the 
tlirone  sccMued  lirm  heneath  liim  and  the  sceptre 
f>ecure  in  liis  grasp.  Xor  was  tlie  coni^i'ess  shick  iu 
honorin'''  him.  1'he  monarchy  was  decreed  heredi- 
tary,  and  tlie  succession  secured  to  liis  eldest  son,  on 
whom  was  conferred  the  title  of  prince  imp'iial. 
]iis  family  was  made  royal,  his  sons  and  dau-'htei's 
heim;'  styled  ^Mexican  pi'ince^s  and  ])rincesses,  and  his 
father  entitled  the  ])i'ince  of  the  union.  The  TJth  of 
]\[ay  was  added  to  the  list  of  national  festivals,  and 
liis  hust  ordered  to  he  stamp(Ml  on  the'  coin;ige.''^ 
]\roi'eover,  the  impcn'ial  household  was  formed  on  a 
hasis  helittiu'' the  di'j'nity  of  I'ovaltv.  A  hi-'h  stew- 
ard  and  king's  almoner  were  aj)pointed;  a  master  of 
the  horse  and  ecpien-ies;  a  captain  of  the  imperial 
guard  and  aids;  cha[)lains  and  physicians;  gentlemen 
of  the  l)ed-chand)er  and  pages;  and  all  othcers  attached 
to  a  monarch's  court.  The  'J  1st  of  July  was  ap])ointed 
fcjr  the  coronation  of  his  majesty. 

Iturhidc's  vanity  was  liiL-lily  gratified  by  this  out- 
ward  show  of  royaltv,  and  ho  imitated  the  stately 
s[>lendor  of   the   European    courts.     I    must    admit, 

"  Sco  the  lot  :ers  of  Guerrero  and  Santa  Anua  in  Gac.  Imp.  M'.r.,  ii.  37">- 
(5,  41(»-ll. 

•'- The  legend  on  the  f:iec  rend:  '  Aiigustinns  Dei  Providential.'  On  the 
reverse  was  a  crowned  eiig!e,  and  on  the  eirenmfeieiiee  thi;  words:  '  Mexici 
iniuius  iniperator  cunstitutioualis.'  Gac.  Iinji.  Jhjc.,  ii.  447- JO. 


77G 


THE  riR.^T  CONGni:SS  AND  FIRST  F.Ml'EROR. 


however,  that  to  the  ^rexieaiis,  uiiaccustoiiied  to 
lionie-iiiade  jn'iiioes,  hi.s  (Hsphiy  was  .somewhat  i'i(h.'U- 
]()us.  The  simile  hut  sterhng  ]iag'eaiilry  of  tln'  \  iee- 
roys  fseeiiied  to  have  given  [)lace  to  the  o-htter  of 
theatrieal  tiuseh  In  the  exhausted  eoixhtion  of  the 
treasury,  the  exjiense,  too,  M-as  not  a  weleonu^  Imr- 
(len,  and  the  (hsaH'cc^ted  soon  inunnured.  IiicU'ed, 
the  pecuniary  (hllieullies  of  the  L;'ovt'rMnieid.  were 
most  serious,  and  threatened  to  cuhninate  in  (hstuil)- 
ances.^''  Iiecourse  to  arl)itraiy  measures  was  tlie  only 
possible-  means  ol'  present  relief,  and  the  emp.eror  sus- 
]tended  the  pei'missioii  to  shi[»  nioniy  out  of  the  eo;in- 
trv,  immense  sums  havinL!"  heen  withdrawn  siiiec^  the 
decree  of  March  L'l'd,  which  remov(>d  the  pr(.-viou.s 
I'estrietion.^*  To  meet  the  nrgency  of  the  momenl.  it 
was  e\en  proposed  by  the  revenue  connni^sioners 
that  the  money  which  had  heen  conveyed  to  A\;ra  ('I'u:-? 
hy  the  last  conducta,  amounting  to  y  l,a')0,000,  sliould 
he  api)ropi'iatc(l  hy  the  government.  This  measure 
was  not  adopted,  hut  in  i'ace  of  the  unsucc(>ssful 
eilbrts  that  had  been  made  to  raise  a,  voluntai'V  loan, 
the  congress,  after  long  debates,  felt  com[)elled  to 
j'ass  a  (K'cree  on  June  1  I th,  autliorizing  tlu.'  govern- 
ment to  exa(;t  a  forced  contribution  of  (!0(),000  j)csos 
i'rom  tlie  consulados  of  Mexico,  l^ucbla,  ( Juadalajai'a, 
and  A'era  (_'ruz,  to  be  raised  from  the  wealthy  citi;u'ns 
and  the  ecclesiastical  and  secular  corpoi-atlons/^  l\»i' 
the  formation  of  his  government,  Ihe  emperor  lia.l 
a[tp()inied  a  council  of  stMt',%  composed  ol'  tbirtc>;i 
members  selected  I'rom  thirty-one  nomir.ees  pi'opou'd 
by  the  congress.  Among  the  counsellors  were  ^,(- 
gi'ete,  Xicohis  Jh'avo,  ^Mmaiisa,  C(»unsel  of  state 
nnder  the  Spanish  government,  A'claztiuc/  d(>  L(  on, 
and  ]);ircena,  gosernor  of  the  mitre  of  Xalladolid.'*' 

^'On.luiii^  'Jil  ii  iiicititMtcil  attnrk  liy  .1  ]Kirii<iii  (if  the  siililiciy  (ii:  tlio 
]'iii-i:m  f(ir  the  ]uirj)iisi'  (i('  .siicluii','  it  \v:is  i.iily  I'niMti'at''!  hy  Ihu  iiiilil.;ii'y  [H'o- 
ciuiticiiis  talvi'ii  hv  ltnr))i(lo    Aliinian,  Ill-it.  M'j.,  v.  (ilT. 

'■^'Viir.  Jiiip.  M,:r.,  ii.  !:;!-•.'. 

■''■'' .1/1. 1',  f'l)/.  I'KTiiiin  Kijlirc  Con.,  a.Vri, 

^^ 'J'Ik' iitlicr  liiriiilitTH  wero  IVilnt  del  I'asd  y  'rroiicusK.  a  iiici'i'lKiiit  cf 
Vera  C'liiz;  (ioiizak'Z  do  Cosio,  iU'cli-iltacoii  ut  l)ui'aliL;i);  I'lurciKin  iltl  I'as- 


COROXATIOX. 


777 


As  llic  "Jist  (»r.rii1y  .•tpproarlicd,  i'lal)()i';iii;  prepara- 
tions were  iiiado  I'oi'llio  coroiiatioii  of  llic  (.'iiqici-oi- aiul 
Lis  coiisoi  t.  Till'  roiiiiiiissioiici's  aj)poiiitc'il  to  draw  u|) 
the  rc'L>'ulatioiis  and  loriiuditics  to  l>o  ohsrrNi'd  at  llu; 
cvreinony  liad  handeil  into  coni^ress  the  result  of  tlu^ir 
labors  ]nori>  tlian  a  month  before. '''^  In  the  inijtecuni- 
ous  condition  of  the  treasury,  it  \vas  inlpos^il)l^!  to 
manufaetui'e  crowns  and  the  other  insi;_;nia  of  loyalty 
ai>[»i'i'priately  nKin'nilicent.  ]>ut  disjjlay  must  not  h(> 
wantiicj,',  s(»  jewels  and  n'enis  were  hoi'rowtd,  and 
thoUL;!!  the  national  j)awn-sho[)  refused  to  lend  its  dia- 
monds and  pearls,'"'  tlu."  re^^'alia  wci'e  hri^'hl  and  ,!^'lit- 
teriuL;'  with  lictitious  s[ilen<lor.  A\'hen  the  eventfid 
(lay  arii\ed  the  city  was  !L;'a,y  with  many  colors,  as  iVoni 
balconies  and  windows  lluttered  banners  and  stream- 
ers and  ]iennons;  while'  tlie  walls  were  dei-ked  with 
iloral  wreaths  and  devices  in  fresh  ever^'i'eens,  and 
Hags  waved  from  chui'ch-towers  and  turrets.  The 
congress  met  at  eight  o'clock,  and  two  deputations, 
each  com[)osed  of  twenty-fotu'  membei's,  proceeded  to 
the  pro\isional  palaci^  to  esci/rt  the  (nnpi.'i'or  and  em- 
press to  the  calhedrcd.  J  fere  on  two  raised  daises, 
one  lower  than  the  othei-,  thl'ones  had  been  el'ccted, 
to  the  I'ight  and  lefi  of  v^hicli  wi're  seats  for  the  '  ven- 
erable' sire,  and  the  ]»i'inces  and  princesses  of  this 
nuishroom  monarchy.  'Jdie  procession  whicii  accom- 
panied the  I'oyal  [;:•<•.  ence  a!  Mig  the  eai'pcled  sti'eets 
was  iis  imposiiig  as  inexp  I'ienee,  by  the  ;ild  of  imita- 
tati(;n,'"  could  make  it.  There  wer(3  mastei's  al  arms 
and  u^-hers,  ]>ages  and  maids  of  honor  in  gdi'geou,-;  at- 
tir>.',  and  a  master  of  the  ceremonies  with  hi^  suite  of 


tilt",  caium  of  Oajac'r,  'ruiiias  Salu'tido;  Xii'olas  Olao/,  ri'lati'V  ilr  la  an  li- 
C'iK'ia;  l;:!t'uL'l  IVivz  .Malduiiacln.  'ircrclary  "I  lliu  triasiiry;  .Mariano  llol)!!':-;; 
and  ncnic't        '   oreno,  laii'Mi  of  I'lubla.   (!ar.  Imp.  Mir.,  ii.  -lliii't. 

■"/'/•',,/, v^,  (III  ,( n  inni,!ii/,  in  Id.,  ii.  4  "i!  !-(!!•,  .")I'.o-!(;  Jln-'/'HiKtu'r,  Ciin.l. 
IIU>.,  vi.'  u\:\  71. 

■'•"Coilto,  Uio  director  of  the  .Monte  Tio,  ri'fused  to  let  the  jeweli  y  I'l'd'iil 
ill  that  establisiiMieiit  lie  userl  on  tins  oeeasi.in.  Jfis  later  ))Ci'ai;ciitiuii  i  ut- 
trihiited  to  tlii.s  tlenial.    AIkiH'Iii.  lihl.   J/'./.,  v.  I)'J4. 

'"  '  Los  tiajes  aileeiiaclo.s  A  la  diu'nidad  iiiiperial,  se  iinitai'on  d"  )■:  >  e-tnn|)a:j 
que  jiudieron  haliersc  de  la  eoroiK^eion  di'  Napole.Mi,  y  una  niudil.t  lianee.su, 
Cjiio  so  deeiii  haione^sa,  .■^e  encargi)  ile  haceilo3. '   ih. 


;'i:i 


778 


THE  FIRST  CONGRESS  AND  FIRST  EMPEROR. 


attend.uits.  On  velvet  cushions  were  borne  the  royal 
apjiarel  with  which  tlie  inipei'ial  couple  were  about  to 
array  theni.selvcs,  and  the  signet-ring,  and  the  scep- 
tre, and  the  jiatchwork  crowns.  At  the  entrance  of 
the  cathedral  two  obsequious  l)ishops'"'  received  the 
emperor  and  empress  and  administered  to  them  tlie 
lioly- water.  Then  they  were  conducted  to  the  lower 
thrones  and  the  ceremonies  commenced.  The  regalia 
were  placed  on  the  altar  and  high-mass  celebrated, 
during  which  Iturbide  and  his  spouse  were  conse- 
crated with  sacred  oil,  and  assumed  the  royal  robes. 
The  regalia  having  been  blessetl,  Mangino,  the  presi- 
dent of  the  congress,  now  placed  the  diadem  on  Itur- 
bide's  head,  who  then  perfoi'med  with  his  own  hands 
the  act  of  coronation  of  the  em])ress.  Thereupon 
they  ascended  the  thrones  on  the  higher  dais.  At 
the  conclusion  of  the  service  the  officiating  bishoj)  in 
loud  voice  exclaimed,  "Vivat  Imperator  in  leter- 
num!"  and  the  people  re[)lied,  "Long  live  the  em- 
peror and  enij)ress." 

It  is  said  that  the  l)auble  tottered  when  first  placed 
upon  Iturbide's  brow.  "Do  not  let  it  fall,"  said  ]\Ian- 
gino,  ironically.  "It  shall  not  fall;  I  have  it  safe," 
replied  the  emperor. 

*"Tlic!  coronation  ceremonies  were  net  performed  liy  the  areliMsliop,  vho 
li.iil  previou.sly  left  Mexico,  but  by  tlic  bishops  of  (juaJalajara,  i'uebla,  Du- 
rango,  and  Oajaca, 


CHAPTER  XXXIII. 

DETHRONEMENT  AND  DEATH  OF  ITURBIDE. 
182-2- 1824. 

:  •'AUCiriiATION   OF  THE  OUDEU   OF  GL'ADALrrK— P.\DI;E  MlER— SiiouT-r.ivr.D 

H.Mt.^ioNY— AiiiiEsT  (IF  Dkitties— rrnuMiiE  Atti::\ii'ts  to  11i:oi;(iam-^i-; 
C'(iN(,i;i:ss— His  PuErosTEUors  Claims — He  Dissolves  the  Assembly — 

A   JlNTA   InsTITI'VENTE    EsTAHLlSIIEl) — ArrKnl'UIATION    OF  SrAMAItUs' 

Moxev— AFtAiJtsAT  Vera  Cucz— Santa  Anna  ix  Dlsguace— iTrumiiE 
Visits  Jalapa — Santa  Anna  Hevolts— ItEi'iiiLicAMsM  I'uoclaimed — 
PiioouESH  of  tue  Insuuuection— 1!evei!Ses— Inflienck  of  the  .Ma- 
sonic Order — Ciunoe  of  Tactus — Plan  of  Casa  Mata-  iTnininE's 
Conciliatouy  Action — Congress  Ivkjnstalleo— The  Emi-keoh  Auoi- 
CATEs— His  Departure  Fiioii  Mexico — His  11eti:un  ano  Death. 


AViiKX  the  covomony  was  over,  and  the  Msliop  of 
Pucblu  luul  delivcrod  a  sornioii  tulsoiiicly  ilatturiii<j^  to 
llio  iiuw  uiouarcli,  and  directly  contradictory  to  Ids 
)revi'.u..  |,.istorals  in  eidogy  of  Fei'iiando,  Iturhido 
as  on'li  cted  to  tlie  palace/  where  larLifCss  was  scat- 
t!;o  assendjled  crowds.      Festivities  in  celo- 


1 


Wlli 


ioi) 


a^■ 


_he  great   event  were   kept   ii[)    for   three 
.Ktnii)  and  solenniities,  rich  ])an(|Uets  and 


nieri'V-niaking,  conld  not  ciothe  with  majesty  the  sol- 
dier. The  high-bc^rn  looked  upon  their  empemr  as  an 
upstart,  and  the  others  regarded  him  in  no  wisi;  as  a 
royid  })ersonage.  By  all,  the  high-sounding  titles  of 
liis  i'amily  and  court  were  pronounced  with  a  super- 


cr.ous  smne 


'ho  dis})lay  at  the  coronation  was  sup[)lemented  on 
tli-  'Uh  of  August  by  the  pomiujus  inauguration  of 
the  .  r(ier  of  Cruadalupe.     Tliis  order  had  been  created 

'  Do  h;ul  liithcrto  occupied  tliu  houiso  of  Moiicuila  as  his  temiiorary  palace. 

( "T'J ) 


'I'll 


7S0 


Dl-niRONEMENT  AND  DEATH  OF  ITL'IIBIDK. 


some  iiioiitlis  before  by  tlie  juiiia  pi'ox  isioiial'-  as  a 
means  of  rosvai'diii!^'  tlu'  iiu'i-ituridus,  not  only  in  the 
military,  but  in  all  oiJioi'  careers,  and  .^-liortly  bel'oro 
tile  coronation  the  statutes  were  aj)[)rovetl  by  con^n'rcss 
and  the  appoint  ments  nia(K'/'  ihit  the  ct'r(>niony  only 
supplied  iturbide's  o[i|)onents  with  an  atlditional  sub- 
ject for  ridicule. 

The  iKirniony  between  the  compress  and  the  cm- 
pcror  was  of  sli;;rt  dui-ation.  Iturbide's  iin[):itienco 
of  I'estraint  and  ';  ■  to  [(rerogatives  soon  madi;  it 
evident  that  no  ba.,  of  jiower  co'dd  be  maintained. 

The  right  of  aj)])oinii...;'  the  niendjers  of  the  supreme 
(?ourt  of  justice  bocamo  a  matter  of  dispute  between 
the  executive  and  legislative  powers,  antl  in  it  one  of 
Iturbide's  bitterest  enemies  took  })art. 

Padre  Servando  ]\Lier  had  I'cturned  from  exile,  and 
taken  his  seat  in  con!>Tess  on  the  15th  of  .)idv;is 
de[)uty  for  the  pro\ince  (»f  ]\[onterey.  This  extraor- 
dinary personage,  whose  travels,  persecution,  and 
suh'erings,  uo  less  than  his  i)olitie;d  writings,  had 
gained  ibr  him  notorit'ty,  had  <'scaped  i'rom  llabana 
alter  his  eX[)ulsion  thither  on  the  eollajise  ol'  Mina's 
ex|)edition,  and  had  souglit^  an  asylum  in  the  I'nited 
States.      As  soon  as  he  heard  that  independence  had 


b 


)een  [)rociann(!(l  m  .Mexico 


:^i\ 


ne  o 


KH'   more  turned  hi.- 


face  to  the  land  of  his  biiili.     jhit   his  usual  mis( 


or- 


tune  still   attended   1 


lun,  and  on 


his  ai'iival  at   \'era 


Cruz    he  was  detained  as  a,  prisoner  by    Davila,  and 
coniii.ed  in  the  fortress  ol'  I'lua.     J  la\in'''  be'en  elecled 


-I",y  <l,H-ivtM  (if  (Vt.  1:5,  ]W.  7,  1'>-'1.  ami  I'rh.  '20,  IM.'-'.  'I'lRM.idci- ir- 
cc'ivuil  its  Uiiiiio  from  tlic  virgin  <if  I  iu.ulaluiit',  ri'traiilnl  a.s  llu.'  patiMiit'ss  nf 
the  iialiiiil.  It  was  coiupiisnl  (if  ."lO  grain  1  I'ldssi's,  lOJ  kuiu'lits,  uiui  as  iii;my 
siilicriuanci-arics  (ir  i-iiiii|ianiiiiis  df  tlic  (inkr  as  the  ;^raii(l  inasU-r,  uliowai 
tlu' i'iii|U'i()r,  iiii:,'lit  (.'(iiisiilt'r  it  coiivenioiit  tu  ajiiioiut.  Aliiiibiii,  Hist,  J/'/.. 
V.  l.")J-:i. 

■•A  full  list  (if  tiic  iii'Miihcrs  uf  tli("  (ii'ilir  was  piililislicil  .Inly  'J.'i,  Isl'l'. 
G((i\  fiii/K  M('y.,  ii.  .Vllt-,")!-.  Anion  .;  tiui  f^raml  orosscs,  hcsidos  the  pi iiiocs  nf 
the  inipi'iial  family,  ai>|i('ar  tlui  nauK'-!  of  tlu^  liisliops  of  ( iua(.lalaiara,  I'licMa, 
nuil  Oaj.K'a;  tlu^  nii'lilusliop  of  ( liuilcinala  auil  tin;  liisluip  of  NicaiaL'na;  of 
t!io  ujcncrals,  XoL^rctc,  r.nstannintt',  (^hiintaiiar,  Jjna(-'L'S,  (au'rrcro,  (Jaivi'.l 
Ciin(l(.',  Mvanoo,  ami  O'l  >o!ioji'i,  '  (.•imsick'railo  como  viv()  ]iai';i  jicriiclnar  si.i 
lannia  nK'Uioiia.'  IJnnd,  J^ohalo,  r>iiija,  Sandicz,  and  I'auiou  IJayou  wore 
umonj,'  tliu  knights.     To  Ignacio  Itainoii  no  (L'^i-co  was  yivi'n. 


PLOTTING  AGAINST  EMPIRE. 


7S1 


a  (lo])nty  to  conn'rrss,  i]\o,  nssoinMy  made  stronnou;-! 
( iioi'ts  lo  ohtaiu  his  rclcasi-,  l)ut  it  was  not  until  alter 
J  turl)i<l('  had  l)eeii  proelaiiiuxl  eui})oi'(ir  that  J);ivila 
liheraled  him.  11",  as  was  suspected,  the  S[)anish 
i^iiveriior's  motive  in  rcloasiufj;'  liim  was  to  let  looser  a 
(lr;).L;'on  of  miscliief  to  eonlouud  the  em|)iri>,  ho  suc- 
(•eede>l.  All  uueompromisiiiy'i'ejjuhrK'an,  lie  had  liardly 
set  foot  ou  shore  when  lie  began  to  inN'oi^h  against 
iiioiKirrhy;  and  on  ])resentint>;  him.selt"  hel'oi'e  Iturl/ide, 
he  manifested  his  eontem])t  lor  royalty  hy  omitting 
all  titles  of  majesty  i'.  ad<lre>sing  him.'*  Witlieism, 
iroiiv,  ;uid  ridicule  were  likewise  hrouglit  into  i)lav. 
The  coronation  was  a  I'arce;  the  inauguration  of  the 
order  of  (iuadalu[)e  was  a  performance  of  nnunmei's, 
and  iis  mend)ers  were  nicknamed  accordingly;'  he 
l)url('s(|U(  d  the  government,  satirized  the  em])eror,  an<l 
])ul)lis]ied  a  f(.)rcil)le  essay  in  reconuneudation  of  a 
repuMican  form  of  government. 

blatters  soon  reaclieil  a  climax.  Thi,^  repuhlicans 
an<l  masonic  oi'der  were;  hard  at  work;  the  political 
•  '.i-gan^  7'.7  Sii/ — advocating  monai'cliy  ^ith  a  i'hiro- 
pean  piiiice  on  the  tlii'one  -and  7v7  Ifontlirc  Jjihrc — 
sustaining  repul)licanism — wen;  suppressed.  Xever- 
Iheless,  seditious  sheets  were  scattei/ed  hi'oadcast. 
]''rench  woj'ks  promulgating  the  social  principles  of 
]u)Usseau  were  published  in  Spanish.  !*reaehed 
a.gainst  by  the  clergy,  and  burned  in  tin;  plazas,  they 
wi'i'c  i)i"inted  again.  J'Lu'lv  i:;  August  the  •••erm  of  a 
I'epublican  conspii'aey  was  discovered  in  ^[i(,"]ioacan 
and  nipp  d.  Not  discouraged,  the  faetion  ]ilanne<l  a 
boldci'  moNH>,  Vvhich  was  to  elfect  a  reNoliitiiin  iii'ar 
th(;  ca[iit:d,  declare  that  the  (.'ongress  had  \)vv\\  de- 
]iri\ed  of  its  IVei'dom  of  action  in  the  election  ot" 
Iturbide,  remo\e  the  assembl\-  to  'I'ezcu 


'  Kii  1 


)iiL':ii  lie 


le  :\li 


llU'ilicaiiU'lltii  cniiocidi 


I  coiisagrauiiiii  no  era  iiihs  qi 


<•!>,  anil 
1.1 


pro- 


iiuicaciiiii 


AA 


L'l  noil 


iihrc  do  "  vina'Tf  < 


lo   lod  luatro  lailrone.i 


.lA: 


'II 


ll'iM.  Mrj.,  V.  cut-." 

1. 


]|ll< 


ui'lmt'iii.'ln.'s,   apoilo   (jiio   (|iioi 


•ill)   il  lo8  indivMnos   (I(!  a.|U(lla  Oril .11 


iliiU'iK'lii'H  is  (loiived  fn>m  i\w  Mcxit-'aii   word   '  ^'olR'U(•tla^all.■  niuu 


id 


d  till'  iliiniii;itiv« 


It  theicU/io  meant  '  Utile  old  uieii.'  lb. 


11,    prouimiieeil   liy  the   S[i:iiii.uil3  '  coo 


782 


DETHRONEMENT  AND  DEATH  OF  ITURDIDE. 


claim  a  republican  govcrninent.  In  this  conspiracy 
many  military  ofiiccrs  and  not  a  fow  of  the  numbers 
of  congress  were  implicated.  The  government,  how- 
ever, was  informed  of  the  j»lot  by  Ca[)tain  Luciano 
Velazquez,  engaged  in  the  su[)pression  of  highway- 
men on  the  Puebla  road.  Iturbide  thereupon  took 
the  hin'li-lianded  course  <jf  arrestini;,  on  the  2Gth  and 
27th  of  August,  fifteen  of  the  de})uties,^  among  ndioni 
was  Padre  Mier,  who  once  more  found  himself  inside 
of  prison  walls.  Other  arrests  were  also  made,  and 
his  pass})()rt  was  scut  to  Santa  ]Maria,  the  minister  of 
tlie  rc])nblic  of  Colombia,  who  had  been  a  ])rominent 
promoter  of  the  design.''  The  indignation  of  the  con- 
gress was  great;  its  rights  had  been  infringed,  and 
it  demanded  the  liberation  of  the  imprisoned  mem- 
bers, while  asserting  its  right  to  try  them.  The 
government  refused,  and  the  irritation  thereby  en- 
gendered was  great.  Fiiends  of  the  emperor  even 
took  i)art  ^vith  the  accused;  Gomcjz  Farias,  the  })ro- 
poscr  of  Iturbide's  elevation  to  the  throne,  moved 
that  congress  should  address  a  manifesto  to  the  nation 
and  dissolve  itself. 

It  was  llnally  resolved  that  for  the  present  the 
national  assembly  would  remain  silent,  and  await  the 
course  of  events.  Meanwhile  the  prisoners  were 
rigorously  prosecuted.  But  the  evidence  was  oi'  lit- 
tle legal  weight;  an  attempt  at  conspiracy  was  proved, 
but    it  was    difficult    to   fasten   it    upon  individuals.- 

"They  wero:  Lombardo,  Echcnique,  Fagoaqa,  Carrasco,  Obregon,  Mior, 
Anaya,  Tarrazo,  Ecliarto,  Vallc,  Mayurga,  llerrcra,  Zoliadiia,  SaiKli(j,7  do 
Tai;k',  and  Cdilos  Bustanianto.  Mix.  Cu/.  Lii/.  Fund.,  !};i.  Valle,  .Mayorga, 
aud  Ztliadua  were  dcputica  from  (iuatcinala. 

'  The  icpnblic  of  Colombia  liad  bcnii  recognized  by  decree  of  coii,!.;resH  on 
April  "JOtli.  <!ar.  Iw/i.  ^h'X.,  ii.  •J,")1-"J.  Santa  Main'a  liad  an  ivcd  as  niijiiaLer 
plcui)iotenUary  in  March  preceding.  Ortaja,  Man.  Iidaf.  J)lpliiiii.  J/(  .r.,  ,'{- 
Jli.     Hi.s  passport  was  sent  him  on  the  ISth  of  Octoljcr. 

•*  Acciirding  to  the  fiscal  Francisco  do  I'aula  Alvarez,  who  was  conunis- 
sioncd  to  (haw  up  the  proceedings,  'contro  la  jilnpart  des  individiis  arretcs, 
on  nc  pent  pi'ouvcr  aiicuu  crime;  mais  il  y  a  des  ap]iarcnces  suliisantes  jiour 
justilicr  li'ur  detention  comme  pcrsonnes  .suspcctes.'  IhirO'cif,  Mnii'in't s  Anio- 
gruji/irs,  \i)[).  This  work  was  first  published  ia  London  by  J.  Quin,  and 
translated  into  French  in  IS'Jt  by  J.  T.  I'arisot,  the  translaUjr  of  tlio  letters 
of  .luuiiis.  It  contains  the  manifesto  addressed  to  the  Mexicans  by  Iturbido 
whcii  in  exile  at  Leghorn,  and  a  iiumbci"  of  otiicial  documents,  umoug  which 


IMrrJSONMENT  OF  THE  DErUTIES. 


783 


acy 


Novcrtlieless,  the  accused  were  tletained  in  custody. 
Their  i'e])ul)lican  prochvities  were  too  well  known  to 
allow  their  release.  A  t'jw,  however,  were  liberated 
at  the  end  of  the  vear,  more  as  an  act  of  ijrnco  at 
Christmas  than  as  an  admission  (jf  their  innocence.^ 
The  only  demonstration  of  revolt  occurred  in  Nucvo 
Santandcr,  headed  by  Brigadier  Felijie  de  la  Garza, 
who  sent  in  a  representation  to  Iturbide  signed  by  the 
ayuntamiento  of  Soto  la  Marina,  the  electors,  mili- 
tary and  other  officers,  protesting  against  the  on- 
er*'acliment  on  the  sovereignty  of  the  nation,  and 
demanding  the  release  of  the  de})uties.'"  ]]ut  tlio 
movement  was  a  mere  Hash,  no  other  provinces  re- 
sponding. Brigadier  Fernandez,  comanilante  of  San 
Luis  Potosf,  was  despatchcid  against  the  disallected 
district,  and  Garza  having  im[)lored  pardon,  the  aflair 
ended." 

After  the  imprisonment  of  the  deputies  the  con- 
gress became  more  oponly  defiant,  and  united  in  self- 
defence  hitherto  opposing  parties.  Tlie  question  of 
right  to  a[)point  the  supreme  tribunal  of  justice  was 
claimed  with  continued  firmness.  A  proposal  made 
by  the  government  for  the  establishment  of  military 
courts  in  the  city  of  ^Mexico  and  the  j>rovincial  cap- 
itals, in  order  to  expedite  the  administration  of  Justice, 
was  resolutel}'  rejected,  and  the  undisguised  antago- 
iijsm  of  the  two  ix)wers  made  it  evident  that  thev  could 
not  long  exist  side  by  side,  Iturbide,  theref  )re,  de- 
termined to  reform  the  congress.  On  Sej)tember 
2jth  the  deputy  Lorenzo  de  Zavala,  after  classifying 

is  tho  report  of  the  fiscal  Alvarez  on  the  proceedings  instituted  against  the 
accused. 

"Among  those  who  still  reniained  in  custody  was  Padre  Micr,  wlio  fnund 
means  oven  in  prison  of  continuing  his  attaclis  on  Itiii'hide.  IJustaniante  \\\\^ 
lircscrvcd  some  satirical  stanzas  written  at  tliis  time,  lll^t.  Ittirhai,  'l',\-T\,  Wl; 
tor  fuller  particulars,  consult  /(/.,  5-"2;J,  o7-lJ'2;  t'iKid.  Ill<t.,  vi.  carta  4^,  41- 
0.'?,  vii.  (J-U,  GO-G:i;  Farias,  JIiiii>t.  h'cspniis.;  Mix.  El  njido  que  la  comi.sioii 
il(l  no'i.  Conij.  prcitiiitii  d  S.  ^f.;  Mux.  ('ol.  Lfij.  Fund.,  {V.i, 

'"See  copy  of  the  document  and  iletails  in  Uu.ilama/itc,  CikhI.  ll'isl.,  vi. 
carta*")*.  Oo-lOO;  and  Cucra-f,  Ponriiir  Mcx.,  liKS. 

"  (larza  went  to  Mexico,  aud  was  kindly  received  by  Iturhidc,  who  oven 
restored  his  commaud  to  him.  Alamaii,  Hid.  MiJ.,  v.  (Joo;  O'uc.  Lnj).  Mex., 
ii.  8Ji>-U0. 


rS4 


DKTrillOXEMEXT  AND  DEATH  OF  ITUmnDE. 


tlu!  i)r()f'(30(lini*'s  of  tlio  assciiiMv  fis  illfjf'al,  on  tlio 
jj;T()un(l  tliiit  it  liiul  not  boon  divided  into  two  clianibiTs 
in  conlonnity  with  tlio  provisions  ( it'll  10  con  vocal  in;^' art, 
and  dcnionstratinj^'  that  tlic  provinces  were  not  ecpiali y 
i'e])resente(l  witli  rei^'ard  to  ])oj)u]ation,  moved  that 
the  nund)er  of  deputit's  should  he  I'educed  and  meas- 
ures adopted  for  the  forujation  of  the  second  cham- 
her.'"  'i'he  sensation  then'hy  created  was  s^reat,  es- 
])ecially  as  the  pi'oposal  had  come  from  ade[)uty;  and 
the  motion  met  with  con-espondini^^  disap]U'ohatlon. 
Ihit  the  u;overnment  now  took  the  matter  in  hand. 
( )n  the  I7th  of  October  Iturbido  held  a  junta,  attended 
by  the  council  of  .state,  the  genei'als  resident  in  the 
capital,  and  over  forty  deputies  either  favorable  to 
Ids  views  or  indifferent.  Tlie  discussions  were  lengthy, 
and  resulted  in  a  commission  being  s'jiit  on  the  fol- 
lowing day  to  the  congress,  proposing  on  tluj  part  of 
the  government  that  the  number  of  deputies  should 
be  redpcc;d  to  seventy.  Of  C(mrse  the  proposal  was 
rejected;  but  the  congress,  l)y  way  of  adjustment  of 
ditl'erences,  proposed  that  the  S[)anish  constitution 
should  be  provisionally  (observed,  by  wliich  conccsssiou 
the  em[)eror  would  bo  entitled  to  the  veto  and  the 
light  to  elect  the  membei's  of  the  su[)reme  ti'ibunal 
of  justice.  This  oidy  oj)ened  the  way  to  further  de- 
mands. Iturbidc  thereupon  made  the  preposterous 
claim  that  his  power  of  veto  should  cxtentl  to  any 
article  of  the  constitution  which  was  being  framed, 
and  that  he  should  be  authorized  to  raise  and  organize 
a  [)olice  Ibrce.  At  the  same  time  ho  insisted  upon 
the  reduction  of  the  number  of  deputies.  Even  the 
strongest  conservatives  wore  disu'Usted.  Con<>'ress 
hesitated  no  longer,  ])ut  rejected  the  emperor's  de- 
mands one  and  all,  and  Iturbide  cut  short  contention 
by  dissolving  the  assend)ly  on  the  3ist  with  an  armed 
force." 

^^  Zai'dla,  Proijp.rto  de  lipforma  del  Congreso,  Moxico,  1822,  pp.  S. 

'^  Jirij^adicr  Liiia  Cortazar  was  cliargcil  witli  the  di^livi'iy  of  tlic  imperial  or- 
der for  tlic  dissolution.  If  it  was  not  oljcyt'd  within  ten  minntcs  attor  hcins^ 
read,  lie  was  inslruetetl  to  inform  congress  that  force  would  he  used;  and  ii  iu 


jrXT.\  r\STITUVi:NTE. 


7S.j 


T(t  jirc-^crvc  at  least  a  sliadow  of  tli  '  l^'^'islativo 
j)()\\('i',  ltui'l)i(K'  cstal»lisli('(l  a  junta,  wliicli  lie  stvlrd 
'institiiyciitc,'  couqxiscd  of  t'oi-ty-fivi"  iiieinhc'i's  si'lrctc'd 
from  llic  <K'j)utit's  of  tlio  dissolved  coii'^'i-css.  T])r  in- 
stallation took  ])lacc  on  the  2d  of  Xovciuhci',"  ( *as- 
tani;^a,  the  l)islio[»  of  Duraiigo,  heiii^'  eliM'ted  president. 
In  such  an  assenil)ly,  the  tool  of  eourse  of  the  em- 
peror, was  vested  the  legislative  power  until  the 
lueotinn"  of  a  new  con^'i'ess,  for  th(^  convocation  of 
v.hich  re'.nilations  were  to  be  formed  hv  it  without 
delay.  J>ut  the  business  most  urL^ent  was  to  lind 
.some  means  of  raisin-'"  monev.  Xor  did  the;  junta 
iKicional  instituyente  waste  time,  hut  on  the  5th  passed 
a  (Irrvi'c  orderino-  a  forced  loan  of  62,800,000.1'  As 
the  collection,  besides  beiiiL;'  attended  ^^•ith  trouble, 
would  be  a  slow  process,  and  as  there  was  then  lyinj^' 
at  l?erote  and  dalapa  nearly  ,sl  ,nOO,000  i'' bdoiiM-in^^r 
for  the  most  part  to  S|ianiards  who  had  left  the  coun- 
ti'V  or  were  on  the  |)oint  of  de])arture — monc.'V  a.wait- 
in;.;safe  conduct  to  Yvv.i  Cruz  for  shijimeiitto  S[Ki.in — 
ltiU'bid(>  seized  it  and  applied  it  to  n'overnmiMit  ])ur- 
poses,'"  a  ])roct;edini,*'  which  broU!j;'ht  down  uj)on  him 
much  censure,  and  alienated  the   <j^o()d-will   of  manv. 


tt'ii  iiiiiiutos  iifter  this  iiitimiition  congress  .still  remainod  in  .scasion,  Cortiizar 
\\a-i  ti)  (lissolvo  it  'niiiilariiK'niu.'  Jh.c.  Cuf.  /.','/.  Fiiml,  '.>'■>  \.  Itiirliiili.'  fii- 
tcivil  into  an  cxplanatiunot'  hi.i  n^a-^ons  for  takiii'.;  this  strp,  and  tlicst'itcincnt 
of  i-liar,Lrt'H  a;_Minst  tho  I'ungrcs.s  whicli  .ippuaruil  in  tiio  jircaniWu  to  th(^  ilc.'ri'u 
(li.vsi living  it  wa.s  anii)lili(.:(l  ami  pnlilishcd  by  tiu;  gDvernnu'nt  under  tlu;  titU': 
I iiilii'(ir/iiii  if'l  oriijiil  ill'  /■'•■.'  < .rl)'!i>''i<i.-i  till  <'<iiiifri:-<!>  Mi rifrino,  '/■"  /riii  mo/irfn/o 
n:i  (li.inltirioii.  Tho  ai'cu.vatinn.i  wcix'  to  tho  cllcct  tliat  tho  as.scnilily  wan  inlhi- 
cncfd  liy  Spanish  inUigiU'Hof  tlicjiarty  opp'iscd  to  indi'pcndini.T;  tliat  it  fcinst'- 
(puntly  ne;j;k'ctiMlits\\MrU  on  iui|"iiiitant  niattei's  -the  formation  of  tho  const  itn- 
ti(in,  thooriranization  of  tlio  rcvoiiue  dcpartinont,  and  tl:o  proper  cstiilili.sh  ncnt 
of  liio  judirial  tril.unals — and  wasted  its  time  in  trilling'  oi'  irrtlrxaut  disuir<- 
sions;  tliat  it  in(ir<'ovor  arro;iated  to  itself  jircroL'ativcs  beloUL^'ing  to  the  sover- 
eign.   O'lir.  Ji,ij).  M'.c,  ii.  !)U-7,  violi-fi,  it()-'-:j,'<J^v")- S. 

^'  J)i.<jii>sir.  I'liri'i.':,  ii.  f.  VO;  UH^tinnniilc,  Ciind.  Ilinf.,  vi.  carta  5",  110- 
'J."):  III.,  His!.  Itiiriihli ,  'l'.\  ct  .sei[.  A  list  of  the  names  of  the  mciuln.'i's,  Itur- 
liide's  o[iening  adilress,  and  the  basis  of  the  organi/.atidU  of  tlu;  junta  are  Ha|(- 
l)lied  in  Mix.  Col.  I.nj.  FhihI.,  'M-WX 

'^(•'iti\  Imp.  M(.v.,  ii.  'J."iO-l.  Alaman  states  that  this  was  the  lirst  decree 
of  the  junta.   Ili<  Mrj.,  v.  (".(iS. 

'"At  lVrnte.s740,-2(»0.  and  SV)7,000  at  .Tal-ipa,  in  .all  .Si, -2:17, '-'Oi).  IiL,  v. 
CGI)  70;  Milium,  Mi-iii.  Si'i\  Eslmlo,  ISl'.S;  Mix.  (.W.  Iaij.  I'uml.,  100. 

'■  He  tries  to  defend  his  action  by  asserting  that  tiie  late  congress  had  iui- 
thorizcd  him  t(j  lay  hands  on  any  existing  funds,  and  that  he  had  been  pri- 
Hisr.  Hex.,  Vol.  IV.    50 


1 


I  I! 


78G 


T)!:TnRoxi:Mi:xT  and  dea'ite  or  rrrniur)!':. 


Vrilllo  those  cvilts  Wrrc  occllpyiiiL,^  llic  (•;iMit;il, 
aifairs  dCho  less  iiioiiKJiit  were  .^'oiii;^'  <iii  in  W^va  (Vnz. 
Saiifn,  Anna'.-;  aihitrnry  im >(•(.'('( lino's  were  cxcitin''' 
comment.  Tliert!  ^vas  iiisubei'dinalioii  in  lii.s  ranl:s, 
and  (lei'alcalions  in  tlie  rei^imeiital  chest. ^'^  JiUace's, 
the  caj^taiii  ij^eneral  of  the  provinces  of  l*uehla,  \'era 
Cruz;,  ami  ( )ajaca,  had  rtstired  on  account  of  failiiiLC 
health,''  and  the  l)ri'aidier  fFose  Antonio  Iv-IkiwiitI 
vras  a[»|)ointed  to  succeed  hin).  It  ajipears  that 
Santa  .Vnna  had  informed  tin;  t;'overnment  tliat  ho 
Avas  devisinL;'  a  sclieme  to  obtain  ])ossession  oi"  l"'oi't 
Ulua,  and  lochdvarri  was  ordei-ed  to  marcli  from 
Jalapa  to  A'ei'a  ( 'rux,  where  he  ari'iwul  on  the  2ath  of 
()(,'tol)er.  J);ivila  had  been  relieved"'  In*  Jh'in'adier 
Francisco  Lemaur,  and  Santa  Anna  conceived  the 
l)lan  of  j^^ainin^-  jv/sscssiou  oi'  the  I'oi't  by  sui"}>risin;^'  ifc 
under  cover  of  a  feiLfued  suirendi'r  of  N'^era  ('rux  to 
the  new  commandtn'."'  He  thei'efore  made  overtui'es 
to  Lemaur,  and  it  was  arranu,'ed  between  them  tliat 
tliG  S[)aniar<ls  should  take  possession  of  the  foi'tiii- 
cations  on  the  nii^'ht  of  the  2(lt]i  of  October.  .l']ch;i- 
vai'ri,  infoi-med  on  his  ari'ival  by  Santa  Anna  of  the 
scheme  now  i'i[)e  for  execution,  i^'avo  his  ct)nsent  t:)  it. 
Leaving'  the  iinal  dispositions  to  the  mana'j;'ement  of 
Santa  .Vnna,  and  accom[)anied  only  by  Pedro  Velex, 
Colonel  GrcLTorio  xVrana,  and  a  ijuard  of  about  a  dozen 

vately  iiifoi'iiiiMl  hy  cortaiii  (Icpiitics  that  tlio  <.'i)ii;^'iv.ss  had  tho.sc  par'.icuhir 
fiiHil:^  in  vk'w.    J/iirlii'/f,  .^fituijii'^lo,  M-H. 

'''Iturlii'lu  Kays;  'Uiiiil.'.a  las  ropotitlan  qurjas  qiu:  tenia  contra  Santa  Anna 
ilcl  anterior  eapitau  peiu'.'a],  do  la  deputaiion  pi'ovineial,  <lel  con-iuLido,  ilo 
muclion  vccinos  vn  particular,  como  del  teniente  o H'onel  <iel  enerp')  i|!U'  ni::!;- 
d;il)a,  y  do  vario.s  olici.iies.  .  .nio  vi  cu  hi  neeesidad  do  separailo  del  niando.' 
/(/.,  40.     See  also  Alr.'n-.,  S'lnia-Aiiiin  h'l>^ta  IS.'.',  7. 

'"  lIo  dieil  shortly  after  at  Tehuaean.   Ahinxin,  J/lsf.  Mr}.,  v.  (i!)'). 

'-'"  JIo  returned  t)  Spain,  and  was  rewarded  for  his  loyalty  hy  hein;.;  ap- 
pMint(vl  !.'overii'!i  of  the  real  alc:izar  de  Sevilla,  one  of  the  l)e.-t  !ipp(jin',:nienl3 
ia  tlio  kinu'doni,  and  wiiieh  he  retained  till  his  ih'ath.   /'/.,  v.  071. 

-'•  Santa  Anna  had  heen  previously  frustrated  in  an  attempt  to  brihe  tlio 
garrison  (if  tlio  fortriiss  of  L'li'ia.  His  present  plan  was  that  Lemaur  shoull 
send,  on  the  ni;^'ht  of  Out.  'JGth,  dotaehmcMits  to  take  p  i^.ses.sion  of  the  forti- 
iieatiiins  of  Vera  Cruz,  which  were  to  he  surreud<:red  without  ro.-^ist;ince. 
Tiic  S]ianiards  were  then  to  ho  overpowered,  and  M"xican  troops,  dress^'il  in 
the  uniforms  taken  from  them,  were  to  proix'cd  to  Fort  Uliia  in  the  launches 
on  wliich  the  Spaniards  liad  arrived,  and  under  cover  of  the  darkness  ami 
disguise  gain  possession  of  it.  BudainanU',  Caad.  Ilixt.,  vi.  carta  o*,  107-13. 


ATTACK  ON  FOHT  ULUA. 


787 


inL'ii,  ]i(!  Went  at  ini(liiiL'"li(:,  accordin^f  to  arraii'^e- 
iiiciits,  to  tli(.'  iiitrcnicluuents  oi'  (\)ii(,'c|)ci()ii,  tlirro 
t()  I'uc'uivc  tilt;  (Iccoycil  Spaniards,  wliil  ■  Santa  Anna 
awaiti'il  anotluT  (k'tachuK-'nt  at  the  bulwark  of  San- 
tia;; :». 

From  SOIIU"  cause,  lloWc'Vor,  tin;    lol-cc;  wllirli    oll;.;Iit 

to  liavr  1)(  I'll  })rovi(K;(l  by  Santa  .Vinia  had  not  arrixcd, 
and  lu'luivani  found  oidy  the  oi'dinary  pichi't  on  llic 
Ibrtilications.  IJut  tho  Spaniards  had  already  landed, 
and  were  enterin;^*  tlu;  outer  works.  l']eh;L\arri"s 
j)ositioii  was  thus  a  very  perilous  one,  1'ho  Span- 
iards pressi'd  forward  and  a  contest  ensued.  \'el;z 
was  wounded  by  a  [)i.stol-shot,  and  three  soldiers  wer'; 
bayoneted.  Xotliinu^  savetl  JCcli;ivarri  iVoui  (k'ath  or 
captur-t;  but  the  careless  [)rocedui'((  of  the  Spaniards, 
Vvho  had  only  sent  forward  a  small  portion  of  tlu'ir 
Ibroe;  observiuL;*  which,  Eiduivarri  bra\ely  char'^'eJ 
and  (h'ove  back  the  assailants.  This  had  tlie  eU'eet 
of  causiu!^  their  comrades  who  were  coming'  up  to 
retire  and  take  up  a  [)osilion  behind  the  outer  sfoclc- 
ade.  ^Meantime  Santa  Anna's  aid,  Castrillon,  wiio 
]iad  conducted  the  neL>'otiations,  and  had  comi!  in  the 
Spanisii  hiunch,  [irovided  for  liis  own  safety.  Aban- 
doniu.;'  his  du[)es,  lie  ran  down  thi;  beach  to  the  pier 
and  reported  to  Lieutenant  I'jleuterio  M^'iide/,,  in  com- 
mand of  the  cavalrv  picket  of  twenty-five  dra""oo!is 
stationed  there,  that  Echa.varri  was  either  killed  or 
taken  prisonei",  w]iereu[)on  that  offK-'er  went  in  all 
liaste  to  the  assistance  of  his  superior.  The  Sj)an- 
iarvls  wt:re  then  drix'en  from  their  position  and  took 
to  their  boats.  At  the  Santiago  fortilication  the 
action,  there  more  hotly  contested,  terminated  with 
a  similar  I'esult.--  Thouu'h  a  victory  was  thus  ■••aine,! 
by  the  ]\[e.\.icans,  Santa  Anna's  project  of  surpris- 
ing' Ulda  I'ailed.  But  the  affair  was  pre^'nant  with 
disaster  to  Iturbide.  as  we  shall  presently  see. 

'•'-  Ecli.ivani,  in  his  report  of  ()t;t.  '27tli,  states  that  tin;  Inss  to  the  Span- 
ianls  wa-!  over  lOJ  in  liilled,  wouiideil,  drowiii'il,  stiayoil,  ainl  prisoners, 
Ainony  tho  latter  were  a  captain  auJ  two  subalterns.  Uac.  Imp,  Mix.,  Li. 


788 


Di'TiinoxnMEXT  A',-.')  DrATii  oi'  iTr:;:',!!)::. 


Tn  u  <'i):i'l(I('iii  iai  (Icspatdi  t(»  llic  ciiipii'di',  Iv-!i/ivan  i 
<'\|)r('ss('(|  liis  siis])ici()ii  that  Santa  Anna,  ciirai^  d  at 
lint  Iia\  iii;;'  liccii  ])i'()iii<>t('(l  tn  tilt'  caiitaili-LCciicralc'v', 
liad  t  !■(  ai  Iicroiislv  plaiiiK'd  liis  dcatli  or  captiu-c,  liy 
jiurposcly  iic'^lcctiiin'  ti»  order  iqt  tli(.'  troops  wliidi 
oti^Iit  to  lia\(!  Itfi'ii  stationed  in  tlie  woi-ks  of  ( 'oii- 
ri'[)cioii.-''  So  <;iavo  a  (■liar;4'e,  in  view  of  presions 
coniplaints,  I'efjuired  sei'ious  attention,  and  lturl)id(; 
decided  to  remove  Santa  Anna  iVoiii  his  ])osition  as 
coniaiKhmte  i^ciiei'al  of  Vera  ( 'ru/C.  Caution,  how- 
over,  \\as  iK'c-essai-y,  and  to  avoid  possihlo  niischiet", 
tho  eniperoi"  decint'd  it  prudent  to  inanaL'-o  the  matter 
in  peison.  With  the  ostellsihle  ohject  of  takin'LJ 
measures  lor  tlie  i'e(hu'tion  of  |'\>rt  Th'ia,  lie  tliere- 
fore  made  a  visit  to  .)al;i[)a,  leaving'  ^[exif'o  on  the 
lOtli  ot"  Xovemher.  The  journey  was  madi;  in  ^'reat 
state,  and  at  Puehla  lie  was  receive<l  with  demonstra- 
tions of  joy.  At  .Jalapa,  howi'Ver,  Ili(.'  Spanish  ele- 
ment ])redominated,  and  his  lat(.'  seizure  of  pi'ivato 
funds  had  not  gained  him  aifection.  His  reception 
\va.s  so  cold,  and  the  want  of  lios[titality  to  his  suite  so 
obvious,  as  to  briii'':  out  the  remark  that  at  Jalana 
Spain  began.-* 

When  Santa  Anna  met  the  emperor  at  Jala])a 
accoi'(liii'4"  to  insti'uetions,  ho  was  inibrnii'd  that  his 
services  were  reijuired  in  the  ea}>ital,  and  that  he 
would  have  to  accompany  him  on  his  return  thither. 
In  answer  to  the  [)leas  ol'  private  business  and  want 
of  niomy,  Iturbide  handed  him  live  hundi'ed  jiesos, 
and  allowed  liim  a  few  <lays  to  an'aiiL;"*!  his  affairs  and 
hand  over  his  command  to  Brigadier  ^Mariano  J)iez 
do  ]3onilla,  who  had  boon  a|»i)ointed  to  succeed  liim. 


^Itnil)i(le  states  that  Santa  Anna  really  diil  plot  to  accomplish  Kchii- 
varri's  ilcath.  Maii'ijiosto,  40.  ]>ii5.taiiiaiiti',  uritiii.;  in  An^jiist  lS;i2,  tahc.H 
the  same  \  iew,  ('iirnl.  Ui-.t.,  vi.  carta  ")■',  114;  l)iit  in  Septcinlicr  I :-),'!:[  says: 
'  Kn  mi  conccpto  no  flic  otro  .sinoun  dcsco  u  proyccto  nial  combiiKulo  para 
apudcrarso  do  L'hia.'  ll'iM.  Ilnrliidc,  .3!),  Alaniau  declines  to  pass  an  opiiiioii 
in  tlic  matter,  and  continin^:^  himself  to  the  narration  of  the  facts,  leaves  it  to 
the  reader  to  form  his  own  judj^'ment.  IIIM.  M<j..  v.  (iT 4,  GTd. 

'■"  '  Itnrbido  rcpetia — Desdo  a(]ui  coniieaua  E-tpaiid.'  BuMamaii/e,  Hist. 
Iturbide,  34. 


SANTA  ANNA'S  IlKVoLT, 


7.sa 


So  Well  had  tlu.'  c'liipcnir  (li.^sciiilili'd.  thai  Uj>  to  this 
liino  Santa  Anna  a|i[iari'nt  ly  had  no  su>|iicion  that 
Jturhidt!  intended  to  call  him  to  account.  Tlu'  an- 
nouncement ti»  Santa  Anna  of  his  icmoval  iVom  tlx! 
connnand  in  \'era  ( Vu/  was  made  in  terms  of  Jiii;he>t 
conipliment,;-''  and  wlu-n  Itui'hide  dejiaited  for  the 
capital  on  the  1st  of  liecemhcr,  lnj  enii»raced  him 
and  said:  "1  await  you  in  Mexico,  Santa  Anna,  to 
make  your  fortune  for  you."-'  It  was,  |»erha[is,  a 
little  overdone  l»y  Jturhule,  and  Santa  Aima  was  as 
ele'\er  a  dissemhler  as  he.  Furtliei'  than  'this,  he  was 
secretly  wai'iied  that  his  I'uin  was  nicdilateil. '"  'I'here- 
foi'e,  with  evel'V  appcai'alice  of  undistlU'hed  conii- 
di.'uee,  with  every  mark  of  sul»ser\ient  j'e^pect,''  lu 
attended  Iturhide  for  a  short  distance  on  his  journey, 
hut  returned  with  hatred  in  his  heai-t  to  Jalapa,  and 
in  a  few  hours  was  on  his  way  to  \cvii  Cruz,  lie 
arri\ed  at  the'  port  on  the  followln!4-  day,  and  puttiu'^' 
himself  at  the  head  of  the  8th  infantry  reginnMit,  of 
which  ]iv.  was  colonel,  ]>roelaimed  in  the  name  of  the 
nation  ti  re[)ul)liean  ^ovei-nnniut,  di-clariuL;'  that  the 
thrt.'e  Li'uarantie's  of  the  plan  of  li^'uala  would  he  invio- 
lahly  observed."' 

-■''Ell  Ids  tciiiiiiiiiifi  iiias  lumoiilluos  que  puit<  iiivusitar  el  sagaz  y  iivisailo 
enipcrailiir. '  SmiliiiKt,  M  an 'it'  it  o  n  ■••'(■■'  cjiici-i'ta'/itinis,  S. 

-"Ar/.,!). 

-'  Santa  Anna  says  that  \w  wouM  liavu  l)ccn  il.tL'ivcil  liy  ItiU'liiilo's  tnan- 
nc'V  'si  iin  I'imliilrntc  ilo  Mexico  ud  me  avi.sara  run  n^iorUniiilail  "cjiie  mi  [nr- 
ilicioii  e.jtaiia  deeretaila."' '  /'/.,  S. 

-'^Franei.seo  do  I'aiila  Alvarez.  1  tiiiliide's  secretary,  in  re[ily  to  a  letter  cif 
Santa  .\Mna.  iuKlresseil  Dee.  (i.li  to  lturl)iile,  srttin;j;  lortii  t!i(^  re;is:ins  \vliie!i 
uru'eil  liini  t:)  reve>lt,  says:  'Vil  nalie(|U(!  yo  se  <\t;  la  manera  ([ue  lial)li)sieiiiji!e 
al  Ihnp;  railoi',  teii'.hlanil)  y  aihilandi,  ofreciendiise  a  .serviei  ii  do  tin  lacayn, 
iiidi;,';;w.s  ile  mi  ji;ete.'  S'liifn-Ai/nd  hn.-itn,  l-i.'.\  7.  'I'liis  eonimmiii.'ali.in  \v;m 
v.ritten  at  I'lieljla  in  Dec.  1SJ_>,  and  was  printed  and  iialili.shed  at  (Jiiad.da,- 
jaratlio  saiiu^  iir.mtli.  In  1S41:  it  \\a-ia;:'aiii  [)iil(li,s!ied  jast  Lciore  .Santa  Anna's 
fall  ill  that  year.  It  u  an  iuti  n.<ily  stinunn.L;  diatiilie.  exposing'  in  seatliinu; 
l.i:iL.'ua','o  all  the  wiirst  traits  of  Santa  .Vnna'.s  cliaraeter,  his  eamluet  fniui 
h.jyhoud,  anil  his  motives.  In  invective  it  can  hardly  l>e  m.'itche'd,  and  i:i 
future  revolutions  it  was  always  male  use  of  as  a  liicaii..  ^'f  vilii'yin^'  him, 

-'^ Sniitdiin,  I'rorldiiuix,  'J  Die'"  1SJ_';  (Iw.  I,ti/,.  .]/,.,.:,  ii,  iOH.  ();i  tile  (Itli 
he  .iddres.icd  to  Ituiliide  the  li'ttji"  menlioned  in  tir.!  pvevinis  note.  Afaa* 
lemindin;,'  hi)n  of  the  excess  of  his  ;;eal  in  his  service,  whicli  hail  ht'C):iie  'od;  )iia 
to  his  fi.Uou-citi/.ens,  who  thought  him  .servilo  and  a  llaltercr,' auil  pi'ofes  iu^ 
luialteralilo  airection,  he  :.ays:  'I  luive  felt  myself  iiiidertlio  nej'ssity  of  s  pa- 
ra tin '(my.^elt'i'rom  your  eoiiimaml,  l)eeau-:e  yoiirahi  )luti' ;:  )Verinn.-'nti.sa!)ua'_  to 
liilv.ii.il  iiicalcalalile  i.'vilsoiir  Ijelijved  country .  .  .Tlupi-.jvinees,  the  towns,  ilio 


roo 


DETJIRONEMENT  AXD  DEATH  OF  ITUItBIDE. 


Tlio  movf-niont  was  rcroived  in  Vcmvx  Cri'.z  entlnv 
si.'istically;  Alvnrado  and  otlrjr  nci^'liNoi'in^  towns 
JouumI  in  tlio  revolt,  and  the  knell  of  tlie  empire  liad 
sounded. 

Great  ]U'e|iaratioiis  had  boon  made  in  tlio  rapilal 
lor  the  relnrn  ot"  tlio  oinporor,  whei-e  it  was  tiioU'j,"lit 
that  ho  was  all  this  liino  trinnipliin^'  over  the  S[)a!i- 
iards.  ]\[i»reover,  an  imperial  piiiice  liad  heen  l)oi'n,''''' 
and  the  eelebration  of  tlie  anspieious  event  -'iwaited 
t!ie  ai-rival  of  flio  aui^nst  ])ar(Mit.''*'  Bnt  Itnrhide 
Avas  in  no  humor  for  b;d)\'  bell-rin-dnci's  and  baplisins. 
At  Puebla  he  hn;l  reoeived  intelli^^'onec  of  Santa 
Anna's  revolt,  and  tliono-ji  ]\o  pretended  to  nia]<e 
light  of  it,  was  none  tlie  K'ss  cDnsciou-^;  of  its  s<jri(»ns 
f-ignifica,nce.  1  [I'liurried  ]iisde[)artnre  fi'om  tin.'  fown,"^ 
and  niiexneetedlv  I'ntei'od  tlie  c-anital  l)v  nii^Iit.  J.)e- 
eeinber  liUli.''^  .Measures  wei'o  at  once  taken  to  sn[)- 
press  the  re\'olt.      Santa  Anna  was  deekuvd  a  traitor, 

I)eo)il(',  ciy  aljiml  fnv  their  frccilDiu;  they  .•^iiy  tliiit  you  liuve  lirulicn  your  oullia 
(il  iT.iiila  ami  ( 'i')i'(li)l):i;  liavo  traiDiilcil  iipiin  liir  laws;.  ,  .liavo  nil  justly  pcrso- 
cutc'il  iiKMiil;i.'r.s  I  if  ("iii,;rcss,  lianis'.iiiiL;  siiiiil',  iiiiiirisonin/^otlior:),  so  as  to  nnbico 
it  I  .  "  liat  is  called  a,  jiiatii  t'ouslii.uyeiitt',  ci)iii|iose'l  of  a  few  of  yoar  favorites. 
. .  .Tiny  cry  out,  too,  in  coiisti  niali  'U  au'aiiist  tlio  i^ciziuc  of  tlio  c:iiivoy  of 
inonoy  in  Jalana,  coiiviiioucl  tisat  luidur  your  f;ovciiimjiit  tliu  Hacrcd  ri  .dit  of 
liiMjiLTiy  «ill  never  Ijo  reS|)ccti'il.  I"iiv;!ly,  t!i"y  >!;!'!''i'stanil  that  tlR:'o  aro 
iieiihor  ^.'.ean^!  nor  weaUh  Hiilli"ient  in  this  ^Vaicriea  to  ."iqip.irt  a  t'lronc  .''ill 
all  the  osteniation  and  dignity  an  emperor  reiiuires. '  Jictiien  hope  i  tliat  Itur- 
liido  will  talio  nicsurcM  t j  rcnonneo  the  erown,  and  ('oneladef  wiih  tlio  oini- 
noiH  \\0rd.7::  'I),)  not  expose  your  valualilo  life  to  the  tir^iliio  catastrojiho 
which  your  llattercr.s  have  prepared  for  you.'  ll,i<l  nnaiitc.  Hist.  I/iirhrli', 
51-.'j;  Xidn'  Ui'j.,  N.xiii.  ;UI-.  Sant:i,  Anna  state!  in  lii^  ^rniiiii'sfi)  d  .-•■'.■^  ('.m- 
c'ludadanoi,  7.  t!iat  hu  formed  tlio  dcii'jn  of  lil>eiati:i;j;  lii.i  countiy  wlieu  tlio 
depuLios  Were  iniprisoncd.  '  Yo  juro  cii  cd  siieneio  de  1 1  aeiag.i  nuehe,  del  Lii) 
do  A'.;o3to,  volver  p  ir  el  honor  Tlo  la  naeion  csdavizidi.'  llo  w;.i  i:i  ^.loxico 
at  the  time,  and  to  'jurry  uiit  lii-i  project,  sotiglit  with  iir;,'eiiry  the  c  iinuiiind 
of  the  province  of  V  'ra  Cniz,  wliieli  was  oonfei'i'ed  o;i  him.   /'«. 

^'OnXov.  :!;)th.  (/('•.  /;;(;).  J/'M-.,  ii.  lOKMl,  10l(!-17;  lli>if>v,in,it<\  11:4. 
JOirh'df,  ;!b— m.  I'or  an  account  of  the  preparations  made  to  receive  llurhide, 
Koe  Zanila,  i'l  r,  M(  r..  i.  \'il]. 

^' Tho  iianio  ,[j;ivcn  t)  tlio  prince  was  I'elipi-  Aiidr's  M.aia'a  de  ( [uaiLlupr". 
//).  The  safe  de,i\oraneo  of  the  ('m])re-is  wa  ;  ma  !o  the  occisiou  f.ir  i'evei'al 
military  pr  imotiinu.  Alejo  O.ircia  ( 'oiid.;  and  Sotarriva  were  niad.j  Ih-ulcii- 
iuit-;;ruoral  i;»,\riiiijo,  Torres,  !5arraL;an,  J^ohato,  and  some  otliors  were  raised 
to  f  ill  liii  ,'adicrs.   <,'(ir.  J, up.  M.x.,  ii,  lllis. 

^•'Tiie  oath  of  iiUe ;ri:iiice  waa  eelcjhrated  at  Puebla.  on  tlio  occaaioii  of  hin 
rcLiirn.  and  ho  did  id;;  wait  for  tlie  c  implctioa  if  t'lo  euitnina'y  f"sliviti(M. 

■'''  'A  niche  ;i  la:3  nueve,  incspcvadaini.-nte,  t.ilro  yin  noved.id  a  e.ila  C.ipital 
«.  M.  1.  dere;^ie.i,)doXalapa.'  /./.,  lUiil. 


Di:f::at  of  saxta  axxa. 


701 


\n- 


had 


itod 
I)i<lo 

1 1 1  ta 
lako 
iiius 
vu, 

Itor, 


;lit  of 


//;.'. 


anfl.  deprived  of  Ids  iiiilitai'V  rank;  pardon  was  offered 
to  tliose  oC  lii.s  i'ollower.s  who  returned  to  tlieiv  allo 
o'iance  within  a   sDceilied  time;  the   u'ovei'iior  (if  the 


arclne[»iscopal  nutre  w 


1 


as  asked  to  i'tduiiniite   excon.i- 


niunieation  against  all  who  declared  I'or  ix-puhHean- 
i'-ni;"*  tlie  })ress  was  Iji'oU'uht  into  action,  and  eveiy' 
e[)ilh(t  that  could  attacli  odium  to  Santa  Anna  made 


use  o 


f; 


;in(l  lirinachi  i\s  Corta/.ar  and  Jiohnto  were  de- 
^j)atclu.'d  iroin  tiie  ca]Mtal  a^'ninst  the  insuru'eiits,  while 
other  troops  Were  nioxed  from  l*uel)!;i,  an!  t!ie  im- 
jierial  uroiiadiers  stationed  at  .hdaj)a  were  adv;uiced  to 


an  ( 


I  el  1 


llO. 


^leantinu-  Santa  Anna  had  [)ul)li>hed  in  A\'ra  ( "ruz 
a  plan  of  the  re\dlutiitn,' '  and  joined  1)}'  (iuadaluj)o 
A'ic{oria,  who  now  sallied  from  his  j)lace  <»!'  conceal- 
Dient,  v.;is  oi'i;-anizin;,;'  an  army  which  he  styled  El 
Ejcrcito   LiJjertador.      The  I'evolution  .sjivead  ra[)idly 


ud  at  lirst  sue 


cess 


attended  the  movemeiit.     C'oi'tazar 


and    Jjohato    were    i'lmipelled    temporarily    to    retiri 


1 


ciore 


msni'!"'! 


nt 


hands    near 


C 


unif  il  la 


am 


'vinta 


Anna  snr|)iis('d  and  captured  the  whole  force  of  ^'I'en- 
diers  at  i'laii  del   Ivio,  incoi'itoratinj.;'  thi;  soldiii'.s  in 


his    ranks.      J-^lated    with    thi 


s   success,    he    m;nx' 


hed 


jiL;ainst  Jala])a,  his  force  consistin<4' of  the  8th  infantry 
jVLriment  and  a   hodv  of  ca\ah  v,  and   two  L;nns.      At 

)nt 


clav.ii   ol 


J)i'cend)er  "JJsthe   attacked    the   t 


nns. 
own. 


•susiamed    a  c 


'ushiu'''   def(/at.      The   urei 


ladle 


I'.s   latelv 


incorjioi'ated    into    the    regiment    went    oxer    to    tlu 


enemy 


tl 


le  wliole 


his  infantry  was  eitlur  killed  or 


captured,  and   lu'   l!ed    from   the    j)lace   at   full  speed, 


■'"  Tiiis  iccasLoncil  the  circiilaUon  of  n  slingingiiivuclivr  in  v>  i.e,  attrilju 
tl)  J'ailic  .Mier.     Tlio  lirst  stanza  is  as  fol!.j\t..<: 

]'i/,  iiui'  liroti'iiilia  el  fir.iiin 
(;in'  MiKi  I'M'iiniiiiii'iH'ii'ii  I  ;i'i('i'a, 


t.nl 


'I'l'il  1  Iiwiii')!!'  ri'pulilicaii'i 


;,V  I  nl'  (111'  CV  llh'll 


j:^  \U 


i|  nil"  I'llll  1. 1  lilirl'tail 


Tl 


ir  )'C'iiiainin'. 


I'ol'illH'  li"  Ml  llKl^'r>l!l(I 
I  (.III. 

A  la  infaii-ta  liii.nai'iii  a: 
;  I'll'  ill'  cl:irsi'  iiKH  iM:|iiii 
Hit  licii  I  raviiiail'.' 

tl)  the  ijiinilii'iMu  li\'c,  !iiv  in  similar  .str; 


Ihi.^titwo-uk',  Hid, 


rl,},l, 


.■t-()!    Alu 


lllst.  M, 


'A  copy  of  it  is  sui>[iliud  l.y  IJusLa'.niiutc.   1/id.  lUtrli'alf,  tU-7l. 


792  DKTIIHONKMENT  AND  DEATH  OF  ITUlllUDE. 

attended  only  l>y  eii;ht  drn^'oons.'"'  Xever  -was  dis- 
aster niorc!  complete.  Santa  ^Vinin,  on  ai'i'ivin^'  at 
l\unti}d('l  Ju'V,  wliei'e  Victoria  wjis  stationed,  l;;'Vo 
way  to  (k'sjiair.  ])ei'niiiin'  all  lost,  lie  projxjsetl  to  tin- 
I)ark  with  liim  lortlic  I'nittHl  Stati's  on  hoard  a  vessel 
ho  had  ])rovided  lor  sni-h  {\n  cinci'^cncy.  .i>iit  iho 
stout  old  leader  was  of  butter  nictal.  "(lo  and  put: 
Vera  ( 'rn/-  in  a  state  ot  det'ence,"  he  snid;  "you  can 
set  sail  when  they  show  you  my  la'ad."''' 

The  inipidse  i;iven  at  \'era  Cruz  acted  like  leaven 
on  the  prevaihuL;'  (hscontent.  (JucM'rcu'o  and  I'mv!) 
secretly  left  the  city  on  .January  at h,  proceeded  l.o 
( 'hihtjta,  and  there  comnu'iiced  to  revolul  ionizt'  the 
south,  adoi)tni!4'  the  plan  of  A'era  ('ruz,  a  copy  df 
wliich  had  heen  sent  to  tliem  l>y  Santa  .Vima.'"  Ar- 
niijo  was  inunediately  despatclu'd  a^'ainst  them,  and 
an  enii^au'ement  took  place  on  the  height  of  Almolon'.;a, 
near  ( 'hihipa,  where  ( Juerrero  and  Hraxo  had  po.'^Led 
themselves.  The  action  was  disastrous  to  the  re'Vohi- 
lionists.  ( i!ierr;M'o  was  shot  throuidi  the  lung's,  and 
his  men  hehevint;'  him  killed  ;d)andoned  the  lield  in 
disordei',  desj)ite  JJravo's  (efforts  to  arrest  them,  lie 
himself  was  hoi-ne  away  hy  tlu'  stream  of  l'u^iti\es, 
I  Lad  he  heen  aMe  to  I'ally  his  nuMi,  the  day  mi^ht  ha\ n 
heen  won,  a  similar  panic  haviui;'  pervaded  t  he  im])erial 
ranks  on  the  f.dl  of  IJri'^adiei-  j^pltacio  Sanchez,  v,ho 
was  struck  through  the  head  hy  a  Imllet  as  he  icil 
them  to  the  chai''j,-e.  As  it  was,  Armijo  entered 
Chilapa  the  same  day;  ihaxo  retired  uilh  a  ri'innanl: 
of  his  f)rct>  to  l*utla;  (Juerri'ro  was  sup[ios('d  to  he 
dead,  and  the  re\(»lt  in  tins  portion  of  tin.!  empire 
Nvas  considered  as  ended. 


'" '  \a  ili  vision  <!(>  S.iiita  Ana  (]uo  so  coniponia  dc  oclioi.'iontort  i'l  novciicntDS 
liouilircsi  liii  siili)  (.■i)iii|ilctaiii''' ilisi]iii(l;i  y  f^oln  ;:o  jiscmu'i  (|iu'  rniprii  Wiu  isn 
fuj.'a  O'ln  dclii)  ]  M"!;,''''.'  iUnn'uvjw",,  I'aiii'  Ojiilri'  J>ii'<  }i,-<a  Jtil.,  MS.,  f.  .">. 
'I'iiis  niiuiusi'ript  <.f  (In-  oliicinl  ivjiort  to  liri'ailii  r  .lu.s.''  Maria  CaKK:-. 'ii, 
coniaiuianti-  i.a';iiial  of  .lalapa,  liy  Columl  .liiaa  1  lniiiiii,.;iK'/,  gives  u  ilfiaikMl 

llCl-'OUnt  nt'   till!  OCl'lUTClU'O. 

^' Zavala  siuti's  that  \'ii'ti)ria  liinisi'lf  nai'ralcil  lliis  circnin-itaui'c  to  him. 


i.  1.-); 

uho  .Mii'i 


also  ollVflicl  hirt  isoajii',  but  u;;.--  i'i'iM[itiii'('il  t 


n'ou.'i   iiilof- 


TLOTS  OF  THE  MASONS. 


793 


Alul  t]i(>  revolution  evcrvwlioro  sccmod  to  be  at  its 
last  Jl^'usj).  a  inovL'iuciit  ol"  the  iK'i;r()('s  in  ('osta 
C.'liica  liad  been  suppri'ssi-d ;  Ahaiado  and  otlui' 
towns  on  llio  ^'uir  coast  v.liicli  liad  ]ii'oclaiincd  i'or 
]'ej)ul)li('anisni  liad  subniittiil  to  ( 'oilazar  ami  Lobato; 
A  i(.-toria  was  lu'ld  in  i-liecl;  at  J'ucntc  del  Wry;  and 
Santa  ^Vinia  was  conline'd  in  Win  CVuz,  wliidi  was 
now  invfsti'tl  by  ('orta>:ar,  J^obato,  and  .l']cli;i,varri, 
v\lio,  alur  ]ia\inL;'  escorted  KurbitK-  as  lar  as  lV'r(.)te, 
took  uj)  a  position  at  the  (,'asa  I\rata.^''' 

In  i'^eluivarri  the  eni[)er()i'  j)laced  the  utmost  I'eli- 
ance.  AUhou^h  a  S|)anianl,  he  had  been  treated 
with  maiked  lavoi'.  J  Te  had  bet'ii  rapidly  |)roniott;d 
ii'oni  thi-  rank  of  ca[itain  of  a.  pi'ovincial  coips  in 
uii  obscui'e  aiid  I'eniote  district  to  that  ol' cai)iain-;^'en- 
eral  of  tiie  ])ro\inces  of  J?u<'bla,  N'era  i'viv/.,  and 
Oaj'aca ;  had  been  made  a  knight  (»!'  the  orijer  of 
(Juadalnpe,  and  had  been  admitted  into  the  closest 
confidence.  ])ut  iniiueiici.'  was  brought  to  bear  npon 
]']ch;Lvai'ri  whicli  Jturbido  had  not  considercil,  and 
the  ai'don  of  tlu;  former  bore  a  .striking'  I'escihManco 
to  the  j>rocedur(>  of  the  latter  when  j)laccd  iii  a  -im- 
ilar  position   of  trust  by  A])odaca.      \\  hil 


e   the    em- 


)eror  v.as  dai 


!y  expectiiiL;"  to  lu>ar  that,  the  linal 


fiioW 


at  rebellion  had  been  struck   by  the  (-apture  ol"  \'era 
Cruz,  the  masons,  who  were  determined  to  o\ cithi'ow 


i"''  wit  h  Jus  u'eiieiai 


'i"I 


10 


him,  were  secrclly  inti'i^'uii 

])oliticaI  jirinciples  of  this  order  had  lately  been  L^reatly 

niodiiied  by  the  iiilluencv!   of  members  who  had    been 

<le])uties  to  the  '■^pani.di  c('»rtes,  and  who   on   their  I'e- 

tnrnto    Mexico    had    placed    tlieinseKi's   ut 

Vv'hil 


s    nead 


e   ill   opain.  these  menn)ers,  conspicuous   ami>m;" 


wliom  wer(! 


M 


1   heleiia  and  iuinios 


Ari/,[ie,  hail  stl'eli 


uously  opposed    the  oiler  of  the   crown  to  a  Spanish 


1 

tl 


ji'iiice 


Indeed,  the  (.'stablislimeiit 


ol   a    J )  liu'oon  on 


K!    (iiroiK^   was    no    ion<''er   re-jai 


,!ed 


as    praciicaole 


inatioa  given  In' u  woiikiu,  iiint  mi 


lllliril    111    II    ilun'Tiiii 


.r  111.'   li 


A/u 


IJi^f.  M, 


V.  (jJM. 


iiia;,M;;i!ic  w  iic.o  irr.ii 


l)!>\vdcr  \\:\i\  .stmvil;   licin'.'  il.s  ii; 


uaU'ii  ul)>ja..  licilt  a  loa^iic  to  the  i-ouLli  ui  u.iu  tuu  u. 


11  ini-il  ion. 
Jt  Was  ait- 


!     :i  !! 


I! 


\  r 


794 


DirniRONEMEXT  AND  DEATH  OF  ITURBIDE. 


Iturliidc,  on  Uw  otlici-  liaiid,  li;ul  (liso'iistcd  most  of 
i]\v  iiioii-aiTJiists  wlu)  liacl  Iciittlicir  aid  on  liis  assump- 
tion of  the  ci'ouii,  and  tlio  ordci",  nionarcliical  in  ity 
})rin(ii>l<'s  at  lirst,  was  i-cady  to  ruccivo  with  ia\'or  the 
idea  of  a  central  repuMic  wilii  tlw  reins  of  i^'overn- 
ment  uiuKi'its  own  control.  I'nderall  circumstances, 
the  existiuL;' condition  of  afjiiirs  could  not  last.  The 
i'ei)ul>lican  i)artv  was  hourly  uaininij;'  stron'j;th;  the 
luonarchists,  not  to  he  left  ht'iiind  in  the  race  i'or 
])o\ver,  j)referre(l  to  clian;j;'e  theii'  tactics.  ]]y  the 
Spaniards  the  autlior  of  tlie  plan  oi'  I^uala  was 
hated;  and  lor  all  parties  no  form  of  government 
could  he  mut-h  worse  tlian  the  })roscnt  absolutism, 
Iturhide's  d(.)wnfall  was,  thei'efore,  darhly  foreshad- 
owed, while  he  alone  si'enied  l)]inrl  to  the  I'act. 
Thougli  he  nnist  have  been  aware  tliat  the  masonic 
lodges  Were  lai'gely  composed  of  military  oUicers  who 
had  sworn  to  uphold  the  jilau  of  Iguala — whicli  ho 
was  trampling  underfixA — it  seem--,  newr  to  have 
enter(^d  his  mind  that  from  that  quai'ter  would  come 
a  i'atal  blow.  Yet  it  was  so.  The  inlluence  in  the 
lodges  over  tlu^  mihtary  mend)ei's  was  preponderating. 
Cortaxai'  and  Li^bato  belonged  to  (he  society;  ]Moran, 
the  comandantc  genei'al  of  Puebla,  and  !Negrete  in 
Mexico  were  in  acct)rd  witli  its  leaihng  members;  and 
Kchiivarri  had  l)een  lately  admitted  into  it.  Hence 
his  inactivity  befoi'e  Ycm  C*ruz,^"  and  hence  the  ])roc- 
lamadoii  of  the  famous  plan  of  ( "asa  3.1ata''^  on  the 
1st  of  l'\'l>ruai'v. 

On  that  day  a  junta  of  the  military  chic^fs  was  lield 
and  the  act  sign(>d  l)y  them  unanimously,  as  well  as 
by  i-epresentatives  of  the  raidvs.  V>y  it  the  ai'iny 
pledged  itsL-lf  to  reestablish  and  su[)port  tlie  national 

^"  Itnrbiili'  s;),\ s:  '  ];i  ^piuTal  Iv  h/iv;irii  y  i\  brigailicr Cortazar.  .  . i.;><li('i-(>!i 
tolliar  la  [i!a/a  ilo  W.'i'acniz  ^ill  rosistciu.'ia; '  and  ailiLs:  '.Vuiuiui  la  ajia'.ia  il- 
Ecli:ivarii  hahria  hido  lia.staiitc  iiiotivo  para  (k'scijiiliar  do  mi  iirii!<id,'.d,  no  1) 
fno  jaia  mi.  puniiic  tenia  finniailo  dc  clla  id  niojor  ooncopto.'  Mdii'ijhs'o,  .")!- 
2.  Alanian,  liowi'vor,  niainkdns  Ihat  tlie  oa])tuio  of  Vera  Cruz  \\\;8  not  so 
easy  a  Matter  IIS  Itmlido  .'^iqjKsed,  and  tliat  J  leliuvan  i  was  not  iiiovidcJ 
witii  men  and  n."an,'t  Hnliieient  to  aeeomplish  it.   Hint.  JJiJ.,  v.  707-8. 

^'  So  ealled  truni  the  plaee  where  it  was  liigned. 


PLAX  or  CASA  MATA. 


705 


repi'oscritaiivo  .'issonibly;'^  wliilo  it  (liseliiiiiied  all  iii- 
lt'iii:i()ii  of  iiiakiiiL^  any  attoin|)t  ai>'ainst  the  person  of 
the  eiiijici'or.  ]>ut  thi>  dcsi'^nors  of  it  wrw^  well 
aware  ot"  tlu'  ultimate  result  to  wliieli  it  would  lead. 
The  as[)eet  of  the  revolution,  it  is  true,  was  chan^'ed, 
l)ut  its  intrinsic  character  was  the  same,  and  its 
ohjeet  the  same.  The  re[)ul,iliean  leaders  coidd  ("eel 
Very  contident  that  in  the  new  conM-]-,>ss  tlieir  own 
]>arty  would  dominate,  and  its  actii>n,  unlike  that  of 
the  e.\tin'4'uished  assemhly,  would  now  he  suj)[)orted 
by  the  armv.  Saiita  Anna,  whose  i)osition  otlierwiso 
was  r(\dly  critical,  readily  waived  his  demand  lor  a 
i'ej)uhlii'an  governn)ent,  ;Mid  on  Fehi'uary  I'd  tlie  aynn- 
tamiento  and  military  for<'('s  of  A'era  Cruz  acce|>ted 
the  plan,  renouncin,!^  the  idea  of  I'cestahlishin^'  the  dis- 
so1v(m1  coniji'i'ss.  'jdie  revolution  in  its  n(n\-  ro!)e  was 
rapidly  trinm[)hant.  ( )n  the  14th  the  plan  was  pro- 
claimed at  ]*uel)la  hy  the  provincial  di,'[)utation,  sup- 
ported hy  the  ayuntamicnto  and  the  mar<|ues  de  A'ivan- 
co.  At  San  Luis  J^otosiand  l^luadalajara  the  ini|H'iial 
conuuanders  wei'o  I'orced  to  g'wo  way  to  tlie  |)opular 
feelings  in  order  to  avoid  an  uj)risin<j;'.  Arnjijo  ])ro- 
clainu'd  the  plan  at  ('uernavaca,  ]>arra!4'an  in  ()uere- 
taro,and  Otero  in  duan.ijuato.  J>ravo  had  recovered 
iVoni  his  disaster,  entered   the  city  of  Oajaca  on  tlic 


The  Plan  (!(.■  (/asa  Mut;i  ocinsi.-^tcd  of  I'lovoii  ni'tick 


)f   \\hU-]i  I 


Ryiiii]:;ji.s.  \vt.  1.  As  the  sovereignly  vcsiilcs  in  the  iiatinii,  coii';iess  shall  In; 
iiistalie-.'i  as  .soon  as  i)()^:>ii)k'.  Arl.  2.  The  jilaii  for  its  eoiivofaiiou  shall  )io 
l)>.soil  oil  the  same  i;i-iii('iple:i  whieli  ;,'Ovenu'(l  in  die  electitai  ot'  the  lir^t  cija- 
grcss.  Art.  I!.  'J'lieiirovinccseaii  rei'leetsuch  (le])iilic:ias  hailohown  tlicniselvc;? 
worthy  ut  [mlilie  e  .teem  hy  th'-'ir  lilieral  i  leas,  and  hubitiuitoothers  i;i  t'lo 
jilaee  i/f  those  who  had  not  eoiTrs[ion  led  vo  the  einfidenee  exteii  kd  to  Uieni. 
Art.  4.  'J'he  eoii,i,'ress  shall  reside  in  \\  hatever  eity  or  town  it  may  deem  most 
eoiivi  nieut.  Art.  .").  The  army  will  sustain  the  liational  representation  and 
(ill  its  fundament;',!  decisions.  .Art.  (J.  Military  ollieers  and  troopfuiot  ready- 
to  sacrilico  themselves  for  their  country's  j^ood  ean  depart  \vhitliernoc\-cr  t'ley 
may  wish.  Art.  7.  .V  commission  shi'l  ]iia'jo  a  eopy  of  t!ii  i  a;'t  in  the  Iciuda 
of  the  I'mperor.  Art.  8.  .Another  commission,  ])r(r>ided  with  a  similar  copy, 
ehall  iM'opcjse  tiic  plan  to  the  governor  and  nuinicipality  of  Vera  (^iiizfoi'  tlieir 
nceepianee  or  rejection.  Art.  ').  The  .sa:nc  pro[io;al  sliall  ho  made  to  forces 
nt  Puente  del  llcy,  Ja!a]ia,  C 'ird  'ha,  and  Oii.:al)a.  Art.  10.  Pendiirj;  tho 
answer  of  the  .rtovernnicnt,  the  iirovineial  deputation  of  Vera  (Vu;^,  with  its 
own  assent,  shall  exei'cisc  the  administrative  functions.  Art.  11.  Tiio  army 
chall  make  no  attempt  a'.jainst  the  person  of  tlio  iMuporor,  hut  ;!iaU  not  dis- 
band until  by  disposilion  of  the  sovei-ei','n  congress,  whose  delihera' ions  it 
shall  !upp;irt.  M<.^.  Col.  Lvi/.  Faml,,  Il.'i-l;  Zavala,  Jlrv.  Mv.c,  i.  lGt-5. 


700 


DETiniONEMEXT  AND  DEATH  OF  ITURBIDE. 


9th,  and  ilieru  Installed  a  governing  junta ;^''  and  by 
tliL' Ijcginnlng  of  3.1ai'eli''*  all  that  was  left  to  I.tur- 
bide  of  hi.s  c!ni[)h'e  wa.s  within  sight  from  his  palaeo 
windows. 

When  the  news  of  Echavarri's  defection  heeanio 
known  in  the  (•a[)ital,  consternation  reigned.  In  tlie 
ranks  of  the  Iturbidists,  the  einperoi'  alone  Iioih;  a 
bt)ld  front.  jVt  an  extraordinary  session  of  tlu;  junta 
iiistituvento,  on  February  9th,  he  said  that  if  it  was 
intended  to  coerce  him  by  means  of  the  army,  ho 
A\ould  })rove  that  the  arm  which  had  achie\'ed  the 
country's  independence  was  not  yet  broken;  still  he 
took  no  energetic  ste[).  On  the  contrary,  a  commis- 
sion, one  of  the  members  being  Xegrete,  was  de- 
spatclied  ti>  treat  with  the  leaders  (jf  the  movement, 
who  were  advancing  ra[)idly  toward  the  ca[)ital.  At 
.Jala[)a,  J']cli;ivarri  formed  a  military  junta,  in  which 
e\(Mi  the  rank  and  file  of  the  dilferent  corps  wrvo 
re[)resented.  This  assi'mbly  was  to  meet  whenever 
occasion  re(piired,  Echavarri  being  appointed  presi- 
dent and  Calderon  vice-[)resident.  A  permanent  c  x- 
ecutive  council,  composed  oi'  live  mcnibers,^^  was  also 
established. 

(Jn  the  17th  the  commission  sent  by  the  g<ivern- 
ment  arrived  at  Jalaj)a,  but  in  the  confei'enccs  wliicli 
followed  nt)  adjustment  was  arrived  at;  and  tlie  com- 
missioners, with  the  exce[)tion  of  Xegrete,  wlio  re- 
mained in  Puebla  and  soon  alter  es[>oused  the  |)opul;;r 
cause,  returned  to  report  their  faihu'e.  The  army  of  lib- 
erators then  advanced  to  i\iebla,  where  Echavari'i  re- 
signed the  conunand  in  order  to  counteract  the  [)rocla- 

"  liravo  on  lii.s  uiairli  towaivl  O.'ijuoa  irocivt'd  iiitciliLrciico  of  t!i';  iil;in  <if 
Casii  Mata,  but  iloca  not  uppuar  to  liavo  au'rut'il  willi  it.  Aluninu,  Jli  t.  Mi }., 
V.  7l;!ll. 

■"  l)iir:iiig()  pi'oclaiiiicil  on  the  ."tli  ami  (Itli  <if  Marcli,  t!io  couiahilaatc  (ias- 
par  do  O^'hia  ami  tho  ;;arrisoii  swcarhr^  to  Mipport  thu  plan,  and  tlio  jinn  in- 
cial  (Icp'.'.ta'Lion  res. ilvin  .;  t.)  ooiipoialo  wiili  tlii^  Kuiilln.'ra  province's.  l*iiiiiii',n 
Co/.,  )irint  i.  no.  7^),  <S>';  /'/.,  yi^\,  i.  no.  .S!).  C'liiliualuia  inniirdiatrly  I'ol- 
lowfd  tlio  example,  under  thucneou.agL'iiKait  of  tho  coniandaniu  Colonel  .\iay- 
iioz.  ///. 

*'''l'iic  ]iri;,'adiL'is  Mifion  and  (!ual,  and  the  culoucls  Juan  Codallori,  Iberri, 
and  i'liyado.   Aiamaii,  Jiint.  M'j.,  v.  7li-lj. 


DESERTION  OF  IMPERIAL  TROOPS. 


707 


nmtioiis  niul  inaiiifostoos  of  Itni-bide,  wlio  nttiilmted 
the  rcvdlutiou  to  Spanisli  intrin'uc,  and  as.sojlcd  that 
Ecliavai'ri  was  in  connnunieatioii  witli  coninii.ssionorH 
of  tliat  |i>'overnnient  residing  in  Fort  Ulua.  ]]ut 
Ecluivarri's  iidolity  was  novur  douhtod,  and  his  resiL^na- 
tion  was  stroiiuously  oj)posed.  Ho  jirnily  maintained 
his  point,  liowever,  and  the  marques  de  V^ivaiico  was 
a|)pointed  in  liis  stead.  Whether  it  was  that  Itur- 
l>ide  was  I'eallv  anxious  to  avoid  hh)()dslied,  as  some 
M-riters  ai'e  inellned  to  hehevo,  or  that  lie  reco,n'ni/ed 
tliat  a  struggle  would  ho  hopeless,  he  made  no  ell'ort 
to  ap[)eal  to  arms.*"  The  fact  is,  that  it  was  now  too 
late.  T3esertion  of  the  troops  in  the  ca[)ital  was  un- 
])reeedented.  It  was  not  coniincd  to  the  clandestine 
departure  of  individuals,  or  even  squads  of  soldiiTy. 
AVhole  corps  formed  in  line,  and  openly  marched  away 
Avith  colors  living  and  bands  of  music.  His  i)rocla- 
mations  and  exhortations  to  fidelity  had  no  etfect.'*'' 
On  the  night  of  the  23d  the  troops  remaining  of  the 
Dth  and  llth  infantry  regiments  sallied  from  their 
barracks,  rtdeased  the  prisoners  confined  in  the  Inqui- 
sition— among  whom  was  Padre  Mier — proclaimed 
one  of  the  liberated  captives,  Colonel  Eulogio  Villa 
Urrutia,  their  chief,  and  raising  the  cry  of  liberty  and 
republicanism,  marched  to  Toluca.*^  Xcxt  da\^  the 
4th  cavalry  regiment  deserted  in  like  manner,  and  in 
the  evening  the  mounted  grenadiers  of  the  imperial 
G'uard  followed. 

Iturbide  had  stationed  himself  with  some  troops  at 
Iztapaluca  on  the  Puebla  road  in   order  to  prevent 


t) 


*'•  WIkmi  lio  first  heard  of  Erlidvarri's  dcfocH'in  ho  resdlvcil  to  take  tlio 
fluid  ill  person,  hut  chaiiircil  liis  iniml  throiigli  the  lulvico  of  the  council  of 
state.  111.  III!  reeogiiizeil  his  mistake  later,  ami  says  in  liis  M'tii'ijifsli),  'y'M 
'La  falta  (jne  crei)  conietf  en  mi  goliiern  >  fa.'  no  tomur  d  nianilo  de  eji'^rcito, 
(lesde  que  (lehi  conoeei- lib  (Icioeeion  do  Echavani,  nu?  ahiciiio  la  denia^iada 
conlianza.'  l?ut  he  did  not  suppose  that  at  Vcia  Cruz  the  besiegers  mid  be- 
sieged wiTC  working  in  accord. 

'"See  Ids  proclamation  of  Feb.  llth,  in  Gno.  Imp.  Mix.,  1S2.'?,  i.  SO. 

*•"'  liiistamante  states  tliat  Mierlostonoof  his  shoes  in  the  confusion,  and  was 
conveyed  away  in  a  carriage.  As  tlie  troops  passed  tiie  emperor's  residence 
near  'I'acubaya,  they  shouted,  '\'iva  la  libertad  j' la  re|)ul)liea,'  'quo  causo 
niuclia  a^^'itacion  en  hi  familiii  imperial.'  Ili-t.  Iturbide,  tlii-4. 


793 


DKTIIROXEMEXT  AXD  DEATH  OF  ITURBIDE. 


coimiiuiiiciitioii  Ix'twcoii  tlu' c'lpital  and  the  iiisurj^ent 
unny,  and  in  tin;  liopc  oi'  viYcci'iw^  a  |)caceable  recon- 
ciliation. JJut  a  conciliatory  lino  of  action  in  no  wav 
tended  to  avyi't  the  catastro[)lie.  Jle  consented  to 
the  innnediate  convocation  of  ii  new  congress;*"  a 
dividing  Tnu;  between  the  troo[>s  was  agreed  upon; 
and  a  stipulation  niatle  that  both  .sides  should  await 
the  inauguration  of  the  national  assembly  without 
further  action  and  abide  l»y  its  decision.  JJut  these 
arrangements  were  little;  conducive  to  Iturbide's  ad- 
vantage, nor  evt'u  carefully  adhei'ed  to,  emissaries 
being  despatched  all  over  the  country  advocating  the 
new  movement.  j\Ioreover,  the  rev(jiutionist,s  were  in 
no  haste;  their  cause  was  making  rapid  hc^adway,  and  a 
little  dela\'  was  actual  ixain  to  them,  while  to  ]lurbide 
they  foresaw  that  it  would  be  I'atal.  The  falling  iin- 
})eror  also  I'ully  recognized  this;  he  saw  the  mistake 
he  had  made  in  not  having  taki.'U  measures  to  assem- 
ble congress  at  the  earliest  possil>le  date,  when  it  might 
still  have  been  ]argc;ly  com[)osed  of  adherents  of  his 
own;  and  several  times  ho  expressed  his  desire  for  a 
p(;rsonal  intt'rview  with  the  chiefs,  in  the  ho[)e  ol' set- 
tling mattei's.  ]]ut  they  would  hold  no  conlereiice 
with  him.°'  To  await  the  sk>w  work  of  assiMubling 
a  congress  would  be  certain  defeat,  for  its  composi- 
tion would  be  mainly  of  mend)ers  hostile  t(^  him. 
Two  courses  remained:  either  to  reinstall  the  dis- 
solved congress,  or  lay  aside  his  imjierial  title,  and, 
adopting  the  plan  of  Casa  ]\rata,  place  hin)self  at  the 
head  of  the  revolution,  as  invited  to  do."^     The  latter 


^''Tlic  convocatoria  liad  already  been  drawn  up  at  the  lieginning  of  tlio 
preceding  December,  and  \v;-.s  now  to  be  put  in  circuliition.  Ihirhhlc,  Maiiill- 
tiitn,  5,').  A  ilraft  of  aconstitntion  liad  also  l)i'('n  prcpr.icd,  .1/(.r.  Prui/ciuCoii- 
K!itiif!n)t,  40,  as  also  one  for  the  jirovi.sioniil  rcgiilaUon  of  the  government  dur- 
ing the  nu'an  tiire.   Mc.r.  Priii/fclo  Uc'jt.  I'vlif.,  p.  ;!4. 

""  J [c  says  that  ihey  were  ashamed  to  nicet  iiim:  '  El  delito  les  retraia,  y 
los  confiindia  sn  ingratitud.'  llin-b'nlc,  Mnnhios/o.  (iO. 

■"'  lie  was  invited  to  do  this  by  many  of  liii;  jirineipal  lenders,  among  wlioin 
he  mentions  t!ie  names  of  Negrete,  Vivaneo,  and  Cortazar.  lie  remarks  that 
if  ambition  liad  been  liis  aim,  iiy  accepting  this  proposal  and  retaiiniig  tlio 
eoiiimand,  time  woul<l  liave  ali'orded  him  a  thousand  opportunitii'S  of  exercis- 
ing it  to  liis  own  pleasure,  hi.,  03. 


TIIK  EMr!:UOU  AND  COXGRES.S. 


7m 


a 


])laii  wonlil  li;ivc  bevii  l!io  sufcr,  I)ut  lils  pride  rc- 
voIlcvI  ;iL;aili^t  tal<iii!^-  IIil'  stt'l),"'  and  lie  ailoptcd  the 
i'oriiwi',  in  which  lie  was  siippoilcd  l>y  the  wishes  of 
the  provincial  deputation  of  ^lexico,  the  sii^^geslions 
of  liis  conunissionei's,  and  the  advice  of  tlie  coun- 
cil of  state."'''  AcconhnLi'lv,  on  the  4th  of  ^[ai'cli 
the  emperor  issued  a  decree  orderlni^'  the  UKinhers 
of  the  (hssolved  conn'ress  to  reassenihle,  and  on  the 
7th  it  again  ojxMied  its  sessions,  altliough  the  de|)U- 
ties  present  luunhered  only  tiftv-eiijht,  s(»nie  heiiiL!- 
released  Iroiu  prison  the  evening  befoi'e.'^  When  he 
addressed  the  assenibl}',  exi)hiining  his  ni(»tivcs  and 
expressing  his  desire  to  concur  witli  the  general  wish, 
he  was  listened  to  with  coldness  and  lack  of  syni- 
[)athy. 

The  first  diiliculties  which  presented  themselves 
^vere  as  to  the  I'aculties  and  Ic'dtimacy  of  the  con- 
gress.  The  numl.)er  of  de])uties,  although  increased 
by  a  few  others,  still  fell  short  of  that  prescribed  by 
the  law,  and  as  most  of  the  ])rovinccs  had  declared 
for  the  plan  of  C  asa  Mata,  which  called  for  a  'lew 
congivss,  it  was  doubtful  whether  the  old  one  woiild 
be  recognized.  Its  position  was  still  further  compli- 
cated by  the  tumultuous  state  into  which  the  capital 
was  throvv'u,  and  which  threatened  to  interlere  with 
the  IVeedom  of  its  deliberations.  Iturbide  had  wlth- 
drav.ii  I'rom  Iztajiahica,  and  had  retui'iuid  to  the  capi- 
tal with  the  ])Uipose  of  retiring  to  Tacuba\a.  On 
his  departure  on  the  lOth  the  dregs  of  tlio  popu- 
lace became  dangerously  demonstrati\e  in  his  favor, 
loudly  cheering  and  drawing  his  cariiage  through  the 
streets,  while  menacing  the  congress.  This  causijd 
the  members  much  alarm  for  their  safety,  ami  on 
their  re[)reseutation  t(»  i\\v.  ministers,  (IciK'ral  An- 
drade,  iu   whom   they   had   little   conlidcce,  vas   re- 

''- '  IVro  liia  no^ocior.'  "if  cnm  odioso'^,  iiu.sailu  ol  cir^'o,  y  fiiinliii-iitc  era, 
contra pDiiuniie  a  Li  oalioza  do  iii|iul  partiilo.'  Sucii  aiu  the  i-casDiis  liu  assigua 
for  Ilia  refusal,  iliselaimiiiu'  at  llio  saiiii;  time  personal  aniliition.   lb, 

'•''^(;,ic.  I  hill.  j/,.r.,  \^}:).  i.  !;;.")  etse(i. 

'-'*  iiUflainujilc,  JiiKt.  iKvh'idi,  10.3. 


800 


DKTIIItONKMEXT  AND  DHATII  OF  TTURniDH. 


moved    from    ilie   inilitary  coniinMnd,    and    ] Jii_L;'ndicr 
(lomcz  Pc'drn/a  ajjpoiiiU'd  in  his  |)lac(.'. 

All  now  ik'])fii(l('d  on  tlic  (U'cision  of  tlic  revolu- 
tionary junta  at  l*uelila,  which,  liavini;'  assiMuhlcd  on 
tho  14th,  I'c'solved  that  it  could  not  i'('('0!:>ni;cc  the  <-on- 
gress  unlil  assured  that  its  liherty  was  not  intei'lered 
with;  at  the  same  time  it  was  decided  to  advance 
aiiainst  ^lexico.  On  the  followin''-  day  the  ai'my  he- 
U'an  its  march,  hut  connnissionei's  iVom  tlie  (•on'>'ress 
who  had  heen  sent  to  treat  with  tlie  leaders  Ix/in!.;'  met 
a  short  distance  from  tlie  town,  a  second  nuM'tin;;'  was 
held,  at  which,  after  a  loni^  discussion,  th(!  followin-jj 
resolution  was  adopted:  Tho  ejercito  liheilador  and 
the  junta  will  recoj^'uize  as  legitimate  the  old  cou'^n-ess, 
Avhich  had  heen  illeu'ally  dissolved,  whini  tlie  conine- 
tent  uundjer  of  deputies  is  com[)lete,  and  will  ohey  it 
as  soon  as  it  enjoys  absolute  I'reedom  in  regard  to  ity 
label's. 

When  this  decision  was  known  to  lturl)i<le,  ho  n'avo 
up  the  struggle.  The  coldness  of  his  rect.'ption  when 
congress  was  reinstalled;  the  rejection  of  a  proposal 
ma(l(!  by  him  that  his  own  and  the  revolutionary  f»)rces 
should  respectively  I'etire  to  positions  tii'ty  leagues 
distant  from  the  capital,  and  that  a  regency  sliould  bo 
appointed  to  which  ho  would  delegate  the  e\(^cutivo 
powt'r;  an<l  the  threatening  movement  I'roiu  J'uebla 
■ — all  were  too  palpably  significant  of  the  intention  to 
ovei'throw  him.  Jiut  he  could  still  make  a  show  of 
having  at  heart  the  welfare  of  his  country,  and  he 
determined  to  retire  for  its  good.  On  tho  night  of 
March  IDth  congress  was  assembled  in  extraordi- 
nary session,  and  Iturbido's  abdication,  written  by 
his  own  hand,  was  read  to  the  chamber  by  Navarrc^to, 
tho  minister  »)f  justice.  Since  tlu;  congro^;s,  ho  said, 
had  been  recognized  by  the  junta  at  l^uebla  and  by  the 
troops  that  had  declared  for  the  jilaii  of  Casa  Mata, 
he  laid  down  the  crown  which  atiirst  he  had  acco|)ted 
with  the  greatest  unwillingness,  and  then  only  to 
prove  his  self-sacrifice  and   devotion   to  his  ccjuntry. 


ABDICATION  OF  TIIi:  KMPnilOR. 


801 


ITc  would  liavc  t;il:('n  tliis  st(-j>  sitoncr  li;ul  llicrc  ln'oii 
a  ivcoMiiizrd  iiatioiiiil  ri'jii'L'sciit.'itioii.  In  ordc^i'tliat  his 
]i!'rsciicc  ini';]it  not  l)c  till'  ])rutcxt  lor  lui'thor  trouble, 
lie  would  clu'crrully  ('Xi>atrlate  hiiusclt',  and  make  his 
ahode  in  sonic  I'orci^n  land,  \vhitlicr  ho  would  bo 
I'cady  to  deiiart  in  ten  or  firteen  days.  ][<;  oidy  re- 
qui'stt'd  tliat  the  nation  v.ould  pay  the  j)i'i\ato  debts 
v,dii<-li  Ik"  had  incurred  in  view  of  his  not  haviuLC 
availed  hinisclt'  of  the  income  assi'^-ned  him  out  of 
consideration  foi*  the  necessities  of  the  ti'ooi)s  and 
])ublic  oliieials.  (.)n  the  followiiiu^  day  a  more  am})li- 
iied  I'oi'm  of  abdication  was  presented  to  thc!  conj^'ress,'* 
]]ut  the  congress  was  in  a  dilemma.  It  could  pass 
IK)  decision  on  the  matter  until  a  com[)etent  number 
of  deputies  was  united.  At  the  same  time  the  revo- 
lutionary I'orces  were  occupNing  [)()sitions  in  the  im- 
mediati;  vicinity  of  the  capital.  It  tlierefore  ]>ro- 
])osed  that  tlie  leaders  sliould  consent  t<»  a  confci'ence 
with  I  unhide.  'I'l'cy  had,  however,  no  stomach  for 
sin'h  an  interview;  it  would  be  I'ar  from  agreeable  for 
them  to  meet  face  to  I'aco  the  sovereign  whom  they 
had  lirst  created  and  then  deserted.  .AToreover,  they 
still  feai'cd  the  magic  inlluenco  of  his  presence  over 
many  of  them.  They  conseipiently  not  <»nly  i)ersist- 
ently  ivfused  to  listen  to  sncli  a  jiroposab  but  de- 
mandeil  that  the  emperor  should  l)etake  himself  either 
to  Tulanciiigo,  .lalapa,  C6rdol)a,  or  Orizaba — they 
Avould  giNe  him  tlie  choiix — -and  there  abid(.!  pending 
the  decision  of  the  congress.  This  slight  roused 
Iturbide's  indignation,  an<l  caused  no  little  ajjpi'ehen- 
siou  in  the  ca[)ital  that  hostilities  would  iinally  break 
out.  Indeed,  there  was  innninent  danger  of  such 
action  between  the;  imi>erial  troo])s  at  Tacubaya  and 
those  of  Bravo,  who  had  arrived  from  Oajaca,  and 
had  stationed  himself  at  Tlalpam.  In  the  general 
akirm   the   congress   invited   Vivanco  to  occupy   the 

*' Full  ]iarticulars  ■with  copies  of  documents  rclativi*  to  events  ooiinectcd 
viili  Iturliide's  resic'iiatiou  will   be  found   in    A/.,  Ul-l  17.      nust;uii;uite  liud 
been  reluiised  tVoiu  prisun,  and  had  rcsuio<'d  his  se;it  in  congress. 
lliar.  Mex.,  \'uL.  IV.    61 


m 


8;v: 


T);:t:iiio\i:mf.xt  axd  dkatii  oi'  irriMunv:. 


•JIhii  <i!.l;iiiii'i| 


cajiiial,  ;iiiil  (itiiiic;^  I'cdra/.a  <iii  tin*  "Jfiiii  oiilaiin'ii  an 
a'^rccuit'iil  I'l'diii  lli(!  cliii'ls  l)y  which  Ih^y  It'iiiiul  thnii- 
jsL'Ki's  (  )  ]■( coi^Mii/.i;  ltiirhi;Ir  ia  such  charartci'  as 
shiUllvl  hi- ;;ivi'll  him  hy  thu  (•(-ll'^l'css.  (  )(hcf  tcl'llis  of 
the  coiivciilioii  \wvv  to  llu' cir.'ct  thai  I  tin  l»i>li' sh<»iiM 
ivtiiT  ti»  'ruIaiK'iii'^o,  wliicli  he  'hil  three;  days  afti)-- 
tri'w ai'd  cscnrtfd  l>y  Uravo,'' and  that  l*'.'(h'a/,a  should 
surrL'ii(U'r  the;  coiniiiaiid  ol"  tiu'  caitital  to  thf  chid' 
apiioiiiti'd  to  oi'cii[>y  it.  'V]\r  cjc'rcito  lihritador  cii- 
tL'Tcd  the  i-\\y  the  same  day. 

l]y  the  o('cii]ialion  ol'llio  capital  hy  tlic  I'cvnhilion- 
ary  lon^'s  I  lie  (nUicultics  which  liad  iiii[)cdcd  coii'^-i'cs- 
sioiial  action  were  I'einoved.  Tim  deputies  who  Iiad 
escaped  li'oui  prison  in  the  pi'e\ious  month  a)'ri\eil 
with  (lie  army;  those  memhers  who  had  hitherto 
feared  to  altond  tin;  session  now  too!;  their  seats,  and 
on  the  "JDih,  l()'>  members  jjein'j;'  ju'eseni,  con;.;'ress 
could  declare  itself  a  le;^itiniate  .ational  asseniMy. 
])urin'^'  the  following'  week  it  was  occu[)le(l  in  tiu;  for- 
mation of  a,  new  government.  The  fimctions  of  the 
existini;'  executive  were  declared  to  hav(,>  ceased,  and 
a  pro\isional  ^dvei'nnunit,  com[)osed  of  three  mem- 
hi'rs,  was  created,  JJi'avo,  Victoria,  and  Xei.n'ete  he- 
iiiL;' elected.  DuriuL,^  the  ahscnce  of  the  two  foi'iner 
Jose  ^Fariaiio  Michelenaand  f)ose  Mi'^iel  JJomin'''uez 
were  apjiointed  to  act  as  their  suhstitutes. 

On  A[»ril  7th  coni^i'ess  n'ave  its  attention  to  tli(> 
question  of  Jturl)ide's  abdication.  The  opinion  of 
the  commission  which  had  Iji'en  ap{iointed  to  report 
on  the  matter  was  that  Iturbide's  elevation  ha\inn- 
been  ejected  by  violence  and  comjiulsion  was  null, 
and  that  his  ab(licati(»n  should  not  be  act'epted,  as 
that  would  im[)ly  his  right  to  the  crown;  that  he 
should  be  conveyed  to  Italy,  and  a  yearly  income  of 
>;2r),000  be  assigned  to  him.     The  discussion  was  con- 


^'"'ItiirLiili!  r('(iiiestc(l  that  IJravo  should  ooiiiiiiiiikI  Iiis  escort.  A/.,  li'O. 
Ahiniaii  remarks  that  this  choice  rcllcctuil  llic  hij^licst  iioiit-r  on  liravn:  'No 
hay  I'll  l:i  vida  iK"  IJravo  iiaihi  (jiio  lu  sea  tan  hoiiroso,  cuiuo  csta  clccci'iii  inn! 
hi,;i)  Itni'biili'  jiara  coullai'  a  sii  liouor  y  prohidad  su  propia  pcr.iunu  y  i'.auilia, 
cuaiiilo  tutlod  la  habiau  fallaJu.'  Jli-it.  McJ.,  v.  7-i-i. 


PECRr.KS  oi'  COXdllKSS.  803 

(hifli'd    wiili  coiisidcriililf   lirai.      I)y  in;iny  dit'S"  d"- 

(i:.l()lis    Were    i-iilisiili'l'ci|    tiio    lillii 'lit ,  IIIK I    tlli'V   WollM 

li,i\'.'  Iiidiiuht  llin  liillt'ii  «'iii|ti  T'lf  ((»  ti'i;i].  I'adrci 
!}.]ii'r,  siljii)()l't(.'(l  liy  oilier  dc|tiilii'S,  riv^nidcd  (lie. 
allowance  i>rii|i()sc(l  as  exct-ssive,  and  insinuated  lliab 
Itmliido  would  take  away  with  liini  lai';j-e  sums  i.f 
i.ioMty .  NeNcrtlieK'ss  tlie  o|iinlon  was  a[i])i''i\ed  liy  ;t 
]ai'_i;'e  majority  in  all  its  points,  and  on  tli'j  Stii  tlnM-itu- 
ei'ess  passed  a  decree  to  that  ellect.  ''  As  a  final  l>lo\V 
t<»  monarchy  in  Mexii-o,  ly  a  separate  decree  of  the 
same  date  the  plan  of  Jnuala  and  the  ti'eaty  of  (  '('>;•- 
doha Were  jtronounced  null,  in  so  far  as  the  olf'is  id* 
the  crown  and  the  form  of  L;t)\(i'nment  j)i'esci'll)ed  in 
them  Were  concerned,  and  the  ri';ht;  of  the  natiou  to 
L'stahlish  its  government  wa^s  declared  fi'ee  from  all 
t'oinpronuse."'* 

Itui'hide  had  left  Tacubaya,  ^Fai'di  ;]Otli,  loi-  Tu- 
lancin^'o.  A  poi'tion  of  his  own  troops  acconii)anied 
Inm,  antl  tlieir  faithfulness  was  unfortunately  displayed 
by  fri.'fpieiit  alfrays  with  the  soldiei-s  of  the  escoi't 
luuler  JjraA'o.  Hie  result  of  this  was  that  iJi'avo  re- 
oei\ed  instructions  fi'om  the  t;-overiiment  to  disarm 
Iturhide's  UK  n  and  dismiss  them  from  service.'^' 
Henceforth  lt.url)ide  was  treated  with  severity,  'i'ho 
demonstrations   which   had    occurred    at    'I'ulaiicin^'o 

•'"  It  was  iiH  follows:  I.  'I'lic  coroiiiiUou  of  D.  ALjiistiii  ili'  Iliirltiilc  li(.'i;ii{ 
llic  woi'k  (if  vioK'iicc  iui'l  void  of  liijiit,  tli(;i'o  i.i  w)  oucisioii  to  ilisciisH  lii.s 
alidiciilioii  of  tliu  ciouii.  ■_'.  ( 'oiisciiuL'iitly  tho  Jicri'ilitafy  siicuesijiuii  iuid  t'lO 
ti'.k'.s  fiii.iiiaiiii;j;  from  l!u' c  iiciiatiou  an;  (Ki;l,.ri.'(l  niili;  ai.d  all  art;i  of  llio 
{.'ovci'iiiiK'iit  from -May  IlKli  to  Maii'li 'J'.Uh  ai'c  ilk';,'al,  I•l■maillill^;sllllj^■ct  to  1  lio 
ivvisiuii  of  tliu  oxisiiii^^  uovci  miuiit  for  appioval  or  rc\  ocalioii.  ',i.  Tlio  cxuc- 
iitivc  ]io\-.i'r  .shall  talci;  lucasurr,-!  for  tlio  .sjiccily  dcpaitun;  of  ]).  A^jiistiii  de 
Itiirliido  from  tlic  territory  nf  tin-  nation.  1.  'i'lii.s  .shall  take  |>l:u'o  at  one  of 
tlio  r^'rtrt  I'f  tliu  Mcxicau  (lulf,  a  ni.'iitral  Vfs.sil  licing  charlLred  at  Vtu:  .st.ilo'.s 
exiirusc  to  convey  hii.i  and  his  family  to  sueli  jilace  .-in  ho  may  dcsignati'.  .">. 
Diirini,'  lii.s  lifo  !;;■_'."),()(!()  aiinually  aro  as.si^'ncd  to  ]>.  A;,'iistin  do  Iturliide, 
payahle  in  thiti  ca])ital,  on  tho  condition  th.it  hu  (i.stahli.sli  hi.s  residence  at 
Some  point  in  Italy.  After  his  diath  his  f.imily  shall  enjoy  a  jiension  of 
§!.i,(HIU,  inider  the  rules  e.stahlidlied  for  pensions  of  the  m  intepio  niililar. 
J/c.c.  Co/.  /.()/.  Fiiiiil.,  11.");  Mvx.  Cul.  Lnj.  Urd.  //  Jkc,  ii.  Dl   •_'. 

■  "^  Zitn  I  hi, '  /.'.  c.  M<  r.,  i.  1 SJ. 

•'"J^y  order  of  Ai>ril  ."ith.  On  tbo  "Jd  iunl  .'id  hroils  had  neenrred  at  'I'rdan- 
ciiifio,  on  the  latter  day  ;i  corporal  of  ItiirKide'.s  troops  lieini.;  killed  and  two 
Soldier.T  Wounded.  This  caused  unpleasant  pa.  s>;!^,'(';i  hetwcin  him  an  1  liravo, 
who  infornud  congress  of  the  trouhle.  On  the  Dtli,  102  of  IturbiJc's  mcu 
Were  ilioiiiis.scil.   Uti^lainauli',  J/i<!.  Itai'iidr,  HO-o. 


!!ii 


804 


DETIUIOXEMENT  AND  DEATH  OF  TTURIIIDE. 


wore  attiil)nte(l  to  iiitriixno,  aii<l  (lin'iiii>'  the  rest  f)f 
his  jouniey  ho  was  I'o^'anlcd  as  a  i)()liti('al  prisoner  hy 
Uravo,  who  was  oixIorcLl  to  liastcii  liis  dcpartiu'e  iVoni 
the  (.'ouutry.  Xor  was  Itiirhido's  hlb  altoM-cthcr  safe. 
8[>ios  of  the  masons  iullowcd  liini  unremittingly,  and, 
to  their  slianiti  ]n'  it  said,  |)1ott(.'d  Iiis  assassination. 
JJravo  was,  however,  tinjely  inCormed  of  tlie  design, 
and  his  jireeautions  prevented  its  accomiihslnnent/''' 
( )ii  the  20t]i  of  A[>ril  the  dctlu'oned  emperor  lel't  Tu- 
laneingo,  and  was  conveyed  to  A'eia  (Vuz,  v/hieli  h^; 
reached  ^lay  9th,  Vvillnmt  Inning  liad  many  ol'  t!io 
oriHnary  conifoi'ts  oflilb  (hii'ing  the  jom^ncy.  On  his 
arrival  at  tlie  coast  lie  was  not  allowed  to  enter  the  t:>wn, 
hnt  IkuI  to  can)])  at  the  mouth  of  the  Antigua,  under 
guard,  tilltiK!  ship/t*(f(r///(.s' '''  hoi-ehim  from  the  shores 
tjf  ]\Ie.\iei»  on  the  morning  of  the  I  I  ih. 

Itnrl/ide  was  accom[)anied  hy  his  wife  and  eight 
children,  his  clKiplain  .lose  Antonio  Lopez,  Fi'ay  [<j^- 
nacio  Trevino,  Josu  lunnon  Malo,  and  his  secretary, 
Francisco  AKai'ez.  The  voyage  to  Italy,  though 
p!'ospei'ous,  was  long  and  tedious,  tlie  vessel  notheing- 
allowed  to  touch  at  any  intermediate  [)ort."     On  ar- 

•■•"Oiio  nf  nnrl);(l(,''s  conipaniona  who  follo\vt'(l  hiui  tlirou.u'liout  in  his  cxilo 
was  Jdso  It.  Mali),  who  in  ISiil)  piiblishcd  a  narrative  ri  luii-hiilc'.s  jouiiny  to 
t!io  port,  his  viiy.igo  to  Italy,  and  ot'  all  suhspqiH'iit  cvpnts  to  t'lo  day  cf  his 
deatli.  Ita  tiilu  ii  A/j:ni't.i  J/iifiiriros  sobri'  ci  Jhsiirrrn,  VivlUi  al  Tnritorio 
Mc.yiraiio  y  Miwrtc  di !  Lih<rl:i<lor  J>.  Aijii.ifiii  dc  Ifiirliiflc.  On  pp.  1 1,  i  l-l.">, 
JIalo  inakc.i  nuntion  cf  t!io  att..'ni]its  toassas;<iiiatt'  Tturliidc,  and  the  nn.'asiii'cs 
taken  liy  Vicente  Vilhuhi,  eohmcl  of  tiio  escort,  to  prcvij.it  it.  Ho  also  .states 
—  |ip.  17-IS — lliafc  Itarbido  narrowly  escaped  hein^'  juiisoned  on  h.i.ird  hy 
drinkini,' (if  sinie  liitters  whidi  had  been  supplicil  h.'ni  liy  I'adro  .Marchena,  .-i 
Dominican  and  .i  mason,  vlio  according  to  Alanian — lli^t.  M'j.,  v.  TDO — had 
been  sent  by  the  (ji.lcr  to  do^;  iiis  stcfH.  ^Lirelicna  follitwed  Iturbide  to  i..e;,'- 
liorn  in  audthei"  ves.sel  v.ith  the  intention  of  takiii:^  his  life.  Tliis  /'entlo 
priest  Vi'aii  after\v;ird  i.ini'dercd  in  a  cellar  in  Mexico  bj'  tiio  bnjther,)  ni  n 
secret  society  Mliicli  ho  had  formed  for  the  ])nrpose  of  assassinalin;,' eert.u;i 
persons.  A  list  of  the  inteudol  victims  ^^■as  found  on  his  jicrson,  ono  o[\ihv)ia 
was  tlie  prinr  of  liis  own  convent,  a  brother-indaw  of  Jiravo.   M(d  ,,  v'  yn/i. 

"' Tlio /.Vc'/.'.v.'?,  Captain  (,>nelch,  Avas  an  arniecl  Juv-disii  nifivhantmaa  of 
400  tons  and  carrying;  1:2  yii"".  She  Avas  enartered  by  the  government  for 
the  .'■uin  of  .SI,'),."i,")0.  The  ve^cl  was  convoyed  for  some  distance  by  a:i  Kn- 
j^lish  man-of-war,  Ahiniui,  llisf.  M'i.,  v.  7"d,  ~'>\;  M(do,  Aji'iut.  I/is'.,  M- 
Ki;  Bii^i't.,'jt:d<',  Hi  t.  Ititrirdo,  1 17;  'ititr.  Iw]>.  Mr.c,  lS_';t,  i,  •211-2.  lief  ao 
cmbarkinL;  Iturbide  had  an  interview  witli  Victoria,  to  whom  he  presented  <i 
watcli  as  11  token  <{  renicml)r;!nce.     liii  partia;;  with  JJr.avo  was  less  eoi'ilial. 

*■- During  the  voyage  Iturbide  entereil  into  an  explan.ation  to  Mali)  rclativi3 
to  tlie  expre.s.-,ion  in  hi.s  report  of  the  battle  atSalvatierva — see  pp.  ."ilo-id,  tliid 


EXILE  OF  A(;USTIX  I. 


805 


vi\'Iii^'  ;it  Lui^'lioru  oil  AnL;'u>t  '2A,  (he  L^'H'-J/ns  was 
(j'.iaraiiliiied  Cor  a  luoiitl,,  and  it  was  imI  lill  Si'[)ti'in- 
inT  "Jil  tliat  tlic  I'xiU'd  (amily  woTv;  doiiru-ilc;!  in  tlicii' 
HOW  lioaic.'''  llcn'c  IturbiJo  wi'olc  lii.s  ^.LiiiiiicsLo  it 
l;i  Xai'ion  ^lexicaiui.'^' 


Vol. — wliprcin  it  ia  sti'^^dl  that  "."O  •xcomniuniciitod  wrctelics  li;r1  '.'(me  to  t'lo 
iiifc'i'iial  i'C';ioii.s.  Hi:.  '.'XiiljaiatiDi;  was  tli:;t,  bciu:,'  pru-itraLcil  v.iJi  lui-liiie-.i 
lie  Iiail  f_;i;,'iic  I  llic  Jo.pa'^ul),  v.lii'.'li  \:iij  drawn  up  l;y  lii.i  i.lia;>!aia  I'aili'c  ilal- 
k';;(S,  v,'it!iout  rcadui;^'  it.  W'licii  it  apjiearcl  in  print  lio  was  pijwerk'si  to 
contraiiict  tlio  hcarilL.Ks  cNi)i'ea.siijii,  a;;  it  \.as  iii^i  own  f'lulL  lliruiyli  not  iiav- 
ing  rovi.cd  the  ori^_;inal.  Jlu't,  J//;;   f.  JliM..  IJ-'J,). 

'■'iLin-hidu  rented  the  \'illa  ( luevara,  l)clr)n;jin;f  lotlie  jirincess  raulino 
]5ona.Martc.  I<1.,  '2',>.  .Nhiiiano  Torrente,  author  ot  i\w  Ul'iti.i-l.nh'.  In  I:cc:,':i- 
do, I  I/isjatiio-A/Hcrifiiii'i,  \.]-  )  hud  lately  Keen  deprived  Ly  le'.-nando  (f  l.li 
tiljiee  a:i  SpaI.i^^h  eonsnl  in  tn,,*-  port,  oil'' red  his  f  i.Tvice.5  to  Itniliide  v.  i  Ii 
every  i'.ssu ranee  of  triendship.  llio  inLelilion.s,  howevir,  arc  douijtiui.  i:i 
his  l:i;t  :ry  ho  h;iM  BJioun  himself  very  iinfavorah'e  to  luirhide. 

'""  lie  wa.j  unable  to  puhiiili  it  in  Tu.seany,  and  it  \v,i  i  llr.it  printed  in  L-jh- 
(lon  l>y  his  Iriend  Qiiii.  Thij  manifesto  has  b^eu  tranalated  into  En^.iii, 
Fi'eaeh,  r.nd  (ierniun,  and  Hnpplenientod  by  a.  tnunbe.- (if  doeunient;!,  .".in  :i.:^ 
w.'iieh  arc  several  lettois  of  Itiu  hide,  and  editors'  notes,  and  han  reajipeared  at 
diiierent  dates  uniier  vari-.ins  tiJes.  1  ha\o  iareu:Iy  no;  ieed  tli  j  1  re;ie!i  (  ,i- 
tion  i;i  note  8  of  this  elui]/:.  r.  l:i  IS'JT  it  >v:is  pulil:s!u:d  i:i  M'xie  >  by  l\.!.I') 
Mlla\ieeneio,  under  the  title,  L'"rnra  Mdi'ar  y  i'ultH'n  dt'  JJo.i  -l,'/.'.<  it  <lii 
J'urlndc.  Thi.i  editor  adds  a  politieal  ireatioU  of  his  own,  2laii[iiesi:)  t't '  I'ojO 
(hi  ];o<urto,  \\\).  1(),  hiv,'-.'!y  taken  up  in  diicussin'T  tii,!  prinei;ilet  of  the  i,i:i- 
sonio  lod;;es.  in  conehioion  ho  s:'yo:  'Aborroei  ;i  Itui'bido  miiaia'as  p:jrsi;;uio 
in'.iriah.nenLe  ;i  los  priniei'o.;  patriotas. .  A  i  ;ii:ie  inueli;)  e;:a:i'dj  e:i  l.'juu'.a  loni- 
jni'i  el  undo  ;;ordiano:. .  .lo  v.dvf  -i  aborrecer  ilesdo  el  momenta  do  sr.i  pi'ocla- 
maeion  ha.-iLa.su  eaida  i'l  hi  enal  eontribui,'  In  tlie  war.ie  ye.:r  v.a:i  pubd.Iied 
in  ?.Ie":ioJ  JJrcrc  iJ.'si  I'lj  {.'rU'iK'i  <U'  In  IStnaifipdcijii.  y  Lj'h  rUi  I  <'c  1 1  ^.c  \'j.t 
J\!f\  li-tint,  containin;,'  the  manifesto,  annotations  on  tlie  notes,  nnnuroas  iloe- 
unieats,  and  (U  ueral  (Jaiv.a'.j  account  of  Ituibidc'.i  cii  eaticjn.  And  bo.ly,  iu 
bsTl  tlie  cdia.)a  of  1  Sl'T  was  re;)Uliliihed  under  iho  til!.',  MnnU'c  .t  t  t'i  '  (/r,i- 
(red  ''.  Aija.^ti,t  dii  I'lirhidc,  Lil'irfudor  dc  M(XirQ,  by  tlio  c  li!o:s  of  /.«  j'<- 
d<'  Mo  :i  -0.  The  publishers  utato  that  .soini'  p  nvl  hi  ;  <  f  llio  p;vvi.);:.j  is.ii;e  had 
been  omitted  by  ihein,  inas;nue!i  as  they  dr-phiy^d  an  .-.u  ,ry  IVclinj  o;ip-.i;.;- 
iiaiit  to  t!ie  ]ire.sontage.  This  does  not  refer  t )  iun-bidu'.i  manifesto,  ai  v,-.iieli 
iiotaiu','  i.i  leit  out.  For  the  i;ami3  reason  the  anuutatioas— cjntra-nola  i  - 
woahl  also  Iku'o  been  omilte.l  h.id  it  not  beeji  thit  tlieir  ;'.ane::aa.jn  t)  t'iu 
iiiaul.esto  rendered  it  nnadvi.sable.  With  reyard  i>  the  laaaiies.o  i.seli, 
whieli  has  been  froipiently  ipijted  ia  this  and  pivejdi;i;,'  ehaptcr.i  un  ier  oao 
cr  oilier  of  tlio  above  title,:,  it  i  i  a  revicv.-  by  Uarlii.le  of  the  e.en!.Jeo;';'oe'e  1 
with  his  rise  and  fall,  and  a  vindieatiou  of  hi<  eondaet.  Alter  ^tivi.ij  e,  biu.f 
sketch  of  his  life  up  to  the  time  of  hii  proelaaiatioa  if  the  plan  i,f  l;;a-.!a,  ho 
tliea  iilands  on  the  defea.i'j  of  hi  i  poli;.ieal  iateutioai  and  a'jtioa  relaliv.;  I,) 
his  aecp^anco  of  the  er.iv.ii.  lie  denouae'.i  t'au  assorlioa  that  ho  a  pirc.l  t>> 
such  po..i,.Ija,  aad  iiiaisls  that  ho  was  compelled  to  nnaat  tho  tiir..::''  ia  oho- 
div'aee  to  tho  wishes  of  the  people,  that  throuj'liout  the  nhort  po;i  d  <  f  l.i.i 
reiga  ho  w;'i  actuuteil  solely  by  p.itriolio  motives,  lie  dj.u-rihes  th.'  ;j-  aeral 
eo.i  li^i.^a  of  iMc.Nico  us  ho  f.juail  it  v.lica  p'.aced  at  tlio  luad— tlio  (::;l.ui;;...'d 
coadiuija  of  the  treasury,  tho  state  of  ahaiidoiiment  in'..»  \.hieli  tho  judical 
ad.;ii;;i;tra'.i.ia  had  falle.i,  and  tlio  dillicultijs  uiulur  v.liljli  tlio  {[.jvci'ai.ieat 
lab.ji'ed.  II;  then  give!  his  attention  t.J  tlu  diocord  bjtweea  hiaiaclf  i.atl 
e  la  ;■•"-!!.  ell,;:' ■•in;;  the  laaer  witli  iueompolea''e,  Mid  disea  vx  1 1 ho  iar.'.rrce'.i  a 
tiuu  Lc.iaiaaieil  iii  llio  plua  of  Cas.i  Alala.  aa.i  his  uv.ii  aljuicaviou.     Ue  uioro 


1 

I 


80G 


DKTHROXEMENT  AND  DI:ATI1  OF  ITUllBIDE. 


Hi;;;  jxsiclcnco  in  Italy,  Iiowevor,  was  of^lioi  t  tlin-a- 
tion.  1iii1ul'!ic(h1  1)J  news  iVoin  ^Mexico,  or,  as  lio 
assorts,  discovering.!;  that  its  indcpoiidciico  was  threat- 
L'lK'tl  in"  an  alliance  of  tlio  Latin  powci's  ofKurnpL!  i'or 
tlu!  rccovciy  of  the  Americas,  he  I'esoUed  to  leave  a 
c'onntry  w]n;re  his  freedom  of  action  W(»uld  ]ni  re- 
st rictcd,  and  on  the  COtli  of  Xovember  emharked 
witli  his  two  eldest  sons  lor  London.  Forced  hy 
stress  of  ^\eather  to  return,  he  decided  to  make  tlie 
jom'ne}'  ovt.'rland  to  Osteiid.  Avoiding  Frar.ce,  lie 
travelk'<l  through  Switzerland,  Cfcrmany,  Prussia,  and 
lionand,  suilering  somewhat  iVom  the  cokl,  and  em- 
barked at  Ostend  December  olst,  arriving  in  J^ondon 
t!ie  following  day.*^'  In  .Vpril  he  was  joined  by  lils 
>vife  and  children.  The  hand  of  fate  now  beckoned 
him  to  his  doom.  On  February  lOth  he  had  addressixl 
a  note  to  tlie  new  constituent  congress  of  ^.lexico, 
Avhich  had  been  installed  at  the  bi-<2-inning  of  Xove;n- 
licr  ]8:^"1,  assiii-ninu"  as  the  reason  of  his  ileoiutui'o 
jrom  Jtaly  tlie  intrigues  of  Sjjain  against  ]\rexico,  and 
oll'ering  hi-;  services  for  the  good  of  his  country,  wliile 
declaring  that  his  only  object  was  its  weli'are."'  IJut 
the  govermnent  was  thorougldy  informed  a1.»out  him; 
Ids  movements  had  been  clo.sely  Vvatchoik  Secret 
agents  of  the  goveiiunent  had  reported  them;  s[)ies 
of  the  masonic  order  hail  fv.)llow(.'d  his  track,  and  his 
intentions  were  well  known.  On  thti  'J8ih  of  April 
congress  passed  a  decree  declaring  him  an  outlaw  and 
an  enemy  of  the  stato,  if,  under  any  ]ii'>'text,  he  shoidd 
place  foot  on  .Mexican  soil,  and  caused  copies  of  il  to 
be  circulated. 

Wilhout  waiting  for  an  ans\wr  to  his  note,  and 
unaware'  of  the  idiove  tleci'ee,  on  ^lay  1  Ith  he  sail  'd 

ovt.T  n'])U(li;iti -•  tliu  eliar;,'!'  t!  .it  Ik;  liuil  cnricluil  liiiineU'  iVdiii  I'le  pali'.iu 
Iniids. 

"■'M:ili)  s(:itt'n  tliiit  tlicy  tool;  ]iassiiL;e  on  iv  sin.ill  sti'iiincr,  (lio  llist  ■\vlLirli 
]iH(ul  tlic  stiails.   Ajtiint.  J/i-<f,,  "JT. 

*"■''  ( 'iipii's  of  lii.s  nolo  Mic  hiipiilic  il  ill  Ifiirhi  fr,  i^/ftnijiix/d,  r^S-rSO,  iiml  in  Uio 
otlii  r  I'llitioiis  niciitiiiiioil  in  note  (U  of  this  I'liaptiT.  An  l'^ii,';li.-ili  traii'-latioii 
is  ;,ivrii  ill  /,'(',,( .,'"■,,■  XdiT'iiirf  vi'iIk-  I, (tut  Momcuts  d/thc  Lij'c  of  Don  Aijuatiii 
di'  llurhhit,  [mblisliuil  in  New  York,  iii2o. 


lil'.TL'r.X  TO  MEXICO. 


so: 


fi'(j;n  'loathanr.it;)!!  on  1)();u'(l  llie  biT^-  .Sy;/'/,///,"' aeconi- 
jKiiiii'd  liy  Ills  ^vil'e  atul  \\vn  yi>uii!4'rr  sons,  padi'cs  l^opcz 
and  Ti'cvii'io,  r^Inli),  and  Jjcne'ski,  a  Tolu,  who  lia  1 
81'rved  uikK'I'  I{ui'l>i(]o  in  ^loxico  and  now  lollo\v('d 
liini  as  his  aidc-dc-canii).  On  thu  1411i  of  July  tlu" 
voss'i  jamc  to  anchoi'  olF  tho  bar  at  Soto  la  ?.Iarina. 
The  Muxi(.'an  hl)(.'ratoi''s  days  were  now  nund)ei'('d 
and  lew  in  count.  Jjeneski  was  sent  ashore  to  ^-ain 
in'ornuition  altout  tlie  later  occurrenees  in  ^Mexico, 
and  [)resented  hiniseli'  to  Garza,  who  was  still  eouian- 
dante  at  Soto  la  ]\[arina.  .l?ro\ided  with  a  letter 
rroni  Padi'c  Trevino,  he  represented  hiinsell'  as  ha\- 
ing  (.'onie  with  a  eonipanion  as  the  a^'ent  of  eom- 
inet'cial  houses  in  1^ ondou,  to  |)ro[)ose  to  the*  ;4'ov- 
ernnient  a  plan  lor  the  establish'nent  of  an  I'^ULjiisli 
colony,  and  luuin^-  rect.aved  [)crniission  io  laud,  and 
a  written  aiiswei;  to  Treviho's  conununicali on,  he  re- 
tui'iied  on  hoard.'"  l^'iiL'ski's  ]'e[)ort  of  his  recep- 
tion hv  ( lai';:a  was  so  fa\-oral)lo  that,  on  the  ibllow- 
inn'  day  Ituiiiid.i'  lauded  with  the  intention  of  \isit- 
ing  hiiui  in  person,  lie  was  accompanied  oulv  liv 
Ueneski    and   ari'i\'ed    a  little    before    sunset  at    the 


'"CdiuiikuicU^I  liy  .Jaci  1)  (^Vicl'li,  tlio  same  cript:iiu  wli'i  liail  convt. ycl  Itnr- 
Iji.lo  t.)  Lcylioru.  Mii/n,  A/xiiif.  llisl..  ;i.'>.  JJot'div  his  (lc|)ar;iirc  ho  ml  hx.ssud 
11  letter  ti)  thu  ]v,i','li:;h  iiiinistfr,  (.'aiuiiii..',  whidi  i.->  soiiiowiiat  in  coiitivaliulioii 
to  that  went  to  tho  ooii;.;rc'sa.  J[o  tlicrcin  tstatos  that  lu;  wont  with  the  ol)joot 
of  coii.s{jliilatiiig  ii  govcniiiirnt  wliiih  Mould  ivinlcr  lii.s  cuautry  lia])[>y,  ami 
that  ho  had  rccoivcd  frcviuont  iuvitatimis  to  return  to  Mexieo.  'Ifonido 
Ikuiiado  do  ilivcr.-^oa  jmiitos  I'epetidaiiiente,  y  no  ijuedo  haeeriiio  .sordo  jior  itias 
tienipo.'  At  tho  same  time  he  asserts  that  ho  does  not  f,'o  to  seek  au  empire. 
Oae  of  his  lirst  eares  would  he  to  promote  friendly  relations  with  (Si'eat  iJrit- 
uiu.    Mdiiijii'sfo,    l;ii»-7. 

'■•\l!eiie.iki  in  his  narrative— p|).  4  7  — stato-i  that  at  tho  intrrview  (Lu-za 
expres-iod  great  regard  for  Jturhide,  and  iissnred  him  that  if  the  ox-omiieror 
.shciiild  ever  return  to  Mexieo  ho  nii^dit  rely  ii]ion  his  assistanci:;  that  in  lo 
(lays  he  eould  phice  l.,msell  at  tho  head  of  '2,(100  oavahy,  with  tea  i)ieeo:i  of  ord- 
lianoe,  and  that  every  oonlidenoe  eould  ho  reposed  in  the  troeps.  II'!  further 
states  that  tiarza  pave  him  a  letter  for  Iturliiilo — whom  ho  s;ippo-.e  I  Id  ho  in 
London— imiilorin;;  him  '  to  liast  n  from  London  to  save  .\P';ieo,  ids  oountry, 
from  rnin  and  di'\astation.'  The  stati  meiit  wiih  regard  '.  i  tho  letter  is  dis- 
proved liy  thi^evidenco  of  I'adro  Tioviuo  and  ^lalo.  ISiiu'diiirtHii',  (iana  I'Ik- 
iHnido,  74-.'i,  and  tiio  latter  oidy  makes  nu'ntion  in  his  narrative  of  the  one  to 
Trevii'i  J.  He  e  injeetures,  however,  that  ( iarza,  suspeol  in';  v.  Iio  was  on  hoard, 
liooduinked  Tn  neski  hy  pi'oti  stations  of  adhereneo  to  Iturhide.  and  thus  cilj- 
tained  the  seeret  from  him.  Nevertheless,  the  note  t  )  'l'r(,'vinoc\presieil  h^ith 
tiio  wi..lies  and  oIlti'H  I'f  ( iarza  as  told  hy  lieneski,  and  lUistauuuito'.s  viudicii- 
tiou  of  (Jarzais  vii'tuaily  without  point.   Apimt.  Hid,,  \i'tS. 


I 


808 


DETIIROXEMEXT  AXD  DIuVTII  OF  ITURBIDE. 


I'anclio  (li;  los  ^ViToyos,  about  six  Ica^'iies  from  tlic  sea, 
wlicro  ilu'V  ])iit  nj)  lor  the  nii^lit.  .lUit  Iturhi^lo  luid 
bueii  re('o;^'uize;l  as  he  went  ashore,  aiul  the  ollicer  in 
connnand  ol'  the  detaehnieiit  at  the  jtoint  of  Pes- 
caderia  sent  soldiers  in  pursuit  of  the  stran'.',vrs, 
who  were  disturbed  in  their  slee])  and  jilaeed  inider 
arrest  after  uii(hii^'ht.  In  the  aiternoon  of  the  fnl- 
]owin'4'  day  (xar;:a,  wlio  liad  bei.'U  informed  of  the 
oceu.rrenee,  arrived  with  his  eseort.  His  nuH'tini^ 
with  Itui-'.jide  was  most  cordial,  and  he  manile^ted 
his  joy  at  seeinv;  him.  Jn  frieiKhy  coinerse  they 
iourneved  to'^-'ether,  and  Iturbide  now  learned  for 
the  lirst  time  that  Iki  had  been  proscribed  by  the 
congress.'"  iJut  he  doul);eil  not  (larza's  professions 
and  pi'omises  to  aid  him.  Fi-om  Soto  la  ^Maiina, 
where  tiiey  arrivi'd  at  ten  o'eloel;  at  ni^ht.  he  wi'eto 
to  l*adre  L(;pez,  instrtictir«i;'  him  to  follow  him  there 
with  his  wife  and  com[)anions.  On  the  following' 
morning',  howevc'r,  Oarza's  aide-de-camj)  appe.UHHl  and 
told  him  to  prepare  for  death,  as  bothof  th<-'m  wei'e  to 
1)0  shot  i'.t  tiu'ee  o'clock  that  al'ti'rnoon.  Itui'biiK'  re- 
ceived the  information  with  composure.  "Tell  Gen- 
I'ral  (^arza,"  he  said,  "  that  I  ;im  read_y  to  die,  and 
only  re([Uest  three  days  to  j)re[»are  to  leave  this  world 
as  a  christian."  lie  also  requested  that  iJenoskis 
life  might  bo  s[)ared. 

Neverthek'ss,  (^Jarza  vras  imwilhii^'  to  shon.ldei"  all 
the  responsihility  of  a  political  niui'der.  To  put  a 
man  to  di^ath  by  virtue  of  a  (b'cree  the;  existence  of 
which  he  knew  not  of  till  he  had  made  himself  liable 
to  the  j»(>n;d(y  v/ould  bo  an  inlium;in  ;ict,  and  the  gen- 
eral v.'ould  li;i\'c  Vv';ished  his  liands  of  the  m;itter  il' ho 
(-'ould  have  (K)ne  so.  1  believe,  too,  that  he  really 
wislu'd  to  sa\'e  Itur')ide\s  lii'e.'"     J].;  his  fi'dinn's  what 

'''■'(i.ir/:i  liail  iii.iilo  no  iiir'iition  of  IIuh  (urt  in  his  I'ttti-  tn  'I'reviiV);  lu'iico 
Mall)  iutcr.'i  tliiit  lii-;  inli.'utioii  wa.s  t'l  oiiti'aii  liurli,''^\  Aimnl.  /iixt.,  4<). 
(!ar/.a  states  Uiat  he  iiiinniU'il  Itiuiiiile  wliilo  nu  thtir  jouiiuy  that  dcalli 
Wdlllil  Ipc  I'.is  iViU'.    I/lirhlilr,  Maililirslo,   JTl'i. 

'"  lii(lc;'(l,  ( laiv.a'.s  ]iri>c(M'(lin,L;sat'o  iiicNplicalili',  lis  thi'  scnjiu'I  shows,  I  cuii 
only  Hiip-iosc  Uiat  )ii'ivati!  iiisti'iicUiiiis  liail  iircn  is.siRil  to  X\w  inilituiy  ail- 
tlwiitics  at  Uic  porU  to  use  all  means  to  beeiiie  iiuiliiile'.s  per.sua  it  lie  sliouid 


PREPA.'IIXG  FOR  DEATH. 


809 


they  i!ii-Iit,  lie  (IcU'iinim'd    to  refer   the   ras<>    Im   tlio 
state    coii-ress    of    Taiiiaulipas,    and    that    afleniooii 
stai'te:l  \vitii  Ills   prisoner-s   lor   Padilla,  wIk  iv  it  was 
lioldiii^'  its  .sfssions.      Still  iiu.ro  iiieonij.relieiisihje  is 
his  action  oil   the  journey.      On  the  niorniiio-  of  (he 
18th,  he  resio-ned  the  oonunand  of  the  whole  escort 
consisting- (,r   1 ;]()  cavalrymen,  to  Iturhid--,  .s(;,tiii-'  in 
the  presence  of  all  that  \ui  did  so  I.ecause  h>'  was  ron- 
vmced  of  his  o',,od  intentions,  and  that  until  the  con- 
gress luul  passed  its  decision  he  would  not  re-ar<l  him 
as  a  criminal.      lie  then  took  leave  of  Jturlmle,  stat- 
ini.'  that  h.'  was  ocinu.  t,.,  ,vturn  to  Soto  la  :Ma'riiia.'i 
Ihe   dooiDcd   ni.-m,  now   linht   of  hoart,  hastened    hy 
forced  nau'chi's  to  Padilla,  which  place  he  reached  at 
sunrise  on  llie    I'Jtli.      In   no  way  did  he  attempt  io 
Jibuse    the   eoniidenee   reposed  in  him.      Halting-  his 
forces  outside  the  town,  he  awaited  the  permission   of 
the   conoress   to   enter.      This    was,   however,  <lenied 
him,  aial  (larza,  who  had  lollowed   his  sti'ps,  now  re- 
joined him  and  placed  him  a^-ain  under  arrest. 
_    The  con-i'ess  o|"  Tamaulii.as  luul  heeii  imintvllately' 
ndoiiued    hy    (lai'za    of   lliirhlde's     arrest    vJien    ho 
landed,  and  on   the  !>sth   had   passed   the  sentence  of 
death   r.pon    him    ai'ter    a    Ion--    discus>i,.ii.      If    n,)w 
ajjfaiii  asseniMed   in  exti'aorclinary  session,  and   (iarza 
pleaded  in  ].erson  in  his  hehalf,  l.ivino-  stress  uj.on  the 
laet  t!iai   Jtnrhidei    had    landed    in    i'-'MoiMn'-e    <,f  the 
deci'vv  which  prosc.'ihrd    him.      JJut'Jiis   eiiorts    were 
v;im.    ^  The  assemhly  coniirmed  its  [)revious  seidi'iice, 
and  wit'i  unseemly  haste  instructed  (Jarza  to  can  v  it 
forthwith  into  execution.-     Shortly  after  two  o'clock 
Iturbide  was  iid'oriued   that  he  had  to  die,  and  that 

appear  mul  execute  liiin  inaiuvl:.-,tcly.  The  government  af.erwar.l  ropri- 
m..a,..l(..r/a},.r  not  iKuin.u'  .ctcl  will,  n.ou,  pnm,,,! ■„..:,  ia  tiie  wudvv. 
t?ec_tluMM'sp:itchiif  Jeran,  (ho  niiiii.ster  of  w;i-  in/./,  l',.;-(; 
,vnJ  /"•"■•^:' '■."^^■''^''f  ,'"■«  '.■"iclnct  l.y  s!;uin-  l„  the  f;ovenMi,<..nt  ll.at  hi.s  drsi-u 
^^.stop„  L„,.],„l,.sm,l,ui.onfi,.ns  (,.  ti.e  te.t;  that  he  h.,1  perl\.ct  conTi- 
l-'o-l')'  '"''^'^^  ■'"       ''''''•■'•''■•■•  '^'"Iio'ii  I'fi   IuhI   given  .secret  onlcr«.   J,l., 

■-S,,etherecov,l«,,f  (h,-  sc.-sions  sun.,;;,,]  l,v  A'an,:,n.    //;>/.  J/r/..  v.  i.n 
Uoe.  no.  •2i,  mui  uui'za.s  ivport  ia  li^trLidc,  Munjirdo,  16-'. 


^ 


810 


DETHRONEMENT  AND  DEATH  OF  ITURBIDE. 


the  lioiii'  of  six  in  tlie  evening  was  a[)[)()int('(I  for  liis 
exeeulion.  His  serenity  of  mind  was  undisturbed; 
lie  only  re])oatcd  his  former  i'c(|uest  that  three  days 
nii'^Iit  be  allowed  him  for  religious  |)re[)aration.'' 

J]ut  even  this  short  respite  was  (.leiiied  hini,  and  at 
the  set  of  sun  he  was  led  forth.  With  unfaltering 
step  he  walked  to  the  j)lace  of  executi<jn,  and  in  a 
voice  without  a  tremor  he  addressed  a  few  ])arti!ig 
words  t(.)  the  troo[)S.  "Mexicans,"  lie  said,  "in  this 
last  moment  of  my  life  I  recommend  to  you  tlie  lovo 
of  your  country,  and  the  observance  (»f  our  holy  re- 
liu'ion.  I  die  for  haviii<>'  come  to  aid  vou;  and  depart 
ha}>[)_y  Inu-ause  I  die  among  you.  I  (he  witli  honor, 
not  as  a  ti'aitor.  That  stain  will  not  attacli  to  my 
children  and  their  descendants.  Preserve  order,  and 
be  ob'.'dient  to  your  coinmandei's.  From  the  bottom 
of  my  heart,  I  forgive  all  my  enemies."  When  the 
officer  ai)proachcd  to  bandage  his  eyes  ho  objected, 
saying  that  it  was  not  necessary,  but  l)eing  told  that 
the  fe'rm  must  be  observed,  he  bound  his  handkerchief 
over  them  with  his  own  hand.  Then  he  kiu.'lt,  and 
the  platoon  fired,  killing  him  instantly.  On  the  Ibl- 
lowing  moi'iiing  his  remains  were  buried  in  the  old 
rt)oiless  church  of  Padilla,  where  tliey  reniiiined  till 
1  8;)8,  when  t'ley  were  removed,  by  decree  of  congress, 
and  interred  with  solenui  ol)se(juies  in  the  cathedral 
of  ^lexico  on  the  24th  of  October.'* 

'^  llu  IkkI  previonfily  M'l'ittoii,  on  tlic  ITtli,  n  rcprespiitiitiou  to  tlic<  sover- 
eign coiiyiv^iH,  iippL'aliiig  against  his  jdMsoipi  ion.  lie  now  iujucUuIlmI  it,  ami 
Bays:  'Noiicili  jror  la  consiTvacion  ilo  la  viiJa  (|uo  olVoff  tiuiiiu-.  vcc.'s  ii  mi 
patria. .  .mi  siiplifa  se  rcilujo  ;'i  nuo  so  mo  concodieseii  tros  ilias  para  disjKjiK  r 
mi  com-i(  neia.  cpio  por  di.sgrauia  no  I'S  tau  lihro  en  mi  vida  piivada,  (.'iiiikj  ua 
lapiil.'.ica.'  /<l.,  IfM-ii. 

^'I'or  an  account  uf  these  ccrcmonioH,  sro  Pachcro,  Pmrrip.  Jhii-h,;  I!ii.-<'a- 
vmntc,  ddh'tiiilc  M<.'\,  i.  S4-!i;);  J /-r.VAff/'f,  /.'mvj/). ,  JS;;8,  l:'Ji'.  ."l'.).')- !).  lUir- 
liidc's  faniilyMcro  dctiiincd  i.ndor  arrest  at  Soto  la  Marina  till  Septenilier, 
when  tlicy  weic  lianished  the  country  and  went  to  the  Unite:!  States. 
M(X.  Col.  L<  ij.  Onl.  y  Jk<\,  iii.  01).  A  pension,  however,  of  .s>,0'J')  a  year 
wa:j  LM'anted  his  widow.  JJuhfrni  nud  Licdifi  /,'</.  J/i.c. ,  ii.  41',).  Ry  dscrec 
of  I'ehriiaiy  'J7,  lS.")."i,  the  sentence  of  hanishnient  was  revolted,  anil  liis 
Midiiw  and  ehihlren  were  permitted  to  enlei'  the  repul)lic.  /(/.,  iii.  -o.  in 
nfter  yiai'.i  Itnrljide's  services  in  aeeonijilislnni;  independenco  were  reecy- 
ni::ed.  in  I'l.Mt  t!ii'  title  of  Lilieriitor  wa  <  liesinwed  upon  him.  ^f' .r,  /,('■/. 
JAJ. ,  Aii\;.-!)ec.,   lodll,  .'JoO-oT;  and  in   1635  the  anniversary  of  hi.i  dea^h 


ITURBIDE'S  CHARACTER. 


811 


At  ilio  iiino  of  Ills  death  Itiirbiilo  was  nearly  for^y- 
oiic  years  ol"  age.      His  career  is  before'  tlu>  reader, 
and  Jiis  eliaraeter  may  be  (b'awii  [Vdin  it.      Aiiibitiou.s 
and  d(',--i;.;iiiiig,  ]\o  jxissesscd  a  wiiiiiiiig  iiiihicnci-   most 
remarkable.     Plausible  and  persuasive,  be  could  cloak 
liis  aspirations  with   false  patriotisui,  and   wliiie  liar- 
boi'iug  designs  the  most  seL'isli,  put  on   a  seiublaiico 
(if  candor  that  carried  conviction  of  bonesty  and   pu- 
rity of  purpose.     Thus  it  was  that  vlien  iiide]teudeiice 
had  been  achieved   he  c;une  to   be  landed  by  a  largo 
party  as  the  savior  of  the  nation,  [)roj)(.'rly  to  be  ehoseii 
its  rebuilder.     ]>iit  his  ability  as  a  statc'sman  was  of 
no  high  order,     lie  was  wholly  unable  to  cement  the 
disintegrated  elements  of  the  connnunity,  whivh  might 
have  been  reconstructed  by  a  greater  mind;  and  when 
by   force    of   iinpudence    and    scheming,   based    on    a 
brilliant    militar}'  record,   he  had    rnised    himself   to 
the    throne,    he    lacked    the  skill    to  liold    liis   ])lace. 
Seliish  andjiiioii  outi'an  his  ci'afliness,  and  blinded  liis 
judgment.      He  failed  to  see  that  the  same  niiht;ny 
leaders  whom  he  had  elevated  with  injustice  to  others 
would  be  the  lirst  to  make  their  peace  with  t!ie  'nthg- 
nant  nation  when  he  alienated  it  by  trampling  under 
foot  its  sovereign  rinlifs;   his  l)lind  coniiden.ci!  in   the 
army  was  the  secon(huy  cause  of  his  fall.      Xeveiihe- 
less,  his  execution  was  an  unjust  proceeding,  and  it  (;an 
be  excused  only  by  the  belief  that  (avil  war  might 
ever  be  stirred  so  long  as  he  remained  alive.      I  [e  still 
possessed   numerous  adht  rents,  and   to  ludiex'e  in  his 
pretensions  of  patriotism  would  have;  been  weikness. 
With  regard  to  the  achievement  of  ind>'pendenee, 
more  credit  has  bce-n  given  to   Itui'bido  tlian  he  de- 
iServes.      Fighting  tlrst  Ibr  monarchy,  he  woul  I   have 
so  continued  to  the  end    had  not  jieisonal   interests 
iniluenee(l  Iiiin.      He  was  a  great  man  (tnly  in  a  su[)er- 
lleial  way,  though  brilliant.     He  knew  not  the  meaning 
of  [)ur(!  patriotism.      His  name  is  not  to  be  mentioned 

UiiH  iloclarcil  a  imblio  liulivlay.  J/ex.  Cu/.  Leu.   On/.,  J;;ii.-Au^'.,  1J."),'>,  viii, 
oOJ-10. 


812 


DETHRONEMENT  AND  DEATH  OF  ITUIIBIDE. 


besido  tlio.so  of  ]  lidal^'o,  ^.loivlos,  niid  llravo.  Tiido- 
])cii(k'iicc  as  liimllv  achiL'Vcd  was  tin;  work  not  of  an 
individual.  Iturbido  would  liavo  failod  at  tla^  out- 
sot  had  not fircuuistanccs  combined  toaidliini.  Wlion 
lio  jiroc'laiined  the  [ilan  of  lo'uala,  lio  would  inevitably 
liavo  boon  crushed  had  Jjinan  obeyed  the  viceroy's 
ord(M-s.  ]jut  he  was  left  tniniolested.  ^Military  (diiefs 
in  every  ])art  of  the  countiy  then  took  uj)  th(.i  woi'k, 
and  in  all  the  |)rinci[ial  [»ro\Iueial  ca[)itals  indepen- 
dence was  consununated  without  his  jiresence,  Apo- 
daca's  inactivity  ukuIo  the  rest  easv,  and  fniallv 
O'Donoju's  liberalism  opened  to  liim  the  gates  of 
jMexico.  ]>ut  it  nuist  he  admitted  that  spasms  of 
polilical  sagacity  were  dis[)laye(l  by  Iturbide,  and 
that  he  acted  with  consunnnato  skill  and  sound  Judg- 
ment on  occasions,  lie  k  lew  well  the  |)ublic  mind, 
and  seized  upon  the  light  moment  to  ar(.>nse  its  feel- 
ings. Thus  it  was  that  his  elevation  was  ra[)id  and 
almost  bk:)odless. 


With  a  brief  summary,  I  close  this  volume  on  tlio 
]\re.\ican  revolution.  It  was  the  transition  period 
from  ])olitical  and  intellectual  despotism  into  tho 
elemental  conditions  of  a  free  nation.  The  evils 
afflicting  the  colonial  existen«-e  were  v.diat  might  bo 
expected  Irom  rekitions  between  a  jealous  and  exact- 
ing mother  countiy  and  a  rich  dependency,  aggra- 
vated by  ()p])osing  interests  and  geographic  position, 
such  as  exclusive  control  of  desirable  oliices,  due  to 
])artiality  and  suspieion  of  loyalty;  oppressive  restric- 
tions of  trade  and  industries,  due  to  seliishness  and 
greed;  and  irritating  class  distinctions,  due  partly  to 
the  coin[)aratively  inferior  rank  of  emigi'ants  to  that 
at  least  of  the  men  sent  to  go\-(rn  tlu'm.  Ikit  these 
abuses  and  wrongs  hatl  here  attained  a  far  greater 
extent  under  Spanish  ])i'ide  and  nai'row-mindednes.s 
than  in  the  .I^nglisji  colonies,  owing  to  the  admixture 
of  settlers  vrith  the  aborigines,  and  the  growth  of  a 
liew  race,  which  under  the  op[)ressive  .subordination  of 


TiiK  TXi)i:rj::xi);::;ci':. 


813 


conturies  lia.l  c".)iiio  to  bo  rogardi'il  ns  jiosfllo  and 
iiill'i'ior,  tlio  oToat  mass  of  tlu;  jtcoplo  bcin;^^  I'lr  that 
iiiattiT  l<)()]:c>l  Uj)()U  as  conqucrcil,  iu  rcaliiy  or  by 
8yiu[»atliy. 

And  so  the  Hiivd  of  (liscontcnt  <j;\'o\v  till  I'lpc  (bi-  a 
rovolulion  that  awaitfd  only  an  ini[)nlsc!  boyond  innati; 
love  Ibi'  liberty.  Tlic  ini])ulsL!  can  bo  traced  nioro 
iniuiodiatuly  to  tho  exainplu  sot  by  t!i(;  northern 
Uniti'd  States,  v/liieh,  Ibsterod  greatly  by  th(!  works 
of  Frei.'-h  writers  durinL;'  the  century,  ivaded  uiiou 
]'jnro|)e,  notably  in  France  itself,  where  the  move- 
ment failed  tiirough  its  ex(.'esses.  Spain  also  lelt  tho 
reaction,  and  j.;'ave  her  colonies  ])ractical  lessons  in  dis- 
pelHng  tlie  glamoui' of  royalty,  showing  how  to  depose 
rulers,  and  in  its  struggle  witli  France  placing  Xew 
Sjjain  in  a  position  to  discovctr  her  own  strength  in 
manifold  resources.  Tho  (jrallic  invasion  acx'ordingly 
]trecipi(ated  tho  revolution. 

Its  aim  was  lofty,  for  JLidal^'o  already  declared  (bi- 
indepeiidi'nce,  as  I'evealed  in  tlH>  wai'-cry,  Death  to 
tho  Spaniards!  and  as  undor.stood  from  tho  long-mooted 
})oint  that  Xew  Spain  was  not  only  a  colony,  but  a 
con(pK'red  country.  And  herein  lay  a  powerful  means 
ibi'  bringing  the  masses  to  his  aid.  To  ^NTorelos  it  was 
given,  althougli  too  late,  to  impart  a  defmife  form  to  Hi- 
dalgo's i;lea.  In  tho  constitution  of  lcS14  ho  declared 
ibr  a  republic  of  tho  extreme  type,  with  three  powers, 
and  a  triple  executive  duly  subordinated  to  a  sovereign 
cong.'oss.  While  liberation  and  eiiualltv  were  elements 
alluring enoun'h,  i\\cx  did  not  suilico  with  all,  and  others 
were  needed  at  least  to  sustain  tho  lickle  ai'dor  of  t!i(.'so 
tiory  children  of  the  south.  Visions  of  a  glorious  past 
had  to  be  conjured  up  before  the  tram[)led  Indians,  and 
bitterness  had  to  be  rousotl  into  hatred  and  thirst  for 
Viiigeance,  the  whole  made  |)ractlcal  by  lio[)es  of  spoils, 
which  were  licensed  on  tho  jjlausiblo  ground  that 
Spanish  riches  had  betm  wrung  I'rom  tho  aboriginal 
owners  of  tho  soil.  Those  baser  allurements,  di('taLed 
by  necessity,  reacted  on  the  cause,  however;  but  as 


814 


di:tiiro\i:.ment  and  diia'iii  of  rrrnniDE. 


nations  arc  composed  of  higli  and  low,  ^'ood  and  bad, 
so  tlu.'ii"  c'(»innioii  aim,  be  it  msor  s<)  lolly,  must  oven 
|iarta!<e  ol"  the  diU'erent  inij^redients. 

'riio  people ot'Xew  S[)ain  wen;  more [)lial)l<' and  lon;^'- 
sufK'i'inL;"  than  their  northern  nei^idiors,  but  laei;((l 
tiieii'scir-controlandudhesion  to  [)rinci[)lo,  and  I'cllmoro 
readily  into  extremes,  allowing*  mind  and  heart  to  be 
obscured  by  j)assi()n.  Hence  a  ,ar  stamjied  1)V  I'elei.t- 
lessand  bloody  retaliation  on  both  sides,  duo  alternate- 
ly to  passion  and  weakiiess.  The  I'oyalists  were  at  Jirst 
imjielled  by  a  sense  of  self-preservation,  which  acti'd 
on  (he  belief  early  instilled  that  stron^•  measures  were 
re(]uired  to  impress  rebels;  subse([uently  they  were 
rous(!d  by  the  bauditdike  ridds  of  the  ^'uerrillas.  I'ol- 
icv  should  have  urijed  them  to  imitate  oftener  the 
ma'^nanimous  example  set  by  uicn  like  IJravo  and 
jMina.  \V^e  have  long  ceased  to  v.'onder  at  the  absence 
of  any  consideraltle  mollifviii'''  inlluence  of  reli^•iou 
where  men's  j)assions  are  aroused. 

This  calls  u[)  a  peculiar  feature  tif-  (he  stiU'^'i^le  in 
the  prominent  })art  j)layed  by  the  chun-h.  Both  sides 
prolessed  to  be  its  champion,  usini^;  it  now  as  a  cloak, 
anon  as  enginery,  and  stirriuL!,'  to  moxe  into  vindictive 
activity  a  contesL  rife  with  hate  and  fanaticism.  Al- 
though the  upper  clergy  were  essentially  lor  the  roy- 
alists, yet  they  linally  turned  the  scale  b\'  which  the 
revolutionists  trium[)lied.  If  the  price  paid  for  tho 
alliance  was  in  later  times  to  prove  costly,  it  nuist  also 
be  rememl)ered  that  the  conunt)n  fanaticism,  however 
bloody,  serv(;d  as  a  bond  which  prevented  an  additional 
and  probably  more  horrible  war  of  races. 

Several  ot  the  foremost  leaders,  too,  were  priests. 
!Men  who  longed  to  give  vent  on  the  battle-1i(dd  to 
ieelings  pent  beneath  the  robe,  to  liberate  su[)[)resse(l 
ambition  and  patriotic  instincts,  found  every  en- 
couragement to  assume  the  lead,  through  their  inllu- 
ence as  guides  and  rulers  over  devoted  flocks  which 
respected  them  for  their  character  and  acipiirements, 
and  lelt  impressed  by  their  directing   minds.      Their 


( i  KX  !•:  HAL  R  K  I'LECTIONS'. 


S15 


trniiiiii;4"  unrnrdm.iti  ly  li;i  I  ixif  littrd  tlicia  for  tli(j 
f'u'M,  l»iit,  this  I'ailiiiL;'  was  lotiiKl  as  w.'ll  in  iiiost  of 
tilt'  otlioi'  leaders,  whose  only  claiiii  to  the  dis- 
tiiictioii  lay  in  a  positive  cliarat.'tLi'  or  social  precc- 
(Icuee.  It  was  a  j)ii(st  who  started  the  I'eNohit  ion,  ;i 
quiet  Gfootl-hearted  proviiieial  cui'a ;  a  iiiaii  lacking' 
military  sivill  and  (K'linite  plans,  hut  sell'-saei'ilic.'in'^' 
and  resolute,  w  ho  could  clujose  soldiers  like  Alleiide 
lor  aids;  a  man  stamhnu^  hetwec'U  the  niedix'val  j)asfc 
and  the  material  i'lilure,  lor  he  was  both  a  pliilosophiz- 
iuL;'  dreamer  and  a  dahhler  in  science  and  inipr<)\e- 
nii  iits — one  whom  we  would  expect  to  conceive  l<il"ty 
ideas  and  enterprises.  Again,  it  was  a  priest,  in 
]\Iorelos,  wlio,  imhued  with  military  genius  and  noble 
unsel.'slmess,  with  the  confidence  won  by  a  sell-made 
condition,  and  with  ;i  pi'actieal  mind,  gax'e  sliape  to  the 
conception,  oi'gaiii/:ing  the  revolution,  giving  it  a  I'eal 
army,  a  representati\e  congress,  a.nd  linally  a  <■  »nsti- 
tution  with  avowt'd  independence — a  lit  man  to  carry 
out  ;i  great  project,  aidiul  by  chieftains  lilce  ^[atamuro.s 
and  ( jialeana,  and  using  legislators  like  Ignacio  llay<jn. 
The  next  grade  of  leaders  exhibits  a  wide  range  of 
re{)resentative  cliai-acters.  Villagrau  and  Ifosains 
ai'e  conspicuous  Ibr  rr'ckless  and  unseru[)ulous  pursuit 
of  seliisli  pur])oses ;  ( )sorno  ligures  as  a  successful  caval- 
ry h'ader  and  raider;  Terau  is  a  precocious,  inunaturo 
hero,  Mina  a  dashin<>'  soldier:  Bravo  shines  foi'  his  mag- 
naiiimity,  and  Victoria  for  his  tenacious  loyalty  to  th;) 
cause;  while  (lueri-ero  stands  jbrwai'd  as  an  able  succi's- 
sorto  }iror(.'los,onL'  whose  stanch  pur[)oseand  self-deny- 
ing patriotism  sustain  a  ilickering  revolution.  Itur- 
bide  is  typical  I'ather  of  the  following  period  as  soldier 
and  schemer,  brilliant  yet  .scllish,  who  fox-like  Vvatclies 
the  opportunity  to  sei/o  the  bone  of  contention.  As 
a  rule,  tlusy  are  a  sell-willed  class,  rising  fri'ipK ntly  to 
lieroic  s[)lieros,  butunsustained,  and  falling  I'epeatedly 
into  moral  and  military  errors.  The  royalist  olHcers 
appear  in  coni])arison  as  professionals  against  amateurs, 
who  with  methodic  precision,  studied  tactics,  and  strict 


816 


di:tiiuoni:mi;xt  and  di:atii  of  iTuiininii. 


discipline  cari'V  niif  ilic  jil.uis  ol'lln'  viccii»y,  in  whom 
is  jil)siii'lii'(|  the  credit  liic  tlieii-  ;icliieS(';iiiMit-. 

'I'llis  ;i[tiilies  evc-ll  more  to  Mu'lMuk  Jllld  iiL'  oil  both 
sides,  which  are  merited  wliollv  in  the  leailirs.  'I'ho 
active  iMyalist  troops  afe  (.'ulirelv  <>r  niiiiiilv  trained 
soldiers,  ol'ti'ii  vet^Tans  of  Ion;;*  stiandiiiLC  with  a  lar-^'o 
jirenortien  iVesh  iVoiii  j)eninsular  hatt ie-lields;  while 
thi'ii-  ••j)[»(inents,  as  a  rule,  are  iiiidiseiplincd  ;ind  un- 
coiitroiled  rc'cruits,  who  seel;  to  supply  the  lack  of 
skill  and  means  with  devotion  an(l  dai'iui^',  or  with 
iiunihers.  Yet  both  parties  are  i^ssentlally  hi'ethi'en, 
the  one  enrolled  lor  a  noble  ])Ui'{)ose,  the  other  en- 
listed by  interests  or  t'ompulsioii  to  I'ratrici.lal  war. 
Tlw.  I'evolutionists  are  niainly  com[)osed  of  mestizos, 
th(j  new-sprung'  race,  anibiti:)us  and  intelligent;  oF 
restless  thoUL;h  uneven  enei'L;'y;  with  kin'u  sense  of 
its  ri'j^hts  and  wron<jjs,  and  with  aspirations  roused  by 
min^letl  S[)anish  pride  and  abori;;inal  claims.  The 
lon'-'-sulierin'''  Indian  looks  upon  the  issue  with  less 
ea'gerness.  The  assum[)tion  that  the  o-ain  will  bo 
mainly  ab^orlxnl  by  others  counteracts  greatly  every 
inducement,  even  the  traditions  of  a  gil  led  past  and 
the  hopt's  of  a  roseate  future,  and  draws  him  often  back 
to  a  ]iassive  indilference,  combined  with  a  secri't  d(!sii'o 
to  behold  the  extermination  of  two  objectionable  rival 
raci's.  The  Creoles  waver  lre(}uently  between  a  scniso 
of  injustice  suffered  and  a  class  jn'ejudice,  which  on 
one  Side  binds  them  to  the  domincieriny  Spaniards;  bi'- 
tw(^en  a,  lon^'in;^  foi"  control  and  a  timid  fear  for  im- 
pei'iiled  wealth.  Their  objectioii  to  tig-litinij  in  a 
motley  crowd  renders  them  comparatively  ])assive, 
except  under  com[)ulsion,  such  as  sorviuL^  undei-  roy- 
alist authorities  as  I'ui'al  i;-uard.  ]\Iany  [)reler  to 
manifest  their  revcjlutionary  sympathies  in  contribu- 
tions and  intrii>'ues. 

Jlidal'-'o  sets  out  with  a  mere  ral)ble,  imposinsf 
in  numlier,  but  easily  vanquished.  ]\Iorelos  seeks  to 
remedy  the  defeat  by  discipline  and  the  ori>-anizatiou 
of  an  army;  and  the  result  is  a  success  wdiicli  gains 


niASKS  OF  Tin;  STRL'iJCI.R. 


817 


ck 


mg 


fnr  tlu!  I'cvdliil'mn  cihiIi'dI  ot"  all  the  vast  soiiili,  aiid 
assists  to  (lisiuiti;  tlu.'  royalist  swav  in  tin'  t'oiitral 
i)ioviiiccs,  i'(!(lufiiiL;  till'  ciiiiiiv  to  iiaiTDW  straits.  TIkj 
lattiT  arc  roused,  and  to  the  resoue  coini's  Callrja,  dot 
aloiic  a  ^fciit  soldici',  hut  one  who  knows  tlu'  country 
and  the  pconlc.  lie  avails  hiniscll"  of  their  inista!;es 
and  jealousies,  and  det'eats  them  in  detail.  lurors 
like  Hidalgo's  vacillation,  ^fol•elos'  lonn'-drawn  sle;^r() 
of  Acapuico  and  indecision  hel'ore  N'alladolid,  and 
^lina's  delay  in  the  north  cost  tlear;  yet  the  achieve- 
iiu'uts  of  the  t;'reat  nieu  are  inaiidy  checked  oi'  ruined 
by  discoj'd,  !ty  the  sellish  as[>iration  or  insuhordinatc 
action  ol"  a  host  of  inde[)C'ndent  chieftains,  .[loyalists 
also  suiKer  iVoni  Wmeu^as'  lack  of  ahility,  from  urow- 
iii!.,^  cai'clessiiess  or  lack  of  enei'i^y  on  the  pai't  of  ( 'a- 
lleja  and  Apodaca,  and  iVoni  the  [H'evalence  ol'^reedy 
s|)uculation  which  sacrilices  the  whole  of  Spanish  in- 
terests to  indivii.Uial  ends.  This  saves  the  ri;volution 
more  than  once  from  threatened  suppression,  and 
many  a  time  it  mi^ht  he  revi\-ed  with  hearty  coo[)er- 
ation,  as  when  .\[ina  comes;  hut  some  leaders  are  sus- 
]ii(.'ious,  others  jealous,  the  rest  afraid  or  indiil'ertJiit. 
Since  its  strenL;'th  is  iirokeu  with  tin;  fall  ol"  ^Nlorelos, 
tlu'  movement  resolves  itself  into  a  guei'rilla  warfai'c, 
^vhich  sinks  only  too  oft(;n  into  uiere  I'aids  under 
men  intt'iit  on  personal  control,  and  enrichment  I'roni 
tolls,  lexies,  and  spoils.  Their  loUowers  become  con- 
taminated and  demoi'alized,  less  willinj;"  than  e\'er  to 
sul)mit  to  disci[)line  and  ]tlans.  'I'hey  pi'efer  dt-sul- 
torv  skirmishes  to  harassinu-  opei'ations,  sui'[tiises  to 
battles;  insist  on  usin^-  horses  where  infantry  alone 
can  win,  and  ig'iioi'e  the  lessons  tauL;'ht  by  experience. 
Against  such  a  sjiiilt  the  eil'orts  of  a  few  loyal  men 
cannot  prevail,  'i'hey  must  humor  their  adherents 
to  exist  at  all;  great  achievements  are  out  of  theipies- 
tion. 

The  scene  of  action  shifts  with  the  turn  of  Ibi'tunc, 
centring  along  mountain  ranges  with  ready  access  to 
fertile    \alleys  and   rich  trade   routes.      Indued,    the 


Uisr.  ilKX.,  Vol.  IV.     52 


818 


i)i"ninoN!::\n:xT  axd  death  oi'  rrur.nrDr:. 


revolution  is  coiiIiiumI  iii;iiiily  to  llio  eiMiti'.il  ]iro\i:K'('S 
and  tlio  l)iisy  lii'ihways,  iMtlicr  tliau  to  I'oiiiot"  dis- 
ti'ifts  with  tlioir  l(>ss  turbiiK'iit  inid  ;iiiiliiti(_)us  s^'ttlors, 
v.lio  in  the  iioi'tli  chi-tci'  round  }>rcsidlori  tor  sliclter 
ag;tinst  tlio  wild  Indians. 

Finnlly,  at  the  lowest  ol)l)  in  the  war,  a  liberal  and 
anti-elerical  sentiment,  under  tlu'  mash  of  I'maiiasonry, 
malves  a  stop  aL;"ainst  absolutism  in  Spain,  and  wi'in^-^ 
concessions  from  a  I'aithless  kiiiL^'.  In  ^NFcxico  tin- 
cftect  is  start^m^^  While  the  re\'ohitionists  tail  to 
appieciate  the  boon  !4'ainedi,  it  rouses  tlie  only  elo- 
nients  hostile  to  them,  a  [lowerl'ul  chnicli  t  lii'eatcni'd 
in  its  ])ri\ile^'es,  and  an  army  reiidei'ed  discontented 
by  [)recept  and  o'rievances,  and  now  seduced  by  prom- 
ises and  clerical  inilueiico.  To  i^ain  their  end,  they 
join  issue  with  the  former;  Guerr(M()  disinterestedly 
yieldfi  his  (nvn  plans,  au'l  hopes  for  the  ])rospect  ol' im- 
mediate partial  relief,  and  when  the  capricious  soldi(.'rs 
bcidn  to  desert  Iturblde,  he  remains  true  and  assists 
to  save  the  tottei'iu'j:  movement.  TJic  waitiu'"'  revo- 
lutionists,  streng'thened  !»y  a  ])eriod  of  re])ose,  fall  into 
line.  TIk'V  recou'uize  the  brilliant  ((ualities  of  Jtur- 
))id ',  as  a  soldier  I'ouud  whom  to  unite  the  discordant 
elements. 


The  new  and  now  leadin^^  faction  naturally  ob- 
jected to  a  I'cpublic,  and  many  deemed  a,  modei'ate 
monarchy  a.  safer  st'  ppini>"-ston"  iVom  a  three-century 
despotism  to  independence.  At  any  rati-  this  was 
the  oidv  ])romisin'4"  plan  ibr  the  monn/nt,  oiu;  held 
Ibrtli  ah'eadv  b\'  I'avon,  the  'uassi's  beinv'"  '  ropitiatetl 
Avi{!i  iVeedom  and  j)resumed  e(]uaiity,  wliil  the  con- 
S(i'\ative  Spaniards,  the  as[)irin;.;'  crcoles,  and  a  church 
jcid'Us  of  if-;  ]i!'i\'ilen'es  wore  each  ajipea--ed.  Soon 
the  last  link  of  bonda^'e  to  Euro[)e  was  cast  aside,  in 
substituting  a  native  ruler  for  a  forei-jfu  prince,  the 
idea  of  ail  emp.ire  llatterini*'  a  couitdo\in;j,'  cnpiin.l,  and 
to  some  <'\tent  the  dreaming  ..  ndians.  I' nl'oi'tunately 
for  himself,  Iturblde  was  a  soldier  rather  than  a  diplo- 


AIMS  OF  T![|.;  (:[ii;;i,-.s. 


8ia 


ic    |);m);i|.'  :\- 


j>infoan<lIo;,i.!a^  „•,  ;in.l  so.u-'ht  t„  nil.,  f 

'•"    "i"!    ^;'^    ;-;^l".,n..        I)i.iv;,;;r,|i„^    Uwi,    'hr'\,\nu- 

'"■'•'■^1   '1'^-  ch.>,,ons,n.      Xuno  JkkI  i;.r,„tt.n    hi.   ,..., 
'■^^'•'■^■'•,  In-  'Ti.  ,    warlaru  n-ainst  th.' 'iwohu  io,,,  an  1 

IZr  "^^K"^''''"-"'.  ^!'>^S|.aMia.,l.aI>.MIis!ikin.• 

imiasau   auil.U.ous  ,.,v,.|,..      Tl...   n,.vjvri>..„   parlv 

s'-i.m  an,  s,....„r.  (l„.rruiU,ru  (.n  years'  .s(n,.-..K.- 
''!.•  ,^'!'■"l'l'"-l--^v]H.ha.lyi.],^.,l  hri'.n-.  (L.Tush 
"'  '';V''"""V^'"""'''"^"l^-"*'<'"tl.>'irr,Mus,..  Th.v 
'^■•^''^'  ^'7  ^'^^^t  party  in    U..ir   turn.  snai.!i    l.ark    t!,;. 

I'i'^^'Nnn.  .vary  out  tlK.grc.ai,r..jc.-ininna.n(arilvii.- 
I  'I  I'liju (■(!. 

Tl,.  <liv,.rsity.,rra.H.s   with  .liillav.nt   Kvlin^s  an,l 

M  .  csts,    losl,.,v<l     l.y    ^.o^raj.hi,.    ,listril>uti.:;.    and 

p'n.afo  o,,.,,nllau-ar.,  in<.!in..l   tho  pooo!,    nal  .,ral!v 

.ol,.n  ol  |lnrbHiu,pyo  IVoshzest.  This  .liv.r.ilv 
S|a)ni...,.f  ^«lso  ih,,  pohdoal  atlihi.lc.  s..].!,,,,,  hoM  an',! 
^^rnu:^_  .1.  l-h..y,lu,t  lu-o,:ras(inatin:^v,.t  in.,...,uou  <, 
sns|u..,ous.an,     vanllalin,,-,   an.l    uuih'a   t..n.I.n..v   li 

|-v.Tuhmor.lc>,;,n.hy,,!au.ihl,.,a^»Msan,ln..ti.nh 
'    -H.sonamx,uu,hfh..s,vr,.fiv,.al.o,.i;,Inal    , rail   and 

l^;-l  th.nr.sk,, I  1  onrnrlo  1,,  propitiate  a  lar-.  .-la.s- 
3una  .h,|  1  ,._,-,:uno  with  the  ...nsi  itut  ion  o?  IM- 
aiuls,,  (ho_<hs>nnulation  vari,.l  in  rrhil  i^;  ..  with  .li"ll 
^•n-Mtsed,onsan.|  |.a<|.r.  M.,r.los  nmdo  a  iVank 
;'  PV  I  "'"'l:':-''  '"'f^  "'■■■"""  i"opportun.lv.  Jiur- 
;",^""'^  ''  '•';'''''"  <-n.'s..  ahhMU:^h  still  di.^u...a- 
I'Ut  ins  was  rather  a  coujMrctat. 

Tho.0  who  like  Aian.anoiv.Mniduo  prominon-e  t  . 
thcMVvohu.onot  I.SL'l  overlook  (hat  itwa.  ha..,|  .s- 
^•■Mlialy  on  t,,e  (;■ -lin^^s  and  hep...  „r  ,[.,.  p,,,..,!. 
;^:;'<»>-h(,toaeu!nnnatin,'  poim  hv  1  h.ir  k...' Llil-r!  / 
l.y  menjentwas  npe-indep.nd.'.n.-.  was  in^vitahk.; 
:^>  Urhidnadnu  t.d-a,Mlson,adehvhisprcdeees:,ors 
1"    i.i«=    helk      WiLhout    that   prej.amtorywork     (li,> 


8-20 


Dr:T!ii;ox::M]:xT  Axr>  I)i:ati[  or  ituubidk. 


iiiM\ciiK'iit  of  1S21  could  not  1i;ivr  1)('on  successfully 
aftoiiiptcd.  It  wouM  have  cori;ij)SL'(l;it  once,  as  shown 
Iiy  Itwi'hidu's  ci'iti(.'al  [losition  when  the  reaction  set 
in  with  sweeping'  desertion,  and  as  pi'ovc^d  by  the 
rapid  an<l  almost  hloodless  triinn])h  achi»!ved,  owinjjf 
to  the  acti\'e  ami  passive  cooperation  of  the  people, 
the  ^'uen'ilhis,  the  I'ural  guar'ds,  the  militia.  Nay, 
more:  Ihe  army  which  iJ'Jive  the  second  and  decisive 
im[)ulse  to  tlie  totterini^  movement  at  I^'uala  was 
Ihat  of  (xuanajnato  and  ^Jichoacan  luider  Ijustamante 
and  otiier  ci'eolcs,  c()iui)osed  to  a  great  extent  of  pai'- 
doned  insurgents,  wlio  had  not  failed  to  spi'ead  tlieir 
ideas,  and  to  a,  gi'eater  extent  of  native  miHtia  wholly 
in  sympathy  with  the  I'ormer,  and  awaiting  onlv  an  oj>- 
portunity  and  a  leader.  The  oppoi'tunity  was  ofl'ei-ed 
in  the  military  erroi's  and  neglect  of  the  viceregad  gov- 
ernment. While  Iturbide  may  justly  claim  to  have 
])resented  a  plan  and  leader  round  whom  to  rally  the 
diilerent  elements  all  lying  pre[)an,'(],  his  }>arty  is  to  he 
regarded  ])roperly  as  only  on(!  of  the  ingredi(>nts  in 
the  leavening  ma<s,  which  infuses  the  necessaiy  stim- 
ulant for  pei'fecting  it.  And  if  we  look  at  the  ulti- 
niale  I'esults  we  heliold  the  movement  of  I8i2i  a  nu're 
hii''f  episode,  tailing  into  an  im[)racticahle  scheme, 
selling  a  l)ad  example,  and  giving  the  main  imj)ulse  to 
the  hitter  party  spirit  that  for  decades  involves  tin,! 
country  in  all  tlie  hoi'rors  of  fratricidal  war.  Tiie 
movement  of  IHIO,  on  the  otliei'  hand,  reasserts  itsidf 
almost  at  once  overwhelmingly,  and  is  pra<.'tically 
cari'ied  out  undei'  the  old  leaders,  who  regain  ])rom- 
inence  and  I'etain  it  for  their  party,  with  brief  exce[)- 
tional  intervals. 

And  so  ^[cxico  bocouics  again  her  own  mistress, 
ai'ter  a  probationary  course  of  thi'ee  centiu'ii.'s  under 
stringent  colonial  I'egime.  IJorn  of  op[)ressIi)n,  bap- 
tized in  blood  and  I'apine,  often  the  tool  of  sellish- 
iiess  and  other  base;  passions,  the  re\ohuioii  ae|ilc\-es 
ill  ahno.^t  bloodless  coup-ilelat  one  aim — [lolitical   in- 


ALAMAWs  illsroJlY. 


821 


dopcndonce.      ?!..■    sti'ii--!..    is    IVan-I.t    will,    ]>\itvv 
c.soi,^  <lrau-n  fi-,.iu  ]a.-k  nf  n.on.  ^mvnd  svlUtwrUu-.' 
to  the   'onuuon  -nod,  iiivnlviii-  uTcater  disciplino,  ,v- 
^tramt,  and  ahovu  all  hanuouv;   i;,,-  it  is  .jiscml   wif!, 
n.-h'et  of  sustamcl  artion,  that  toi'n.s  tli(>  banc.      In 
li'c  L  aited  btate.s  a  smular  war  was   maintained   lui- 
se\rii  years   i.j  a   lar   smaller   i.(.],ula(inn,    with    h-^^s 
means,  n-amst -reater  ..,l<ls,  and  this  in  more  re.-ulai' 
campai-n,   not   m  desultory  -uerrilla   warfare     "fhis 
|M-Mi.ortionately  greater  aehievemeni  was  due  simnly 
tu  umty,  ,suI)ordmation,  and  ])ersevering-  adherence  to 
liie_cause,_WJlh   application   of  lessons  ^tau-d.t   hv  ex- 
perience, lor  the  .Mexicans  lought  with  e(,md  h./iN^TV 
and  eti-eriK^ss.      And  similar  devotion  to, u'in.-iple  won 
hl>c;ration  for   the    Dutch   and   in<lependence    for   the 
hwi>s;  the  iormer    Irom  Spanish  tvrannv,  the  latter 
i-Mi  the  Austi-ian  yoke.      The  niouMnent  in  Swit/.er- 
Jan.l   hears  certain    resemblance    to  the  3lexi<-an    in 

causes  drawm  Irom  semi-con(piestandaccumulatin..'un- 
t!er  oppressive  rule,  and  in  method,  which  resolves 'it-^elf 
-reatly  into  o-ueiTilla  operations  roun.l  mountain  j'ast- 
lu^ssesw-ith  active  participation  of  ivli-ious  olenieiits. 
Iho    Lnited  States  issued  from  the   war  deeplv  ex- 
hausted a  n<  I    in    debt,   while    Mexico    ha.l   ivcoCeivd 
horseli   belorethe  final   blow  was  struck;  but   in  the 
l-ni.er  c.rantry  the  one  stru-o'Ie  ended  all,  while  here 
HUK-h  remained  to  be  achieved,  in  political,  social,  and 
int<"llectual  emancipation.      .Alexicans  had  vet  to  learn 
that  strict  adiiereiice   to  principle,  with   se!f-eontr..l 
pided    by    an    educated    and    unchained    mind,  an.l 
bound  hy  harmony,  can  alone  bring  true  liberty. 


vunou.j  bnmdiia  ui  -..vciiunuit.     Al  tlic  t'luTof  each 


i)i:;-n::oxKM::xT  .wd  DK.vi'ir  of  rrriinini:. 


I 


volume  i:i  ,a  v;:liiaM('  niiininlix  cnntiiiiiiv^  rdfrcctivc,  s:iipiiliiiii'iit,'irv,  .''ml 
st;i;istic  il  iiit'iiriiKuioii,  ainl  Mi[ip!yiii^  cupii'S  of  u  lar,L;o  iiumln.r  of  ui!  dt  in- 
porUnit  o!lk'i:il  nm]  otlur  cloomncuts.  A  ijo[iious  iiulfx  of  (-■oiitcnts  id  ill  o 
givi'ii,  V,  liiK' plaiiH  of  roiitc.-i,  towns,  ;iml  fort.-i,  iuid  jmrtrails  ;ui(l  ;uito.i;i:ip'.is 
of  uotnl  men,  aild  to  thf  value  of  tho  te\t.  Alaiiiaii  had  watched  tho  pi'ogi'ess 
of  the  i-uvoIiitioii,  had  iiersonidly  Iciiowii  Jfidal;/o  and  other  Liter  h'aders,  and 
v.-jiM  therefore  aMe.  t')  jiid:^'e  of  tlie  viiliieof  tiie  liistoriei  presented.  The  blind 
iier')- Worship  of  the  Mexican  aeeonnts,  and  tlieliitter  tirades  of  the  Spanish  \  ir- 
f-ioM.s,  had  ('nuallj'  disgnsti^d  him.  His  aim  was  to  write  an  impartial  history, 
l>;i'i  perceiviii;,'  how  sli'on^ly  parlisan~;hiii  ]irev;iiled,  pailienlarly iunoni;  .Mi'xi- 
ea-.is,  h('  I'roaded  the  denmieiation  which  he  fi'ared  ids  Ktutenieuts  v.oiild  dr;i\v 
noon  him,  and  ]iroposed  to  defer  the  pnljlic.ition  of  his  version  till  after  hi.s 
•  loath;  lindinL',  h  jwever,  that  public  .si  ntiments  were  ehanj,iu^,'  somewhat, 
h.' yielded  to  the  solicit.alions  of  friends,  and  venture<l  to  liegin  i-snin.;  Ilio 
v.iprk  in  IslO.  His  main  authority  lor  the  jieriod  from  IS!  t  to  18il  ),  v.Krii 
l.e  was  uavcl'iny  in  luirope,  is  ])r  Areidieclcrreta'.s  minute  diary  of  events 
with  eommvnts.  ]1(;  moreover  claims  to  have  made  the  t,'eneral  ureliiveH 
hi.)  chief  .source,  {ind  to  have  kept  before  him  all  extant  boolis,  ncw-pa])cis, 
and  m;muscri[it.s  obtainable.  'I'lie  very  careful  and  not  Hcnnty  notes  bear 
him  out  herein,  ;ind  hi.s  cxnetues.s  iin<l  conseiesitiousness  are  .shown  by  tlie 
notes  ill  t!ie  a|ipcndice.s.  wlu.'reiii  In-  is  con- tantly  eorrectii'g  statements  not 
in  a''coril  wiih  later  I'cseari-hcs  or  witli  reliabh'  inf'irmation  from  friends, 
critics,  and  e.'eii  opponents.  .Maman's  long  pnMic  career,  after  1821,  v.hcii 
he  ligured  as  dt'puty  to  the  ec'irtes,  has  aliorded  him  ample  opporl unity  to 
gatlier  riiaterial  auil  1. now  ledge  for  his  woi'k,  and  ha.s  developed  the  ;  bility 
so  cviihMit  iu  its  pages.  The  w<irk  does  not  apfiear  to  have  met  with  tlie 
wide  reec[)lion  - -.abro.-iil.  at  least — that  it  deserves,  nor  with  the  ^evcre 
attacks  that  might  have  been  expected  from  its  ind(>pendent  tone.  .M.iman 
claims  ab.ive  idl  to  have  been  iuijiarti:'.!  and  exact,  and  declares  iu  his  Itli 
volume  that  his  invitation  to  critics  litis  not  brought  forward  any  refuta- 
tions of  facts  .stateil,  beyond  the  trilling  cori'cetious  addi'd  in  the  aii[)cn- 
di.'cs.      He  also  cl.iims  that  he  (Iocs  not  intrude  ids  observations  on  current 


events— j'rcfaee,  i.  p.  v — inor<lerto  leave  the  I'e.ader's  judgment  free;  buttliis 

rnl  '  he  fails  to  observe.     Often  ho  who  fancies  himself  tho   most  free   from 

prejudi  'e  is  t'le  most  prejndi''ed.     Alamau  has  a  contempt  for  the  Indian  and 

i.iixdl   races  by  whom  .and   fur  whom  the  rebellion  was  chiefly  can  ieil  <.iut, 

and  lie  conserpu'ntly  sli  'ws  his  objection  also  to  many  of  those  among  tho  'pure 

Sp.iniai-ds '  of  S[iaiu  or  .\merica  — whom  he  otherwise   ujiliuhls  as  of   his  own 

I'roudcr  iMce  —who  aided  tlie  rebellion.     Ifeeven  g(X's  solar  as  to  niisconstnio 
ii 1 : ..f  ir:  1..1. i  ..ii i i i »'.... t <-.,.!  i  ..  i  ;..,     if 


the  motives 


'"^'        * V.......  J.   ........^w.    ..............       v._....l..v.^... 

_    _     _  if  Hidalgo  anil  olher  leaiK'i's,  even  when  facts  presented  by  liim-elf 

tend  to  [mrii'y  them.  Jle  takes evei'y  opportunity,  while  .•u.'crediliiig  t!ie  roy.d- 
ists  witii  every  virtue,  to  exhibit  the  rebels  as  inhuman  ri>bber.s,  ;iuil  todcpi'ivo 
tho  early  insurgent  leailers  of  any  credit  iu  the  revolution.  All  the  nievit  of 
it  he  gives  to  Iturbiile,  to  the  regular  army,  and  to  Spaniards  born  in  S]iain. 
For  t!ie  latter  he  strains  his  p  liuts  of  argument  into  divers  contrailiction  i  of 
himself.  Yet  lie  docs  not  favor  Spain  or  sulij"ctioii  to  Spain;  nor  docs  he 
altogcthor  exempt  royalists  or  puio  Sjianiards  from  blnii':.  In  !--hort,  ho 
struggles  to  apiKMr  impartial,  despite  his  failings.  Though  Alainan':)ine,.n- 
ing  is  occasioaally  ctbscure,  this  is  of  rare  occurrence,  and  his  style  is  cle.:r 
and  nniU'cctcd,  free  from  ll'iwery  fancies,  poetical  ecstasy,  and  (ieiitiinent,,! 
gush.  It  is  well  adapteil  to  his  Mibj -ct,  aiiil  his  description ;  of  ( vents  ;,'o 
often  graphic,  a'j  for  in;stanee  the  capture  of  ( bnnr.ijaiU  i  by  llidab.ro.  Oc- 
casionally he  indulges  in  stnlces  of  line-pointed  satire.  He  owns  to  th" 
uso  of  .Americnnisnis,  but  claims  that   .Mexico  lias  a  I'ijht  to  introduce  iii 


BIIiLIOilRAi'irY  OF  Tlli:  WIVOM-I'IOX. 


nt 
his 
'1.1.11 
m.l 
;it, 
mrii 
>\\n 

h'lU! 
L'lf 
!l- 

I'lVl! 

it  cf 

in  in. 
if 


-II- 


t!io 


history  of  Me.vico  Iroui  iiS.'id,  tliuliij;  a  i/iiiidl  in  v,liie!i  lie-  [■layxl  .s)  oon.-^^ilcii- 
ous  a  |,;irt. 

Liiu.ii  J:.;nai;ii>  Alainiiii  \va.s  Ijoiu  in  tliu  city  of  (liu'uiiijuato,  (VioIrt  |.S, 
17!)i2.  (.)ii  lii.s  iiiuliioi-'d  .suiu  liu  \\;i.s  liiioally  (k'.sccinlcd  iVi.iii  I'liiio  do  Jiiusto, 
v.lio  in  117.)  itioclaiuicil  C^uucu  l.^uLul  iuOcuua,  and  ironi  l'iani.i-.ro  !M.iliii.i  <lo 
]>Uit(j  y -Moya,  liiot  niariiiii.i  of  iSan  Cluinunto  and  vi.sccnmt  of  DiiaiU'.  liid 
father,  Juan  N'iccnle  Alaniau,  wua  a  native  of  Ociia  -;.ivia,  in  tin;  vall(.y  of 
Sala/ur  in  Xavarro,  and  married  }iLn-fa  l,^'naci:i  l.'-^cal.ul;;,  tliu  widow  (A'  t'a- 
biiul  lie  Arcciit-'durreta.  Al.iuuiu'.s  niotiiur  1 13' her  lii.^!;  iiK.rriayu  had  a  son, 
Juan  Uauti-ta,  wiu>  hiuanu;  kui.;!it  (jf  tlio  onlcr  of  t',irh)3  J  IL.  and  i;  ii..n  of 
^k'.xioo;  it  i-j  tlic  niann.joript  diary  of  tlii.s  lialf-hrolhcr,  kcjit  at  .MiAieo  ivuia 
l.'Sll  to  1520,  tliat  conslitutu.i  ^Xkunan's  main  autliority  in  lii.-i  liistury  of  th.j 
event.s  (hirin:.;  that  period,  llo  received  lii.-:  early  ediiealiou  in  tliu  s  liool  of 
IJelen  at  (.Suaaajual.i,  and  afterward  studied  lualliomatie.^  and  other  liianeius 
ill  the  colle;.;o  uf  La  i'nrisinia  (Jonee[)cioii,  one  <jf  lii.s  iirstructor:)  iiein;,'  tlio  iiu- 
fortunato  L'afael  D.ivila,  who  wa.s  .'ijiot  hy  oi'der  (,f  v'alleja  in  N u vend  11  i'  IhiO 
The  :.Uidyol  miiiiui.;  ne.\t  oecU|>ied  hi-^  altenlion.  to  wliieil  lie  devoted  himself 
v.'iili  an  ii.isiduity  eharaeteri.-)tic  of  all  that  he  diih  In  1;  UJ  he  was  in  llu 
city  of  Me.\iea,  when  lliuri:^'aray  was  tlejiose'd,  and  iu  lolO  v,  itues.^ed  the  ter- 
rihle  event.s  whieii  oeoiirreil  in  (Juana  juato.  In  Deeeml/er-ef  the  iiaiiie  yeai'  ho 
removed  witli  his  molher  to  Mexico,  hi.)  lather  lia  vin,:/  died  Ihrec  ye,:rs  he- fore. 
Here  he  continued  his  Ktudi<s,  ineladin;,'  in  the  eoar.je  fur-igu  laiijiua.i,e.s, 
phy.sical . sciences,  inim  ralo^'y,  elu'mi.>'iy,  and  Ixjtany,  until  I.nI  I.  when  heleit 
for  i^pain.  He  remained  aliroad  until  IS'JO,  travcllni-' on er  nearly  the  whole 
of  Europe,  ami  cumph  lin.i?  hi.j  education  with  unwearied  apidii'ation.  Italy, 
.Switzerland,  France,  Fngland  and  Seollaiul,  (iermany,  i'ru.^siaand  Sa.xony, 
Holland  and  Hanover  weie  all  visited.  At  Paris  he  pur.siud  liis  study  cif 
lialur.il  .science  imder  IJiot,  of  hotany  with  l>eeaudolle,  and  chemistry  ui.der 
'i'henaril;  and  at  Frcyijcr.:',  a\  here  he  resided  for  snine  time,  he  increased  liis 
knowlediic  of  iiiiniu','.  On  his  return  to  his  native  eountiy  he  Mas  elected 
deputy  to  the  Spanish  cortes  f  jr  the  pruvinee  of  ( Juanaju.ito,  and  enibarkeil 
uitli  the  ih'puties  w  hi)  hastily  left  .Mexico  on  the  eve  of  lturhiiK"s  revolution. 
Fi'oui  tins  time  his  eaiet  r  was  a  juihlio  one.  and  jiertains  to  the  history  of  In"  * 
country.  Ahiman  died  .Iiiue  '2,  1S.">;5,  after  an  illne  s  of  only  a  few  days.  <  ):i 
May  'Jijth  he  was  atuieked  with  inllnnnnation  of  the  lungs,  which  assuiaid  ii 
fatal  form  on  the  '.Mth.  lie  left  a  wife,  Doha  Narcisa  (larcia  (.'astrillo,  whom 
he  married  in  l.S_\"?,  and  li.x  ehildrcn,  live  of  whom  were  son.s.  Alanian  w.ii 
of  .somewhat  diminutive  ;.tature,  ami  posscs.sed  little  physical  (.troug'.h.  Hi* 
determination,  however,  moral  ener,!_'y,  and  cea.-.eles.)  peiscveraiico  rendered 
liiin  cajiahio  of  mider',oin;;  ,i;rcat  exertion,  !Uid  supplied  him  w  ith  an  exhaust- 
less  fund  of  ciuluiauii'.  Ili.s  forihcad  was  hroad  and  Hinoitli,  liis  eye:;  keen 
and  piiri'iuij;,  and  his  couiploxion  .so  lair  that  it  wnuld  betoken  him  to  I)elou;4 
to  a  nnrtlui'n  race.  Ilo  ^v.ls  hi^h'y  fjifteJ,  .'-iicakiii;  Kn.;li^h,  Frcneii,  ami 
K.dian  llnently,  hc-sides  posses-in,"  con.ideraMc  kuo\\ledi.'o  of  the  (leliuan 
lanf5aa'^'c.  He  w.i ;  a  mcnd)cr  of  iiumerous  rcientific  iu.;tiluVioMS  and  ht(  raiy 
Bocicticjiu  lUir.  1)10  and  the  I'nitvd.St.ites.  His  talent  was.  if  hi  :;hoidcr,  and  he 
cultivated  it  witli  cxcuiplary  iiidustry.  Timu'^'h  hoUUic.^  liiy;lioliii.'c  unlerthe 
repuhli.',  he  not  inK":vi[uc.uly  displays  in  hi  >  history  monarchical  tendencie  .. 
Tornel  sUitcs  tiial.  diiri:: ,'  his  travels  in  Knro)ie  Alaman  hei'aine  i:nhaed  with 
the  ide:i  .  Iiafc  a  iuo;,;r.-  '  i.-  1  furm  of  •.'overnmeuL  wa.s  the  mo.^t  iicrfec'.  Ilnrn 
Umri]-!,  ii:-t.,  -J'"-;!.  .Vliuia'.i,  on  the  contrary,  il.s.sures  u  )  that  his  (xpericnco 
in  Kur.ip.;  had  natlo  a  repchlican  of  him  llisf.  Mij.,  v.  .-i)?;  he  was,  howcn-er, 
opposed  to  ceiu'ioratio  U'liilciicics.  Zavala  speaks  of  him  a:i  cunuin..;,  reserved, 
avariciou<.  v'r»l  ever  ready  to  avoid  dauL'cr:  a  man  who  made  lew  or  no 
friends.  AV/',  .!/f.i\^  i  ."{^J-;i,  Consult  Al'iiit'in,  Ai.ih.li.-<  ji!";h.  W-  •"''>:  /''■» 
00.  — •  (,■  '~,n!o;i..y'X.,'2\--iO;Mij.,ti.uti'i/ni,(,ir(ir.J'iii"'>.; 
70,  "JSl;  /Jiis/antaiile,  I'oz  dr  t<i  Pttlri',  ii.  S;  Ji!., 


;.'. 


L'' 


■  I'ct  dcd  hy  hi-i  l)ti«'rtai'i'ivc!>  nXrr  hi  l]'i-!una  ifp  la 
■■ia  ha-'il'i  •'.tiiidriniuUucia,  Me.\.  U4t,  1    10.  U  vols. 


! 


s-n 


]>i:tiii:()x;;menj'  and  jH'Lvtm  t)F  itl'rbide. 


Tlii'sc  tlisscrtiiti'  lis  wi'Ve  really  iiitriiiluc'tory  to  tlir  lii-itory,  and  ori;_'iii;itiil  in 
ii  io.sijliiliim  cif  till-  .AtciKiip  n)i;ifty,  of  \vliic/li  ALiiiiiiii  was  a  iiioiiiiu'r,  M!a(  itd 
assooiatcH  hlioulii  yivo  ])iil)lic;  ketiircs,  Tliey  wctv  |inl)lislic(l  in  the  piTiod- 
iwil  of  the  Atcneo,  ami  an  this  ric<jiil  socniiil  tuo  ephenu-ial  to  Alanian,  he  re- 
visoil  and  enlavi^'ed  them  for  this  sjieeial  issue.  'J'he  1st  volume  narrates 
pretty  thorou.shly  the  events  ot  iIk;  eonijuest  of  .Mexico  and  later  oeeui  renues 
donn  to  l.j.'io;  vol.  ii.  is  devoted  to  tlie  liiography  of  ('(jrtes,  las  family  and 
(leseondauts,  anil  to  a  histoiy  of  the  development  of  the  eity  of  Mexico,  with 
jiu  aceoiinl  of  the  reli^'ions  pro^i'ess  of  the  country.  The  ."d  vijlunie  is  v.  holly 
/^ivcn  to  Spanish  hislery,  and  contains  an  a]i])endix  of  100  liai,'es,  .^upplsiii;.'  ;i 
lisf-  of  the  \  ioei-oys,  with  the  principal  events  connrcteil  with  their  adiuinia- 
tral'ons.  C'onsiderahle  leseareh  into  lare  docunKJUts  and  archives  was  made 
in  ohtainini,'  the  material  for  this  work,  as  is  jiroved  in  the  appendices.  Ala- 
man  excuses  the  lengthy  history  of  Spain  on  the  j^round  that  no  true  and  im- 
partial version  existed — iii.  ;isr> — and  ho  coiisideied  his  account  wortliy  of 
Spauianls"  attention,  and  also  thou<.;lit  it  needful  for  the  proper  und(;r.>faiid- 
in.i;  of  Mexican  hi. story.  In  the  preface  to  vol.  iii.  he  outlines  his  llinloria  ile 
Mijko,  Mid  rejiorts  its  ]iro,i.;re-;s  to  date. 

Jo.-ii'  Miiriii  Luis  J/orc,  M'ji'-tt  1/  .</is  Iii  ro/iir/oiK-!<,  Paris,  IS.'Ui,  M  vols.,  i., 
iii.,  iv..  the  'Jd  not  having  been  ]>ul)lished.  This  autnor  was  horn  in  Chania- 
euero  in  (luanajuato,  Octoher  ITl'l,  slndic^d  theology,  and  was  ordaiiu/d  ii 
]iresl)yter  in  JSIil.  Somewhat  later  he  estahlished  himself  in  I'aris,  \\heio,  in 
!>S-i7,  he  was  appointed  minister  plenipotentiary  for  Mexico  in  Lomhm.  Jle 
died  .su.ldenly  in  I'aris  in  July  of  the  following  year,  at  the  aire  of  iifty-four. 
!Mora  liegan  to  collect  material  for  his  Wnik  in  I ''"JS,  and  commenced  to  write 
it  in  ls;!0.  ]lis  first  volume  treats  of  modein  Mexico,  that  is,  its  char.uter 
as  a  nation  and  country  at  the  time  when  he  \\rote;  vol.  iii.  takes  up  tlio 
eoiKpiest  and  the  colonial  ]»eriod  down  to  IMIO;  and  Vol.  iv.  the  war  (jf  imle- 
])eiidence  from  its  heginning  under  Hidalgo  to  ispi  iuclusive.  Jlis  hi.-tory 
adds  little,  as  far  as  iniormatiou  goes,  to  that  sujiplicd  by  previous  wi  iters. 
It  i:;  nat\irally  tinted  with  his  own  ideas,  which  without  being  profound  dis- 
play intelligenc".  His  gi'oujiings  arc  good,  his  speculations  are  prae'ical, 
and  a  broa<l  human  nature  sc'eioM  to  H|«jaU  throaghout  his  work.  He  never 
quotes,  but  in  his  prefac'e  fsti(t(;s  ih"  authorities  upon  which  he  mainly  ridied 
for  his  information.  His  reuiaiks  on  them  exhibit  hi.s  desire  to  l)e  iiniiartial. 
He  supplies  several  interesting  doeuiiients,  and  his  biographical  matter,  with- 
out being  abundant,  is  clear  and  concise.  This  author's  account  of  Hidalgo's 
ejvicli  seems  hurried  and  ineo;nplete,  while  Ids  rcl.ition  of  the  .Monlos 
peiiod.  as  far  as  it  extends,  is  full.  His  estimate  of  Hidalgo  is  one  of  dis- 
afiproval  rather  than  appreciation.  Morelos  he  admires,  He  liiitf  //  radical 
ilislike  <if  both  the  church  and  military  as  state  power.s.  l/i-  ryiiii/(/(lii  -  arc 
with  the  insunvietiou,  the  more  no,  probably,  since  his  broihi  r  fon  l.t  and 
died  in  its  cause.  His  literary  style  is  simple  and  good,  though  ,so)i<\',  h'  t 
commonplace.  Mora  was  the  author  of  varior.s  other  woiks,  coin)/!  114 
among  which  is  hh  Ohr'is  Siic/'d^,  I'aris,  ISMT,  '-  vols.  Volume  i.  contaiiH  n 
]iolitical  review  (if  events  in  Mexico  fnjm  IS'JO  to  1S.17  and  a  ''/lleetioii  0/ 
l'.is!io))  (jhu'ipo's  ritings  ou  the  subject  of  the  seipie^tration  of  cluicli  jiroi*. 
erty  for  the  benelitof  the  treasury;  also  a  dissertation  on  linaneeand  fie'  jrul)- 
lie  diibt,  foreign  and  internal.  The  political  rev  ir'VV  ti'cats  of  the  dili'  ;cnt 
factions  and  administrations,  philosophically  discussed,  leforms  in  tlu;  ;iriny 
and  church  nystenvs  being  advocite,!,  especially  tl.e  suppression  of  ecc'c-ias- 
tical  civil  jurisdiction.  Vol.  ii.  is  a  collection  of  his  articles  palili-heil  i;i  tlio 
Si  iiiiiii'd'io  /'(jliliri)  1/  Liti  rar'io,  and  the  O'lii  rnrfur  <li  la  //■  /nih/i  -'  Mijn  'mi, 
probably  written  between  ISlld  and  1S;{0.  These  articles  ,uv  mostly  .if  a 
].olitical  character,  and  treat  of  secret  societies,  liberty  of  t'lc  press,  (■duca- 
tion,  expulsion  of  th' Sjiauiards  fi'om  Mexico,  refoinis  in  the  <'onstit;i;ion, 
tho  s;i)i[)resrfion  of  military  tribunals  the  prerogative  of  nieroy  in  lemi  •;  a  of 
capital  imnishmeiit,  laws  respecting  eiti.?enship,  and  other  ijiesiioni  ia  all 
of  which  discussions  the  aulhor  displays  his  stiMUg  liberal  views. 

The  uullioritie.s  from  which  the  Idstory  of  iLurliido's  rovokuioii,  reig  1,  and 


I   1 


T 


AUTHOllITIES  0\  THK  KKVoLl'TIOX. 


S-J.> 


li.Ml 

iliXi 

mill 
li;.t 
ma 

'  i  u 
I'll    uf 


.11:1- 
.  Ut 

my 

■  ia.s- 

tlio 

'„<i, 

,i  A 

lioii, 

:i  all 


mil 


(loatli  has  Itoen  dcrivcil  iii'c  very  mmicnms,  as  wili  1)0  rcan;^'iiizi'il  by  ilic  fol- 
lowing li;-it.  IVi'liiijis  tlio  most  iiiipoitaiit  DUO  i.-i  the  llitiiiinji  ihl  <  ni/n ntdor 
Jj.  A;l'(il<n  di'  Itiifliiil, . .  .  .Mi'xiro,  ISKi,  by  Carlos  lUistaiiiaiiti'.  'J'liis  woi  li, 
tliou;,'li  stioii'^'ly  linctiiri.'il  M'itli  tlie  iisiial  fariviu'i)  iioticfal)lo  ill  Hiistaiiiaiitu'd 
V.  ritiiigH,  is  very  valuatjlu  for  tliu  great  iiuiuln'i'  of  iloi'Uiiieiits  it  ciintaiiis,  ami 
from  tlie  fact  tiiat  tliu  author,  being  a  member  of  tin;  eoiigress,  was  a  j)artiji- 
pator  in  many  <>f  the  leailing  events.  His  versions,  liuucver,  must  be  re- 
ceived with  eaution.  lluslainante  is  not  an  uu|irejuiliceil  uritei',  jiiul  not 
lilifreqiiently  makes  out  liis  ease  ami  eulors  it  to  suit  liis  own  views.  1  eaii- 
Jiot  accept  his  assertion  that  lleneski  reporte.l  to  iturliiile  before  he  lainleil 
that  he  hail  been  prosciibnl,  anil  that  t)ie  latter  'rusheil  witli  his  I'Ves  oik  11 
into  the  abyss  of  ib  struetion.'  With  rc'^ard  to  the  execution  of  the  (!.\- 
eni[ieror,  the  author  remarks:  '  The  goverimii'iit,  no  less  tlian  the  congress,  has 
been  accusal  of  erurlly  and  injiisticr,  and  ( !ar/a  of  bolli  as  wt  11  as  of  ingrati- 
tude.' p.  'Jiii.  lliistamante  lioids  all  pal'tii-s  iilameh'^s.  'I'lie  .safely  of  the 
people,  he  argues,  is  tlie  .supreme  law,  and  witli  Iturbide  presi'iit  tlie  pulilic 
peace  could  nut  have  been  jireserved.  (iarza,  li';  maintains,  eouM  not  have, 
acted  otherwise  without  sacrilicing  himself,  and  thi'  onl\'  fault  he  linds  witli 
him  is  for  having  temporarily  placrd   Iturbiib'  in  command  of  tho  escort. 

('(irl'.i-^  Xiiriirro  If  Itnilri'iiii'.,  I/iirhii.'i'.  .Madrid,  ISii!).  pp.  "JilT.  'i'liisauthor, 
a  Spaniard  and  constituent  deputy  of  tlu^  Spanish  ciirtes.  supiiliesus  with  the 
history  of  Iturbide's  career  and  events  in  .Mexico  tliat  resulted  from  tin;  time 
of  Ins  defection  till  his  death.  Navarro  iliaws  largely  upon  .Mama n  for  lii.s 
historical  material,  but  his  \  iews  are  taken  from  a  Spanish  st^indpoint. 
I'lvei'V  act  of  Itui'liiile  was  wrong,  and  every  misfortune  wliirli  hapiieiied  to 
t!ie  country  or  to  individuals  who  took  part  in  the  events  is  attributed 
jiiainly  to  the  .separation  fioni  Spain,  which  country  ho  describes  as  ;i  good 
niotiier.  will)  would  ha\  e  bce'i  a  powerful  support  against  the  encroaclimcnt  of 
the  L'ulted  Statics.  Next  to  this  grievous  error  was  the  mistake  committed 
by  not  establishing  a  iiiunarchy  with  a  iMiropoaii  priiu^e  on  the  throne  and 
ICuropean  support.  Naxarro  writes  well,  and  uttei's  many  bitter  truths,  but 
ho  is  an  inveterate  monarchist  and  far  from  impartial. 

Jo^c  JiKKiU'ii  I'l sudo,  IJI  /ihiiifidor  'A'  M<u:i''o  J),  .liiiisl'm  dr  I/iirhidi'. 
Mexico,  IST-,  i>p.  7!t.  This  work  is  a  historical  sketch  of  Iturbide'.s  life,  the 
jjrealer  poi-tion  of  it  being  devoted  to  the'  period  commeniing  with  the  declar- 
ation of  tlie  plan  of  Igual  i,  and  terminating  with  the  lilierators  death.  'I'he 
authif  e  insiders  that  rlio  charges  of  excesses  romniitted  bj-  itiirliido  while  in 
command  at  (iiianajii.it  >  were  exiiggerattKl,  and  regaids  the  action  of  the  gov- 
erninent  in  reniov  ir-^  him  from  his  command  as  an  indication  of  the  littli^  eon- 
lidcnco  placed  l.y  loyalists  in  Mexican  ollicers  serving  in  the  go\-frnmeut 
ranks.  I'esaiio  inclines  to  believe  that  Itmblde  while  in  retirement  rellected 
on  the  «j;iesti<«iii  of  independi'uee  and  mcdilated  its  aehievi'mriit.  He  does 
lint,  hovover,  atti'injit  to  screi-'j  his  anibitio;i  and  failings.  ( 'ontrary  to  II10 
suppowitioci  of  .M.i'  ',  he  liclievcs  that  IJeiieski  carefully  coiieealid  iVoiu  <  iaiv.a 
the  1*'  u  that  Ilu;bi.e-  had  arrived  on  the  coast,  and  wliile  gi\  ing  the  i-'rt.i.ui- 
dante  full  cpidit  for  his  liiial  t'lrorts  to  .save  Iturbide,  eondeiiins  his  e.xccillioii 
as  repugiian*  to  rlie  ]iriueipIeH  ttf  justice  and  reason. 

.7i(s' ■  /I'tDi    :i   ;'■/'■'(' !■'),  Jji  .■iifrpi/i/il  di'  ft)      il'  iitilidiul  j'i'iiiihr'       .11  (Jill-  .~r  hoii- 

rnnni  ln-i  rci^in  d,l  llifof  dc  Jijiiidti.  jHm  AiikxI'hi  dr  //'(/•'"''-■.  Mexico, 
181',),  pp.  (K).  A  description  of  tlie  olt.scipiies  celebiated  in  honor  of  ttur- 
bidi' on  tli(>  ooi'asion  of  removing  his  r  niaiiis  from  I'adilla  lo  the  cathedral 
of  Mexi''o  ill  ls;>.H.  This  account  was  written  Ijy  order  of  the  government, 
luid  I'rc  lent  Herrera  afterward  caii.sefl  it  to  be  |)ubli-hed.  I'achei  o  d  - 
iiouucos  t!ie  execution  of  Iturlidc  as  an  ait  of  party  veiigeauco  anil  by  no 
means  expressive  of  the  will  cif  ihe  n.ition.  He  r''[)Uiliates  the  idea  tiiut  Mur- 
liido  had  any  per.sonal  object  in  v>turning  to  Mexii  o,  maintaining  that  his 
only  motive  was  to  aid  in  the  .s.ilvation  of  the  nation's  iiidcpendcnee  vhicli 
th„'  nut'io''  believes  wa.s  riudly  threitened  by  the  projects  of  the  Holy  .Mliaiiee. 
I'aeheco  linds  no  excii.se  for  (larzn's  proceeiUngs  in  the  matt»'r,  <'hargiiig  hi. a 
witli  iagradtude  and  treachery.     To  the  account  uf  tlie  t-diunuUioii  of  Itiir- 


S'JO 


1)i:;'1IR0Ne:.iI:nt  and  diiath  or  itltjude. 


lii'lc'.s  I'ciiiuin.i  ^liiil  til-'  fiiiicr.il  I'cri'iiiiJu'Rd  ar(^  ii)i|.('ii;kil  iMjiii's  (.1  ii  imiuhcr 
ul  tlucumiiit.s  r.lativc  lUeTUoo,  iiiiion.i,' v.  liiv.ii  niiiy  I'C  iiulin.'il  ji  j,'i,ii.  .ly  invcu- 
tijiy  (,t'  the  bijiii;!  ami  tr;i^iu<.iil.s  ul'  tlio  liliiiator'a  ruiiaiji.-i  ilii,iiuiTri.'il  ;it 
J'jiililiii. 

.1/.  1''  /'/■'"//,  HUldfif  ih'  1(1  ]!i  ro'iirion  tn/itd/  ili  J.'.-ijiaiia  1/  t^i's  i-ohmciii  n- 
fiuT.  .  .iliilp;iii:i,  IM-'I,  J),  iii.-xiii.  ."),">,  11.  .'(.  In  tiii.-i  trcuti.io  cu  tlic  ii'vohiti'ia 
i:i  .'-Jpaiii,  ISJ:),  tiio  iiiUlior  ilisciiss(:<  tin:  cllVct  of  it  on  liir  AiiicriLiui  oi^limicM, 
iui'l  iiiiiiiit.iiiis  ili.iL  it  liustLiifil  tli(  ii'  iiuk'iiiiult  iici'.  Tlio  coii-Lituiion  luriiud 
ii.  IliiyiKiiu!  ill  I  i(W,  lie  iid.^'nts,  cduvortcil  colaii.il  iniUiburiliuatio:!  into  ;.u 
ii^>f-uiiiptiiiii  ot'  o(|iuilily,  iinil  lir  coimst'ls  Sjiuiii  to  ivcogni/o  tliu  iiKlcpfinlLiici) 
v(  tliu.su  ii'iriioiiM  of  Ik  r  Aiiuiiciiii  p{issu.isioiis  wIutc  it  i.i  iiheiiily  cs^uhli.iliucl, 
iili[ioiiiLiiij  ia  otlicr  c;iui;.s  iiidi'peiuk'iit  g>)V(ruun.iita  uikIii'  a  ihuuuivIul'uI 
bystuiii, 

(,\tz.  (/'■  .V<.'\,  ISIO,  vii.  7  S,  II  Hi,  -22-21, '>'^o-V>,  O.'T  7lM;  I'.IT  JI,  viii.  ■ 
xii.  jiiissiiii;  (;:(.■.  J,„j>.  Mi.i\,  i.-ii.  iiii.^riiiu;  (lui:.  l,'ofi.  JJ<.-.,  !;>_;),  i.  !;).';_', 
M  -l.'J,  i;;.i-.S,  -Jl-l-ii,  ii.  !)-lS,  •221--2;  Gae.  dr  (iaad.,  JSJI,  laoir.i:  ];_'.»,  ::.•;.,- 
4  i,  -J  i.V:),  -JT!*-.!  <(i,  -ti).'  rj,  4:;t-!();  (.'(./■/■>•,  Dhirio,  I8ii.'.  xii.  ;i.".7,  .w.  -t.i.  .\\  i. 
1  1-1.*.;  lyi;!,  \i.s.  -JoU-i,  xxi.  I'y^SAf;  18_'!),  i.  fS,  (iU,  ii.  22'-^,  iii.  -i;),  (iJ-1,  iv. 
hs-O,  i,],]..  1;;  I,",,  V.  luij-'j.  vi.  (i,  1  I -J."),  vii.  I,  (i,  17,  ix.  '-^i  7,  xi.  'J.  'J;!  7; 
I  _'l,  vi..  2  .1,  .",  ;,iii.  7  -"•',  ll'.  xiv.  1),  xvi.  I,  ."1  'J!*,  x\ii.  I  Jo,  x\iii.  17,  xi\. 
!»,  XX.  1,  ;;J  !.>,  xxi.  4-1:J,  xxii.  .'l.S-P,  xy.iii.  4;)(),  v.\t.  i.  I  :ir>,  c:  t.  i,i.  l-'J.'; 
>  ;t.  V.  ■_',  (Xt.  si.  :'A;  I.S'Jl',  i.  6-',l,  ii.  10-14,  4.'),  iv.  4  lo,  vi.  7,  vii.  17  ^.j,  i\. 
o-l.i,  :',2.  X.  ii  l;),  xi.  .-.  ;i();  c\t.  \S22-:],  i.  l-.'!,  ii.  10.  iii.  21  ;\0,  iv.  :)  H,  Si  1, 
v.  ;i  I,  VI.  I,  \ii.  •_',  viii.  1-.V_';  |.S-j;!,  -2'.)C,,  ;il7,  ;!.;!,  IM.'!,  07:),  .'is,-.;  C6,-li<, 
J'luriu  iJ/ir.,  iv.  r/J-ll,  '^17;  '  o/'/i .<,  jyturl)  S(  n.,  i.  IJ.'i;  Ctitit-t,  JJiario,  COL 
J'ci.,  jsil,  ii.  L>!)7;  r(/,v,  s  Art.  OriL,  LSI;},  i.  Uii),  ISr.-O,  -JIO,  J7o;  j.sM,  ii. 
JIO;  Co, !<■■<,  Ac.  I'uh.,  ISl'O.  i.  ii.  iias^siai;  Cvi:  l\d.  Mia:.  An;;.  2A-V,'X  ISJ-i; 
Cil.  J)rc.  S)').  C'lii;/.  J/<..'.,  1  -7t!,  KW-.'ll;  Aluiwiii,  lll^l.  Mj.,  i.  ;;i:7-S,  ii.  7o- 
SJ,  .").")!,  iii.  1)4  (i,  ;ilJ,  iv.-v.  passim;  Id.,  A;iihil-s  Hhui.,  li.'-'J7;  Id.,  J)i.-<'rl., 
ii.  511  CO,  !),!->'«;  UiiMiuii'tiih',  Ciin/.  Jli4.,  ii.  i;);)-4fl, '-'iiJ-S,  41_',  iii.  \2~i,  I'.l.'i- 

8,  :).-.;)•),  ;jd:)-i;;s,  iv.  in,  i  Ki,  2.\2, 2'.c>  7,  \r>^  (JO,  oO^-is,  5;]|  11,  v.  iKi.^sim, 

vi,  (]]>'•:{,  vii.,  M.-^.,  (i-l;!:!,  viii.,  .M.S.,  i;;(j-'J.i7;  Id.,  //.v.  Jlii,-!,:di\  passim; 
Id.,  Jlitji.  //isf.  .!/,,-.,  .M.S.,  1;;;  /(/.,  So/;,:  JJin:!.,  •_>7-oO;  Jd.,  .y,  dldai  para 
I'drijit:,  M.S.,  ii.  IV--JJ.  :iii  !»,  7S-S,');  Id.,  (,',i.r:i  i'ind.,  I -.s;i;  J  I.,  ('(iHii>aihi 
tihi  il/,ji-!'t,  22,  t:!-h  /'/.,  C'.i.ii/iuria-!  d.;  iUdliju.  117-01;  II.,  C./'. '.,(/'  .l/,x., 
i.  S4-a"i;  J<1.,  Mmi'ii:  llli!.,  \-:\\;  Id.,  Hi,it,,i-  d,l  tlnd.  Lr^iro,  1  -'.Jo;  AUiol/'.i 
Mc.c,  44-oS,  li;)-|r),  ■_'!()  , -.I),  1^77;  Arronr.,  Ilinj.  Mr,:,  li)|-i'll,  •J7'>-(i,  o'Jl- 
4')l;  Id  ,  //;■.,'.  y  Crijii..  l!K)-4,  •JIO-:.i);  Al/'ln,  l.Sii),  .s:!-4.  KSo;  Arnni'ioh, 
M'J..  i.  'J.!!,  ;!;;i-4!J,  .'il)rf-40;{,  ii.  0-17,  lis,  ■V)-Ui7,  -ll-J;  Xu'iriotio  Veil., 
1SI7--I,  p:!'..iiii;  Xi'ii'  Ji'o.J.,  xii.-xiii.  [);i.-;siai,  xiv.  !;)_',  ;ii!  i-O,  xv.  (i,  IS;  i, 
xvi.  1J7,  1)7,  xviii.  'J-Sll,  xx.-xxi.  paiisim,  xxii.  7-0,  'J:.',  (i.'),  lUJ,  liiJ-!):.,  2'M, 
•J70-',», -Jilo,  im,  ;!41,  :ri;)-li0,  nsS,  xxiii.-x\iv.  passim,  XXV.  L'l;),  •!;;),  xscvi. 
•2J2,  1281,  L'SU,  :i;;."i,  .S71,  i:il,  xxvii.  lo-li),  i:i7,  xxviii.  117-'.  xiv.  12  i.;,  Iv.  I;); 
Ai'ijdiidir,  ]j!o[ih>  /-'ail.;  Andradc,  El  Ciijii/dii  (.Icii.;  Ariu/ii,  JKm  Ihiilijc. 
M'j:,  JO.MJ;  Ab'jd  /'■//-/.,  (!-',)_';  Ah'c/ia  de  C/id/KUiriini.-),  pui.^iin;  Adtit.ii 
M(.<:,  i.  .")7;  .\'-t.:.i  del  ('nn'f.  ('o)i>!,,  void,  i.-iii.:  Ahii.  Cdi,//.  Mun.  y  (InUi, 
)  ;jt,  47-'.).),  17.".--'1'.);  1S2_>'  4'.)-lll,  i:!S-i.MI,  ;{4-2-.S();  .l,',-.,,(.,  LI,. I  Vr.i.  suhm 
Coil!.,  IJ-.M;  Am.  liln'v  J',i/>.,  iv.  Si.'7-4I;  X.  Am.  J,'ci-i,  r,  xiv.  4i2.)-l!),  xix. 
i:)!)-!i.'>,  is;!,  2r,-J,  xx.xi.  IIO-IS,  xliii.  l2.>;)-;}(),  (.iii.  10!l-7;  Ar;iiiil.'i'.<,  J.o.i 
Oil  idi-.'i;  .\,  .•!'!/  mo,  (Jra^'ioii,  t'ii:;  Lai'rnhirju;  .\l;i  nm^  Idm-i,  4.1-7;  Alr;ii;~, 
S'tidit  .[itii,t  ,')'(<l(t  /  \.'.',  lAf't;  Ai'ihlr  iW,\,:  ('ol.  A'.'/.,  ii.  ot!i; -4;'.'.'/.'7;7  (,  /,', - 
to/..,  pas  iui;  A.;n<d:i  t'oU'i.,  1S;.'I- -2.  ■Ji):i;)-i21o<»;  ^V../,.  ,V,  Uh.vi-i:  Cur.it,  K-l.S, 
1 S- J 1,  ;!)..-,};  ,/r,(/.;;M'  J/. C-.  U;,!-,  \:)20;  ro//,;;/'j  //,'.<  „/.h',.c.,  174-121'.); 
Tii\ rail,-; I  d,:  C'ldfO";  T,, />  Ti'in:  liiinctU,):  Turn, I,  X,i':  .V /.,  4-;ji>,  SO-7; 
y;/  V;  ;./.(..  O.a.  lO.  l.S-)7;.s'.  .I-.^.  mi,/  .!/(..•.,  i.  li2S-.",_'.  17J  ':;;';  A,:i.  ('o,i/,d. 
u.rl  Ad.,  :>')-[);  i:,!liiu,u,  M<:.v.,  i.  '2iQ-2,  ii.  i:U-7,  o71-Sri;  ll n-b  irha,i'),  .\'<-m, 
(-'limp.,  14-:i;i;  J''nrr,  Jll.-'ciir.-'ri;  G,)iii(~,  F,'ri'i<,  Miiiitf.  /.'.■.-.■;<  ./c;  JJl  Faruf, 
pu.sii)i;  Fii(;ii>  id  J'.iridi;  /j,irir,ta,  L'.rliorfaiinii':  1,1.,  M'niij'.;  i'l'da.  K.c'ra- 
vrl.di-  A!ri,-:i:  i'rri/,  I!  vil.  dn  M<.c..  l.':.5-71;  Jlar(j:!rrii,  JJii'i-'fo,:'o  I\)!i\, 
I-jL);  JJ/-!'.  'J  I'll-;.  Hi  ,■!(:''•,  xxx.   107 -'Si;  duddii/i  Unhl,',  :)_'..»;   Cii!j,tointh's 


.\/r.V., 

■jo!:, 
:ni., 

•-■:;:>, 

xx\  i. 


LIST  o:'  Arr:i'):;iT!!> 


8J7 


M'tx.,  T"i  L'l;  rr,:,''er'.i  Jf, .,:  cud  C'int.,  VIW  '.)■  Cm,,  Ti-  .■^  Shjlj:^,  iv.  10';-'_'7!: 
7.f.'  ''(•(••.,  V.  li.'i;!  I,  vii.  .")IS;  ll(vi'i.(i,s,  I',  1,1.  Aid.,  -IT-'Vi;  \i'n/>/Hui'<,  Ml:  iiiuI. 
Ciid.  .[„..,  SS,  \r,\<'airh-ln,  Ks!  !.l.  <>,>;., ii.  •_'.),  W-,;  CI,,  vail',;  .I/.,.-.,  ;;i;  i  SS; 
/«/.,  A'.  7^'/.  J/.r.,H  i:.,  .l;)-.'!;  <Vmvm,  J-ornihi-  .]/< .r.,l--27u,'2U2-:'.\.~>i  I  l.,j:i 
liiii'ir'io,  (i-7;  J/i  I'i'd'd,  Mi.-iitir'iit;  Curlii  (!<•  mi  L'-i-ilqailailij;  Chti'f.iubrht.iil, 
Coi:<irt- ■<</.'  IV/'..  ii.  'JH-KM;  li  -.  iK-ijiirt,  .)/..<•.,  70- Sd;  AVf/.-,  r..'-.''^,v/'.  ^'<-'/.,- 

/:,.....•■./,  Mi:,'.,  I  !(;-.->•_>,  ii:!  1 1,  rioi;  //;/;,//•.,•  //;,./.  (•«//.,  'j(i7-s;  /.v ■■-/•, y^  ."/.■.,■. 

y//,r/.,  !)!M()_';  rW.w,/-,  ,•  ,1,  ,in  Chi, I.;  C,  ,hila,!„,  MS.,  iv,  -Jl,  \'.l,  'J.'if;); 
//^'//■..-  r<)//.,  l!!;;-;!i:;:  //.,  /:.,-lnirl<J(,ii,-iiiif,  ii.  IS(J-'J'21;  /'Yoc-.v,  Orifiui  Cii'.; 
/'/•fts^'s  y/c,'.  //(■/.  .l/(,-.,  lOl-l;  /\ulfi  iihiiii/i,  t^iiti/i/iiiiiiijij/:,!/'/:  i.'ii/,l\  •J,"»-!- 
(;.),  .'JJIS-l'J,  4;)(J- .")•_';  Jinuila-i  <'u  Mi.r.,  ',>l;  Kiiiuijihf.i  T,  .a-f,  i.  VM-l,  ;{;;.")-7"i; 
]> -nil-, .,,■], ^  //!s/,  Mr.'-.,  ii.  ;n-70,  KH-S,  ."I'J'i  0;  'ihirirnn'i^,,  /m.r.- 'v.'.  //,',/•- 
V'  iif..  •11'.);  J)iih  '/,  Ji'i.^K.iii',  i.  s,  ii.  •J.'l.^-lS;  J)i^i„j>.;,:  Vnr.,  ii.  ."..")-77,  iii.  Kii)- 
11,  V.  1;  JJbr.' l'„;r.  Ii;<>.  C,,.;.,  i.  lIt-,-.(),  L'.V.-8,  7W-!»,  a).;),  i.".".,  iv.  !')_'-:(, 
8;i7-">l,  viii.  007-M,  7!1  •-'.  ix.  '-;7l-7,  47!)->'i»,  .V,)5,  (iOS,  700,  SIO,  Sls-;>,  x. 
jxissim;  diuisnr  .\fi.i\,  um.  1,  1-7;  Cniitro  I'alnhrild.i;  Ciii.<fi<>„  d,  f  l)i'i:  U'H'i'', 
i\ijl.  Il(h:  Pi'di'.,  7-'l(i;  Ih'murm'k  Her.,  i.  4S.-;  I.^,d„r,  n,l(iC,„i;  /.',u-l,:d,; 
Con;  <;i  Mil.  ;/  I'u/.,  p.-issiin;  /d.,  Mini!./'.;  Id.,  Ih-ri-  .Ma,/!/.;  ]d.,  I'li,i.  I  I; 
/'/..  Cir'd  (it  J'l  iisitdur;  LL,  C'lflni  de  lu.i  U,ii.;  Id.,  i'nlil-h'iy',:  II.,  /li;n; 
J)/:','r>,  pa-sniui;  Id.,  M, m.  Aido;/.;  ir(7->-o//'.s  Mix.  nud  lit  I'l!';/.,  71  ";  /!i"i;i, 
Jf'ii'i'.,  l-'l';  lli-odJ(hiii:<i.\i  M(j-.,'1\;  Jiuirro-f,  (liinl.,  i.  ;!M;  /,"  '•  •^  ,1-  ini 
M,.c.',  I-]  I;  Jl!i,i,io  Cii:;  ILnd'x  Mnr/i.  Mo,/.,  xlv.  007;  ll,Ali'j'<  Tr.\-n.-<,  :il  I- 
IS;  /i'l  I'liiii-:,  ('<iii,-t  nj'  .Ml.,'.,  'J.'jI-S;  Ln'j'ii'i'iCii,  Inihi'ini ;  l.'ij\)>,il,  I'o//.  ini'inn' 
(III  Mcitdc,  i.  'J!i7-S'J;  Jlii-h'if.  Mi.r.,  ii.  .I;; I  7.  iv.  •J7li-!IS;  Lniu.r.i,  iti.-i-iir.-.n-t 
y/i'.s'.,  no.  xxxvii.  r);>7-<>l;  J.,;/"ii'<  dmir..  ii.  l.'i-s,  <)!;  Liii-niiindr  r-,  Mf.r.  it 
H'lal.,  Ksft,  l!Mi;  Li  iii/,rr  I'l-'.-,  Xi,fc.-i  hi  .!/•.'■.,  llM  (i;  ti'iiin,inrii>  I'ul,'.,  i.  I'JS, 
l.")0-(il,  171-4,  ii.  "J-'IS-O,  -Jiil;  Ihnrho  Lh,-,,.  .1/..-;.,  i«.sim;  Ld,.,;d  ii  l'...j. 
E'^i'i'i'.'ii'i'it,  ()7->S;  l.ivirdi,  ('oii/r.-iturioii;  Id.,  /v7  /',  )i>-'idor  Mr.r.;  L'vrati'i  r 
Jiiitrv,  'h'ifioii  ( 'ii\;  Liiii'tiis'i'i'ii,  l.i'  Mcc'qiii',  7'J-S;(,  'JIM  .">;  /J'  ijadn  a  Tuln  -n; 
tSini'mi't,  Priji'.  Iwpnriil.;  LI.,  MniiijiiM'i;  1,1.,  />■■/' n.-m;  /iidir.  Ori;/.  K.cf,-n- 
ord.  Con;/.;  /.(r.iidn,  Ciii'-tio.i  .l/c.i\ ,  .'!I-S;  l.ofi'n,  J/z.^.s.  Jlir.  71--"';  S/i'iri~i/ 
iVfU' '/•/■>,  //.>■'.  M</-,  \ -'>'.), 'li'i'.i,  ;!77-">70;  Salrndoi',  JJifiri')  Olr-.,  IS7,");  /;,j- 
y/.'r<v  .!//7.  /{d'hri',;  j:..-l,orl.  id  I'lf'J.)  Jfc.r.;  El  Cymriol,  ^i,•l:•.■I^  •j:!,  IS..:!; 
l'.-<i',i!,  i-n  y  J.liii';  Jl'.c.  Illf.  Jh:-<.'n/,(.,  1."),  17-lS,  J()-S;  Jhirilu,  j:.r/,i>-<!  :; 
Id.,  Kl  To,-o,  ;i;!!)-40_',  4(;'.)-S.",;  /•/.,  :\fin„;.t  /li.iiui  Il„„ii„'v<;  Id.,  Ln  Vifdnd 
A.iiUi'ii'i,  'J(i!l-.'i;i^;  L'lirl'jrm,  LUtii;  Kl  Ai,ierhxiiio,  no.  1;  JJl  Mi  rc:^ii>  i'l/r't- 
iiKirhri,  SJ-llO;  A'lilr.ida  Puhlii-ii;  Licro  Mi.,'.,  i.  Si  !)l,  177-SI;  D  Tiiin/in, 
1S!I,:!1');  J>iri.rh'>.i  1/  nU!;).;  I)ii,:d,  ArirtK,  inw.  \1,  ISdO;  l>!  ■tihiini  .•njirn 
Jiiruiii;  J)inrio  d< I  Imp.,  ISiJO,  1^73-0;  J>idiiii.-!,  Lv  Mu:,  ll'l;  Mihii.i'.  id. 
Miiii'.j:  Miiii'/.  diiiifn  Pnn-'i-i.:  Iiit/iiiiiii.  .Iniil'i,  Pror'..:.;  L'.iiiiicii  /ni/mri'.  j.iufii 
Pirii'i-'.;  Mitii'ii'.  Ill  Pi'ihl.;  Mitri/m ::  >/  Jfuiirdh,  I'l'i.rlunin;  Ma~o,  Ari.-<i>;  Miir- 
ti.irz,  -ShiOji.  llUf.  HivJ.  M.X.,  i.  I'jiMO,  70,  101-0,  •Jil7-S;  Pcriz  MnrCim-., 
I >;■.■■',:■■);  Miinn-o,  l).,c.  IiiCn.-^  ,  7-1-';  Pn.v.  1,'irii.,  lied  Oriiii.;  Cofj.  P„ld. 
X.  i:  :>.;  .M.ii/ir's  MS.S.,-  LI.,  .!/...-.  J.'.,  i.  2:i7-:5l);!;  Midlvr,  1,'ri..,,,  i„  JA..'., 
iii.  '-V.;';-:;!!;  '.)///.vo7V;/o,--,  .'/'■  ...  Ili>,'.  r/,/.7,a..-,  (j()-71;  -V(V.<',b'.  Ai.i.  (ml  Mix., 
i.  l."S-S7;  -V.  Am.  MU.-.,  ii.  ■J")7-0iJ;  MiJ.,  Hofiinijo  Lr/' r,  [la-dim;  Mi.li.'i, 
Jj^.i'-nr- )  Pn'i::  a)Lx.,  Ciu-'^liuii.  Mouarq.,  IS-ll);  J/r.v.,  Ii:i'.Ji',iir  Co,,i.  Pi-"/., 
1K7K  1  .".;»;  .l/...-.  '■..'.  /-".vc-',  1S4S,  i.  (i4.')-7;  IS.")!,  vii.  I7!»-Sl;  J/<.<:.,  (.V.  iJic. 
y  di'il.,  l.VJ;  Jlhc'l.  d"  Com.,  .Ian.  (I,  ISJl ;  M.-iqulh,  Tid'in.;  Mcv.,  Dkt.  Com. 
Coiii'ic,  1--J,  0-0;  Mix.,  IJ^jtask:  .s'../';v  Co.idic,  •llW-ll;  Miu'.,  L'.jl.x.  .lo'u-r. 
Iiid.'jK'iid.,  ll-l'_';  Mix.,  Pro.-liinHt,  d, I  I'iriif;  (Julio,  Iloi,diri'i  Hi'--!.,  iii.  •_';).'{- 
4'.)4,  iv.  17;)--J2!t,  -JM-Sl,  1207  4 1 -J;  Cillinn'.i  Ti'iir,  l.i,  :i:);j-4:>,');  (;l,i::oi,'.i  111  >. 


Cii'li.  I  'hurch. 


■20.')-0;  Fmitc'ii  Tix't»,  i.  SJ   lOJ;  C.-i.jnnj'.-i  111 


.1/ 


42-4,  04-.");  Cii'hr'ii'.-i  IJiiir.  (IfO.f.,  i.  SO.'i;  OnrciK:  llnhi'.  Piirhla; Dai  Auiht  ni 
.Mix.,  i>p.  i.-i\-.;  Coicidi-.,  IliM.  </'■  Ai/iiar.,  !U-.">;  Mo-iniio  M'x.,  ii.  \1J,  \'ii>- 
7,  :!4i,  vi.  ;!;i7-!S;  M:i.--io  JA.c-..  ii.  l.'iS-lO,  j:!l-0,  iv.  .',.',:, AW;  M.>i/ii,  In'l,.:-;.:; 
uM.':iiii/;>i'id(i.-<  JJoiii!:i.  Iv'/h,  IMS.,  Ill;  Mi.c,  Pi'ii'ii)  ( 'umi.  Cuii.--ti'..,  ii.  4:)')-r)U'J; 
jN'..'.  c:iid.  Mi.c,  -iOI-l;  yullrjo,  Col.  Do-'.  M,x.;  .1A ..•'.,  Do.:  L'ilui.:Xiji';i'!ia 
11  (I  irrn.  .'>'.  'I',  di'  Jlicr;  Xovl'  i,  .\iin-i  I'ircii.  I  -.'):  X'mi:  Aiii"d'  •■  T''.'/.,  xiii. 
'iiJ--4;  liHi'lihle,  Mijkuiios;  Id.,  Proclumi;  Id.,  I'rimif  ifi/f;  Id,,  I'obUtno-^ 


823 


DETHIUJNK.MKXT  AND  UMA'III  oK  II  rilUlDK. 


//.'-/,;    f:, sun-re.    dr    IS  III;    liifnit.    ('iisf,,!.;    /mf,/,.,    ilnni   /,'. /A  ,v. ;   /n'l'p., 
Aiiiiinjin  J'fiit.:  /iiii'-ii/'.i  Hist.  I'.  .S.,  ii.  :U"_';  ll<  rinuuli-.,  F.sid'l.  .Mij.,  •2'.>'.',- \ ; 

lii'lnr,  M<X.,  I;}'-'-.");  IJrii/o^i's  J),  hull  s  111  ('uinl.,  \  i.  7">'.*:  /linHnffi,  l.c  Jfi.riijiif, 
i.  pj).  xxxi.- v.;  HhjIniitrH  Vii'io  W'nyll,  \.  ."i;!!)  .">•_•;  Il/foiilon's  Mm'i  rii  (liiiij.,  i. 
1.'74  (i;  Jldiiilfii,  J)iii:,  '2-'t;  Jim  ii rust ro.  Hist,  /'riiinr.  i/Siij.  Viiinf.,  nos.  i"t'J-.'>, 
jp)).  !;;_•  G.".;  i'a.'tlilln,  JJit.  Ilist.,{jl,  l,-.l--_',  '1S~  '.)();'  ]h  in.  Id  riiir,  \.  •!',:>-['>, 
•Sri-SO,  4S'J  I;  Ksjiuiln  .liistir.;  (■'.ijidn.,  Tinliit  Clasi  s;  Kri  rrilo  Aiiwr.  Srjit.; 
lu  niiiiiihi  VIL,  JJi'i/r/on,  passiin;  /(/.,  JJoc,  i>iissiin;  FHiiso/o  Lih.;  Firnauilo 
Jfi'l  <i  In.-i  lliihil.;  I  )n:ai'ti,  Onirn  iir.,  127-"'">,  l<'l;  olirns  smi  .[inui'is:  Oti  rn, 
(h-iiriiiii  ('ii\:  Moii'ilitir,  I'n.  Hist.  Mi\i:,  '2\4-\ii;  (ilinirriii  1/  Firrnri,  Lit 
l.iihiK,  x\ii.  •JUD-lii;  hi,  Lus  Tns  (lai-in,!.,  \\i.  I'.Mt-'JK;:  Ji'l.,  ('iiiliil.<i,  ./« 
J'lu/il'ii,  xviii.  pp.  "Jl.");  Hi  rill  Aiiu  r.,  i.  ISl-f),  ii.  ."i,")!);  I'liixin/nr  M1.1:,  t'lirt't, 
ul;  /'rii''/,f„i,i  ,1  /„.H  Iiisiny.;  I>c  I'nolt,  iiist.  11,  v.  F's/i.,  -.il-A,  :tl)--l-J;  /'/., 
J/n.sir.;  J'l.,  T/ir  Co/oiiiis,  ;{SMl-_';  lil.,  Kxiiiii.  ihl  Finn:  Jil.,  hlms  /'o/,'.,- 
Anrniiu,  /list.  }'»<•.,  iii.  ISO  -JIO,  I!!!)-!);  Finro,  JA r.  .7/  IS.',.',  i:{,  liiM)!.  l;j:t; 
J.'ohiiisuii'n  Miin.  Mir.  Hi  I',  ii.  KlL'  Mt,  llli-'Jll;  A/.,  .1/..-'.  ini'l,  lur  MiUl'iri/, 
7l>-l">-,  'J(iii-M;  Litii,  /'i/iiliii\;  I'iihrn-o  hin-c  Jnslir.;  Folirrrilo  llohj.,  Cnrt'i 
T'l-nrii;  (t'lilirrri":,  ('(iiili'sldf.,  4  11;  Turnl,  /'roiiiisllro  Fiimsta;  Fnnhnna 
Jli/lr.  J\'iu'.;  J'l  I'lit,  Ariiii/ri  ('ii\,  10-1(1,  'J4  7;  -V'  I'l  liiiznnroii  1  n  Jlnldr,  '2-'.'<; 
Osi'.i,  (iriirinii  /ii/iiii/.:  I'forliiiiia  Aimr.  Iiisiirj.:  J'/iiuiiis  i/  JJs/iuilit;  Aiiohu'i, 
F,i  Vis/ii  ,hl  S:i/oii-  Kl  I'utii  XwiuiKil,  >^vin.'-2.',,  ISliS;  .\'l,uthlril'^  Hist.  Trx'., 
:\2-[:\;  Jhiri;  nil,  Mmiij'.;  J'ljh/nniis,  llahit.  M,.r.;  J/,,,-.,  Ihir.  Ililuf.;  L'llrn.jii 
llii-iiiix  II  I'l  JicH;).;  J'foi'lidna,  Ainir.  .linn, it. ;  Fro'liiinn  F.jir.  Jinp.  Trl;/., 
Forma  ilr  O'uh.,  (Jiir/ii;  Plan.  (/<■  Jturliiil,';  JJoiniinin,-..  Es/io.iir.,  ()-S;  Fudila, 
A;iiiiit.  Ihi'iit.;  F.riKisir.  ,i  Ins  ('urtm;  ])i,:idra.  ('amis.  IJIiniin.;  Fi'i/ro-.i,  liiii'.i, 
('aiiiliHus,  ,")7-(jS;  Fi'ilriiyi,  ^Munif. ;  Tralinlu-i  ('ilvhrinlns;  Siui  iSalntilor,  .Ii 
J/ibi rifiilor;  Prr<z,  Jlrror  ilr  lijiialn;  P,iiino,  Coniji.  Hist.  J/i.c.,  li!."i-(il;  Id., 
2I1.C.  y  Ciiist.  FiiKinr.,  '2;  LI.,  Ciiiiilii.f,  (iiisti/.-<,  it,\,  7-^>-^!l),  7I!'");  Finnrt, 
^IS'y.,  i.  SO  00;  /,/.,  I'lint.  i.  7()-!t;  /'-r-:,  l>l,r.  (.',„,/.  Fsiad.,  MS  IJ.  |()|-;{, 
J7S,  -JiO,  .•>;il-'.>,  ii.  :\r,-S,  iv.  100-7,  -JOO-.");  ,Susi(,  Fjiisr'.  J/-.c.,  •_>llM!»;  M„l;nun, 
JJirliw.  J)ir,"'/i.  Iloiiib.;  M,.,:.,  Plan  dr  hs  .Sn,ldos,  I  :V2;  I'innrI,  r,,l/.;  />,,j,-(i 
h,  l!,jto;  Piiijiir'fi  Hist.  Fiira/i.  Cnl.,  .'{(Xi-S;  Puinsrit'.-i  X,,trs  on  Mi.c,  ].")-lS, 
8.")-!t;!,  ;i|ip.  I-!I,  14,40  I  !■_'; /,}■"•.  Imp.,  Dirisis;  /',  ri~.  1/  //,  rniindi-.,  Itisr.nso, 
]-2-li;J',s'i,l,,  Ilio;/.  Iliirlii,',',  ]-l[);P,tchi;o,  J)rsrri/,t'.  Ilii,l,i,lr,(;  H).  PJ-IS, 
'J.)-."Ui,  4.")  i'i'2\  .!/(.('.,  E.rjiosir.  dob.;  1,1,,  Pvoijirto  lt,''j.  /'ror.;  Id.,  IJIrrfurcs; 
Mix.,  Mrin.  JtrUic.  JS.:.',  ■'!-.');  Mc.r.,  Mi'in.  Ilnr.  ls)n,  l()2(i;  lln.i'a  ijiiii  ,il 
Fin;  .!/<■.  Mdiiif.  Snji,  J  ant.  Proi\  dnh.;  Fr/njsic.  al  ,^(ib.  ('nmj.,  1S2;!,  'J.'i-d; 
Mi.c,  Mun.  Jii'st.  y  Xcjnr,  Fric.i.,  \y,-2.l,  1  -Jl;  .lAvc,  Mnn.  'Uiwrni,  lS-_'_'; 
idc.c,  Idiii  Coiisiiiriir.  JJisrnb.;  i'li'ta,  Prorlinna;  Xorinja,  L'stndist.  Jfii>. 
Mr.c;  Mi.v.,  iJiario  i^ob.  Jiuita;  Id.,  Jiiiirio  Jnnia  Niir.,  '^-\'2;  Id.,  JHrtiiiii. 
Com.  Junta  Xnr.  Institny.,  1  12;  Par  la  ,Salnil  de  la  I'ntria;  Priiiion  ibl  Min- 
isl.  Hirnrn;  Pominijiii-,  ^•■iinnd.  Iin/niii.;  Mi  .v.,  In.itrnrr.  0  Indir.;  /,!.,  M,  m. 
Oiicrrit,  ISl'I),  1-1.">';  Id.,  I!i,j.  (lor.  hit.;  I,/.,  Xolir.  Hist.  ( •,tballiria,  Ii  \:i; 
Oiiiija  (Xiu'i,-:),  Mini.  J'llnr.  JJijihiii.  Mi.c,  5,  i;!-15,  IKi-ti'J;  Pin-.  Mnr- 
tinvz,  JJisrnrso;  l'ri.':iilint'.-<  Miss.,  .M:u'<;!i  S,  JS'JJ;  /'roi/n'to  dr  Moiiarq  ,  17  '--'; 
PikUIii,  >>i'n;-iia.;  Jhiiniri'.,  Hist.  Jhir.,  7'i-^">;  lldniiri-.  y  Si'smi,  <'<>!.  I),r., 
1-4,  y.VlS,  lll-l-_',  ISl --JOS,  •24:5-7--',  .SIS;  l!itfz,l,Ans  Mr.c,  •.WX-",;  h',ili.i\ 
J,ii/iort.  Vol).  Const.;  IJorronrs  y  \'i rd(idi<;  Uiliiiioso  Cons/it,;  J'liinsint.  nl 
Viriy;  Ciincdo  Maui/.;  I}, pub.  Mr.r.,  (.'onsid.  Fold.,  lit-'Jd;  Id.,  I.i'j.  lii'siu.i, 
4S-0;  Hi  vista  Mc.r.;  J'oblis,  Pr,,r,  C/iin/iit,  70;  iSVt.v//V'  Constitur.;  S' nianario 
Foil'.,  i.  I -10,  !)!)-lu;5,  -JlO-.-K),  •J7:{-(;;  .SH,rlr,lrl,i.iAnirri,;,s;  .Sinicln-:,  Villa 
Puib.  finij.  Prof.,  \'2'.\-.\'.\;  Triinij'i)  J/ibi  rt,  Iinpi'inta;  Mirhi  llo,;  nil,  JJiscur.-'O; 
Morrno  y  dorr,  Orar.  F/ni.,  3  "JS;  Itrspmsta  dr  tin.  Ami- r.;  Mirhoiirun,  Anid., 
■Jl;  'I'onirl,  Muni/.;  Tornrl  y  Mrndiril,  Urilo;  I'ldliidoli'l,  Coiitr.<t.  Co  jil.; 
Vidaiirn,  Maui/.  Fhrt.;  Vrra  Cnr:,  (l/r.  del  Consniiido;  Id.,  Ihpri:'<i  nt.  d,/, 
Vrrind.;  Vrnivlito,  Fid,!.  J/nbit.;  1,1.,  Entinjo;  1,1.,  Pi-orlania;  Xo'jtyii,  Aprla- 
cion;  Zrrcrcro,  Di.'iriir.^o  Cir.,  19-41;  ArriUiuja,  Caiins  d  Mora;  Tronroso, 
Pa-'riia'f,  1-4;  Jlidn'ijn,  A/iunlra  J/ist.,  IS  111,  44-S;  F,irio,  Mi  nutria;  Yiir., 
Coinp,  l[i-<f.,  'A;  fnril'i'ira  Fsii.  .Ini.;  Ari.10  li  los  JJipnt.;  Ainrriran.is  en  .'da- 
drid,  Mani/.;  Jdiiri'jui,  UnU'os;  Dar  nn,.  van  Diualo;  J iiirlo  Anor.;  Copit, 


LIST  OF  AL'TIloniTIKS. 


820 


Jt'ii'ilitijii; 
(h-lr.  (/( 


.       .  -.iiip.:  Sinild  Anna, 

/><!/,,    (  u„r,-<o  Mainj.;  Hrjh.r.  ,'i,  Coiit,.^/,,,: ; 


a ullt  )•!•(-.,  Cuiilislar. 


GO-s,  7(1-7,  J07-S;  IS.:!,  iii.  ,:,.,„,  ,'  ,07=  ^r,!:^;:,;.  //^  ^j     !'•  •  'i^^'ji  " 

:"'..•.•'■■:>'  '^•"'"- 1"'^-^"";  ■^"'•-  ''^•-'■.  '.V07.  />•„/.,  i.  (10  iji  .01  .,' 


-"'  op.,  11.  t!-Jl-:!,!.  iii.   1!)J- 

i.  im-^^K  vi.  .Hi-.ii,  7.M-7l,'^os.';^'u^-;:i7^^,>;::^^^'-''''■;'''^•  '"'-^ 


|),  IV.  740;  Z,imhi,  It,  r.  M,.c 


